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Nha May Nhiet Dien, Lo Hoi & Tuabin PDF
Nha May Nhiet Dien, Lo Hoi & Tuabin PDF
"
NGUYEN TRUNG HOA
nng thnh c nng (qu trnh 1-2) v sinh cng trong tuc bin. Hi ra khi tuc bin
c thng s p2, t2, i vo bnh ngng IV, ngng t thnh nc (qu trnh 2-2), ri li
c bm V bm tr v l. Qu trnh nn on nhit trong bm c th xem l qu
trnh nn ng tch v nc khng chu nn (th tch t thay i).
P1
P2
3
2
0
s
Hnh 1.3. th T-s ca chu trnh
NMN
th T-s ca chu trnh nhit c biu din trn hnh 1.4. Nhit lng do
nhin liu chy ta ra trong qu trnh be chia thnh hai phn: mt phn dng sn
xut hi nc trong thit b sinh hi 1, mt phn cp cho tuc bin kh 6.
- a-b: qu trnh nn on nhit khng kh trong my nn kh 7;
- b-c: qu trnh cp nhit (chy) ng p trong bung t 1;
- c-d: qu trnh dn n on nhit sinh cng trong tuc bin kh 6;
- d-a: qu trnh nh nhit ng p trong b hm nc 5;
- 3-4-5-1: qu trnh nc nhn nhit ng p trong b hm 5 v bung t 1;
- 1-2; 2-2; 2-3 l cc qu trnh dn n on nhit trong tuc bin, ngng ng p
trong bnh ngng, nn on nhit trong bm nh chu trnh Renkin.
Hiu sut chu trnh l:
l
ct =
(1-4)
q1
Trong :
l: Cng ca tuc bin hi v tuc bin kh, l = lh + lk
q1: nhit lng nhin liu ta ra khi chy trong bung t 1.
1.3 cc loi ph ti nhit v in
PHN 2. L HI
Chng 2 NGUYN L LM VIC CA L HI
2.1. Vai tr ca l hi trong cng nghip v sn xut in
L hi l thit b trong xy ra qu trnh t chy nhin liu, nhit lng ta
ra s bin nc thnh hi, bin nng lng ca nhin liu thnh nhit nng ca dng
hi.
L hi l thit b c mt gn nh trong tt c cc x nghip, nh my, sn
xut hi nc phc v cho qu trnh sn xut in nng trong nh my in; phc v
cho cc qu trnh un nu, chng ct cc dung dch, sy sn phm trong cc qu trnh
cng ngh cc nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc gii kht, thuc l, dt,
ch bin nng sn v thc phm . . . .
Ty thuc vo nhim v ca l hi trong sn xut, ta c th phn thnh hai loi
sau:
Trong cc nh my cng nghip nh nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc
gii kht, thuc l, dt, ch bin thc phm . . . , hi nc phc v cho cc qu trnh
cng ngh nh un nu, chng ct cc dung dch, c c v sy sn phm . . . thng
l hi bo ha. p sut hi tng ng vi nhit bo ha cn thit cho qu trnh
cng ngh, nhit thng t 110 n 180 0C. Loi l hi ny c gi l l hi
cng nghip, c p sut hi thp, sn lng nh.
Trong nh my in, l hi sn xut ra hi lm quay tuc bin, phc v cho
vic sn xut in nng, i hi phi c cng sut ln, hi l hi qu nhit c p sut
v nhit cao. Loi ny c gi l l hi nh my in.
Nhin liu t trong l hi c th l nhin liu rn nh than, ci, b ma, c th
l nhin liu lng nh du nng (FO), du diezen (DO) hoc nhin liu kh.
2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca l hi trong nh my in
Trong cc l hi nh my in, hi c sn xut ra l hi qu nhit. Hi qu
nhit nhn c nh cc qu trnh: un nng nc n si, si bin nc thnh hi
bo ha v qu nhit hi bin hi bo ha thnh hi qu nhit c nhit cao
trong cc b phn ca l. Cng sut ca l hi ph thuc vo lu lng, nhit v
p sut hi. Cc gi tr ny cng cao th cng sut l hi cng ln.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh trao i nhit gia ngn la v khi vi mi cht trong
l hi ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca mi trng (sn phm chy) v ca mi cht
tham gia qa trnh (nc hoc hi) v ph thuc vo hnh dng, cu to, c tnh ca
cc phn t l hi.
Trn hnh 2.1 trnh by nguyn l cu to ca l hi tun hon t nhin hin i
trong nh my in.
Nhin liu v khng kh c phun qua vi phun s 1 vo bung la s 2, to
thnh hn hp chy v c t chy trong bung la, nhit ngn la c th t
ti 1.900 0C. Nhit lng ta ra khi nhin liu chy truyn cho nc trong dn ng
8
qv =
BQ lvt
Vbl
, (W/m3)
(2-5)
Trong :
Vbl: Th tch bung la, (m3), B (kg/s)
i vi cc l hi nh, ngi ta cn ch n cc c tnh sau y
5- Nhit th din tch trn ghi:
Nhit th din tch trn ghi l nhit lng sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian
trn mt n v din tch b mt ca ghi:
BQ lvt
, (W/m2)
qr =
R
(2-6)
11
12
14
* Cht bc v cc:
Cht bc k hiu l V, Khi t nng nhin liu trong iu kin khng c xi nhit
800-8500C th c cht kh thot ra gi l cht bc, l kt qu ca s phn hy
nhit cc lin kt hu c ca nhin liu. N l thnh phn chy th kh gm: hyr,
cacbuahyr, cacbon, oxitcacbon, cacbonic, oxi v nit . . . Nhin liu cng gi th
lng cht bc cng t, nhng nhit tr ca cht bc cng cao, lng cht bc ca
nhin liu thay i trong phm vi: than Anfratxit 2-8%, than 10-45%, than bn
70%, g 80%. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc cng d chy.
