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Sally Clark

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sally Clark (August 1964 15 March 2007)[4] was a British

solicitor who, in November 1999, became the victim of a
miscarriage of justice when she was found guilty of the
murder of two of her sons. Although the conviction was
overturned and she was freed from prison in 2003, the
experience caused her to develop serious psychiatric problems
and she died in her home in March 2007 from alcohol
poisoning.[5][3]

Sally Clark

Born

August 1964[1]

Died

15 March 2007 (aged 42)

Devizes, England[2]
Hatfield Peverel[3]

Nationality British

Occupation Solicitor

Clark's first son died suddenly within a few weeks of his birth
Known for Wrongly convicted of killing her sons
in September 1996, and in December 1998 her second died in
a similar manner. A month later, she was arrested and
subsequently tried for the murder of both children. The prosecution case relied on significantly flawed statistical
evidence presented by paediatrician Professor Sir Roy Meadow, who testified that the chance of two children
from an affluent family suffering sudden infant death syndrome was 1 in 73 million. He had arrived at this figure
erroneously by squaring 1 in 8500, as being the likelihood of a cot death in similar circumstances. The Royal
Statistical Society later issued a statement arguing that there was "no statistical basis" for Meadow's claim, and
expressing its concern at the "misuse of statistics in the courts".[6]

Clark was convicted in November 1999. The convictions were upheld at appeal in October 2000, but overturned
in a second appeal in January 2003, after it emerged that Dr Alan Williams, the prosecution forensic pathologist
who examined both of her babies, had incompetently failed to disclose microbiological reports that suggested the
second of her sons had died of natural causes.[7] She was released from prison having served more than three
years of her sentence. The journalist Geoffrey Wansell called Clark's experience "one of the great miscarriages
of justice in modern British legal history".[8] As a result of her case, the Attorney-General ordered a review of
hundreds of other cases, and two other women had their convictions overturned.

Contents
1 Early life
2 Conviction for murder
3 Successful second appeal
3.1 Statistical evidence
4 Aftermath
5 Death
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links

Early life
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Sally Clark was born Sally Lockyer in Devizes, Wiltshire, and was an only child. Her father was a senior police
officer with Wiltshire Constabulary and her mother was a hairdresser. She was educated at South Wilts Grammar
School for Girls in Salisbury. She studied geography at Southampton University, and worked as a management
trainee with Lloyds Bank and then at Citibank. She married solicitor Steve Clark in 1990, and left her job in the
City of London to train in the same profession. She studied at City University, London, and trained at
Macfarlanes, a city law firm. She moved with her husband to join the law firm Addleshaw Booth & Co in
Manchester in 1994. They bought a house in Wilmslow in Cheshire. [9]

Conviction for murder

Clark's first son, Christopher, was born on 26 September 1996. Court documents describe him as a healthy baby.
On 13 December Clark called an ambulance to the family home. The baby had fallen unconscious after being put
to bed, and was later declared dead after being transported to the hospital.[10] Clark suffered from post-natal
depression and received counselling at the Priory Clinic, but was in recovery by the time her second son, Harry,
was born three weeks premature on 29 November 1997.[11][10] However, he was also found dead on 26 January
1998, aged 8 weeks.[10] On both occasions, Clark was at home alone with her baby and there was evidence of
trauma, which could have been related to attempts to resuscitate them.
Clark and her husband were both arrested on 23 February 1998 on suspicion of murdering their children. On the
advice of her lawyers she twice refused to answer questions.[10] She was later charged with two counts of
murder whilst the case against her husband was dropped.[12] Clark always denied the charge, and was supported
throughout by her husband. During the court proceedings she gave birth to a third son.[12]

Clark was tried at Chester Crown Court, before Mr Justice Harrison and a jury.[10] The prosecution, led by Robin
Spencer QC, was controversial due to the involvement of the paediatrician Professor Sir Roy Meadow, former
Professor of Paediatrics at the University of Leeds, who testified at Clark's trial that the chance of two children
from an affluent family suffering cot death was 1 in 73 million. He likened the probability to the chances of
backing an 80-1 outsider in the Grand National four years running, and winning each time.[7]
Dr Alan Williams withheld the results of bacteriology tests on her second baby which showed the presence of
the bacterium staphylococcus aureus in multiple sites including his cerebro-spinal fluid. During the trial the jury
asked specifically if there were any 'blood' test results for this child. Williams returned to the witness box to deal
with their query. He was specifically asked about an entry in the notes referring to "C&S' results. These referred
to samples taken for culture and sensitivity (bacteriology) tests. In his responses he failed to reveal the existence
of these withheld test results.[13]

