25.2 Table 1 Surface Conductances and Resistances for Air ~ Terfee Enitanee¢ To reese Reflective Position of iter 90 c= 0.20 Sorte re Rohe s7uLa oriomst Upward 1.636108 LI Shpig 45° Upward 160062088 LI Semel Hovroms 146 ek O74 138 Siopre—5* Denmverd 132 096 040 L8? Honeonal Downward 108 092 037.270 MOVING AIRGAM postion Pe Sm vind Any “OG ior TSmpwind Any 400 025 - tore) Tree ec conductnce ba, esi nuh 2 Nos han oth a pce ear le a a ce reine val, 5 Condes ae or srsem fete enn fa isl Sako ‘inosine america ce eb oe Sse temper erence f 10" afr tae tps 0 07 5. Conds can haves sige rp on sure emtence Table 2 was texted. In addition, surface oxidation, dust accumulation, condensation, and other factors that change the condition of the low-erittance surface can reduce the thermal effectiveness of these insulation systems (Hooper and Moroz 1952). Deteriora- tion results from contact with several types of solutions, either acidic or basic (e.g, wel cement mortar of the preservatives found in decay-resistant lumber), Polluted environments may cause rapid and severe material degradation. However, site inspections show a predominance of well-preserved installations and only 2 small umber of cases in which apid and severe dete ovation has occurred, An extensive review of the reflective building insulation system performance literature is provided by Goss ad Miller (1989), CALCULATING OVERALL THERMAL RESISTANCES Relatively small, highly conductive elements in an insulating layer ealed thermal bridges can substantially reduce the average {hesmal resistence of @ component. Examples inclode wood and mesa suds in frame wall. concrete webs in concrete masonry walls end metal ties or other elements in insulated wall panels. The following examples illustrate the calculation of Revalues and ‘U-factos for components containing thermal bridges, The following con assumed in calculating the design Reval: + Equilibrium or steady of thermal storage + Surrounding surfaces at ambient air temperature + Exterar wind velocity of 15 mph for wine (surface with 2 © 0.17 fF Br) and 7.5 mph for summer (surface with R= 0.25 "Fh Bru + Surface emittance of ondinary’ building materials is 0.90 Wood Frame Walls ‘The average overall R-values and U-faciors of wood frame Walls canbe ealeulated by assuming ether parallel heat flaw paths ‘through areas with differen thermal resistances or by assuming 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals ‘Table? Emittance Values of Various Surfaces und Effective Emittanees of Air Spaces? Tifeetive Emitanse sp OF Air Space Average Onesurface Bath Emitanee Emittnce Surfaces Surface Per Other 9 Emvtance Aluminum fail bight ~~ OSOS Aumina foil. with condensate just sible (= 0.7 get ose oe Alun fol wt condensate leary visible (290%) 020" 06s Alurminum sheet biz a 006 Aluminum coated paper polished 0.200207 Stel, galvanized, bight 0 028 as Aluminum pint oso oa? 03s. Bulldog materials: wood, paper, masonry. nonmealicpains 0.908282. Regular pass ox. on "Tse ves apy ke ow arr fie Seononsenei cam, "Nes re edo presen Baas Genomes 0588 3: a msg sneneg 2 nso Fig.2 Insulated Wood Frame Wall (Example 1) isothermal planes. Equations (4). (5). (7), and (11) from Chapter 23 are used “The framing factor or faction ofthe building component thats framing depends on the specific type of construction, and it may vary hased on local construction practices-—even for the same type ‘of eonstrection, For stud walls 16 ino center (OC), the fraction of insulated cavity may be as low as 0.75, where the faction of studs, plates, and sills is 0.21 and te faction of headers i 0.04, For studs 24 in. OC, the respective valnes are 0.78. 18. and O.U4. These fractions contain an allowance for muliple studs. plates, ils, extra framing around windows, headers, and band joists, These assumed framing fractions are used inthe following example, toillusttate the Importance of including the effect of framing in determining the overall thermal conductance ofa building. The ata framing frac- tion shouldbe calculated foreach specific constuction, Example 1. Calculate the Ufator of the 2h 4 stud wall shown in igure 2 The suds are at 16 im. OC. Theses 38 ia mineral he bat sv tion (Re 13) the std space The inside finish 0.3 ‘boar the outsides Rise with ng foam mnslating sexta (Rot and 03 in. by Sin, vinyl icing. The sulted easy oct approx ‘ately 75% of he wransmission area. te studs plats. an sills Ceca 21S and the headers eeupy te Solution: Obtain the Revaes of the various tude elements fiom Tables and, Assume f= 12 per ic forte wood fring. Ao,2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals ‘Table3_Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Spaces! 