Sau khi cht bc bc ra, phn rn cn li ca nhin liu c th tham gia qu trnh
chy gi l cc. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc th cc cng xp, nhin liu cng c
kh nng phn ng cao. Khi t nhin liu t cht bc nh than antraxit, cn thit
phi duy tr nhit vng bc chy cao, ng thi phi tng chiu di bung la
m bo cho cc chy ht trc khi ra khi bung la.
* tro:
tro k hiu l A, tro ca nhin liu l phn rn dng cht khong cn li
sau khi nhin liu chy. Thnh phn ca n gm mt s hn hp khong nh t st,
ct, pyrit st, oxit st, . . . S c mt ca n lm gim thnh phn chy c ca
nhin liu, do gim nhit tr ca nhin liu. Trong qa trnh chy, di tc dng
ca nhit cao mt phn b bin i cu trc, mt phn b phn hy nhit, b oxy
ha nhng ch yu bin thnh tro.
tro ca mt s loi nhin liu trong khong: Than 15-30%, g 0,5 n
1,0%, mazut 0,2 n 0,3%, kh 0%, c xc nh bng cch t nhin liu nhit
8500C vi nhin liu rn, n 5000C vi nhin liu lng cho n khi khi lng
cn li hon ton khng thay i.
Tc hi ca tro: s c mt ca tro trong nhin liu lm gim nhit tr ca
nhin liu, cn tr qu trnh chy. Khi bay theo khi tro s mi mn cc b mt t
ca l hi. Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca tro nh hng n iu kin lm
vic ca l l nhit nng chy ca tro. Nhit nng chy ca tro trong khong t
12000C n 14250C. Tro c nhit chy thp th c nhiu kh nng to x bm ln
cc b mt ng, ngn cn s trao i nhit gia khi vi mi cht trong ng v lm
tng nhit vch ng gy nguy him cho ng.
* Nhit tr ca nhin liu:
Nhit tr ca nhin liu l lng nhit sinh ra khi chy hon ton 1kg nhin
liu rn hoc lng hay 1m3 tiu chun nhin liu kh (Kj/kg, Kj/m3tc).
Nhit tr lm vic ca nhin liu gm nhit tr cao v nhit tr thp, k hiu l
Qclv v Qtlv. Trong nhin liu c hi nc, nu hi nc ngng t thnh nc s ta
ra mt lng nhit na. Nhit tr cao l nhit tr c k n c lng nhit khi ngng
t hi nc trong sn phm chy na. Nhit tr thp l nhit tr khng k n lng
nhit ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy.
Nhit tr ca nhin liu khi chy trong thit b thc t l nhit tr thp v nhit
ca khi ra khi l cao hn nhit ngng t hi nc, cn nhit tr cao c
dng khi tnh ton trong iu kin phng th nghim.
Khi so snh cc loi nhin liu vi nhau, ngi ta thng dng khi nim
nhin liu tiu chun, c nhit tr Qt=7000 Kcal/kg (29330 Kj/kg).
15
(3-5a)
(3-5b)
Chy lu hunh:
S + O2
=
SO2
1kgS + 0,7 m3tc O2 = 0,7m3tc SO2
- Chy hyro:
2H2 +
O2
=
2H2O
1kgH2 + 5,6 m3tc O2 = 11,2 m3tc H2O
+ Phn ng chy khng hon ton:
2C
+
O2
=
2CO
24kgC + 32kg O2
=
56kg CO
1kgC + 0,933 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO
(3-6a)
(3-6b)
(3-7a)
(3-7b)
(3-8)
(3-8b)
(3-9)
100
100
100 1,428.100
C lv
S lv
H lv
O lv
1
0
1,866
(3-10)
Vkk =
=
+ 0,7
+ 5,6
0,21 0,21
100
100
100 1,428.100
Lng khng kh l thuyt t chy 1kg nhin liu rn, lng l:
Vkk0 = 0,0889(C lv + 0,375S lv ) + 0,265H lv 0,0333O lv , ( m 3tc / kg )
(3-11)
17
nguyn nhn khc phc v iu chnh qu trnh chy. ng thi vic phn tch
khi cn cho php xc nh h s khng kh tha xem c ng tiu chun khng.
Nu nh hn tiu chun th qu trnh chy s thiu O2 chy khng ht nhin liu.
Nu ln th tn tht nhit q2 tng, hiu sut ca l gim xung. Khi phn tch
khi thng xc nh chung gi tr th tch ca kh 3 nguyn t c trong khi CO2 v
SO2 , k hiu l RO2
VRO 2 = VCO 2 + VSO 2
(3-13)
19
(3-21)
(3-22)
hay:
= q 1 = 1 - q2 - q 3 - q 4 - q 5 - q 6
= q1 = 100 -
q
i=2
trong : q1=
(3-23)
(%)
Q
Q1
Q
(%); q2= 2 (%), q3= 3 (%). . . .
Q dv
Q dv
Q dv
Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-23) gi l phng
php cn bng nghch. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng nghch
cn tnh cc tn tht nhit q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 , q6.
