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    Teknik Pembentukan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views12 pages

    Super Plastic

    Uploaded by

    Rony Agista
    Teknik Pembentukan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    a ty vesegeg % ‘CHAI FORMING WITH ‘SUPERIMPOSED VIBRATIONS Ust of Special symbols amplitude of sonic wave inner diameter of blank diameter of disk period of escilation fetection ‘elocty of sone wave mplitad of sonic velocty half de-opeing angle amplitude of strain induced by sonic wave veaveengt sone vibrating tress fmplitde of sonie vibrating stress angular velocity “The application of vibration in meta forming protses sot widely practiced. Notwithstanding 2: tapi branch ithe Bel of forming he method i inlded in ths publication to complete the presentation ofthe entire range of metaforming process mechanical vibrations, for example, in the ultrsone range, are superimposed on the exter: ral forming frees acting on the tools, then the magatdes of these external forces meded for 29.2 METAL FORMING UNDER SPECIAL CONDIHONS tol Es [ Yo ob ae = Boob + boli I =a vet 812 — | seman ° 005 3918 20-25 3035 Engineering strain, % FG. 29.1 Beginning portions of trose-straln curve. (After (2911) the desired deformation can be reduced. The firs asic tess ofthis phenomenon were carted out by Blaha and Langenecker (20. They showed that there occurs distinct reduction in mat {de of the sressom metal crystals when a particular mechanical vibration ssapetinpsed onthe atic load during the tension tet (Fig. 20.1). The ses is reduced conslecably it during the tension test an ultrasnie fied is superanposed at the tage when the spparent limit of elasticity (viel point) ofthe test material as been exceeded. Ifthe ultrasonic held then removed ad ‘he tes continued further, the stress inereass again to it original magnitide. When the exper ment with such superimpysed mechanieal vibration i arried outright from the begining. the tess an dagram ofthe ers tet sows comer at sap han ata the meta crystal Te has been the aim of several patents and tests to make use of sch a tres reduction in the ieta-forming processes In most attempts sltrawnie vibrations having fequenctes higher than IGkH are wed ‘Toimpatwltrsxonic vibration on slid bodies, magnetostrictive vibrators are us extensively ‘These vibrators mabe use ofthe phenomenon i which afreomagneti ba, when lated in The ‘magnetic eld ofa coil imparted a mechanical vibration nthe ail diection or ths purpase however the frequency ofthe coll eld tbe almost the smn a the resonant frequen ofthe ‘bar: The magnetasrctive vibrators ae suitable up to about 200 KH. If mechanical frequencies higher than 200 KH are needed, plzoelectic materiale ultable forthe purpose 29.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES As already indicated, the superpstion of ultrasone vibration on « metal crystal during tension tests apparently redices the yield stress as compared with the magnitude attained doing Hat tense lading: For this phenomenon the fllowig theoretical modell prewated [293] “The dislocations forming adisribted network of linear defect in metal erystal, are cons ‘red the main cause of paste deformation ofa metal crystal (ee Chap. 3) These docation are Airbed in “potertial well,” static load imparted om the metal causes te potential wel to ‘deform asymmetrically, whereby the dislocations remain within the wellz When ansrasonie ‘rating ses 6 superimposed on tis exsting static lad, the dcations becore capable of leaving the potential well, and such motion contribates to plastic deformation of the metal crystal In (29) this theoretical model is referred to with the fllowing remarks “If this atomistic model i correct, then the same Behavior of the tes, showing a atistcal average vale ofall meroscopesreses, shoul occur inthe test speczne so tthe macroscopic level. To check the ‘occurrence of sacha macroscope phenomenon, the magnitude ofthe vibrating ares due to such & superposition on the workpiece should first be determined. In addition it should also aves Uigated how this sires, which Duetuate between is positive and negative maxim, influences in particule range the seesstrain behavior of the workpiece, “The behavior of a barshaped test specimen, ts stati lad inthe tension test beng superin. FORMING WIM SUPERMPOSEO VBEATIONS 29.9 posed with an anal vibration, can be derved a Follows. From the equation of motion forthe ‘ibrating bar, w= tn Ee =a) on sere 1 ithe deletion at pin x atime, As the snicwave amplitude, the wavelength Sete tmpored tthe tt sgecimen, fhe equeny ofthe inured irate an = Sef the