Clark was convicted by a 10-2 majority verdict on 9 November 1999,[7] and given the mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment. She was widely reviled in the press as the murderer of her children. Despite recognition of the
flaws in Meadow's statistical evidence, the convictions were upheld at appeal in October 2000.[10] She was
imprisoned at Styal women's prison, near her home in Wilmslow, and then Bullwood Hall women's prison in
Hockley in Essex.[11] The nature of her conviction as a child-killer, and her background as a solicitor and
daughter of a police officer, made her a target for other prisoners.[11] Her husband left his partnership at a
Manchester law firm to work as a legal assistant nearer the prison, selling the family house to meet the legal bills
from the trial and first appeal.[11]

Successful second appeal

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Later, it came to light that microbiological tests showed that Harry had colonisation of staphylococcus aureus
bacteria, indicating that he had died from natural causes, but the evidence had not been disclosed to the
defence.[7] This exculpatory evidence had been known to the prosecution's pathologist, Dr Alan Williams, since
February 1998, but was not shared with other medical witnesses, police or lawyers.[14] The evidence was
unearthed by her husband from hospital records obtained by the divorce lawyer Marilyn Stowe, who provided
her services free of charge because she felt that "something was not right about the case".[15] It also became
clearer that the statistical evidence presented at Clark's trial was seriously flawed.[7]
For her second appeal a report regarding the medical evidence was provided by Dr Sam Gulino, an eminent
prosecution forensic pathologist for the State of Florida, USA. He commented scathingly about the poor quality
of the pathologists' work in these cases:"Throughout my review, I was horrified by the shoddy fashion in which these cases were evaluated.
It was clear that sound medical principles were abandoned in favour of over-simplification,
over-interpretation, exclusion of relevant data and, in several instances, the imagining of
non-existent findings."[16]
Her case was referred back to the Court of Appeal by the Criminal Cases Review Commission, and her
convictions were overturned in a second appeal in January 2003.[7] She was released from prison having served
more than three years of her sentence.[7]

Statistical evidence

The case was widely criticised because of the way statistical evidence was misrepresented in the original trial,
particularly by Meadow. He stated in evidence as an expert witness that "one sudden infant death in a family is a
tragedy, two is suspicious and three is murder unless proven otherwise" (Meadow's law). He claimed that, for an
affluent non-smoking family like the Clarks, the probability of a single cot death was 1 in 8,543, so the
probability of two cot deaths in the same family was around "1 in 73 million" (8543 8543). Given that there
are around 700,000 live births in Britain each year, Meadow argued (wrongly) that a double cot death would be
expected to occur once every hundred years.[7]

In October 2001, the Royal Statistical Society (RSS) issued a public statement expressing its concern at the
"misuse of statistics in the courts".[6] It noted that there was "no statistical basis" for the "1 in 73 million"
figure.[6] In January 2002, the RSS wrote to the Lord Chancellor pointing out that "the calculation leading to 1 in
73 million is invalid".[17] There are several reasons why this is the case.
First, Meadow's calculation was based on the assumption that two SIDS deaths in the same family are
independent. The RSS argued that "there are very strong reasons for supposing that the assumption is false.
There may well be unknown genetic or environmental factors that predispose families to SIDS, so that a second
case within the family becomes much more likely than would be a case in another, apparently similar,
family."[17] The prosecution did not provide any evidence to support its different assumption.[17] In a 2004
article in Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Professor of Mathematics Ray Hill of Salford University
concluded, using extensive SIDS statistics for England, that "after a first cot death the chances of a second
become greatly increased", by a dependency factor of between 5 and 10.[18]
Second, it is likely that the court committed a statistical error known as the "prosecutor's fallacy".[17][18][19]
Many press reports of the trial reported that the "1 in 73 million" figure was the probability that Clark was
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innocent. However, even if the "1 in 73 million" figure were valid, this should not have been interpreted as the
probability of Clark's innocence. In order to calculate the probability of Clark's innocence, the jury needed to
weigh up the relative likelihood of the two competing explanations for the children's deaths. Although double
SIDS is very rare, double infant murder is likely to be rarer still, so the probability of Clark's innocence was
quite high. Hill calculated the odds ratio for double SIDS to double homicide at between 4.5:1 and 9:1.[18]
Hill raises a third objection to the "1 in 73 million" figure: the probability of a child dying from SIDS is 1 in
1,300, not 1 in 8,500. Meadow arrived at the 1 in 8,500 figure by taking into account three key characteristics
possessed by the Clark family, all of which make SIDS less likely. However, Meadow "conveniently ignored
factors such as both the Clark babies being boys which make cot death more likely".[18] Hill also argues:[18]
When a cot death mother is accused of murder, the prosecution sometimes employs a tactic such as
the following. If the parents are affluent, in a stable relationship and non-smoking, the prosecution
will claim that the chances of the death being natural are greatly reduced, and by implication that the
chances of the death being homicide are greatly increased. But this implication is totally false,
because the very same factors which make a family low risk for cot death also make it low risk for
murder.
During the second appeal, the court noted that Meadow's calculations were subject to a number of qualifications,
but "none of these qualifications were referred to by Professor Meadow in his evidence to the jury and thus it
was the headline figures of 1 in 73 million that would be uppermost in the jury's minds".[7] The appeal court
concluded that "the evidence should never have been before the jury in the way that it was when they considered
their verdicts". The judges continued, "we rather suspect that with the graphic reference by Professor Meadow to
the chances of backing long odds winners of the Grand National year after year it may have had a major effect
on [the jury's] thinking notwithstanding the efforts of the trial judge to down play it".[7]