20
21
22
Chng 4. CC PHN T CA L HI
4.1. KHUNG L V TNG L
4.1.1. Khung l
Khung l l mt kt cu kim loi
dng treo hoc tt c cc phn t
ca l. Khung l gm c cc ct
chnh, ph t trn h thng mng v
c ni vi nhau bng cc dm.
Ngoi ra cn cc h thng treo dn
ng qu nhit, b hm nc, b sy
khng kh, ton b sn thao tc
phc v cho cng nhn lm vic v
tr cao v cc ch cn kim tra, theo
di, quan st tro bi.
Khung l thng lm bng cc
thanh thp ch I, V, U n hoc cc
thanh ny ghp li vi nhau. Cc kt
cu treo v phi m bo sao cho
cc phn t ca l c th dch chuyn
c khi b dn n nhit. Kt cu
khung l c ch trn hnh 4.1.
4.1.2. Tng l
Tng l c nhim v ngn cch cc
phn t c t nng ca l vi mi
trng xung quanh nhm gim bt tn
tht nhit do ta ra mi trng xung
quanh, ng thi hn ch vic t
nng qu mc khng kh chung
quanh nhm m bo iu kin lm
vic cho cng nhn vn hnh, mt
khc n cn c nhim v ngn cn
Hnh. 4.1. Kt cu khung l
vic lt gi lnh ngoi vo trong
bung la v ng khi.
Theo tiu chun vn hnh, m bo an ton cho cng nhn vn hnh, nhit
khng kh khu lm vic phi nh hn 500C. V vy tng l phi cch nhit tt
m bo iu kin nhit mt ngoi ca tng l khng c vt qu 500C. Thng
thng, tng l tip xc trc tip vi ngn la v dng khi, chu tc dng ph hy
do mi mn ca tro bay, n mn ca x nn tng l c cu trc gm 3 lp c
biu din trn hnh 4.2. Lp trong cng l vt liu chu la, xy bng gch chu la,
chu c tc dng ca nhit cao, n mn v mi mn ca x. Lp th hai l vt
liu cch nhit, c tc dng cch nhit v ngoi cng l lp tn mng va c tc dng
23
bo v lp cch nhit va
c tc dng trang tr.
Hnh 4.2 tng l
1. l lp gch chu la.
2. l lp vt liu cch nhit.
3. l lp kim loi bo v
4. ng sinh hi
+ Vt liu chu la: l hi thng dng cc loi vt liu chu la nh:
Samot, Cromit. Yu cu i vi vt liu chu la l chu la, bn nhit, chu
x cao.
- chu la: l kh nng chu c nhit cao (trn 15000C), tc l vn gi
c cc tnh cht c hc v vt l nhit cao.
- bn nhit: l kh nng chu c s thay i nhit nhiu ln m
khng b thay i v cu to v tnh cht.
- chu x: l kh nng chu c s mi mn v n mn ha hc ca x.
Samt l loi vt liu c s dng nhiu v c sn trong t nhin, r tin, c
th chu c nhit n 17300C, thng c sn xut ra di dng bt hoc gch
c kch thc tiu chun.
Cromit c th chu nhit n 20000C, t tin, thng dng trong l hi
dng bt lm va trt ln mt phn dn ng ca bung la (ngang vi phun) to
thnh ai chy ca l.
nhng vng c nhit cao hn (trn 20000C) cn phi dng zirconi, loi
ny c chu la cao nhng t tin.
+ Vt liu cch nhit: Yu cu i vi vt liu cch nhit l c h s dn
nhit thp v h s ny gi khng i trong qu trnh lm vic, ngoi ra cn i hi
v bn v c, bn nhit v xp. Thng vt liu cch nhit c h s dn
nhit bng khong 0,03 n 0,25W/m0C. H s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit ph
thuc vo bn cht, cu trc ca chng v c th thay i theo nhit . Khi b m, h
s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit tng ln, ngha l tc dng cch nhit gim
xung.
Cc loi vt liu cch nhit hin nay thng dng l: Aming, iatonit, Bng
thy tinh.
+ Aming: l vt liu c cu to dng si vi, ba, dy, bt, thng c dng
nhng ni c nhit t 100 n 5000C. H s dn nhit ca Aming trong khong
t 0,12 n 0,14 W/m0C.
+ Bng thy tinh (bng khong): gm nhng si thy tinh do nu chy
khong, x hay thy tinh, c th s dng nhng vng c nhit n 6000C. H s
dn nhit ca bng thy tinh ph thuc vo b dy ca si, nn ca si, dao ng
trong khong t 0,0490 n 0,0672 W/m0C.
+ iatonit: l loi vt liu cch nhit c th chu c nhit n 10000C,
tuy nhin nhit cao th h s dn nhit b gim nhiu, do thng dng nhit
thp hn di dng gch hoc bt nh samt.
24
Cch b tr b gim n:
Cch b tr gim n c trnh by trn hnh 4-11.
- Nu b tr u vo (ng gp th nht nh hnh 4-11a). th s iu chnh
c nhit hi trong ton b b qu nhit, nhng c nhc im l qun tnh nhit
ln, tc ng chm do b qu nhit v tuc bin s b t nng qu mc trong
khong thi gian cha kp tc ng.
- Nu b tr u ra b qu nhit (ng gp th ba nh hnh 4-11c.) th qun
tnh iu chnh nhit b, do tuc bin c bo m an ton tuyt i, nhng c
nhc im l b qu nhit khng c bo v, do b qu nhit s b t nng qu
mc, tui th b qu nhit s gim xung v c th lm n ng.
khc phc nhc im trn thng ngi ta b tr b gim n nm gia 2
cp ca b qu nhit (ng gp gia nh hnh 4-11b.).
* iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi:
C th iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i nhit , lu lng
khi i qua b qu nhit hoc thay i ng thi c nhit v lu lng khi.
+ iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit:
iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit l lm gim hay tng lng khi
i qua b qu nhit bng cch cho mt phn khi i tt qua ng khi khng t b
qu nhit nhm gim lng nhit m b qu nhit nhn c, do lm gim nhit
hi qu nhit. S ng khi i tt c biu din trn hnh 4.12.
+ iu chnh nhit khi:
iu chnh nhit khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch thay i gc quay ca
31
32
4.4. B HM NC
tn dng nhit tha ca khi sau b qu nhit nhm nng cao hiu sut ca
l hi, ngi ta b tr thm cc b mt nhn nhit nh b hm nc, b sy khng
kh, chng cn c gi l b tit kim nhit.
4.4.1. Cng dng v phn loi b hm nc
Nhim v ca b hm nc l gia nhit cho nc cp n nhit si hoc gn
si trc khi nc vo bao hi.
Theo nhim v c th phn thnh hai kiu b hm: B hm nc kiu si v
kiu cha si.
- b hm nc kiu si, nc ra khi b hm t n trng thi si, si
c th t ti 30%. B hm nc kiu si c th c ch to bng ng thp trn
hoc ng thp c cnh.
- b hm nc kiu cha si, nc ra khi b hm nc cha t n nhit
si. B hm nc kiu cha si c th c ch to bng thp hay bng gang ty
theo thnh phn lu hunh trong nhin liu
Khi tng p sut hi th phn nhit lng un nc n si tng ln, do
phn nhit lng hp thu trong b hm nc phi tng ln. Khi phi ch to b
hm nc kiu si (i vi cc l trung p, phn nhit lng sinh hi chim
khong 60% ton b nhit lng cp cho l).
4.4.2. B hm nc ng thp trn:
B hm nc ng thp trn c
cu to gn nh b qu nhit, c
biu din trn hnh 4.15. gm cc
ng thp c ng knh t 28 n
38mm c un gp nhiu ln v
hai u c ni vo hai ng gp
ca b hm nc. B hm nc
c ch to thnh tng cm c
chiu cao khong 1m v cc cm
c t cch nhau 0,6m nhm to
khong trng cho vic lm v sinh
c d dng. Thng thng cc
ng xon ca b hm nc c b
tr sole, to tc dng khi ln v
xoy nhiu nhm tng cng truyn
nhit.
33
Nc i t cc bnh gia
nhit vo b hm nc v ra khi
b hm nc i vo bao hi. Vic
ni b hm nc vi bao hi thc hin bng 2 cch: ngt c ra khi l hoc khng
ngt c ra khi l.
34
Hnh 4.17. S ni
b hm nc vi bao hi
a) s ngt c;
b) s khng ngt c.
1, 3, 5-van kha; 2-van mt chiu;
4-van an ton;
Van an ton c 3 loi, van an ton kiu l xo, kiu n by (qu t) v kiu
xung lng. Cc loi van an ton c biu din trn hnh 4.26; 4.27 v 4.28.
loi van an ton kiu l xo v kiu n by, p sut tc ng ca van s c
iu chnh cn bng vi lc nn ca l xo hoc sc ca h thng n by. Do p
sut gii hn cho php ca l khng ln hn p sut lm vic nh mc ca l nhiu
nn lc ca l xo ln a van tng i b, do van kh kn. Ngoi ra do tit din
l thot hi b nn kh nng thot mi cht chm, p sut ca l gim tng i
chm. Chnh v vy chng ch c s dng cc l hi c p sut va v nh (di
4Mpa).
cho php th van xung lng tn hiu s m ra a mt phn hi ti pha sau van
chnh cn bng vi p lc y pha trc van chnh, do p lc trc v sau van
chnh cn bng nhau, khi a van chu tc dng ca lc y l xo nn s m ra cho
hi thot ra ngoi. V van c tit din l thot hi ln nn hi thot ra rt nhanh.
42
n.d.h =
D
p
(4-1)
b) bm nhiu
cp
1, 2, 3, 4. cc
tng cnh
ng
45
273 + t kkl m 3
,( )
273
h
(4-2)
1: h s an ton, 1 = 1,1;
Btt : lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, (kg/h),
bl: h s khng kh tha trong bung la;
bl: h s khng kh lt vo bung la;
ng: h s khng kh lnh lt vo h thng nghin than;
s: h s khng kh lnh lt vo b sy khng kh;
V0 : lng khng kh l thuyt, (m3 tc/kg),
tkkl: nhit khng kh lnh, (0C),
* Lu lng qut khi
273 + t kkl m 3
;( )
273
h
Vth: Lng khi thi ra khi l, (m3 tc/kg),
tth: nhit khi thi ra khi l, (0C),
od: h s khng kh lnh lt trong ng ng dn khng kh;
* Cng sut ca qut gi:
QgHg
, Kw;
Ng = 1,1.
3600 g
Q g = 1 B tt (Vth + d V0 )
46
(4-3)
47
48
49
5.2.1.1. X l c hc
X l nc c hc l dng cc b lng v cc bnh lc c kh tch cc tp
cht l lng trong nc ra khi nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch loi b c cc tp
cht c kh ra khi nc.
5.2.1.2. X l cng
X l cng l lm gim n mc nh nht nng cc tp cht c th to
thnh cu ha tan trong nc. cng ch c th c kh bng ha cht hoc bng
trao i ion (kation v anion).