2-°F-h/Btu AirSpace Sin, Ale Spas ‘075m, Ale Space Position of Direction of — Mean Temp. Tfective Emitance sg etive Emitance 5g \eSpace Heat Flow Temp. os “0s. wos 0208 ose ‘% 0 Te Tato 7s s it ie 13s os tr & i ab 1h Me agr ° 0 Ho 160 3 ike iar tm 0 an is i) tos ir (S13 tor “2 ie re 133 ie 3a fe 136 10 oo Ba 1s bye be Ie 115 Rt & FT ah ie 1b BS 8b 1S thea “s & i ae TS 12 8a 2a Se 13) tet a up ° 20 Bao ean MB iT 138 tn = ° uv cr ao 1 tte BR ait 1a) 18 OM Los ek Eas ie ate a 1 2 By ise 3S) io fe ao cy " a Ti ite 037 ESD ik 13 Uk 2 to eo ie 133930 2er ior 130s 3 uv ie ie 138 08) 35 ay 8 Tht Venicsl Hori ee a0 2S Beige hy Si paki ° 1 iss Bm rss BF de UR te “9 a 20 BS ide te Sop Bes “a 0 0 Bs 1g as Sa ae Se oo 0 Ms Te toe 0 3G Bo Toa % Fy ie 138 os Maa Be 13h os 3 io Te 13s 033M MoS th Soe Down ° a0 Pn en BS 1a te “2 20 2 ise tase abo 208137 “s i Be oy ihe iss cm to roe am 355 2a 122 ons 2 x0 13s oat Sar Eek Th @ i 13s 0s ek Ba ist Hos. Down ed ms ise is al tho ° 1 Ts fle 435 iy ib Gh OM 1 1 48 ie iN te So 1 isos 457 ee = Air Space ‘sir Space: SM ip ie ib bee & i 20 is ah ney oie Up eT o es ae 103 “8 a0 13 vee ale 136 =o 0 Pe 18 bes 3s oe 2e 186 ats visa so so Bie ist bas Bs “ o i 2s 19 i Be vy eT in 2 i 2a Tos Shope r ° 0 2 2B t abe tie oo 22 is t Pa ts 2 i 2h 2B t ie ts *° 1 3H is ° ie bas ow 2 ie 6 2st ot # in ie 2b t Se 101 Veriea! Hori, a8 » Rte 20 et hi & » 3 Esl BM is ob 2 Dis rte ey = i ie Ls bso o wo BS sas 030 so 0 ar to 331 too as be so it Bes to a 10 7 “ x Bos im oie Pa Shope “ ® Ne 4S 13 i 2 280 ear is? ca io Bo ta 385 es ca 0 ys ase iu a0 so 30 hls wie ep 3 st 0 ap ms tis 136 How Down i » 31 1s he “ io io 13) te ee si 2 a Tse TES tnab oe 2k = i it 2a) Rene 2 SSeTGhager ss Ther esiance es write ro even = mined rush ciated ov AST C37 a ie ACTA ‘EMC Kueh ste conduction gomarton een eye ihe "C3Sgyesung. Tel ean sas felts ces mat aon ‘non stn= ig 0rdirhemem eogerreo {Hoek ta) ah Srbuah 98 sow the ant ae uses. reaper aes les tun. sir ‘ult window pee see eet DD1e sah were tice ‘icoet ech andthe acts tough sepa ns "ues ated on afer Robin Sra {IOS Ase Chae 3. “als San and Chat 91, vale sp orien nea ssf soldi es psa wo a kaa ‘ae else ae Booey ST ean ae can str pe ah a se ‘eq pti apa ec nee oan ‘5st Remarc eRe sus a ef oa ok ae salman of rer eee sEaltend pomiobe rahe thet men epee pee ie tocran ee cman pi sa ae stapes ne ‘der avetheamiaies of he sures the apace Tie . Fae ST EE‘Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data ‘Table 4 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials—Design Values =o Conduit Conasane — Ras tor Spe sre esas ety, Cage Rae afi, Sk ary stan’ open wat en ee anne ROWED se eae os vm Preccectet vee Secon wan Searels we BS = ve Singin ce gS - Gpichie ak 8 = i ooo Ba Poe Fg | isc Boa ne = $h : cs Bh aed = ae ern BS sae 8 fect a = Fon Senate 4 owe RS = 8 Steen oe = ®t Siotats oe RS = ed a - i Suto oe ow a 03 in. 18 = 125, Leite Sow 8 Foy a 38S = OR vt ent oom nk Bee 7 Fh sin oes as atk B > RR tt yoy we 4 ses Bhi 4 Wes a i oe vate BOR 4 Waferboar 7 068 — 19 — Shs i nT ; fico we Mea - “ate ; oe ena wih = 5 WS a Verna : eo magnons - a eae = 5 @ 5 8 8 j ome Site = S SE ‘shes ml 5 Bh SRS vise be sw ca oie ws insuearive wards {ie mans rt oe gon a mee a ‘ Pm pan a ' Pats = 8S Z Hien. =e 8 sntnts exe » - sir vial aot = - tg Seance 3 = th SEAN ee 8 - - OMe eee eae sas - oyTabled Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Design Vatues* (Continued) Conductivity” Conductance Perluch For Thiskness Specie ‘. (©. Thickness (Vb), Lied (UO, He Density, Burin __ Bayh Pot Bow Desrition wit ee aE Bia Bw ibs ‘Eagunded palsjrene rade oath San sarah THCFS 12h exp) isss o20 500 020 spared polsstyrene: molded beads 10 026 - Bas bs 025 400 = is 024 an = 13s 024 an = 30 023 435 = Cllr polyurethane polyisocyanrate! CECAY exp. (antec Is 0160.18 625556 038 Cllr polysceyanerate! (CFC exp (enesermeatl cer) neo. ~ 6255.56 on CCeiulr polysocyanurte (CFC exp) (gascnpermeable fer) 20 ou - 104 - on Clidarphenoie (lowed ce (CFCALCEC-LSexp)%* 3.0 012 820 Cetular phenolic open co. 1822 033 440 - Mineral fiber with resin binder. 150 029 - Bas on Mine fiberboard. wet fled Cor or mot nsustion 617 on 294 Acoustica ie 80 635 386 = we Acustica tle 210 037 270 Mine ierboar wet molded ‘eats le 20 042 ass ous Wood er cane fberard ‘eastia te sin 050 as oat ‘owsia tie v7sin 053 — 8 Inui Finish pane), 03s 26 032 (Cement idr slabs (sirckid woud with Poand ‘semen binder 25270 0s0.088 20-159 (Cement finer sla (sed wd with agoosa ‘vse binder) os? ls ost Celle insulation ile paper oF wand pul, 2342 oz032 370313 oa Ports 2xpandes 2041 027031 yas 026 47s 03036 — 3328 Thi 036042 224 — Mineral fiber (ook sap, glass mops. 3.78'S 0 os20 - - uo on apres. 658.756 9620 = 190 approx. 