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I am going to take this opportunity to defend the Grammar-Translation method. The Grammar
Translation Method gets a really bad rap in the ESOL (ESL, EFL) world. But I find it to be
invaluable to my ESOL (ESL, EFL)
teaching situation and it should not be ruled out as a helpful teaching method in the ESOL
(ESL, EFL) classroom. I have been using Participatory Language Teaching as an inspiration for
much of my daily lesson plans which frowns upon the use of the Grammar Translation Method.
However, I cannot get away from the usefulness of the Grammar-Translation method for some
situations. I don't use the Grammar Translation Method in the ESOL (ESL, EFL) classroom as a
primary learning tool, but as a way to facilitate the learning process for the students with low
level of English proficiency.
The Grammar-Translation method was once very popular but has since been replaced with
methods that purportedly obtain better results. In my ESOL (ESL, EFL) classroom, for the first
part of the lesson the students read a short story in the target language and then translate it
sentence by sentence into their native language. Along with the reading "new words are
presented in a list (I accompany each word with a picture) with definitions in the" target
language (Richard-Amato p.16).
Many of you who will teach children in a public school overseas will find yourself in a mixed level
classroom of English language learners who all speak the same native language and you do not
but for a couple hundred words of foreigner speak (if you are lucky). Often times you will be
assigned a co-teacher who is a native speaker of that countries language. These co-teachers
may or may not show up for your ESOL (ESL, EFL) class, and may or may not have sufficient
proficiency in English to help you. At this point the Grammar Translation Method may be your
only way to communicate to the students.
Grammar translation
In applied linguistics, the grammar translation method is a foreign language teaching
method derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching
Greek and Latin. The method requires students to translate whole texts word for word
and memorize numerous grammatical rules and exceptions as well as enormous
vocabulary lists. The goal of this method is to be able to read and translate literary
masterpieces and classics.
Method
Classes were conducted in the native language. A chapter in a distinctive textbook of
this method would begin with a massive bilingual vocabulary list. Grammar points
would come directly from the texts and be presented contextually in the textbook, to be
explained elaborately by the instructor. Grammar thus provided the rules for assembling
words into sentences. Tedious translation and grammar drills would be used to exercise
and strengthen the knowledge without much attention to content. Sentences would be
deconstructed and translated. Eventually, entire texts would be translated from the target
language into the native language and tests would often ask students to replicate
classical texts in the target language. Very little attention was placed on pronunciation or
any communicative aspects of the language. The skill exercised was reading, and then
only in the context of translation.
Criticism
The method by definition has a very limited scope of objectives. Because speaking or
any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing from the curriculum, students
would often fail at speaking or even letter writing in the target language. A noteworthy
quote describing the effect of this method comes from Bahlsen, who was a student of
Pltz, a major proponent of this method in the 19th century. In commenting about
writing letters or speaking he said he would be overcome with "a veritable forest of
paragraphs, and an impenetrable thicket of grammatical rules." Later, theorists such as
Vietor, Passy, Berlitz, and Jespersen began to talk about what a new kind of foreign
language instruction needed, shedding light on what the grammar translation was
missing. They supported teaching the language, not about the language, and teaching in
the target language, emphasizing speech as well as text. Through grammar translation,
students lacked an active role in the classroom, often correcting their own work and
strictly following the textbook.
the reason why this method has been practiced so widely and has survived so
long.
Disadvantages:
1. It is an unnatural method. The natural order of learning a language is listening,
speaking, reading and writing. That is the way how the child learns his mother
tongue in natural surroundings. But in the Grammar Translation Method the
teaching of the second language starts with the teaching of reading. Thus, the
learning process is reversed. This poses problems.
2. Speech is neglected. The Grammar Translation Method lays emphasis on
reading and writing. It neglects speech. Thus, the students who are taught
English through this method fail to express themselves adequately in spoken
English. Even at the undergraduate stage they feel shy of communicating
through English. It has been observed that in a class, which is taught English
through this method, learners listen to the mother tongue more than that to the
second/foreign language. Since language learning involves habit formation such
students fail to acquire habit of speaking English. Thus, they have to pay a heavy
price for being taught through this method.
3. Exact translation is not possible. Translation is, indeed, a difficult task and exact
translation from one language to another is not always possible. A language is
the result of various customs, traditions, and modes of behavior of a speech
community and these traditions differ from community to community. There are
several lexical items in one language, which have no synonyms/equivalents in
another language. For instance, the meaning of the English word table does not
fit in such expression as the table of contents, table of figures, multiplication
table, time table and table the resolution, etc. English prepositions are also
difficult to translate. Consider sentences such as We see with our eyes,
Bombay is far from Delhi, He died of cholera, He succeeded through hard
work. In these sentences with, from, of, through can be translated into the
Hindi preposition se and vice versa. Each language has its own structure, idiom
and usage, which do not have their exact counterparts in another language. Thus,
translation should be considered an index of ones proficiency in a language.
