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    29 views14 pages

    Regionalism in Historical Perspective

    Uploaded by

    Marcelo Balloti Monteiro
    Historical paper

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Regionalism in Historical Perspective Lewis Reet ee Thaler djarreg ped Aemeare aeeect tec fen ema gamed apc toe Oe Sees: Se pine me tate eon mie ead srr ek en reo Seecenctiee cemaaenae secre coagniee ech ha ee pala arta ete of ie se reo Sg oor te to Se i ire fet joe res cre pec cette idee gem ed Beceee cas epee oe cena enone ie dapat eraemns sg remorse etree oe ren ics ganesh uuliegeme igre ose ar fr te sates ei ety ree eaten args omg enn b Soe a ee ea ee cess ceed ten goer ve Si pet eg cia este eerie bos sore ten at at abe aa Seiten ir Sea ems me keh er grates eres ee eee Seb ena cte crete ee wavs Soar rr en 10 Louse raweert (erconur) the Arab Maghceb Union (AMU) in North Afric, he Eeononic Graperation Oranzaton (ECO) among the nic counties of central and south ia, and the Vieprad Pact and Pensgonale in former communist Barope. Othe ventes remain atthe conference and dscusion stage: the AsiaPac Economic ‘Covoperation (APEC) forum, East Asta Economic Caves (EAEC), and.a varie of schemes for promoting co-operation in the Black Sea, Balkan, Bale, and southern Mediterranean repons ae just {hea hos» hoy of inal hpi Ge he bie ‘cy avered in sng tnd enn ood gictdnae tert ostagea bcs hat af sha ory ee Pelee pl eg meen ageing pan facta ae Saar Se ECA ar Reo a Li, Bw REGIONALISM IN MISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 11 awareness an desire by sates to make the best oftheir eon [maroc have long predated the existence of formal reponal iptatarons. Andin many pres ofthe woe, where instzutions- ee enatan weak sch terms remain more appropiate fo ae crn at of reionl co-operation tay. However, such seria ake chive, soit sao usta to consider the history of See nerf thes of ve natn. we adopt JR Nye defn of an international ceqion a's United er afauc linked together by 3 progsapnea lationship and Pe rege of mutual ltedependence’reaionaliom may then be Peace formation of interstate groupings the bass of tie organization, atthe seginal at opposed 0 the ier oto ends to be be yack by which we mast the onset resale ii df to places real origins much before B48) wah he notable excepon ofthe Inter American Stra Toe jew egionl groupings exted blore the Second World War. TRAP Se Soeced tha of the soteratonal organizations which Kod Broticrated. since the eaiyinetenth century many were erovenn and therefore eflecely regional in scope, Howeres ‘ita Wallace argues bis chapter, che tea of Europe 3 & Ton widia'a broader global sem would have seemed an Toe a td what ifactxitedwasaBaropecotred wold ore "What did emerge in this period, however, were a growing nombet of inernaional public snd private associations nove or ‘Rrcrablahent of secretaries holding of eqular metings |e Gita Pon Union andthe lvenational Law Assocation sree at wo examples of such Fanctional associations which pr- TEE Se Tempe by the vor sates ofthe Fst World War to SEGA Irentstonalorganiation on more ambiou ine. Yet (Schecceayorganatons andthe League system tl nopird PeMye eas Gheking which war dominant at the time of i case were intended tobe nivel To make war imposible, ‘pray task ofthe League of Navons,reqied the commit PoP coi neratonal community, not selective parts oft Regonlany end this wat a poim steed by the founders of ‘tera eganizatins ar wel by earl functionals like David Bea en et ena 2 Louise raweerT ‘of loeratonal Relations, Tha t did wat Sach ‘rapid sped owes much to two factors the great nears ‘upheavals ofthe 1930s nd 1940s and the expansion and wasion ‘ation of international socey, The Second Wotld Was tna ns By the Second World We im had el note a then, egonalim had ered tly of po war world pole writes Sy Hotimann, was ‘the dlviion of hage and heterogenous aoe ‘atonal sytem nto ebsysemain which panes of co-pernnen snd wars of controling confcs ar iter more ints oI ‘lasve than those nthe global system.” Allis was reflected inthe creation of new global