710 in o620 - = apron, 1035-1378 0620 = = Minera fiber os, slag. or plas pio 3.5m (clmed sidewall aplication) 2035 - emit exit 7082 oar - 032 4060 oa vay toplied Povsreane foam 1325 ales - Lresfrmaldehyde foam ors = 02028 Cotes 360 02004 - - Glaeser 354s 02027 ‘eflecte sulin Reflasine materi < 08) in seme of 3 in cavity Former 38 mn vera ar spaces" asi = 32 - METALS ‘See Caper 39, Table 3 ROOFING Assesn-eement shingles, 20 476 oat 24 ‘sohaltrol rooing 70 650 = ois 036 Acohak shingles % 2 as 030 ‘Buteus roofing. (3x70 - 3.00 os 03s Slate Osi 20.00 has 030 ‘Weod shingles plain and plas fi foes 16 = a 031 PLASTERING MATERIALS, Cement laser sand segregtte hie so 020 Sand aggregate iain Be = oe 20 Sane ger 7s — = 6.86 mas 02Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data Table 4 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materialy—Design Values* (Continued) Resistant) Conductivity’ Conductance — Pertaeh For Tiekness Specie @, (. Thickpess (148, Listed (HC) Heat Density, _Btwin Bw Teory Ree Description Toit nee ete Bin ipsum plone Tighveigh aggregate 45 32 ose - ishiveish aggregate Pe — 267 939 = weight agsrevate on mt ath — 23 on? = Sand ares tos Si = ons p20 Sand ausesne tos 10 009 Sind agente 10s 3i0 ou Sut agarose on tl lt 70 ois Vermicilite azerezte i os Ms MASONRY MATERIALS Masonry Units Brot rd ley so e102 0120.10 - 0 7400 ono. = Lo. ears Bio = Bo. Ses oisnts = oy io aos9 - noon - " 10 = 34020 - - 0 b2en 34 = % 033037 = ” 980-033 = lay ti, hollow (ell done Bin - a5 - oso on el deep tin 030 - Lu Zell deep. on O68 is deals deep, in ost - ss 2ecilsdeep join os - 22 - E 3 cells deep, De 040 350 CConerete locks Limestone agaregate Same with pert fled cores pas 2 12m, $5 1h 138 Bf? concrete, 3 cars = ~ - Same with pedi fled cores = oar M7 Normal ‘in, 38-36 125-136 const, 2 oF 3 cones - 0.904103 — on Ssine with erie fled eres = 330 = Sime wih vermiculite led cons = osban = - 2 in 80 [128 TR concrts, 2 cores = 08 on Medium ight agategate combinations of ronal weight a ahrweigh aggregate) in, 26-29, 97-112 fe concrete, 2 or 3 cores, 0s8.0:78 - gts ‘Same wath erie filet cores - 027048 3723 - Same wth Sermo one = 30 3 = Same sith molded EPS (bas) Hild cores = 32 22 = Same with molded EPS inserts in cores = 037 = 2 ightseightaparegate expanded sale, clay, sae or slag, pumice) in, 16-171) 8587 to? concrete, 2 or 3 cones - 193.165 - Sain wih pert filed cones. = = 2 - Same with ermicuie filed cores = = 3 Sin, 19-29 72-86 Bt concrete panos - ad:190 Same sh pete filed canes, oisoas - eek Sime with vermiculite led cores = - 019.036 5339 Same with molded EPS beads) led cons = o2 a - Same sth UF foam filled cores. 2 as - Sate ith molded EPS ise in coves = 039 33 = in 32:36 090 If conctes. Dor coves 0380.48 2639 = Sze with pert Bled sree. - - binote 9263 Sure wi vermiculite Sled cores = — on 8s Stone. ime. o san 0 2 oor : a Quaraticand sane st 3 - 002 0 BM = os — 120 3 - ous i Cale, dolomite limestone, marble and granite... 180, w = 003 =Tabled Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insul 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals ting Materials—Design Values* (Continued) esivanee" Conductvin"® Conductance —FerTach For Thickness” Specie w. (On Thickness (1), Listed IC Heat, stun Bee Ter: oor Bua Description tun en ete Bile oo ia ‘psn prion ie be T2 oe 30 slid - ~ o7 ta ow 3912 y 30m acai = = 78 = 13s = 48512 by 30in2 eal = = oo = te - Concrete? Ssndandrvelorstoncsgeregateconerets(concteles 150100200 010-008 - — ‘sthmrethan 80% quire or quarts ang ave 140) D0.iK0 — on046 = 0185026 ondictvdes nthe Righer end ofthe range), bo 70.00 = o1e0.08 = ” Limesore conrete. 40 thi = 009 = = 0. 79 = 013 — 100 ss = on = = ‘cxpsumfierconerete (7.5% sypsum, 12.58% "od cis ° 31 166 - oot ~ 021 ‘cemencine, mona, ad isso 120 a7 - o10 — 10 7 - ois - = 0 43 — 022 = Leghnveiaht aggregate eocretes Expanded sta clay, ose; expanded slags 120 46041 - ~ ‘indes: pumice (with density upto TOOIB Sand 100 — 021-016 = oz ‘cov (sanded concrees have conducts inthe 80 = o3no28 = 020 igh end ofthe range) = 088.040 0 = ns - Pere sermicte, ane polystyrene beads 50 - oss.oss — ~ 40 = oro8 015028 30 - a1 — ~ 20 — 13s - = Fear covets 0 = 030 = = 100 O28 = = *0 = 033 : * 030 = = Fearn corcretes and call concrete «0 — eas = = 0 — on — 20 1s = = SIDING MATERIALS (on fat surface Shingtes “Aestes-cemeat 0 - 15 ~ 021 ~ Wood. bin. 75 exposure - = his os 031 Wood doubi, 16 in 12. exposure = = oss = 19 038, Wood. plus int hacker board. 312i = = on = 140 031 Siding ‘Asbeses-coment, 0125 in. lapped — — 436 — 02 2s Apal ol sing = = 620 — wis 035 Aspaltnsulting siding (0 nbd oe = 16 035 Hardboard siding 0.435 = a9 = oe 028 Weed, drop by 8 in = ~ ir 079 028 Wood, bel 0 by 8 in lapped = ib - oat 028 Wood, bevel 0.78 by 10. ped = ~ 098 tos 038 ‘Weed, lywood, 0.73 in appt - 69 — 039 029 Alumina. sel. or ving oer senting los backed = ~ 16s at 0298 Insulting-board backed nomial 0.378, ass = 182 032 insulin board baked nomial 0375 in fal asked. — ~ oss - 296 ~ Actes soda lime fat) sa. . 