GEOSTATISTICS COURSE

Elementary statistical
methods
Dr. Arifudin Idrus
Department of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
E-mail: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id

Summary of formulae

Mean

x=

S= S

Variance

(x x)

=
i

N 1

Standard deviation

Coefficient of variation
CV =
=

STANDARD DEVIATION
MEAN

S
X

Basic statistics
DATA
Mining data is usually presented in the form
of drill hole data. A typical set of drill
hole data is usually of the basic form.
Data is of 2 types:
un-grouped
grouped

Un-grouped data:
Means that the data has not been ordered.
A frequency tally is one way of ordering ungrouped data.

Frequency polygon
A plot of frequency
against grade or
relative frequency
against is called
frequency polygon
If the midpoints of the
rectangles are joined,
we generate a
frequency polygon.

Cumulative polygon
If the cumulative
frequency or cumulative
precent is plotted
against grade a
cumulative polygon is
developed.

Cummulative frequency
Cummulative precent

Some important summation results

n

(x + y ) = x + y
i 1

(x
i 1

i 1

i =1

i +1

i =1

y i ) = xi y i

kx

i +1

= k xi

Double summation
m

i =1

j =1

eg

x = (x
i =1

j =2

ij

x x )

i 2 i3 i 4

i =1

= ( x12 + x13 + x14 ) + ( x22 + x23 + x24 )

to
i

equal

i =1

DATA HANDLING

In analyzing data, methods must be used for

handling both grouped and un-grouped data
The mean (grouped data)
x=

fx
n

The median
the median is the midpoint of an assay of
data or it is the points above which and
below which 50% of the scores fall.

Summary of some useful statistical

formulae
un-grouped data
mean =
x

N
variance (N large)

S2 =

2
x
x
(

N 1
2
x
x2
S2 =
N
S

=
N

Summary of some useful statistical

formulae
Grouped data

Mean

1
=
N

Variance

xj

n
1
2
S2 =
f
x

x
(
)

j
j
N 1 j =1

f x f x )

=
2
1 i

1 1

N 1

/N

CHOOSING THE BIN WIDTH OF A GAUSSIAN HISTOGRAM

= mean
X
= standard deviation
N = number of values
being plotted
x = Bin width

20
x =
N

Standard deviation
A key parameter to be used when
describing the complexity of grade is
the coefficient of variation.
STANDARD DEVIATION
CV =
MEAN
* CV is a function of volume

E Evaporate
C Coal
Fe Bedded Iron Ore
P Phospate
B Bauxite
V
Pb Zn Stratiform Nickel
Ni Stratiform Nickel
VSn
SSn Stratiform Tin
SSn
(CV
PC Porphyry Coppers
Increasing Vsn Tin Veins
Ni
Major
V Gold, Silver Veins
Elements) U - Uranium
PC
U
Pb - Zn
(Mary Kathleen)
NO DEPOSITSCANNOT BE BOTH
HIGH PROPORTION &
HIGHLY VARIABLE

LT

GR
AD
E

ES
TI
M

AT
E

M
DI ORE
FF
IC
UL
T

POSSIBLE LOW GRADE

FINE GRAINED Au, Sn

LE
DI SS
FF
IC
U

HIGH PROPORTION OF ORE MINERAL LOW

Diagrammatic only, not to scale

p
E

HIGH

Fe

HOMOGENEITY

LOW

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR ESSAY DATA FROM

SELECTED ORE DEPOSITS
MINE

GOLD

SILVER

LEAD

ZINC

Brown vein
Frisco Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico

2.24

1.12

0.57

0.85

2137 vein
Fresnillo mine
Zacatecas, Mexico

1.24

1.07

1.23

1.12

Shamva, Shoutern Rhodesia

1.55

Mouat Mine
Stillwater and
Sweetgrass Countries, Mont.

0.37

Mt. View tungsten

prospect, Hyder, Alaska

1.56

Manganese deposit
Phillipsburg district Montana

1.81

Getchell mine, Nevada

1.15

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR SOME

TYPES OF GOLD DEPOSITS
CV = SD/mean

4.0
3.0

PLACER
VEIN LIKE

2.0
1.5
1.2
1.0

CARLIN
LARGE FINE GRAIN
DEPOSITS:
HOMESTAKE
GETCHELL
MT. CHARLOTTE

(1m samples)

Simple distribution concepts

Consider the following histograms based on the
normal distribution:
Frequency
Frequency

Frequency
Mean

(M easure)

A
B
M ean

(M easure)

M ean

(M easure)

Some important notes:

Both

histograms have the same mean

grade
Histograms B has a greater variance than
histogram A
The area under both curves is 1

Eksponential distribution
1

x /

Y = f (x) =

Mean

Variance 2

Standard deviation

C.V. =

= 1.0

To solve graphically
y = f ( x) =

e x /

so

Or

Y = mx + B

(
1) x

ln y = ln
( )

Where Y = relative frequency/

width of interval
x = grade

i.e.,

Plot ln Y vs x
The plot will give a line with:
1. Negative slope
2. Y intercept = 1/
3. Slope = -1/

ln y =

(
1)
+ ln
( )

1x

Hence the mean and standard deviation, , of the exponential data can be found
From the Y intercept (i.e., x=0) or from the slope of the line.

LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION
+ 2 / 2

=e
= Mean of the logarithms of raw data
=
=
2

BUT

variance of the logarithms of raw data

median

= e

=e

2 /2

Note: median corresponds to the 50th percentile of the

cumulative frequency of the data

To calculate , the standard deviation of the logaritms, use the fact

that the logarithms of the raw data are distributed normally

130

Mean 130

For a normal distribution, 1 standard deviation is contained between the 16th

Dan 15th percentiles, and 1 standard deviation is contained between the 50th
And 84th percentiles.
HANCE:

= 1 / 2[(ln x84 ln x50 ) + (ln x50 ln x16 )]

= 0.5 [ln x84 ln x16 ]

Sichels estimator

= F (n,

For example.
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