orgiztion ‘etre 0 overcome the weaknenes of the Leagues the Unio Nations, While some ofthe Wealsm ad internationale ha had "ature ofthe wold bod. On the one hand regional mace ‘appearance inthe preliminary version of the UN Chane worked 2 at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944 which stiplated th the oe ‘nt of eional bodies for dealing with peace and scary sass had already made beary politcal inveuentsn such cetagemeee, 8 the Iner-Amercan sytem, the Commonweth and te Arb ‘League, meant that the fnalzed Charter went Rather in reno the roe of regional bodies a ‘agencies ofthe fw resort desing ‘with dippues among their own members On the eth bent, realm had now diplaced eam a the dominaeplosohy of ‘mcemational relations. The real, whose ‘power poles ood Saal Sper REGIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERStECTIVE 13 was designed to supplant the ‘topin model’ of the ioterwar Prtiod, tended view international organization sno more Sa Inceente institutions. For the reali, then, whether sch iat ‘acons were global oc regional was largely ieleant.Interntional reltons war about the arugle for power in a wotd wher ner ‘ational agencies can perform only modest vrvicer.? “The experience of international co-operation inthe ealy Cold ‘Wa seemed to viniat the reales" positon. The UN wat part Spade coletive security system largely impotent Regional eg ies were anbordinated 10 the broader purpors ofthe East-We onic, indeed many were speciialy designed to sere the incre of ne ofthe two superpowers Ito dhe ler eategoy fell the slive security pact that mahomed in the ety Cad at ‘year NATO, the Warsaw Pac, the Rio Pac SEATO, CENTO, 4nd ANZUS. The Organization of American Sete (OAS), fot fe at, ofen became a vehicle forthe promotion of US interest lathe {Cod War, bi agtins the wl of ome of ts members. The early Bcopess insicions ro were part os poly of erwing Wester Enrope in an anti-Soviet alliance. Organization Tike the Arab ‘League and Organization of Afican Unity (founded in 1963) were ‘to face somewhat different problems In parcla, the pan" more ‘mens whos tren such organitation claimed to uphold dd ot roth debi of ny aon tree mem, ‘As the above pctare suggest, the imitations ofthe ealy pore wat etional oxtaninatont made obo the aaciony of Oe ‘eal vision oftternaionl anarchy. Yet oon Became cer tat ‘witht excesive emphasis on power and internat elatonay el, i hd id cin ee mpran orto be Imecraional system. In parla the access ofthe ely step a iteration in Western Europe posed the ‘new challenge of ‘exinalam’ spawning anew school of fonetonalis writes? Neo. fanctonlism, which ncorporsted int integrations loi ie ‘concep of political aswel a fonctional'spilone, was stacsve beeae of is strong predictive clement and beease "it eppeaced ‘explain exactly what was happening in Werer Europe’? The nc Sn tn, Nm Mage Lind are ofan (Ee Rhee etn renin al be, rte od Poh he Empey Cony tr “ Louse raweerr fuocxonalits furthermore had few quai abou the rgionl i den slow exclusvely European bai, oftheir analysis. For them ‘ope was merely starting-point for 3 further se of comparable in integration, And on the heels of the European (apetene there dul came attempe fo create comunon markets {nd feewade assciacons in the Middle East, Alia, the Pace, {nd the America: The world was indeed fled inthe 1960s with for NAFTA, PAFTA, LAFTA, and ever more. With the [roierstion of regional nasatons We Iterarare on reponali Eoarched, ss socal sclntine red to describe, explain, and predic ‘the consequences of hs new regional trend "Yer an we know, the regional challenge of the 19605 ll far short of expectations. By the end of the decade, es otber cen ths role hw sod ha we fy ope where the aperiment had produced ‘angle reulte, And developmen in Eropeielf had led the neo" ‘Rneonalus virally to abandon thir theory. As Haas wrote in 1975 eegonal integration theory wat “obeolets in Wentern Europe od obvoescent—ehough sll usfulmin the ret ofthe word eras moved away from the problems of regionals and fo- ‘isd intend onthe broader challenges posed by sansatonalie {bd interdependence