15 oo = = = 02 WOODS (12% moisture content) Harasoods 03% ‘Oak gidaes 12428 - 059-080 - Bish Bess ea — 087.089 : Maple Bea Lovie = 092.086 ash SRS Logis = 0940.88 - Sersoude vs Souther pine Bea Loot ~ 1.089 - Dougie fie Larch 3isae3 oss 164199 = Souter press. SL 30.082 ~ TEL 08 = Hemh Space ine Fi 7090 = 1341 Wes cont words, Cedars. : Govo90 = retin - Esl redwood asso82 = is =31.10 glazing is added on sie. These products ae typically inal in hghsseveideril and lrpercommerca/nsitional industrial budhgs. Curtin walls are typically made up of vision (anspor ens) and spandrel(opague) panels. Table contains represenerive Ciacors forthe vision pane including mulions) for these assem Dies. The spanel portion of curtain walls usually consists of & reotal pan fled with insulation and covered with a sheet of glass of csherseatherroof covering. Although the U-fator inthe center oF the syandrelpavel can be quite low, the meta pan is a ermal bridge, signfeanlyinereasing the U-factor ofthe assembly Two- dimersional simulation, validated by testing of @ curain wall having an aluminum frame with a thermal freak, found That the Ustacor for the edge of the spandre panel (tbe 2-1/2 in-band suit the perimoter adjacent fo the frame) Was 40% of the way teward the U-facoraf the fame. The Unfator was 0.34 forthe em terafte spandrel, 2 6 forthe edge ofthe sande nd 602 forthe frame(Carpenter and Elmahdy 1994), Twordimensional hea ans- fer alysis o physical testing is recommended to determine the Ufacior of spandrel panels. Use the sloped overhead glazing eate- 01) fr sloped glazing panels comparable to curtain Walls Physical wesing oF doubleglazed units showed U-factors of 1.0 Buu "F fora thermally broken alumiour pyramidal sky= light ang 1.3 Baths ft -°F) foran luminum-Srame hal-round ba rel vat (bth normalized toa rough opening of 8 hy & 8). Uni ‘more conclusive resulls are avalable, U-fators for these systems can be estimates by multiplying the “site-assembled sioped over head glazing” values in Table 4 bythe rato of total produc surface area (including eurbs) 0 rough opening stea. These ration renge from 1.2 to 20 for low-siope skylights, 14 to 2.1 for pyramid assemblies lope a 45", and 7102.9 for somicivular bare vault, assemblies, An example calculation is povided in Example 4 ‘factor in Tae 4 ee based on the definitions ofthe sx prod ‘ot pes ame Siz, an proportion of Hameo glass area shown in Figure 4 Four of the prodets are manacturd type. The oper- abl glazing units ate 15 1 sn area, and the overal sige corresponds toa} xy 5 Renestrationprodact The xed (nanopersble)caegory Jsaboat 16 in ate, andthe overall sie corresponds to aby 4 ‘window. The garden window eategoy i 15 fin projected area 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (35 fin surface area) and 5 fe (wide) by 3 high) by 15 i, (deep) “The manwfactured skylight category s @ nominal Sf i area, cor- sponding toa2 by 4 ftskyl ght Thenominal dimensions af a rook ‘mounted skylight correspond to centerline spacing of roo! framing members: consequently the rough opening dimensions are 22 by 46.5 in. The curtain wall and slapedioverhead glazing categories are ‘nominal 16 f in area, representing repeating 4 by 4 f panels. The nominal dimensions correspond to centertine spacing of the head and sill and vertical mullons ‘Six fame types are listed (athough not ll for any one category) in order of improving thermal performance. The most conservative assumption i o se the frame category of aluminum fame without thermal break (although there are products onthe market that have higher U-factors). The aluminum frame with» thermal bral is for frames having at least a 3/8 i, thermal break between the inside and outside forall members, including both the frame and the operable ‘Table § Glazing U-Factors for Various Wind Speeds Wind Speed, mph — 1 75 Factor, Bea AF oa 10 we 020 020 a8 030 029 028 040 038 a3? 060 056 0s on ass ast 080 07 69 090 oss on 1.00 os 86 110 1a 09 120 Lao Loz 130, 19 Lie wo al 1. i ; | a= OPERABLE FIXED SKYUGHT ——GURTAINWALLOR (exam) (aie) @nby 4m) SLOPED GLAZING oats fae (es Ser) To sereaovera| | Romina wou harman 7s 73 ‘smn wh etna bes a 13 ‘sminom Sa worn vv 2 is ‘oodny , Bs i Sueur gone | na vs ie | a as aes Le | sj ok | 8 Standard Fenestration UnitsFenestration Fig.S Details of Stile-and-Rall Door sash, if applicable. (Products are available with significantly wider ‘thermal breaks, which achieve considerable improvement) The inforced viny1/aluminum clad wood category represents vinyl -frame products, such as sliding glass doors or large windows that have extensive metal reinforeing within the frame and wood products with cextessive metal, usually onthe exterior surface ofthe frame. Both of ‘hese factors provide short circuits, which degrade the thermal per formance ofthe frame material. The wood vinyl frame is meant to present the improved thermal performance tat is possible ifthe ‘thermal shor circuits from the previous frame category do not exist. Insulated fTbergessvinyl represents