Chordates- are deuterostome coelomates with bilateral symmetry, a tubewithin-a-tube body plan, and three well developed germ

layers. Typically they

have an endoskeleton and a closed circulatory system with a ventral heart.
Chordates have segmented body.
Four shared characters that distinguish the chordates are the notochord;
the dorsal tubular nerve cord; gill slits; and a post-anal tail.
1. All chordates have a notochord during sometime in their life cycle. The
notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod that is firm, but flexible that
supports the body.
2. At some time in their life cycle, chordates have a dorsal tubular nerve
cord. The chordates nerve cord differs from the nerve cord of most
other animals in that it is located dorsally rather than ventrally, is
hollow rather than solid and is single rather than double.
3. Chordates have pharyngeal slits (also called pharyngeal gill slits)
during some time in their life cycle. In the embryo a series of
alternative brachial (gill) arches and grooves developed in the body
wall in the pharyngeal (throat) region. Pharyngeal pouches extend
laterally from the anterior portion of the digestive tract toward the
grooves.
4. Chordates have a post-anal tail. A post-anal tail is an extension of the
spinal cord that extends beyond the animal's anus .

-A picture showing the generalized Chordate Body Plan

A Diagram illustrating the sub-phylum Vertebratas

Phylogeny and the representative organisms per classes.

Clinical Anatomy Terms to Describe the Eight Body Regions

In clinical anatomy the body is divided into eight regions.

The following terms refer to general positions of the body:
-

Supine means a person is lying on her back.

Prone means a person is lying face down.

Heres a look at all of the major regions (from the outside of the body)

The cephalic region (head) or cranial region (skull) is at the top

of the body and visible from the front and rear.

The cervical region (neck) starts below the head, ends at the
thorax, and is visible from the front and rear from below the
head to the shoulders.

The dorsal region (back) runs from immediately below the neck
down to the area below the waist. It doesnt include the
shoulders. Its visible from the rear.

The thorax starts immediately below the neck, at the clavicles,

and ends along the bottom of the ribcage. Its visible from the
front.

The abdomen starts along the bottom of the ribcage and

extends to the hips. Its visible from the front.

The pelvis starts where the abdomen ends and takes up the
area between the hip bones. The perineum is between the
thighs so very little is visible in the anatomical position.

The upper extremities include the shoulders, arms, forearms,

elbows, wrists, and hands and are visible from the front and the
rear.

The lower extremities include the hips, buttocks, thighs, knees,

legs, ankles, and feet.

The buttocks are visible only from the rear, but the rest of the
lower extremities are visible from the front and the rear.

Abdominal
relating to the
abdomen. The
abdomen is the part of
the trunk between
the chest and pelvis. It
can be divided into
three regions: the front,
the belly; in back the loins; and on the sides, the flanks.
Antecubital region of the arm in front of the elbow
Brachial over the brachial artery in the upper arm
Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth
Calf of or relating to the calf
Femoral relating to the femur or thigh
Inguinal the groin or area in lower lateral regions of the abdomen
Lumbar area over the lumbar spine
Popliteal region on the back of the knee
Scapular of or relating to the area near the shoulder blade (scapula)
Umbilical relating to the central area of the abdomen near the bellybutton

- The human body is shown in anatomical position in an anterior

view and a posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in
boldface.

Llames, Lloyd Christian J.

Laboratory

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

Prof. Hazel Mariano

2-4

BS-Biology