and onthe ways in which these phenomena Gulleged the aate-centic paradigm thereby, undermsing the oundatons of realm. Much of dis work conentaed om the ltalyan of laerdependence within patil tone areas and on the roe of iterationalregines “The 1960 and 1970s were masked by another regionals chal lenge this ine from the Third Woe, and manifest in groupings ‘ich the No-Aligaed Movement (NAM) ot the Group of 77 (G77) Dike ofthe Eue-Wet conic and of the sate of North Sag Bg Te ar Trg Spe Bak Ps: Pica, sci Ee api fe nc Tien hago arpa Tey ete Cat: mel eae ae. Gam brn Orpen 408 hems HT ESS REGIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 15 South reais in general prompted the ive of this broad South eh contin in word pols, which i rary generated eee ces advocting major secur forms the ie oe ere These hed Weel nrucrral many of he aaa oot were increted in reginaliam at «rool nthe en te native ad dependent elaioshipBeween Fee oping coun the South) andthe induriaied coun: thes (he Nort) Te ther wigs are divided berween those who adopted eee ppoach towards cxting ternational Organise 2a be argued that sch into can provide the tint fad etcoge inthe condiion of the Sout, structurale te Or teat of Tard Worl regionalism in some fom. Yet Fr cremate promote wich reonala, bebe in UN eee ag baie hk te United Nations Confrence on {Peee" Development {UNCTAD} o« the G-77, of troush Tessa te the NAM, the OAU, of the Oxpaiation of Fount Paportng Coutss (OPEC), of indeed though the Fem Cew ienousorsizaons, were wkinaely dir serene The solderey demanded of devcloping counties by sree heats has smply no mated Even he impact seamen of OPEC n he cary 1970s or the demands for of ecneranel Esonori Order (NIEO) arcuate ater in aI ied to pede the deed fet ners of uniting ‘Selopngcounces bends common go Taetishpuming lqay freon fore and the recut cal war ben oft 1970r seemed atm the conical coef ineretonl sf, tho signaling yet another tiamph (eee poner plea mal, nw refined by new schoo of eal, rere theta, Aiton the nee took aoe of Some the aged lentes fh eration ten ko ‘ein in parcaan, » growing degre of econome inerdepen i ean ned wo deal reba their view: about the ey Sth ternational anarchy, the prevalence of coat GREENS teumporanee of omstate actors, and the Emits 10 Toefl cooperation = And in many respect the viene, at ‘URSA Wise. kekan Nero Cie noe Yn cau Un, les uni he mid-1990, appeared to ssppon thr poson Both Europese, ad parulaly Third World einai hadron off ou, the UN had ened" period of te ead eet ‘exon oretizations ite the OAS, he OAUr othe Nab Less fa al xperiened scion dificier in achieving conse among ther members across 3 wide range of es. ‘However newe se freind stngements was enering snhich tempted to overcome the poets pote sh Cai indgenous ties or the greapower sponsored repos alanes nd which were somewhat more acest formed or Seelam wih ey ee epeating haben cary onaaon? ere Re fy inegrcons pensions, and ened wo belied a ero ther gal and memberhip: As sch they werent icone swith much see chiking. An eaiy carl was ASEAN. (1967); CARICOM and ECOWAS were frmed i 973 and 1993 ‘eapecinly, but many emerged nthe 1380s the Sout Anos Developmen Coordination Confrence SADC 1980) he Gall Cooernon Coane (GCC, 198) snd the South Asad Assoc ten for Regional Cooperation SAARC. T98S ete ‘avirnment ofthe ‘Second Cal War sch organizaon ad ‘Rprseac a seous emp crests ear consents ‘tea withour he diet backing of + ajo excel poe, “Throuphout the Cold War period, then, regontiom had r- mained on the nerational agenda, bur fa topes sie party a a consequence ofthe continuing bipor nar oft Intemational sytem co whi al gional artangemens wer a ort bat th cu heen cy wih ae other sovereignty, ot ol nox mates of high plies Porpeeetain eae aeteerh ‘wate development inthe Earopea Communi ia he mid 80, ae agaist 1 Bonde ptr of gical economic change, tnd fellowed by the radial eanformatonof Exe Ecope sed the USSR athe endo the decade which edt reed ntret new and mote ambos foun of repaints see (eh Gent Nee [REGIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 17 ‘eaionalism and its origin that