fiberglass or vinyl frames thot, do not have metal reinforcing and whose frame cavities are filled \with insulation. For several site-assembled product types. there is 2 scructural glazing frame category that is intended 1 represent prod ucts where shets of glass are but-glazed to each other using aseal- anton, and none ofthe framing members is exposed othe exterior. For glazing with a steel frame, use aluminum frame values, Fr a= minum window with wood tata or Vinyl cladding, use the values for aluminum, Frame type refers tothe primary unit. Thus, whea storm sash is added over another fenestration produc, use the values given for the nonstorm product To estimate the overall U-factor of a fenestration product that difes significantly from the assumptions given in Table + and/or Figure 4, first determine the area that is frame/sash, center-f- lass, and edge-of-plass (based on a 2-2 in. band around the perimeter of each glazing unit), Next, determine the appropriate component U-futors. These can be taken either from the standard, ‘values listed in tales in Table 4 for glass, from the values in Table |Hfor frames, oF from some other source such as test data or com puted factors. Finally, multiply the area and the component U: factors, sum these products, and then divide by the rough opening, inthe building envelope where this product wilt to obtain the overall Usfactor U Table 5 provides approximate data to convert the overall U-fator atone wind condition to a Ufactor at another REPRESENTATIVE U-FACTORS FOR DOORS Doors are often an overlooked component inthe thermal inte rity of the building envelope. Although swinging and revolving doors represent a small portion ofthe shell in residential, commer bial, and institational buildings, their U-factor is usually many times higher than that of the walis or ceilings. In some storage and industrial building. loading bay doors (overhead doors) represent a significant area of high heat loss. Table 6 contains representative ‘U-factors for swinging, overhead, and revolving doors determined 31 Table 6 U-Factors of Doors in Bru/h-f-°F ‘Double Da ing in, e040, No Single Air “2in. Door Type Glazing Glazing Space Argon SWINGING DOORS (Rowgh Opening, 38 #2 in Slab Doors Wood slain wood ramet 086 SToalaring 22in Bin Wie) = — AB ats ‘lacing 22m «36im ite) — 058 46D 45% glaing 22 in. x68 iit 569 04039 More than 50% gazing Use Table (opeabie| Insulated see sab with wood edge ia wood fame” 0.18 6% alezing (22 in, «Bin ite) oz 019018 2st aazing 21m. 36in le) — 03902602 459% alazing (22 in. «64, ite 038 035026 More than 50% glazing (Use Table operable Foam insulated ste! slab with metal edge insta fame” 037 (glazing (22 a. «8 ite) 041 oat 039 2s%oplanng 22 < 36% te) — O85 O48 OB $59 glaring 22 in x64in ite) — OTL 0550.8 ‘More than S0% glazing CCardbcar honeycomb slab with ‘metal edge i sta rae ast ‘Stes and-Rail Doors Sliding lass doo) (Use Table 4 (operable) Use Table (operable) French doors Site ssembled Se and -Rail Doors Aluminum in alumina rare 12093079 Aluminum a aluminum rare REVOLVING DOORS (Rough Opening, 82 «#4 in) Aluminim in lumina frame Ope Closed 085 SECTIONAL OVERHEAD DOORS (Nomina, 10 10 ) Annincintd tel (oomial U= 1.15) Las 8 Insulated steel (amino! U = 0.11) om Insulated steel with thermal break minal U= 0.08)" on Tally bok al ed 093 Bah 7 hi eal ren ob ‘through computer simulation (Carpenter and Hogan 1996). These fare generic values, and product-specific values determined in accordance with standards should be used whenever avalable, NERC Technical Document 100 and CSA Standard A453 give ro cedures for evaluating performance of swinging doors. Overhead ‘doors are often evaluated in accordance with National Association Door Manufacturers (NAGDM) Standard 105. Where these standards are cited in cages, they must be used for compli ‘Swinging doors can be divided into two eategories: sab and stile-andéral. A stile-and-rail door is a swinging door with fll lass insere supported by horizontal rails and vertical stiles, The Stiles and rails are typically either solid wood or extruded alurinum or vinyl, as shown in Figure 5, Most residential doors are sla) type \withetther solid wood, tel, or fiberlass skin over foam insulation ‘iva wood frame with auminum sil, Te edges of the steel ski door are normally wood t0 provide a thermal break. In commercial con ction, doors are either steel skin over foam insulation in a steel318 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals is Fenestration Produets in Btw/h:f2-°F Table 4 U-Factors for Van Produ Tape cas ony _| Operate isoang ang and winging gins doos) [wd ——— “GNF | Tenet Ticrel slmiton Wood Foetsc Tene! Tal ait wea” es eg Te cinw cli | "area "rests Guawout Yoon ""umnt"| "be "peas Choos it Sine Glazing 7 | | itera ror roe | arte gas ott | nts arama ae SSE Soca os 0s | om” ast ast 0 os | os ak oat 8 | Vin airsqace