EE243 Advanced Electromagnetic Theory Lec # 11: Plane Electromagnetic Waves

EE 210 Applied EM Fall 2006, Neureuther
Lecture #11 Ver 10/01/06
EE243 Advanced Electromagnetic Theory

Lec # 11: Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Plane Waves in a Nonconducting Medium
Linear and Circular Polarization
k-space view of waves in media
Reflection and Refraction at Plane Interfaces
Physical Phenomena Associated with Reflection
Reading: Jackson Ch 7.1-7.5 (skip 7.6 and 7.7)
1
Copyright 2006 Regents of University of California
Overview
In a source free region for time-harmonic (e-jt )

signals Maxwells Equations can be reduced to
two coupled curl equations.
These two curl equations
Combine to produce the wave equation for E or H
The eigenfunctions for these wave equations are plane waves
described by propagation direction vectors called k-vectors that
have length 2/ and result in wave velocity c.
Have zero divergence and make the vectors E and H

perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Make E and H vectors perpendicular to each other
Are sufficient at material boundaries to
require the components of the k-vector parallel to the surface
to be the same on both sides of the boundary (Kinematic B.C.)
Require tangential E and H continuous; normal D and B
continuous at the boundary (Dynamic B.C.)
2
Time-Harmonic Maxwell Equations

Time-Harmonic
Source Free
Time-Varying
Assume
No Sources
D =
e i t
E iB = 0
D
H = J +
t
B = 0
J =0
=0
B + iE = 0
B
E =
t
D = E
B = H
Im plicit
D =
B = 0
3
Wave Equation: Derivation

E i B = 0
E i B = 0
Take curl of curl

E Eq.
Sub: for curl curl
( E ) ) 2 E i ( iE ) = 0
0 2 E 2 E = 0
2 E + 2 E = 0
2 B + 2 B = 0
Sub for curl B

Use Div E = 0
Similar Eq for B
4
Wave Equation: Plane Wave Solution

2 E + 2 E = 0
E = E0 e i k x
ik
ik
ik
2 k 2
k 2 + 2 E = 0
k = =
Use 3D Fourier Expansion

type eigenfunction where the
vector k is the propagation
vector called the k-vector
Differential operators
become algebraic operators
Wave equation gives a
constraint on the length of the
k-vector
The k-vector is reciprocal to
the space variation
wavelength
5
Plane Wave: Vector Properties

E = E0 e ik x
k = =
c
E = 0 ik E = 0
B = 0 ik B = 0
1
1
B = E B = ik E
i
i
B = k E
H =
1
1
kE =
kE
Z0
/
Z 0 = / = 377Ohms
Start with a vector in 3D

and variation 3D
Div E = 0 => k
perpendicular to E
Div B = 0 =>
perpendicular to E
Because E is perpendicular
to k the fact that B ~ k
cross E then implies B is
perpendicular to E
That is all 3 (k, B, E) are
perpendicular to each other
and that there are no fields
in the direction of
propagation
6
Inhomogeneous Plane Waves |k|2 > 2

E = E0 e ik x
The k-vector can be a vector

with complex components
k = k r + ik i
and the imaginary part can
describe exponential
2
attenuation
k0 = = =
c
The wave equation requires

the dot product with itself to
k k = k02
have a real part 2
2
2
2
Re k k = k r ki = k0
have the imy part
perpendicular to the real
Im y (k k ) = 2k r ki = 0
Thus the direction of
maximum attenuation must
Evanescent waves that stay near
be perpendicular to the
or surface and explain
direction of propagation
phenomena such as tunneling
across gaps.
7
Plane-Wave: Poyntings Theorem

1
1
2
*
S = E H =
E0
2
2
1
2
*
*
we = E D = E E = E0
4
4
4
1
1
2
*
*
wm = B H =
B B =
E0
4
4
4
1
1
*
u = E E + B B *

2
= E0
2
Plug in Vector E with complex numbers for

components
Poynting vector, stored energy is balanced
8
Linear and Circular Polarization

Choose propagation in z
direction and let E have
components in x and y directions
E = E 0 e ik x
E0 = E0 x x + E0 y y + E0 z z
k = k0 = =
k = k x x + k y y + k z z
E0 = E0x x + E0y y
k = k0z
y
An ellipse in general
Line if in phase
Circle if out of phase
(right and left hand)
E0 = E0x cos(k0z wt+x )x + E0y cos(k0z wt+y )y

9
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Interface

z
k
x
,
k
Wave incident from below at angle i

Generates transmitted (refracted) wave at angle r
Also generates reflected wave at angle r
Note: The z = 0 plane where the boundary conditions are
applied is for all x values and all y values
10
Plane Interface: Kinetic Boundary Conditions

z
k
x
,
k
Since the z = 0 plane covers the range of the full Fourier

representation each of the three waves must have the same
eigenfunction variation along the boundary in x and y (i.e.
the same kx and ky)
(k x )
= (k x )z =0 = (k x )z =0
k x = k x = k x a k y = k y = k y
z =0
11
Plane Interface: Dynamic Boundary Conditions

Wave Eq = 2nd order => 2 boundary conditions
Two independent vector orientations => 4 boundary
conditions toal
Choose 4 from 6 possible and express in terms of E
Normal D and B continuous (2)
Tangential E and H continuous (4)
[ ((E + E ) E ) E ] n = 0
[k E + k E k E ] n = 0
(E + E E ) n = 0
1
1
(k E + k E ) k E n = 0
0
12
Plane Interface:
Solution
z
n
k
x
,
k
Unknowns are the transmitted and reflected wave complex

amplitudes in the plane of incidence and perpendicular to
the plane of incident.
These two vector orientations can be solved independently
from each other
See Jackson Page 305 for the detailed results
13
Plane Interface: Physical Effects

Refraction
Wave direction change
Total Internal Reflection

Only Evanesent fields outside
Tunneling accross a gap
Brewster Angle
100% transmission
Polarization dependent phase change

Converts linear to part circular polarization
Beam spot shift (Goos-Hanchen effect)
14
Physical Effects: Wave Direction Change

Propagation vector
k-vector diagram
ky
i
ki
|kmed| = 2/med
r
kair
kx
|kair| = 2/air
kref
r
Draw concentric circles of radius kair and kmed

Incident wave has k vector given (arrow k1)
Find the component parallel to the surface (dotted line)
Force the k-vector in air kair and k-vector reflected kref to have the same
parallel component (lie on dotted line)
Choose point on the circle to give these new k-vectors (arrows) the
correct length for the wave equation in the media that they are in
15
Plane Interface: Physical Effects

ky
ki
kair
kx
kref
r
Total Internal Reflection

Parallel part of kmed > k0
Brewster Angle
Polarization in plane of incidence reflection coefficient
goes to zero giving 100% transmission
Polarization dependent reflection phase change

Converts linear to part circular polarization
Beam energy penetration and spot shift D (GoosHanchen effect)
16

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EE243 Advanced Electromagnetic Theory Lec # 11: Plane Electromagnetic Waves

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EE 210 Applied EM Fall 2006, Neureuther

Lecture #11 Ver 10/01/06