I now ram. What ist that diin- ‘shes the new regionalism fom the old, and what ar real hance of survival, not only inthe Westen world where has slkeady ben ted and tested and survived, but inthe non Wetes world where ie as nr? 2. ORIGINS OF THE NEW REGIONALISM ‘As the shor history of reponaism ofered above sugges, the ‘new ‘exionalsm fit ito survive, needs tore on some more wid end enduring foundation than the old. The legacy of te pen of ‘ours important. Ifthe pico punted inthe int part of is chapter was demonstrably bleak, much of whe is exceed the ‘ew regional would be incomprehensible without referee o the experience ‘of the past. Yet for reionaiom to succeed, new ‘conditions ate lay required. And waters onthe new rapa Dhenomens have indeed noted tha both the ineratonal ad domestic contex ofthe 1980s's much more favourable then that of the 19603." The chapters ofthis book in different way, tke # ‘ital look at chi asmption. What fellows bere san eer idenity some of the common factors behind the new regions (a) The end of the Cold War ‘The new regionalism had aleady taken root before the ed ofthe Cold War thrust the region to the centre sage of intemal pois way made pouible onl bythe colape ofthe old Bipos laraymer. Signin, if less specracolae prope nthe decor of increased regional co-opertion had aleady teen made ins suber of areas from Wester Burope tothe Amcras South Fart Ass, sand the Middle Eas. Developments inthe European Community nd olieal and economic cheges atthe global level helped ascot fo thee early changes tobe dacs ure below Yet ‘in many waysit makes enseto sat with the most dramatic and te ‘most publicized reaton fot what has seed to many fo Be a ‘env rerun eo regionalism: the end ofthe Cold War Reino The New esata ah Dering Com, ow of oa Nake Rade Nee a 8 outst rawcert 1, New. attinder towards international co-perstion. The callapee ofthe old bipolar sytem which characerned provide one of the most obvious Crplmnatons forthe oew interest ia eplonaly and indeed in all forms of interasonal cooperation. Having, emerged 's lie Treted bat inact after thet headlong tip down the primitive (Cold. War roadwaye'> the UN and most ther internation! ‘Srpaizatonsinidallybeneed in some way from dhe improved ‘nonphere brought stout by a relxaion of East-West tensioos Jar ipotant a the end ofthe Cold War ief has been the ‘eunsformation in SovevRassan aitudes towards icemationl ‘oopeation, Former Soviet President Gosbache's much ced ‘Spember 1987 pres artcl in which he spoke ofthe need ro buld 1 Totmpehensve syste ofincerational peace and secur?" was bor one example of + newfound preference to wock through itrerrationl organiations and mulfateral forums, ia ts new ternational climate the United Nations self was, ‘ot surpingly, the Bret international organization ro profit die ‘ly from de winding down ofthe Cold War ay ail preside ‘vet a ivided word, bu he fuk Lines have changed dramatic: [Ty stce the md 1900s, whe the inrensingaeope of the onean Eaton's activin represens 4 real sign of propre. Since that “darling outburst of common sense among goverment” which ‘Bean Urguhart date rom eaty 1987 when the UN Secpriry Coon there [ithe rouble spot ofthe world Afghanistan, 7 led the Gul to name bot afew examples While the noron of ‘nis Nations revival maybe ‘pen o challenge on 2 numberof oust canna be denied thatthe organization enjoys a higher rofl than itd during the Cold War, and corresponding) its ‘Bamber have increased expectations ast its capabilities. spegtemate caren nom Ten ‘Wal Pe (hui Tex: gag Tome EEC a Mane One oa SIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 19 “hee se dob hat se irre at he mabe 08 acy pea gant i ht zt Sate A tecn wide ad Seta a ecaatons thse The eter ape pe nd re eno sat ng chamber, and increasingly as wel forums Se tannin eee sci, 7 TE Ogee pu of he cent sce fhe Sr ged en on snrenen oe ‘per ca crn who woud ape hat UN Yr ati mde bye growin eponlen, theporao hla boueberweh e naon och ee yo come one’ » Te contoeny esos sd bam bs be a edd or Alan Henin gates i ine ect hn chm eam of oa chee desk cua compen eect agonal peri i