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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
BASIC RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
3/18/2013
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand the
fundamentals of reservoir engineering and do some basic
analyses/calculations as follows:
PVT Analysis
Production Forecast
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References
1. L.P.Dake (1978). Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
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Outline
Key Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Reservoirs
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Part I
Key Concepts in
Reservoir Engineering
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Definition of Reservoir
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Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline or profession of
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
Necessary Knowledge
Knowledge about oil & gas reservoirs
Reservoir Rock Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Reservoir Fluid Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
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10
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
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Physical Resources
In-place Reservoir Resources
Reservoirs energy source resulted from the
initial pressure & drive mechanisms during
production
Available flow conduits thanks to reservoirs
characteristic properties such as permeability
distribution.
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Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
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Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
15
Desired Objective
To Maximize the profit resulted from the
recovered oil & gas
To recover as much as possible oil & gas from
the reservoirs
To recover high-quality oil & gas
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Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
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Specified Criteria
Money associated with hired manpower,
facilities, technologies, ...
Time
Local regulations
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Development
Production
Abandonment
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Part II
22
Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
Five Basic
Reservoir
Fluids
2
Critical
point
Dewpoint line
Black Oil
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure
Pressure, psia
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
1 point
% Liquid
33
Separator
Separator
Temperature
Temperature, F
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
point
Wet gas
% Liquid
Critical
point
3
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
Temperature
Retrograde Gas
Wet Gas
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Dry gas
% Liquid
2
Separator
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Retrograde gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Separator
Temperature
Dry Gas
23
Pressure-Temperature Diagrams
Used to visualize the fluids production path from
the reservoir to the surface
Used to classify reservoir fluids
Used to develop different strategies to produce
oil/gas from reservoir
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Pressure, psia
Phase Diagrams
Single
Liquid
Phase
Region
Initial
Reservoir
State
Critical
Cricondenbar Point
Single
Gas
Phase
Region
Two-Phase
Region
Cricondentherm
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature, F
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Pressure, psia
Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Black Oil
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature, F
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Volatile-Oil
Pressure path 1
in reservoir
Critical
point
2
Pressure
Volatile oil
% Liquid
3
Separator
Temperature, F
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Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
Retrograde gas
Critical point
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
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Wet Gas
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Wet gas
Critical
point
% Liquid
2
Separator
Temperature
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Dry Gas
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Dry gas
% Liquid
2
Separator
Temperature
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Field Identification
Black
Oil
Initial Producing <1750
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock< 45
Tank Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of StockDark
Tank Liquid
Volatile
Oil
1750 to
3200
Retrograde
Gas
> 3200
Wet
Dry
Gas
Gas
> 15,000* 100,000*
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No
Liquid
Colored
Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid
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Laboratory Analysis
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
Black
Oil
Bubblepoint
Volatile
Retrograde
Wet
Oil
Gas
Gas
Bubblepoint Dewpoint No Phase
Change
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 4*
Dry
Gas
No
Phase
Change
< 0.8*
< 2.0
> 2.0
32
Field Identification
Initial producing
gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
50000
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Black
oil
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
0
0
30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
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Time
34
Flui
Time
Time
Time
No
liquid
Time
API
API
Time
Dry
Gas
GOR
GOR
Wet
Gas
Time
API
Time
API
API
Time
Retrograde
Gas
GOR
Volatile
Oil
GOR
GOR
Black
Oil
No
liquid
Time
Exercise 1
Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids
Name some applications of phase diagrams
in selecting surface facilities
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36
Equation of State:
Quantity
Description
Unit/Value
Pressure
psia
Volume
ft3
Mole Number
lb-mol
Gas Deviation
Factor
dimensionless
Temperature
Rankine
R
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Universal Gas
10.73
3/lb-mole. R
constant
psia.ft
Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum
Engineering
- HCMUT
37
Molecular
Weight
(lb/lb-mol)
Critical
Critical
Pressure
Temperature
(psia)
(oR)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
C1
0.85
16.043
666.4
343.00
C2
0.04
30.070
706.5
549.59
C3
0.06
44.097
616.0
665.73
iC4
0.03
58.123
527.9
734.13
nC4
0.02
58.123
550.6
765.29
=
Ma
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yM
=
i =1
20.39
38
mg
nM a p pM a
g =
=
=
Vg nZRT ZRT
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(lb/ft )
39
g M a
Ma
g =
=
=
air M air 28.97
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p
T
=
p pr =
; Tpr
p pc
Tpc
=
p pc
y p ;T
=
yT
i
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ci
pc
i ci
41
Standing-Katz Chart
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical
pressure and temperature
=
p pc
y p ;T
=
yT
i
ci
pc
i ci
p
T
=
p pr =
; Tpr
p pc
Tpc
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart
to determine Z
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R2
1 0
+ R3 r2 R4 r5 + R5 r2 (1 + A11 r2 ) exp( A11 r2 ) +=
r = 0.27 p pr / ( ZTpr )
R1 =
A1 + A2 / Tpr + A3 / Tpr3 + A4 / Tpr4 + A5 / Tpr5
R2 = 0.27 p pr / Tpr
R3 =
A6 + A7 / Tpr + A8 / Tpr2
R4
A9 ( A7 / Tpr + A8 / Tpr2 )
R5 = A10 / Tpr3
A1 = 0.3265; A2 = 1.0700; A3 = 0.5339
A4 = 0.01569; A5 = 0.05165; A6 = 0.5475
A7 = 0.7361; A8 = 0.1844; A9 = 0.1056
A10 = 0.6134; A11 = 0.7210
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Exercise 2
Component
yi
Mi
Tci,R
pci
CO2
0.02
44.01
547.91
1071
N2
0.01
28.01
227.49
493.1
C1
0.85
16.04
343.33
666.4
C2
0.04
30.1
549.92
706.5
C3
0.03
44.1
666.06
616.4
i - C4
0.03
58.1
734.46
527.9
n - C4
0.02
58.1
765.62
550.6
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T pc = T pc , o R
Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:
p pcTpc
p pc =
,
psia
Tpc + yH 2 S (1 yH 2 S )
Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor
=
120
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(( y
H2S
+ yCO2
0.9
yH 2 S + yCO2
1.6
) + 15 ( y
0.5
H2S
yH 2 S 4.0 ,
45
Exercise 3
Given the following real gas composition,
Component
C1
C2
CO2
H2S
Mole fraction
0.76
0.07
0.1
0.07
46
0.5
Tc
Tc o
1
2
yi
J
+ yi
, R/psia
3 i
pc i 3 i
pc i
Tci
, o R/psia
K = yi
pci
i
1 Tc
y
3 pc C
7+
0.5
Tc
2
+ y
3 pc
C7+
Tc
p
c
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7+
2
3
0.3129 yC7+ 4.8156 yC7+ + 27.3751 yC7+
C7+
Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
47
J = J J
K = K K
Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical
terms
2
K
T pc =
J
T pc
p pc =
J
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Isothermal Compressiblity of
Natural Gas Mixture
By definition, the compressibility of the gas is
1 dV
cg =
V dp
or
cg=
1 1 dz
p z dp T
c
cg p=
=
pr
pc
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1
1 dz
p pr
z dp pr
Tpr
50
1
0.27
2
p pr
z Tpr
dz
r T pr
1+
r dz
z d r T
pr
dz
4
2
2 4
2
=+
+
+
+
T
T
T
T
A
A
A
2
exp
(
)
(
1
2 r
3 r
4 r
8 r
8 r
8 r )
d r Tpr
A5
A2 A3
T1 =A1 +
+ 3 ; T2 =A4 +
Tpr Tpr
Tpr
T3
0.27 p pr
A5 A6
A7
; T4 =
; T5
=
3
Tpr
Tpr
Tpr
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A1
0.3150624
A5
-0.61232032
A2
-1.04671
A6
-0.10488813
A3
-0.578327
A7
0.68157001
A4
0.5353077
A8
0.68446549
51
V p ,T
Vsc
zT
Bg = 0.02827
p
zT
Bg = 0.005035
p
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(ft 3 /scf)
(bbl/scf)
52
=
1 + N + CO + H S
1
uc
53
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54
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N2
=
=
H2S
=
CO2
=
1 + CO + N + H S
1
uc
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a0 = 2.46211820
a1 = 2.970547414
a2 = 2.86264054 (101)
a3 = 8.05420522 (103)
a4 = 2.80860949
a5 = 3.49803305
a6 = 3.60373020 (101)
a7 = 1.044324 (102)
a8 = 7.93385648 (101)
a9 = 1.39643306
a10 = 1.49144925 (101)
a11 = 4.41015512 (103)
a12 = 8.39387178 (102)
a13 = 1.86408848 (101)
a14 = 2.03367881 (102)
a15 = 6.09579263 (104)
57
Exercise 4
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day
from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000
psia and a temperature of 120F. The specific
gravity is 0.72.
Calculate the vicosity of the gas mixture using both
graphical and analytical methods.
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59
mo
o =
Vo
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(lb/ft 3 )
60
o
; w 62.4 (lb/ft 3 )
o =
=
w
oAPI
API =
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141.5
-131.5
61
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Gas Solubility Rs
Rs is defined as the number of standard cubic feet
of gas dissolved in one stock-tank barrel of crude
oil at certain pressure and temperature.
The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a
strong function of the pressure, temperature, API
gravity, and gas gravity.
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Gas Solubility Rs
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1.2048
x
=
Rs g
+ 1.4 10
18.2
=
x 0.0125 API 0.0009 (T 460 )
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Porosity
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Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, NOT grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same
porosity
Rhombohedral packing
Pore space = 26 % of total volume
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Cubic packing
Pore space = 47 % of total volume
68
Rock matrix
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Pore space
69
Pore-Space Classification
Total porosity
Effective porosity
70
Permeability
Permeability is a property of the porous
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71
Absolute Permeability
When the medium is completely saturated
with one fluid, then the permeability
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72
Effective Permeability
Effective permeability is a measure of the
fluid conductance capacity of a
porous
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73
Relative Permeability
Relative permeability is defined as the ratio
of the effective permeability to a fluid at a
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74
Water
Gas
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k ro
k eo
=
k
k rw
k ew
=
k
k rg =
k eg
k
75
Darcys Law
q
Direction of flow
q
k p
v
=
A
L
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v: Velocity
q: Flow rate
A: Cross-section area
k: Permeability
: Viscosity
L: Length increment
p: Pressure drop
76
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore
volume occupied by a given fluid
Saturation =
Vspecific fluid
Vpore
Phase saturations
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
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In-Situ Saturation
Rock matrix
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Water
78
Exercise 5
Given the following reservoir data:
Bulk Volume Vb
Porosity
Water saturation Sw
Calculate:
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Connate water
Oil
Gravitational forces
A. Original Condition
Oil
producing
wells
B. 50% Depleted
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Secondary
gas cap
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Gas cap
Oil
zone
84
Oil
Zone
Water
Water
Cross Section
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Oil
Zone
Water
Cross Section
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Point C
Oil
Point B
Oil
Point A
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Oil zone
Water
Cross Section
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Reservoir pressure,
Percent of original
80
60
Gas-cap drive
40
20
Solution
-gas drive
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
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Exercise 6
1. How can we identify different reservoir drive
mechanisms?
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