+ X l bng ha cht: thng c dng cho cc l hi nh, yu cu cht
lng nc khng cao, gm cc phng php sau y:
Phng php x l
Ha cht dng
Vi ha
CaO
Vi - xa
CaO + Na2CO3
Xt
NaOH
Xt - xa
NaOH + Na2CO3
Vi xt
CaO + NaOH
Ty theo cht lng nc ngun v yu cu cht lng nc ca l, ta la chn
bin php no hoc kt hp nhiu bin php khc nhau.
+ Phng php x l bng trao i ion:
Phng php ny gm trao i Kation v anion.
- Phng php trao i Kation:
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc kation
ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c kh nng sinh cu trong l vi cc kation ca ht
kationit, to nn nhng vt cht mi tan trong nc nhng khng to thnh cu
trong l. Kationit l nhng ht nha tng hp c gc R ngm cc kation, khng tan,
nhng vo trong nc.
Trong k thut thng dng ba loi kationit sau: Kationit Natri (NaR), Kationit
Hyro (HR), Kationit Amon (NH4R), trong R l gc ca cationit, khng tan trong
nc (hnh 5.1).
- Khi dng NaR, phn ng xy ra:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaHCO3;
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaHCO3;
CaCl2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaCl;
MgCl2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaCl;
CaSO4 + 2NaR = CaR2 + Na2SO4;
MgSO4 + 2NaR = MgR2 + Na2SO4;
- Khi dng HR, phn ng xy ra:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O;
52
54
a)
b)
Hnh 5.3. S trao i kation Natri v kation Hyr
a) s song song; b) s ni tip; 1-bnh kationit Natri; 2-bnh
kationit Hyr; 3-dung dich mui hon nguyn; 5-dung dich axit
hon nguyn; 6-bm; 7-thng cha nc ra ng; 8-thng cha
trung gian ca bnh kh kh; 9-ct kh kh;
Qa trnh hon nguyn cng thc hin gn ging qu trnh x l, ngha l dung
dch hon nguyn c a vo theo ng ng dn t trn xung, chy qua lp ht
lc, thc hin cc phn ng phc hi li cc kation ban u. Cc cht tch ra sau khi
hon nguyn l cc lin kt tan trong nc, c x ra khi lp kationit bng bin
php ra, chy theo ng 4 x ra ngoi.
- Phng php x l bng trao i Anion:
Nguyn tc cng ging phng php trao i kation, y cc anion ca cc
Anionit s trao i vi anion ca mui v axt c trong nc.
Khi x l bng trao i Anion, phng trnh phn ng ry ra:
2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O ;
RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O ;
Bng phng php trao i anion ta kh c trit cc axt c trong nc, do
vy trong h thng x l nc ngi ta thng kt hp cho nc qua bnh trao i
kation hyr trc, trong nc s to thnh axit ri cho qua bnh trao i anion, nc
s c x l hon ton (hnh 5.4)
55
56
RS =
Dv
(m3/m2h)
F
59
60
- Khc vi tuc bin Lavan, tuc bin dc trc dng hi chuyn ng trong tuc
bin theo hng dc trc ca tuc bin v hi khng ch dn n trong mt hoc mt s
61
C hai loi tng tuc bin: tng xung lc v tng phn lc.
Trong qu trnh dn n, nu qu trnh hi gim p sut (bin nhit nng thnh
ng nng) ch xy ra trong ng phun, cn trong rnh cnh ng p sut khng thay
i th tng tuc bin c gi l tng tuc bin xung lc.
Trong qu trnh dn n, nu qu trnh gim p sut (bin nhit nng thnh ng
nng) xy ra c trong ng phun ln trong rnh cnh ng th tng tuc bin c gi l
tng tuc bin phn lc.
6.2.1.1. Tng xung lc
Trong tng tuc bin xung lc, khi chuyn ng qua dy cnh ng, dng hi
khng gim p sut nn p sut trc v sau cnh ng bng nhau, khng c s
chnh lch sut trc v sau cnh ng nn tng xung lc c ch to nh hnh
6.4a. y cc ng phun c gn trn bnh tnh, cc bnh tnh c gn ln thn
tuc bin (gi l stato), cn cc cnh ng c gn trn bnh ng, cc bnh ng
c lp cht trn trc tuc bin (gi l Rto).
C 12l C 02
.
2
- Cng dn n trong qu trnh on nhit bng bin thin ni nng: ldn = u0 - u1.
- Cng do lc y bn ngoi: Lc y bn ngoi sinh ra do chnh lch p sut
trc v sau dy cnh tc dng ln dng hi ti tit din 0-0 l p0f0 , lm cho khi hi
dch chuyn mt on l s0, sinh cng ngoi ln0 = p0f0s0 = p0v0. Tng t, ti tit din
1-1, ta c cng ca dy cnh tc dng ln dng hi l ln1 = p1f1s1 = p1v1. Vy hiu s
cng do lc y bn ngoi tc dng ln dng hi l: p0v0 - p1v1.
Vy nh lut nhit ng I c th vit cho dng hi l:
Bin thin ng nng ca dng hi khi chy qua dy cnh l:
C 12l C 02
= (u0 - u1) + (p0v0 - p1v1)
2
m u + pv = i, do (u0 + p0v0) = i0; (u1 + p1v1) = i1
nn:
(6-5)
C 12l C 02
(6-6)
= (i0 - i1l) = h0p
2
Vy ta c bin thin ng nng ca dng hi trong qu trnh dn n on nhit
thun nghch bng hiu entanpi u v cui qu trnh.