4. It does not give pattern practice. A person can learn a language only when he
internalizes its patterns to the extent that they form his habit. But the Grammar
Translation Method does not provide any such practice to the learner of a
language. It rather attempts to teach language through rules and not by use.
Researchers in linguistics have proved that to speak any language, whether
native or foreign, entirely by rule is quite impossible. Language learning means
acquiring certain skills, which can be learned through practice and not by just
memorizing rules. The persons who have learned a foreign or second language
through this method find it difficult to give up the habit of first thinking in their
mother tongue and then translating their ideas into the second language. They,
therefore, fail to get proficiency in the second language approximating that in
the first language. The method, therefore, suffers from certain weaknesses for
which there is no remedy.
Conclusion
The grammar translation method stayed in schools until the 1960s, when a complete
foreign language pedagogy evaluation was taking place. In the meantime, teachers
experimented with approaches like the direct method in post-war and Depression era
classrooms, but without much structure to follow. The trusty grammar translation
method set the pace for many classrooms for many decades.
Monty Python made fun of the grammar translation method in their film Life of Brian.
grammar-translation method
grm r trnsle n,-trnz-Show Spelled[gram-er-trans-ley-shuh n,
-tranz-]
Show IPA
noun
Sampling of the Suggestopedia and the Grammar Translation Teaching Methods with
The Condor Who Fell In Love
Unit:
Suggestopedia
Lesson Topic:
The Condor Who Fell In Love
Date:
July 19, 2005
Teacher:
Hayley Minner
School:
SDMS
Student Outcome(s):
Students will be able to:
Recognize the differences between Spanish and English text.
Develop their Spanish listening skills during a read aloud.
Focus their minds on the task at hand.
Demonstrate comprehension through interactions and participation, using both the native and primary
languages.
Context for Learning
This lesson was developed for a beginning level Spanish class or for other students with no Spanish
background. In an ESL classroom, I would use this method to teach English by reversing the role of the two
languages.
The classroom environment should be enjoyable but relaxing; with comfortable chairs and with relia that
complements the text.
Prior to this lesson, students were given Spanish names and chose professions, in order to take on a different
persona (if given time, students would choose names and professions as an opening activity).
Instructional Delivery
Opening Activities/Motivation:
Gather students in a circle and encourage them to relax while listening to classical music. The teacher will
give them the text, in both Spanish and English, to refer to during the readings. Inform students to clear their
minds and follow along while the teacher reads in the target language, referring to the primary language for
comprehension when necessary.
Procedures:
1. Do not begin reading until the classical music has played for a couple of minutes and the students are
relaxed.
2. Begin reading the text in the target language.
3. Read passage one.
4. Change the music. Allow students to listen to the music for a couple of minutes before beginning to
read the next passage.
5. Read passage two.
6. Change the music. Allow students to listen to the music for a couple of minutes before beginning to
read the next passage (time permitting).
7. Read passage three (time permitting).
8. Allow students to listen and enjoy the music for a few more minutes.
9. Do not discuss the readings at this time!
Assessment/Evaluation (Formative/Summative)
Informal assessment through teacher observation.
After the lesson, students comprehension would be assessed through their participation and interaction in the
planning and presenting of their skit.
Closure:
After reading the three passages, inform the students that their homework for tonight is to read the text once
more before bed and then again in the morning before getting up.
****************************************************************************************************************
Unit:
Grammar Translation
Lesson Topic:
The Condor Who Fell In Love
Date:
July 19, 2005
Teacher:
Hayley Minner
School:
SDMS
Student Outcome(s):
Students will be able to:
Identify various Spanish and English vocabulary words.
Translate Spanish text in to English using bilingual dictionaries.
Context for Learning
This lesson was developed for a beginning level Spanish class or for other students with no Spanish
background. This grammar translation lesson would also be suitable for an ESL class of Spanish students
after reversing the language roles, putting emphasis on using the Spanish to learn the English.
Students have been studying basic Spanish and have most currently finished learning Spanish verbs in the
preterite tense (if time allowed, a mini-grammar-lesson on the preterite tense would have preceded the
lesson).
Students are somewhat familiar with the text, The Condor Who Fell In Love.
Instructional Delivery
Opening Activities/Motivation:
Students will be given a list of vocabulary terms in English and Spanish to read over and memorize. An
extremely brief oral check for pronunciation would follow although the grammar translation approach does
not focus on oral fluency development.
Procedures:
1. Give students a copy of Spanish text from The Condor Who Fell In Love.
2. Have students read the Spanish version to themselves.
3. Have students translate the passage in to English using their prior knowledge and a bilingual
dictionary if necessary (students should be given parts of the passage so that they are able to fill in
blanks or small sections to avoid direct translation of large text).
4. Select students may read their translation, if time permits.
Assessment/Evaluation (Formative/Summative)
Students will be assessed according to their ability to correctly translate the text from one language to
another. A quiz, the following day, will assess students memorization of vocabulary terms.
Informal observations by the teacher will also be used to evaluate the students.
Closure:
Inform students that they are expected to complete a second page of grammar translations for homework.