anulrvescy. "The arn sale in th ar dere du _ oe fo Fac ‘By means of Eqs. 29.1 and 29.2 the ultrasonic vibrating stress, according to the definition in Noosa cam be ented ws ru) wn x de on Be (203) where E isthe modulus of elasticity ofthe test materia ‘rom Eqs 29.2 and 205 the ltessoie vibrating stress found wel? we Earen(21— at) ow wn neta ws gbeing the amplitude of the wlzasonicwbrating stress (29°) "Now this ibating ste shouldbe superimped onthe static tense stress, Two eases cam be astnguished 1 The vibrating res i siperimpased only within the range of elastic deformation (elasticity ran 2 The vibrating sre is superimpore only within the range of plastic deformation Fig. 282 shows both cases by means ofan iealzed stress-strain diagram in which ae ad tional tne coordinate is used to show the superpeition of «vibrating stress having the stain mpi = (2x/A) Ae Gee Eq. 202) Yn tat specimen ts comidered to be rained within the elastic range only up to pont A, which lies quite below the yield Timit (Fig, 29.22). The specimen defooms up to point B dve to The sition vibrating ses acting oni ring the frst all pevod of the imparted vibration, ‘weer pint B ll remains within the elastic rage of the stressrai dagran. In this manne Tpevcurselofimpated stes set forth periodically within the iting points Band C: However Mticente ofthe vibration period he magnitude ofthe tate ste remains the sae as at pont ‘A otha externally no tedtion in total sess is registered. Tn the second case, however (Fig, 28), Use specimen is subjected to plastic deforznation and longed up to point D, which les beyond the elastic ange. The superimposed vibration at this Sage teduces the ses un the specimen up pont, from whete the pas deformation ofthe ‘Sietimen provrds beyond point D up to poi F- During the folowing peiods of vibration the res tales between points E and F, this deformation being of purely elastic natute only. Due to this phenomenon the sai es reduced from D to Din the center ofthe perio of vibra tn. the smount af rex reduction depending onthe stain amplitude ofthe impacted vibration ines on the modulus of elastty of the let materia. This ference in sess Mr = Drs Ee Adenia! to the ample of the ullrasone ibrating tres dyn Ba, 295 (se (29. Sgccurding tothe above derivatlon, the experiment must also show a veducton in the aatie sires mounting tothe amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrating sess ifthe test material inthe {otlly pls state, Actually this fact as proved in tension, upsetting, ending. and shear tess 29.4 MEIALFORNENG UNDER SPECIAL CONDIMONS os A t 2 sures 0 Engineering strain 0 opineering stra “a we FG. 29:2 Stres-strain diagrams with supernpoted vibrations @) Inrange ot elastic recovery. (6) Inrange of plastic deformation (Aer (2931) ‘The statement in (293). that an “apparent” reduction ofthe yield stress de to superimposed ltrasone vibration could be explained asa ret of the resultant effect o the static and dynamic slreses and that this reduction has a magaitude equal othe amplitude ofthe ultrasonic vibrating stress, has been confined by several authors. For example (2.4) 10 [29.6] linear corclation i reported between force redaction and sone ampitde ost metai-forming proceses are accompanied by energy loses du to external friction, which could be influenced favorably by superimposed vibration, In [20°] i was established by ‘means of a model tet that under the influence of ultasorie vibration and at diferent relative ‘olocties of the tool with regard to the workpiece, the conditions uf Eiton, a computed wh {hose found in sini tet without wlrasnie vibration, could be infucnced considerably by the resultant fect ofthe dividual directions of motion. I the dretin of vibration fs perpendicular toboth the direction and the surface of fection, bardy ay noticeable reduction in tional ores ‘ould be achieved, When the dtcetion of vibration parallel tthe surface as well asthe diection of friction, the achievable reduction in frictional force i greatest at small velocities af fvetion between the members ofthe fiction system, But such a reduction i retionl force dimes tealmos 210 when the eelative velocity is increased sbstotaly Again if the diction of wb ton is perpendicular tothe diretian of ition but parle to the suriace of friton, then the ‘work of fretion i also reduced consderably. Inthe eae the elatve velocity barely affects the Fritonal force 29.2 APPLICATIONS -Assated a the beginning ofthis chapter the application of ultrasonics in etal-forming processes ‘Sot widely used. The grestet efforts made to intrduce superimposed vibrations tint production are known in wir: and