Hiu entanpi (i0 - i1l) u v cui qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch
trong ng phun c gi l nhit dng l thuyt ca ng phun (cha k n tn tht),
k hiu l h0 = i0 - i1l c biu din trn th hnh 6.5.
T (6-6) ta c th tnh tc l thuyt C1l ra khi ng phun:
C1l = 2h 0 p + C 02
65
(6-7)
6.2.3.2. Bin i nng lng dng hi trong rnh cnh ng - Tam gic tc
Khi b qua cc tn tht trn dy cnh, coi tc ca dng hi vo v ra khi
ng phun v cnh ng bng tc l thuyt, ta c th m t chuyn ng ca dng
hi trong tuc bin nh sau:
Dng hi i vo ng phun vi tc l C0 , nhit nng dng hi bin thnh
ng nng, tc dng tng ln v i ra khi ng phun vi tc tuyt i l C1 to
vi phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh (phng u) mt gc 1, i vo rnh cnh
ng. Tc dng y c th phn ra hai thnh phn: tc vng u v tc
tng i w. Khi tc dng ln cnh ng, dng hi trao mt phn ng nng cho
cnh ng, lm cho cnh ng v rto quay vi mt tc n [vg/s] tng ng vi tc
di u [m/s]. Do cnh ng quay vi tc u nn dng hi s i vo rnh cnh
ng vi mt tc tng i w1, vect w 1 hp vi phng chuyn ng u mt gc
1. Trn hnh 6.7, vect C 1 c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn vn tc
(6-8)
6.2.4.1. Tn tht do ma st, do xoy khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh
* Tn tht profin
Khi dng cht lng chuyn ng qua rnh cnh, v cnh c nhm v cht
lng c nht nn lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc trn b mt rnh. Pha ngoi
lp bin (gia dng) tc ti mi im cng tit din u bng nhau. Cn trong
phm vi lp bin thy lc bt u t b mt lp bin tc dng gim dn v bng
khng ti b mt cnh, lm cho tc trung bnh ca dng gim. Chnh v c tn tht
tc trong lp bin nh vy nn tc hi ra khi dy cnh b gim i, gy nn tn
tht nng lng c gi l tn tht ma st theo profin cnh. Tn tht profin c
biu din trn hnh 6.7.
* Tn tht ma st gc v nh cnh
Cc cnh ng phun ca tuc bin c gn trn cc bnh tnh, b mt gii hn
ca bnh tnh c gi l gc cnh. i vi cc cnh c chiu di ln, m bo
cho cnh khi b dao ng, trn nh cnh c ai gi ni lin kt cc cnh vi
nhau. Trn b mt gii hn gc cnh v ai cnh lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc v
do cng gy ra tn tht nng lng tng t nh b mt cnh. Tn tht c
gi l tn tht gc v nh cnh. Tn tht gc v nh cnh c biu din trn hnh
6.8.
* Tn tht do xoy mp ra ca cnh
V mp ra ca cnh c chiu dy nht nh, do khi dng hi chy qua s
xut hin dng xoy mp ra v gy nn tt tht nng lng gi l tn tht xoy
mp ra ca cnh. Tn tht do xoy mp ra c biu din trn hnh 6.8. V c cc
tn tht ni trn nn hiu sut dng chy qua cnh s gim xung.
6.2.4.2. Tnh ton tn tht nng lng khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh
*. Tn tht nng lng trn ng phun
(6-9)
C1 = C1l = 2h op + C 02
Tn tht nng lng trong dy ng phun bng:
hp = hop - hip = (i0 - i1l) - (i0 -i1) = i1 - i1l
v nh vy ta suy ra:
hp = i1 - i1l =
C 12l C 12
2
(6-10)
(6-11)
(6-12)
T (6-9) v (6-12) ta c:
hp =
hay
C12l 2 C12l
2
C12l
(1 2 )
2
Hoc t (6-6) c th tnh theo tc vo:
hp =
hp = (h0p +
C 02
)(1-2)
2
(6-13)
(6-14)
h p
= 1 - 2 = p
(6-15)
C 02
h op +
2
i lng op gi l h s tn tht nng lng trong ng phun.
i vi cc ng phun ca tuc bin hin i th tr s ca h s vn tc trong
khong 0,95 - 0,98 v tr s ca h s tn tht op trong khong 0,05 - 0,1
suy ra:
69
h =
w2
1
1 2 w 22 l = 2 l d
2
2
(6-17)
m
(C2u - C1u)
m
(C2a - C1a) + F(p2 - p1)
R'a =
R'u =
(6-18)
(6-19)
Trong :
- m: l lng hi kho st mt
- d: l thi gian kho st,
- C1u, C2u l hnh chiu ca vect vn tc C 1 , C 2 theo phng u,
- C1a, C2a l hnh chiu ca vect vn tc C1 , C 2 theo phng a,
- F l din tch tit din cc rnh cnh ng (tit din hi chuyn ng qua
cnh),
Da vo tam gic tc trn hnh 6-13 ta tnh c cc thnh phn lc C1u, C2u,
C1a, C2a, thay vo (6-18), (6-19) v tip tc bin i ton hc ta c:
70
(6-20)
Ru = -R'u = G(C1 cos1 + C2 cos2 )
(6-21)
Ru = G(w1 cos1 + w2 cos2
(6-22)
Ra = -R'a = G(C1sin1 - C2sin2 ) + F(p1 - p2)
(6-23)
Ra= G(w1sin1 - w2sin2 ) + F(p1 - p2)
Thnh phn lc Ru s sinh ra cng c ch, cng sut ca lc Ru sinh ra trn dy
cnh ng l:
P = Ru.u
(6-24)
Cng sut tnh cho 1kg hi l:
L = P/G = Ru.u /G
(6-25)
Trong :
P l cng sut ca dng hi trn dy cnh ng.
m
G=
: lu lng hi qua dy cnh tuc bin,
71
hr =
C 22
2
(6-27)
Hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng tuc bin l t s gia cng sut trn cnh
ng vi nng lng l tng ca tng.