noe ose oss oss 033 os 067 060 ase oss ast 3] 13in arson az 0% | om ts asa ote | oot as Db Gig «040 on setae 20°93 scape as"? ow | oa on 0s asi os | om 058 as) ot ow 1b] tam aeance tm te | om om tae ce | as ote tuo te te] ta apne wa tse | om os o30 os | os 08 Gk two 13) tai panes oer eta on | asa on oko Dut Gung e02neaveceterd | 1e| Reins Ws" or | om on ot awa | 06s ost oss oss 15] tin aman opce ay 02 | om os oe tetas | sae oa tae | Diet icing «010m sare 003 2] timers 03 oa | ase ow 92 ooo | as basta Baha ih aoe oa te tate oom | oe oat as Wi apogee os nt | om 08 feat tas | ur at ie ine apes as a2 | oe ta ea Seat o> tip Cine 3| an arome a oe two ae foe ae ia pore fie os ta om tan ass | arom pecabiend os oes dete aa | ae on Tip Ging «= 020 on es 2.14, ‘eran a oe or ae tas aa | ns V2 in argo spaces. 822 060 039 034 OR 028 oat ose “ipl linge 020 on sare ora oS 2s] Iara } 06s oe 03s ax | on ow ox 3) icmaces os amo ax | a as os | icmagmamee ‘ | ose te 030 oz | ae op TepleGlnege= WW on sures? dor V2 in air spaces ais, 037 057 036 031 02s name ps aie | ae te eas or iin wep a oe er) oa esraple Gig 110 on sete 2 ad 1 Nene orci i enc fi snes and as om cron sevraecontion oO cain artenpasicsns 07 me avieerate, made i iSepnankerarvecrnizowsoabst waht coeonsfartiyae: cag agewe'nan ‘tach indorsed empress ear ae ae Cr bath rare wd pigeon Steer Tees St tne si a pe 5 Suna ne oe ge ate same cn on‘ Fenestration 319 Table 4 _U-Ractors for Various Fenestration Products in Btwh-f-°F (Concluded) Ta ao 1 Sep tie 1 a | —__ Na —na TCS Bene ion | ac’ “beet” “Titmg'| cite oftm | "Seatt "Grow Cuatine ‘int | "bea "pom! » 1 | a | Liv » ow | oo. 2 a 3 ea | wan | eae |e wow pow eas fa PSS os ‘s ; Vet at 103 os 076 an 063 U the tm ote oon | be oss [a 1 | oe asta fat ast z 5 ve aw | oss oas oe | ae os | tos om ors oss | os tsa fae ote note | DAO oor onr as | tor 0% ©7083 ose 43 at [37 BL Los os | om oes oso ow | oo i 4 Product sizes are deseribed in Figure 4. and frame U-tactors ore trom Table 7. Nalues for triple and quadkuple-glazed garden windows ore not listed. seousePhysical Properties of Materials, Table3 Properties of Solids 39.3 Specie Enis eat, Deasiy, ‘Thermal Conductivity Material Dseripton Beulb 2F ‘ie Buu Ratio Surface Concon ina ay 15) Tan 7 oy C09" Comes ct Oo Reape! tenia bon ‘rake Za 2% oom sm se Aston ber oa Iso" oon Inslton oag Se aun as taper Asks, wood oe ao Soucy Seo oa ae oa aides 03s a 3 Bel mea Haws 120) Banath tn Dow we Beck ting om tay oe one Bras: Ret (554 Cu, 19420) ome = 00308 —‘Highlyptsod| Welow eSHC 3209 Bae sm on 33" Highly polishes Bronze aia 50 than Csr bass: Si ao on! Gaon ap) orm 020) aie Carol bow Calle ost ae ans! {Cenent (porta sink) ole, ao 017 Gate ous us one asi about 25078 Charon (von8) a0 is a3 9) eons be ate 200 os Gioy uae oF Coat i Sey st 30) Coat ts 0388 0H a oor ‘Coe (pelea, powdered) ois as & 080 (75) Conse) 0.1868 39) ig ose Cooper cleo) Base 556 ae ara Commer shiny Contant) ss Se ‘ast 23) Conon en oa os a rote AF SNF) base ist Srinond ne ist me Ean ry and pach ry oa or fan sas eas clay rick oss a O58 90) ear Froorer CaF) oan oe ry erat sive stl iver ane 5s oe aust Potted Gia" Cron node oie ise 15200 Ose Soot Fina) one 2m ay estes ban by 0139 200) “wool bis 33s bon! ois busta 1208 ma 002" ih piss Grate: Pr oles" 5106" Tres oie ne a ars pam 350 ae 903" On moot pla Herp en) oar oo ke 2 oer ae ir os oF bises Cae trom Cast bara rea 043 rahiy med Wooug ae 09 Daleidved Lead ox aon 02e —— Gasonecd Utero) ase Limestone cave ose 0136"%0090 AL 4510 380% Linen fas ihre ead moxidey asst Magnes: Powdered O3e ia) o3srcuin Claire Sane Magoo bk 222% 219, 22400) Magna oaai ™ Ose, Oxted sisle oar 1 O98" Linky polish Niko ples ose ae fous esp Pai ie ger ose ‘Whit cat Osi Oasough ie Bick mer ose Bost setae ox past 91% Mae” ish For bk eer D6 ster eee 259" Cnrough pate Sas ees unison Supe Ae Ui Tw isn 0 Rass {it ala arom tempest ules teri nt in pete2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Properties of Solis (Continued) Enmissiy Dens “Thermal Conductiviy, Material Description thu Bewh- fe Ratio __ Surface Condition Paper = oe Tham Pate on ane pine Pani a biahe33) Paste rs barrie 09!" Rovah Psi 140 389" Sass" Palahed Parcehin 16 feo Grad Pries(coppen) 2a Dynes 36156) se Rockit nae 136 Rebber wulanized+ Sof bas eee aos ose Roush fad tas 052" Oo Glows Soa on ae a9" Sondut ry bow Siice one 140. Dean) sive Basso ae as a Polished and 30°F Soa Freshly fen » 034 none a0 Be siete on 469 ua Clsanes Stone quae) om cs Tur ba ose om ass Buminous os aie Tm 0.0556 45 ars 0.06! Bright and a 12057 Tiss 03" frit he G03 Flameata to" Wood Hardwood — ery a0 005.168" Ashe a 0.0992" Ela, American ae ose Hickory sm Miboaany we oars Maple soar aS Grose ‘oak whe osm" ra oz 090" Panes alt ik a Sestwaods See Table, nae 610.093" Pine ite ” bos Spree, be ose Wook Fier oss m te 632068 onzinos7 Zine Gat ume ae 008" Polished Hotel oo 4 e Galvniing o2y wit Ea ms anknons Sor Vale efor oom tempers ss therein partes REFERENCES, *tiandiook of chemistry and physics, 63rd ed. 1982-83. Chemical Rubber Pubishing Ca, Clvelind, OH Pen: RH. Chena engineers’ handbook, rd ed, 19, Sth ed. 1973, ‘MGra-Hill New York. “Tubes of thermodynamic and anspor! properties ofa argon, carbon ioe, carbon monaxide, inden, mien gen ad seam, 1360, Pergamon Press, Elmsford. NY “Aorta Inst of Physics handbook, 3x8 &, 1972. MeG ‘er Organick and Stuhalter 1948. Thermodsnamic properties of benzene Grenica Engincoring Progress (November's? ‘Lange 1972. Handbook ofehemisr re. 12thed MeGraw-til, New York 2ASHRAE. 