Aftermath

Clark's release in January 2003 prompted the Attorney General to order a review of hundreds of other cases.[12]
Two other women convicted of murdering their children, Donna Anthony and Angela Cannings, had their
convictions overturned and were released from prison. Trupti Patel, who was also accused of murdering her
three children, was acquitted in June 2003. In each case, Roy Meadow had testified about the unlikelihood of
multiple cot deaths in a single family.

Meadow was struck off the medical register by the General Medical Council in 2005 for serious professional
misconduct. It was during the GMC hearing that, when questioned directly, he made his first public apology for
the effect of his 'misleading' evidence. He cited 'legal advice' and 'professional etiquette' as the reasons for the
delay.[20] Then current GMC professional conduct guidance did not support his 'professional etiquette' reason.
[21][22] He was reinstated in 2006 after he appealed and the court ruled (2 to 1) that his actions in court had
amounted to misconduct though not serious enough to warrant him being struck off. The senior judge on the
panel, Master of the Rolls Sir Anthony Clarke, dissented from the view of his two colleagues. In his opinion
Meadow's actions had amounted to serious professional misconduct. [23]

In June 2005, Dr Alan Williams, the Home Office pathologist who conducted the postmortem examinations on
both the Clark babies, was banned from Home Office pathology work and coroners' cases for three years after
the General Medical Council found him guilty of "serious professional misconduct" in the Clark case.[24] At the
same time he had chosen to withhold evidence of infection as a possible cause of the death of the second baby,
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he changed his original opinion regarding the first baby from death caused by lower respiratory infection to
unnatural death by smothering. He failed to give any good reason for this change in opinion and his competence
was called into question. His conduct was severely criticised by other experts giving evidence and opinion to the
court and in the judicial summing up of the successful second appeal. He was given the opportunity to address
the court to explain his decision to withhold the laboratory results. He declined to do so. [25] The decision of the
GMC was upheld by the High Court in November 2007.[26] Earlier that year he had successfully appealed
against the decision to ban him from performing Home Office postmortem examinations; the ban was replaced
by an 18 month suspension which by then had passed. [27]

Death

The nature of her wrongful conviction as a child-killer, and her background as a solicitor and daughter of a
police officer, made her a target for other prisoners. According to her family, Clark was unable to recover from
the effects of her conviction and imprisonment.[28] After her release, her husband said she would "never be well
again".[12] A family spokesman stated "Sally was unable to come to terms with the false accusations, based on
flawed medical evidence and the failures of the legal system, which debased everything she had been brought up
to believe in and which she herself practised." It was stated in the later inquest that she was diagnosed with a
number of serious psychiatric problems, "these problems included enduring personality change after catastrophic
experience, protracted grief reaction and alcohol dependency syndrome."[29] Clark was found dead in her home
in Hatfield Peverel in Essex on 16 March 2007.[12][3] It was originally thought that she had died of natural
causes,[14][30] but an inquest ruled that she had died of acute alcohol intoxication, though the coroner stressed
that there was no evidence that she had intended to commit suicide.[3]

See also

David Southall
Lucia de Berk

References

1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1545933
/Sally-Clark.html
2. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1545933
/Sally-Clark.html
3. "Alcohol killed mother Sally Clark"
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex
/7082411.stm), BBC News, 7 November 2007.
4. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1545933
/Sally-Clark.html
5. "Alcohol killed mother Sally Clark". BBC News. 7
November 2007. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
6. Royal Statistical Society (23 October 2001). "Royal
Statistical Society concerned by issues raised in Sally
Clark case (http://www.rss.org.uk/uploadedfiles
/documentlibrary/744.pdf) PDF (28.0 KB)". Retrieved on
5 February 2012.
7. Second appeal (http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases
/EWCA/Crim/2003/1020.html), R. v Clark, [2003]
EWCA Crim 1020, 11 April 2003, from BAILII.