enema, Ce emaciy her tend foe eed ot 8 snd fanning ind eC gs the et of he Cold Wa, # aes good Pact ee pester rk for reonal bode. Aad in some ee tne UN appa wing 1 coment wth the od NO tt anes a a” certain cae be ete Bora onal pblnrstvig” Caan ee MAE ASEMUN Sermary Gee, BoutrorGhal i hs 1992 caer sor Pesce nx alvays the pate of eet ee ge red rune mat nay Each, Nt bade ee Sat Amenay and South Eant Asa” I he ee me has realy improved the prope fo it mec Cent ee an ety te AF Bein TN ‘aged Nene Ficocfnnalam andthe United Nation tntermatonl Or Oe Nema Sew, Si Sa 2 Louise rawcerT ‘atonal co-operation at al levels, the transformation of US-Soviet telatons and the demise of the USSR fall have aloo dirctiy affected the frranes of regionalism in a umber of ober way 2. Decentalzation of the internationl sytem. Ina grocal ene the decentralization of the international sytem that hat followed the end ofthe Cold Wat has arengthened the argument for regionals, As Barry Buran hat noted the removal of old ‘overlay patterns of great power influence has ‘rn they have abo demonstrated potential for tenagence 1d reform” Both the EU and NATO, for example, envisage expansion of thie memberships a well at shel apheres of aetity yarn of iternationl change, The Western European Union (TEU) andthe Conference on Security and Cooperation in Earope (GSCE, now CSCEy the later bringing in wider non-Eeropean ‘merbenhip, have aio sought o consolidate thee reopecive roles in supplying Europe wih a more elective scurty framework. Pethape move sgucanly, both the former slperpowers have sho: manifeed a new interest in regional. US President Ginton's commitment to what he has aed open regionalism’ in the Americas andthe Asia Pate cussed inthe chapters by ‘Andrew Hurrell and Rosemary Foot respective) ingest of thi On the Sovie side, Gorbachev repeatedly exrened his deste to end Russia's isolation from Europe through hi vison of = ‘common European home" And if the former Soviet premict pan-European dream eains unrealized subsequen Resa lead: {shave advocated the CSCE atthe supreme regional grouping it ey an, Ses nd ann Haren Wh ‘om came CU ad dn, ON ED. FEGIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 21 ope, while governments in Exrern Earope and former Soviet, tepaics aie remain annus to partcigte in soca of ‘Weer co-operation No lnge condemned as 4 bourgeicom cent trdepndens hes than become high desl for te former soll ster” For some, esciation agree wth he European Union snd NATO's Noh Alans Cvoperstion Cour SIIRIACC) andthe Parteip for esc (PP) propor seen Steppe stnet to ll somber of ee erpninndonn Regionalism no lest «poy for coun ode the od Et Wes lane stems. For the developing stem partic deenrlzation hat meant adjrment tothe Hen that esol Sf wil no loger be condoned by the exigencies of oper ower poles. For many the end ofthe Cold War has browgie ‘cur pester independence: theo balance between the mye powers no longer dominates quersons of regional sea, eel flowers enjoy greater ibery than was previealy pone fa om ‘eet ra lcs ni dering ie rt Snes In paca ems thir may mean tat orig ssn once wil be ane increasingly at he loa ete than at eal evel” 1 desire for preter independence among developing counts reine to sre extent, te fomal ening of the Col ay ad ‘related to a change in taking among developing country ina Aout the desiablty of home x regin-prown roars OP ened tester bucked ones. Te tbecpoal secur ep ‘revi fortes mike nvoraeodtsnre seh pales o tha tend: Character af he pore Cold Wat pesod have be semper both to engin rch acl alnces ad appropriate or tem to se, but oto crete new collective scary mech ‘tisma The ECOWAS acon in Livia one empl of the ‘rend, ASEAN tenement a the Cambodian pene proce nother, as have Ben the emp fasion CSCE yearn ‘net beth the Mediterranean and Mile Ese eps ihe end ote Col War as ped promote « reser sens of independence for many pars ofthe words soiedto geset 2 Con Laon Te Se Un Nor South Neto Reig ern Crna ors te Te Wo I reg Dw Bando, “Arding Wa Foreign Pay, #9 (Winer 1992-3, 2 Louse saweerr sense of vary the fashioning of ew or more eictive fend cpus ese