1968. Thermedinamic properis of refizerant, "Reid and Sherwood. 1969. The properties of gas and liguids, 2 ed ‘McCraw Hil, New York. ‘chap 19.1993 ASHRAE Hondook—Fandamentas STPRC daa book. 1966. Thermophscal Properties Research Center W Later IN Sesame ‘Cana. L.N. M, Goldman. and H. Mahan, 1951. Themedynamicprop- mie ofpropslene Indus! and Engineering Chemisty (Mos) 88 "ASME sea ales. 1967, American Soe of Mechanical inginets New ‘York Hil, New Soper tn ise or fon Reso "Stull, DR. 1947. Vapor pressure of pre substances organic compound), Industria and Engineering Chem (Aprils, NJANAF thermochemical tables. 1965. PB T6K 370, National Techical, Infomation Service. Spon. Vi “Physica properties of chemical compounds, 1985-61, Armensen Chemica ‘Socie) Washington, DC Snvermaional etc tables of rumerica! data. 1928, National Research ‘Council af USA. McGraw-Hill New York. ‘Matheson gas data book tt ed. 1966, Matheson Company Ie. Eas theron NI. "Baumeister and Marks 1967, Standant Aandbant for mecancal eng ners. McGraw-Hill, New Yor. "Mie and Seasons. Handboot of upincering materials John Wily and Sons, New York “Kiskand Othmer 1966. Encyclopedia ofchemical ecinolog lirics Divison. John Wily and Sos. New York “Gouse and Stevens. 1960. Choniea technology of pormleum. 3d eh "MeGraw-Hil. New York > Saline water comerson engineering da book, Y9SS. MAW: Kellogs Co. for US. Deparment of intron Fimmerans. 1. Physicochemical consants of pure organ compas ‘hd ed. American Elsevier New York ‘ood handbook 195. Handbook No, 7) Forest Produsts Laboratory. US. Department of Agncutie EASHRAE. 1976. Thermophnsial pmpertes of rahigeans "Lane. Ged 1986. Solar Bear storage: Later hea mars el Teh nolo: CRC Press. Chicas,CHAPTER 38 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS, Table 1 Conversions to F-P and SI Units (tai LP ales by coments oon Sl ive Sales by comersion stn obtain) Sia yr WOwain ST Maio EP ® TeOiain st ae s06 207 ha tore oF MENT TH aN sist ™ 48.6 ssp snd sions) tea mame) tome ae bar sto ie ‘nmin Sch omit ats banel i210 oc, Wo i srt mo. east am O1st0967 incon mame) Mea mt ‘1 eertioal Tbe. tossose kwh on Mw ‘us themocteral. ostss 3 evi i asso ke ‘Biv ern ii 35655 bt ‘lop Gg fs) asi x ‘uf? ntti! Tbe. Bastost die kipuiaaniap. is iy Bupa paginas Se! pinta ~ aes Noa donee Lars tie shan = Bin 4 heal endothe 2279 mt seis Woe But 020711 micron um of mercury (#1 3 Ps Buna Suasiso. al toe im ut #2 (ovale maar cocci 0) $07826) tile ac. ise kn tea oan Ile pe boop, as awk Dest“ ec ea) s868 oaar ms bustle. Dasszee sit sou tre Calorie themocteici wise tm oF mercy (6) 0133 in ‘Sato rane sey) ‘mm ot wae (7). om ents iene veo 9) os nce as. verti. 23s ‘ oo SRW Guncetfoe ort. ons x se x une iu, US) 26 mu ‘eter! he tune oh torque. names 0 Ne EDR hot wash Ba 39606 ane ssordup) pe lon 790 kom EDR tem (30 Oth maim W perm pemcance at 3-8). SRS wr ABP) eek dae Cor em ch permeaiiy 332°) {shea «1-2 gta ® solos ponies, S) nt We S308 od Si. rn sooosos ne Ts taidaois, mas, ous ts Patt casos ea a5 Rawat aooweos Be tle ots, faa Atwater pe 100 pine oe Pam iy aif oh, 39590 New ® oom mt ir came vic. Dai Bas #2. hema esac DA%6U1D RRA ah stds vost) iso ines idnenane vcs 22900.) avis Ibe amie 9) rs%00 Pas ® denies ih Dopoi2s kas dma nt ro boss ka iin, fn barton Us tam at 2125 io sss Piet pestenss Ls it si fey (ogo or ome L358 Nw nine ass Rebytwort Geo i deny ‘wo Feil pec ne. 209 ike val, ts feyimin power dems w om by mas). too fora. 107k mo 530 salon US, “21. ares? sd 10 Ba, oss a tos Senge US, ts om, : Dest Stare (100 oo semi a “abespoon (pposinaty). fa spoon igen bai respon eproxniely 5 grnt 700% boos tem (US) toss on. i oe to. ong 22408. ‘ola et boas ae tom shor 2000) sor Mista) Forepower oie (30.470 Bus, bat i ton eigen 1300 a 3s nw orepwer S80 fs) ns) kw tore trim He at 0-C) 3 fa Inthe ws a sr gers fot ‘076 Wet Iofeccuy (ar 337 in ve ssi m instwmer 60%) ae ne asst om | ‘too eral expansion. sss vs we, ai ToOmaie By Divide St To Obtain Or Daieest — Sipe Pre C$ ate nes ed eerie ‘Te preparation ofthis chaprer is asiane to TC 1.6, Temsinobwy ‘ie psa same ote om = de an = 38.2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Table2 Conversion Factors Prevure Th ofwater ing fe (worry Gr) atmosphere bar keto? pascal v aie = 2h oso = STIS oaasoae —onmoRTeDS aS 2036091 1 Gorges 2asse~ 10?” 