tubedeawingproceses Certain application ets are also ca ied ut for cold upsetting forging, rolling, and in the cate of set anetal forming 29.2.1 Wire and Tube Drawing Wire Drawing wie drawing itis easier to impart vibrations tothe drawing de Several possibilities ate shown schematically in Fig. 28. where the different types of vibration of the drawing die are indicated FORMING WIH SUPERDWPOSED ERATIONS 29.5 by thei corresponding amplitudes of wave motion In Fig. 23a the die fied at distance 9/2 the right end of a h/2 trastorne, stated in the Wough portion of a wave motion of this transformer, which vibrates at point Ny in @ direction parallel tothe direction of drawing inthis arrangement beth the 2/2 transformer My {hd the sole trammniter ens havea dent = ‘alend-towed bores thatthe drawn wire can (#5 te pase through Inthe arrangement shown in Fig. 29.9 the di placed ata ode ofthe a= travermetion path of the tastormer, Th tach other Filly forthe arangement show Fig. 203¢ the direction of the imparted fn sagan peependicolar to that of the Dat the die stated the ough portion of the wave-motion path of the tas former with length Nee dion the pure at nT ofthe swig ate perpen ogy I \ Drawing Die Is Excited along Its ‘Axial Plane (Azially Excited) In the ease of drawing with » syperimpased strasoni eld, when the drawing force i pot ted graphically agattt the drawn wire lneth, the curve indicates periodic variation in mag. Bite of the deswing force. Fig. 204 shows sc = Sach Garam lt fora copys Felative change in wise crow section amounted 1g, 29.3. Diferent methods of wibeating the toe = O18 at an inal wite diameter of dy Grawig a (a) Vibrato br length 2 xl 55.3 rman (0089 in) and for an openio Vibrate di.) Vibrator bar lemith 3/2, vert Single of the drawing die of 2a= 12% Wteould ally dyad le) Vibrator bat oth ve iedeterminad that the drawing Force had mia~ Uealywbrted die. (ter 128.31) imum values at roglar intervals of half the fravelength ofthe axa! vibration parted to the'wie nother words, the marimum reduction in magnitude ofthe drawing force could be tchieved only when the drawn vice had a resonant length, that isa length equal to half the avclengthof the superimposed ibvaton, or asbculiple of X/2 Such variations in the drawing Torve can be suppresed i's second drawing dei arrange a a suitable distance fom the fet fone This second die serves to match the wie length with the imparted wavelength and simul {ncouly pevmisa further ection inthe wire cos action by means ofa second drawing pas. ‘Beside, a olher experiments have demonstrate, i not sulcent to use a guide pulley as an iterative to the seed drawing die since in such a ease the wire length could not be matched propery (29.9) (294) Etonsive tests i the drawing of wire by means of several drawing dies in tandem have been reported in [297] It shoul be kept in mind, however, that the wire could he imparted not only ftvaulal bt abo a bending vibration, which permits reduction in magnitude of the drawing force needed Detistion & Drawing Die Is Excited in the Plane Perpendicular to Its ‘Asis (Vertically Excited) Asshown in Fig. 299, in thi case the vibrating ie i state Inthe node ofthe wave-mtion path of the vibrating transformer, At this point the train du/dx has a maximum value in the [iretion of vibration according to Ea. 284 since the tough pation ofthe stress urve in here Hence tn the divecton parallel to that of the superimposed vibration, the die i periodielly ‘expanded and compacted, giving slighty ellpial shape, There ace reports thal considerable 29.6 METAL FORMING UNDER SPECIAL CONOMIONS. 2257-1000 —— = Witnout utratoies 3 veo} % 7501 g § S) Ear2k & 600) + \ Bole cen) EM Nl tres § 58-8 250 copper (C1200) finale 2.27 mn{ 0.09 In) 267 rn (0.082 ind ° 080 100 160 200 260 300350 Draw length, mm 0 197 394 Sor 787 984 1181 1378 Drawn length, in 10.29. Mearorement of drawing fre in wire drawing process with aaally vibrated Araving di, a shown in Pig. 39.3 (ayter (203) reduction in stress has been achieved in drawing a copper wite {295}, (298) Fig. 295 shows « Tinea corelation between the drawing sess unl the amplitude a the imparted sibration Since to aia vibrations are produced in thi arrangement ol exiting the drawing de. te drawn wife length has virtually no infuence on the drawing force In cates where asl de was vibrated ‘nthe dicetion perpendicular oits own ais, eeletions in drarng [ore of up to 48% have been achieved for eel wites and of upto 37% for skuminum wires [299 HP conpr (6122007 20mm (0118 to 2.8m aaseo|- 160101024 in} damter % Drawing sen 00 renin z Ll an i & aq)

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