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VN2= 4kBTR Δf
Figure 12.3 shows the mean square voltage for different conductors as a
function of the resistance. As expected from (12.4) a linear relation
between the resistance and the mean square voltage is found,
.independent of the type of the conductor
with τ = Ltot/R being the time constant. Here, Ltot denotes the total
inductance of the input circuit. Modern low-noise dc SQUIDs thermally
anchored at a fixed temperature of 4.2K or 1.2K are well suited for this
application. A sketch of a recent realization of such a current-sensing
.noise thermometer is shown in Fig. 12.4a
Fig. 12.4. (a)Schematic diagram of a current-sensing noise thermometer
(after [7]). A superconducting aluminum fixed-point thermometer is
incorporated for a one-point calibration. (b) Temperature derived from the
noise of a 29-mΩ resistor plotted versus the temperature measured with a
3He melting-curve thermometer (open circles) and with a resistive
[
thermometer (closed circles) [7
At very low temperatures, a potential problem arises from the occurrence
of hot electrons because of the weak electron–phonon coupling. To avoid
this phenomenon, the noise resistor is grounded at the base of the copper
holder. In this way, the electrons in the noise resistor are in direct thermal
contact with the free electrons of the copper support. The temperatures
derived from the noise of a 29-mΩ resistor are plotted in Fig. 12.4b versus
the temperature measured by other thermometers. Obviously, very good
agreement is found in the whole temperature range between 24mK and
.4.2 K
At sufficiently low frequencies ω << ωro, the power density of the flux
noise through the cross section of a cylindrical sample with radius and
[
conductivity σ is given by [8
S∅=4kBTμ02 σGr3
: References
C.Enns, S.Hunklinger, Low-Temperature Physics, 2005, Springer [1]
Berlin Heidelberg New York, ISBN-10 3-540-23164-1
R.P. Hudson, H. Marshak, R.J. Soulen Jr., D.B. Utton, J. Low Temp. [2]
(Phys. 20, 1 (1975
(H. Nyquist, Phys. Rev. 29 614 (1927) and 32, 110 (1928 [5]
C.P. Lusher, J. Li, V.A. Maidanov, M.E. Digby, H. Dyball, A. Casey, [7]
J. Ny’e ki, V.V. Dmitriev, B.P. Cowan, J. Saunders, Meas. Sci. Technol.
(12, 1 (2001
J.B. Johnson, Nature 119, 50 (1927); Phys. Rev. 29, 367 [623]
((1927) and 32, 97 (1928