166s Das 107 25370? aS aaoiiss 13.00 1 ossa2i 25.400 Go0s3868 dos4s32 33864 1.6960 40719 2001 ' 760.0 horas 1.03323 101325 «ans n019ss68 0.53878 0.03937 Lise 108 13E2~I03 1389510" 13332 14.5038 401.86 29530 0.98682 750.062 oy972 io 423 sat 26.959 o9erse 135559 omages* 9.30665 «10! LAS0R8 «+ 40I6* 10% 295310 98692" 10 — 750109 to Loisr «10S Mas Teavein) eran mance vole) Re 7 F000 Te Toasssy Lawes 2285710 68800» 10 0.06280 arse 1 0028350 2.20462 13032» 108 38274 1 Vatune able inch cubic fo wallow lire ‘cubic meire (wy ir SaeTxI* = 4395107 = O.OLRRETT HTT 10 ins 1 79052 28317 0.028317 2lot 0.13368 ' 37858 0.037888 shons7 (0035315 0268173 ' Goole G0rs74 If 38315 264.173 00" ' Toate @)= ergs Bw fom, calorie (ea sratesecond (Ws) watt-hour (Wh) iow: which is T Ta = 219958 esse = 0295071 1000 Bt, isconfusing 28S 10 52885 38s8i8 3.76616» 104 sndisnot wed inthe” 3.968310 3,088 1 iss Hes «10 Tindal 9.4782 ~W+ ——013756 023885 L 2778 «104 341214 265599 as0.85 36008 1 Dens vin Tbigal gem ga 7 1868 ~ o0i6re = 1601 7440s 1 0.119827 19327 «20280 34538 1 000" 0.062828 0.008345 6.001" Specie Volume wie eal ome mg 7 Saror aa Sarre) 0.133680 1 S453 008345 noiso1s 19827 1 8.001" eo1sss 19.827 1000 ' poise = 1 dyne-seiem? 0.1 Pa's=1 gems) owe ey Tawi gloss) = sim? hg/os aes OS = SmI Oe = o706T1955 78.8020 1 277m x10+ ——a.88026 2.17405 1.72360» 108 36008 t 172360 = 108 115827 10! or 020985 sao a y6ri95s Hasso 0.031081 Bessen17® Lats 1 “Temperature “Temperature terval K e R 3 ec 8 © Kein 7 Is T1797 | TR= STS OHI Celis C= ge OTRAS * Lareao.er —1se32 | = DS=18 Sm 18 Rankine x VIS te 491 67018 . a-4s9e7 | PRS 59 59 1 Fabremiet °F y+459618 (-30V18 x2 45967 7 PE= 3859 1 Tae Cameron oh a ae ‘Allwnpsas comers al co we as “he aad lve ae Ded nthe ner! Tobie “hetem crate ote nd ad not Bee ‘Wien making conversions, remember that converted value is figures as those inthe original value provides sufficient accuracy ‘po mre precise than the original value, For many applications, rounding off the converted value to the same numberof significant ‘See ANSI Standard S for additional conversions, 10-1997 (available from ASTM or IEEE)Converting Resistance Values (English to S.1.) English Units: SI Units: R=hr ft? °F / BTU R= m? °K / Watts 1? = 0.0929 m? 1Watt = 3.413 BTU/hr 1°K = 18°F 1 inch = 25.4mm From the above, we can solve for a material or assembly that has an R-value of 1.0 as follows: 1.0 hr ft? °F / BTU = 0.17611 m? °K / Watts‘Table One. Wall Section Thermal Characteris Wall Type Wood Frame 2x4 studs wIR11 batts (R-value)10.2 (U-value)0.098 (weight)9.2_(heat capacity)2.2 2x6 studs wiR19 batts (R-value)15.4 (U-value)0.065 (weight)10.5 (heat capacity)2.6 Compressed Straw Panel uninsulated 4.8" panel _(R-value)10.1 (U-value)0.099 (weight)13.4 (heat capacity)4.9 insulated 4.8 panel (R-value)18.4 (U-value)0.054 (weight)13.7 (heat capacity)4.9 Fibrous Concrete Panel insulated 3" panel (R-value)16.7 (U-value)0.060 (weight)16.9 (heat capacity)4.7 insulated 4" panel (R-value)19.1 (U-value)0.052 (weight}20.1 (heat capacity)5.7 ‘Straw Bale 23" bale @ R-1.B/inch (-25%) (R-value)42.7 (U-value)0.023 23" bale @ R-2.4linch (R-value)56.5 (U-value)0.018 (weight)21.4 (neat capacity)6.4 23" bale @ R-3.0/inch (#25%) (R-value)70.3.(U-value)0.014 Foam Blocks 6° form w/ concrete/adobe fill (R-value)26.3 (U-value)0.038 (weight)40.8 (heat capacity)7.5 8° form wi concrete/adobe fil (R-value)28.0 (U-value)0.036 (weight)54.2 (heat capacity)9.8 ‘Adobe uninsulated 10" (R-value)3.5 (U-value)0.284 (weight)95.0 (heat capacity)17.9 insulated 10" (R-value)11.9 (U-value)0.084 (weight)95.3. (heat capacity)18.0 uninsulated 24” (R-value)6.8 (U-value)0.147 (weight)183.4 (heat capacity)34.2 exterior insulated (R-value)24" 15.1 (U-value)0.066 (weight)183.6 (heat capacity)34.3 Notes: + Allwalls have stucco exterior and drywall interior, except adobe and straw walls have plaster. * Wood frame walls have 25 percent (R-11) and 20 percent (R-19) stud areas. The R-19 batt compresses to R-18. ‘+ Compressed straw panel, insulated case, has 2 inches polystyrene on exterior. + Fibrous Concrete panel have 1 inch polystyrene inside and out. Straw bale wall R-value is calculated for 3 unit R-values for straw to cover potential Variability ‘Average material thickness across foam block wall sections are as follows 6 inch foam has 2.9 inches polystryene each side and 3.4 inches of fil 8 inch foam has 3.1 inches polystryene each side and 4.8 inches of fl Wall properties are based on 75 percent adobe and 23 percent concrete fill. Adobe walls , insulated case, have 2 inches of polystyrene on exterior. 24 inch wall is two 10 inch layers with 4 inch air gap. Source: Department of Energy Web site (09/07/2006) hitp.liwwweere.eneray.cov/bulldings/infocomponenis/envelopelframinglstrawbale html