8. Wansell, Geoffrey. "Whatever the coroner may say,

Sally Clark died of a broken heart"
(http://www.geoffreywansell.com/SallyClark.html),
The Independent, 18 March 2007.
9. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1545933
/Sally-Clark.html
10. First appeal (http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases
/EWCA/Crim/2000/54.html), R. v Clark, [2000]
EWCA Crim 54, 2 October 2000, from BAILII.
11.
12. Obituary (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment
/obituaries/article1533755.ece), The Times, 19 March
2007.
13. Batt, John (2005). Stolen Innocence. Ebury Press.
p. 280. ISBN 9780091905699.
14. Shaikh, Thair. "Sally Clark, mother wrongly convicted
of killing her sons, found dead at home"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story
/0,,2036295,00.html), The Guardian, 17 March 2007.
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15. O'Hara, Mary". "Suspicious mind"

(http://society.guardian.co.uk/children/story
/0,1074,1541102,00.html), Guardian, 3 August 2005.
16. Batt, John (2005). Stolen Innocence. Ebury Press.
p. 155. ISBN 9780091905699.
17. Royal Statistical Society (23 January 2002). Letter
from the President to the Lord Chancellor regarding
the use of statistical evidence in court cases
(http://www.rss.org.uk/Images/PDF/influencingchange/rss-use-statistical-evidence-court-cases2002.pdf) PDF (30.3 KB). Retrieved on 26 December
2014.
18. Ray Hill (2004). "Multiple sudden infant deaths
coincidence or beyond coincidence?
(http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/staff/RHill
/ppe_5601.pdf) PDF (81.9 KB)", Pediatric and Perinatal
Epidemiology, vol. 18, pp. 320326. Retrieved on 2
January 2009.
19. Ben Goldacre (18 October 2006). "Prosecuting and
defending by numbers (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/science/2006/oct/28/uknews1)", The Guardian.
Retrieved on 2 January 2009.
20. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jul
/06/NHS.uknews

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Clark

21. http://www.gmc-uk.org
/good_medical_practice_july_1998.pdf_25416527.pdf
22. http://www.gmc-uk.org/gmp_2001.pdf_25416526.pdf
23. http://www.richardwebster.net/cotdeaths.html
24. "Pathologist in Sally Clark case suspended from court
work" (http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content
/full/330/7504/1347) British Medical Journal
2005;330:1347, 11 June 2005.
25. http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim
/2003/1020.html
26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC2078654/
27. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/sep
/06/childrensservices.health
28. Obituary (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6460669.stm),
BBC News, 17 March 2007.
29. "UK | England | Essex | Alcohol killed mother Sally
Clark". BBC News. 7 November 2007. Retrieved
2013-09-25.
30. Lee Glendinning "Sally Clark's death 'probably
natural causes'" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news
/story/0,,2038232,00.html), The Guardian, 20 March
2007.

Bibliography

Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom,
Basic Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-465-03292-1. (First chapter: "Math error number 1: multiplying
non-independent probabilities. The case of Sally Clark: motherhood under attack").
John Batt, Stolen Innocence: The Sally Clark Story A Mother's Fight for Justice Elbury Press, 2004.
ISBN 0-09-190070-0.
Ian McEwan, The Children Act.

Further reading

Campaign website (http://www.sallyclark.org.uk/)

Video of talk by statistician (http://www.ted.com/tedtalks/tedtalksplayer.cfm?key=p_donnelly) Peter
Donnelly on common mistakes in interpreting statistics which specifically covers the statistical fallacy
behind the Sally Clark case
Article explaining the statistical flaws in the original trial with reference to (http://plus.maths.org/issue21
/features/clark/index.html) Bayes Theorem
Moreton, Cole. "A broken woman who was haunted to an early grave" (http://news.independent.co.uk
/uk/legal/article2368993.ece), The Independent, 18 March 2007.
Professor R Hill's website containing links to his articles and papers on the Sally Clark case
(http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/profiles/profile.php?profile=R.Hill)

External links

Sally Clark's website (http://www.sallyclark.org.uk/)

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Categories: 1964 births 2007 deaths 2003 in law Alcohol-related deaths in England
Alumni of the University of Southampton English law English solicitors Forensic statistics
Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom People from Devizes
People educated at South Wilts Grammar School for Girls
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