nw one yf eng {agerou clan in which many coetes have found ten sce For former Sov and Extn Hoe count, ronan TE2‘come the out for overcoming the economic and cry sens ihe regan wh he wag op of COMECON a asa Pace For many foes eionalan a, Signy enc ea wo of een ‘aipaaieion” cia of margiaaaton bat been widerpead. De coun har at auras brain cies wo whet RUA anova neared he re ay ee or ade or wc ese i pone a order. The developing conte mot compet wi the ely ‘nergng sates of Ee Europe and the former USSR for loans, ‘Sie sod eva bum natnce, They mow demons {apace to livers thi onomes and poll sytem ot Pethape face what they fear maybe peranesreeatin tothe ‘Feiphery of world politic Fromotng reional co-perion ould appear then tbe seston oly coe for developing ‘Sh mo sng Ee he aed ounce bt aso demonstrating grater ndepee lend scr nan ee ep a ene of Atcaiation’ new mei for pod, Eindne Cate and ican a doo hare gee te he hip Te Wa Pl ad S19 hey Sole ke ena ot le dpe 1h ed ec Pate te en da REGIONALISM IN HISTORICAL FansrecTIVE 23 ations to achieve unity and cover cooperation” Even i Asia FEOgE SEK concep of marginalization is less appropiate, Fac he mcracoaal trem have raved the prof off eke an vet inthe Malayan ld intiatve to eae 22 onal ess Arian economic grouping in the frm of the Fee ASEAN effort to upgrade efor a reponal cooperation. (by Economic changes ‘the end ofthe Cold War and is consequences have contributed UE heen golf regional aatencss, hs has been accentuated BY 8 reef lal economic change that long predated the rrbu- Teel OF he late 1980s. Por many counties economic ea pecion represen a pester threat than dos the sense of ar arpinalizaion that as accompanied the ead of he Bipo- TEER Thinking relonally athe economic level is thus 0 es iain chan taking regional atthe ati level Indeed he ee proceses often complement and reinforce each other. A Pre ref seasons, may of which are cued in grater dail ‘Ever ia dhs book account for his change. Here will merely ouch on a ew ofthe mos important one “example of the European Community. Recaling the carer ory of eeponaliem, 1 i petbape not surping (0 Fee Perse ong ofthe most eecent regional wave date BER. Sha 960 when the Earopean Community waved it oe tne singe marker by the end of 192. This econ, an dhru of « decermination to reinvigoate the Earopean ea in an ‘compettive global economy, had » dramatic ipa tndeedy there are few regions of the work! whee the Spparcaty pecaclar ‘Y the European. Community sro omic and police! eon hat fled 1 evince, ¢ era Whe serving a4 an cxample, developments in the Cero have aloo sounded + nore of warning in counts ‘Scyond te Twelve, Feas, perhaps oce overstated, of a Yorest Erlend encouraged ote areas of the word also to rethink heir Folch towards economic reponalim. Perhaps most striking, aoc rena in Europe-—in combination with range of ober ie i a Fei er Fe Ar. 728 - Louise rawcerr ‘Asia Paci trading ble also, For much ofthe word for whom the option of joining trading boc is ether artacive nor immediatey ava andor ohne the long-drawa-out Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations pare {se to serious concer, the EC, NAFTA, and APEC process fave been cloely observed. And just a the fst sucearal wave of European integration inspiced the creation of common mashes a freetrade ares throughout the world, Europeanled inegration produced the frther launching of sb tious schemes borowing beri fom the Europe 1999 ides The impact ofthe European projec canbe clesry sen in goa ings ke the Arab Maghreb Union, the Andean Pace Mercooss aed ASEAN. All have commited themselves a eae om paper (othe tein of common maces iin acer tne fase at ‘mos fale of relonal gropings—the Commonwealth of Te, ‘pendent States—has agreed in principe cote creation of an eos ‘omic union. ff noe difcl o see how forthe Arab Mages Union countries for example, which have tadiionalyconternes some 75 per cent ofthe trade withthe European Commi the _xeaton of regional rading bloc wa seen ata means of proving an economic line. Other such groupings have reached Vn,

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