L
c =
(6-28)
E0
L: cng sut trn cnh ng ca tng,
E0: nng lng l tng ca tng tuc bin,
Gi thit dng hi i vo tng vi tc C0 , mang vo tng mt ng nng l
C 02
C2
, ng nng ny ch c s dng mt phn trong tng kho st l x0 0 , trong
2
2
x0 l h s s dng ng nng ca dng hi vo tng kho st. Ta ni dng hi
C2
mang vo tng mt nng lng c ch l x0 0 .
2
Trong tuc bin nhiu tng th ng nng ra khi tng trc l
C 22
, s c s
2
C 22
, x2 l h s s dng ng nng dng hi
2
t tng kho st vo tng tip sau. Nh vy nng lng l tng ca tng kho st s
l:
E0 = x0
C 02
C2
+ h0 x2 2
2
2
(6-29)
72
C 02
l phn ng nng c ch do dng hi mang vo c s
2
dng tng kho st ,
h0 = i0 - i2l = hop + ho l nhit dng l tng ca tng.
Trong : x 0
C 22
l phn ng nng c ch m dng hi mang ra khi tng kho st
2
s dng tng tip theo.
H s s dng ng nng x0 , x2 dao ng trong khong t 0 n 1. i vi
tng cui ca tuc bin, ng nng ra khi tng hon ton khng c s dng do
C2
x2= 0 v khi ta ni ng nng 2 l tn tht tc ra ca tng.
2
i vi tng tuc bin thc t th cn k n cc tn tht trong ng phun, tn
tht trong dy cnh ng v tn tht tc ra ca tng, khi cng m tng sinh ra
s l:
x2
L = x0
C 02
+ h 0 h p h h r
2
(6-30)
Trong :
hp: tn tht nng lng trn ng phun,
C 12l C 12
2
h : tn tht nng lng trn cnh ng,
hp = i 1 i 1l =
h = i 2 i 2 l =
w 22 l w 22
2
hr : tn tht tc ra,
C 22
2
C th vit li (6-30):
hr =
C 02
C2
C2 C2
+ h 0 x 2 2 h p h + x 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
L = E0 -hp - h - (1-x2) hr
Do hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng l:
h p h
h
L
= 1
(1 x 2 ) r
c =
E0
E0
E0
E0
L = x0
(6-31)
(6-32)
(6-3)
hay:
c = 1 - p - - (1-x2)r
h i
Trong : i =
l cc h s tn tht nng lng.
E0
73
(6-34)
cht trn trc tuc bin. Dng hi i qua ng phun 3, sut gim p t p0 n p1, ng
thi tc dng hi tng t C0 n C1. Hi ra khi ng phun, i vo cc rnh cnh
ng. Trong dy cnh ng, ng nng ca dng hi bin thnh c nng, lm quay
rto tuc bin, nn khi ra khi dy cnh ng, tc gim t C1 xung C2. Dng hi
ra khi tng ny s tip tc i vo cc tng tip theo v qu trnh bin i nng lng
nh trn li xy ra cho n khi p sut gim xung n tr s p sut hi thot pk
cui tuc bin.
tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng c cng sut ln, cc tng p lc phn cao p
thng c ch to theo kiu tng xung lc c phn lc nh, t = 0,02 - 0,05;
cn cc tng phn h p c phn lc tng dn, c th t n = 0,2 - 0,5 (tng
cui l tng phn lc).
rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng cho hi i qua cng phi tng lin tc, c ngha l
phi tng ng knh tng v chiu cao cnh qut mt cch u n.
V tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng hi ch dn n trong ng phun, khng dn n
trong cnh ng nn ng qu trnh dn n trong cc tng trn th i-s l ng
gy khc, nhy bc.
7.1.2.2. Tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng
tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng, tt c cc tng p lc u c ch to theo
kiu tng phn lc. Tuc bin phn lc cng c th ch to vi cng sut ln nhng
ch lm vic vi thng s trung bnh. Nhit ging mi tng c chn nh hn tng
xung lc t 1,8-2 ln, do vi cng cng sut th s tng s ln hn. Trong tuc bin
phn lc, tn tht r r hi qua khe h gia cnh ng v thn tng i ln do
lm gim hiu sut ca cc tng ny.
ng phun c gn trc tip ln thn tuc bin. phn cao p, th tch ring ca hi
t tng ny qua tng khc thay i chm, do n gin, ngi ta ch to thnh
tng cm tng c ng knh trung bnh v chiu cao cnh qut nh nhau. Nhng
phn h p, th tch hi tng nhanh th ng knh trung bnh ca cnh v chiu cao
cnh phi c tng lin tc.
Trn hnh 7.3. biu din s cu
to, s thay i p sut thay i tc
dng hi v momen quay trong tuc bin
phn lc nhiu tng.
V qu trnh iu chnh lu lng
hi bng ng phun c tn tht b, do
ngi ta thng p dng phng php
iu chnh hi bng ng phun trong tuc
bin phn lc nhiu tng. Tng iu chnh
(tng u tin) ca tuc bin phn lc
nhiu tng c ch to theo kiu xung
lc c phn lc khng qu 10%. Nu
nhit dng tng iu chnh nh th ch to
tng n, nu nhit dng ln th ch to
tng kp.
Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong
tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng c biu th
trn hnh 7.4. y qu trnh dn n ca
hi xy ra c trong ng phun v c trong
cnh ng, do ng biu din l mt
ng cong lin tc tng i u n,
khng c nhy bc.
*
03
= h03 + q3
(7-3)
(7-4)
(7-5)
h *04 = h04 + q4
Tng nhit dng l tng
ca cc tng bng:
(7-6)
TB
td l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin nhiu tng,
ttd l hiu sut trong tng i ca mt tng tuc bin,
Thay (7-9) vo (7-10) ta c hiu sut ca tuc bin nhiu tng l:
ttd (H 0 + Q)
Hi
TB
=
=
td
H0
H0
Q
TB
ttd (1 +
) = ttd (1 + )
td =
H0
y: c gi l h s hon nhit
Q
=
H0
(7-11)
(7-12)
(7-13)
Qu trnh gin n ca hi trong tuc bin nhiu tng l qu trnh gim p sut v
nhit hi. Cng v cui tuc bin, p sut v nhit hi cng gim cn th tch
ring v m cng tng, do s lng v kch thc cc git m trong hi cng
ln. T tam gic tc trn hnh 7.6 ta thy, khi ra khi ng phun, tc cc git m
C'1 s nh hn tc dng hi C1.
V tc vng u ca chng nh nhau, do cc git m i vo rnh cnh ng
vi tc w'1 nh hn tc ca hi w1 , di mt gc '1 ln hn 1 p vo lng
cnh ng, gy nn lc cn tr chuyn ng quay ca roto tuc bin. Do vy s c
mt ca cc git m, mt mt lm gim hiu sut ca tuc bin, mt khc p vo b
mt cnh ng, lm r cc b mt cnh. Khi roto quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm
cc git m tp trung phn nh cnh nhiu hn, do b mt phn nh cnh b r
nhiu hn phn gc cnh. Trong vn hnh bnh thng cho php duy tr m hi
tng cui trong khong 8 n 12%. Nu nhit hi mi gim th m c th tng
ln v t tr s ng k, khi c th lm gim hiu sut ca tng sau cng n 0.
7.1.6. S r r hi
Khi kho st chuyn ng ca dng hi trong tng tuc bin, ta gi thit ton b
lng hi i qua tng u i ht qua rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng, nhit nng
ca lng hi bin thnh ng nng v c nng trong tuc bin. Thc t khng
phi nh vy, khi chuyn ng trong phn truyn hi ca tuc bin, lun c mt lng
hi khng i qua rnh ng phun m i qua khe h gia bnh tnh v trc tuc bin.
Lng hi ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh ng nng.
82
83
Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty l tuc bin trong hi sau khi ra khi tuc
bin, i vo bnh ngng nh nhit cho nc lm mt ngng t thnh nc v c
bm nc ngng bm tr v l. S nguyn l ca tuc bin ngng hi thun ty
c biu din trn hnh 7.11. p sut hi ra khi tuc bin pk nh hn p sut kh
quyn, thng pk vo khong 0,004-0,04 ty thuc vo nhit mi trng ca tng
vng. Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty ch sn xut c in nng, lng in n sn
xut ra l:
N = G.(i0 - ik).tT. co.mp
(7-13)
Trong : G l lu lng hi vo tuc bin,
i0 , ik l entanpi ca hi vo v ra khi tuc bin ng vi p sut p0 v pk
tT l hiu sut tuc bin,
co l hiu sut c kh,
mp l hiu sut my pht,
84
86
87
Hnh 8.1. Roto tuc bin xung lc c bnh ng lp cht trn trc
88
a)
b)
c)
Gn
= m gi l bi s tun hon (kg nc/kg hi)
Gh
T (8-4) ta thy nhit ca nc trong bnh ngng tc l p sut trong bnh
ngng ph thuc ch yu vo nhit ban u ca nc tun hon v bi s tun
hon.
92
8.2.2. ject
Hi
Hnh 8-8: S
nguyn l ject
Hi vo
6
eject
cp 2
eject
cp 1
1
3
II I
2
4
Hnh 8-10: S ni eject vi bnh ngng
1-bnh ngng; 2-bm nc ngng; 3-ejject; 4-ng ti tun hon
94
N hd = N d + N tt + (I t + I mf )
d
d
(8-7)
Khi phn phi hi bng tit lu, hi mi c a vo tuc bin qua mt van
iu chnh tit lu chung, sau i vo ton b ng phun ca tng th nht (e =1).
Vi cc tuc bin cng sut ln th lu lng hi ln, ngi ta cho hi qua
ng thi hai van t song song theo hai ng dn hi ring bit. ng vi cng sut
kinh t ca tuc bin th van iu chnh tit lu s m hon ton v qu trnh dn n
ca hi c th biu din bng ng a- b trn hnh 8.10. Nhit dng thc t ca tng
s bng Hi.
Khi cn gim cng sut ca tuc bin, tc l gim lu lng hi vo tuc bin,
ngi ta thay i m ca van iu chnh, khi xy ra qu trnh tit lu vi i =
const. Nh vy, s thay i lu lng hi qua van iu chnh bng phng php tit
96
a)
b)
Hnh 8.10. Phn phi bng tit lu
a- So nguyn l;
b- Qu trnh tit lu hi
1- Van Stop; 2-Van tit lu, 3-Tuc bin
Khi ph ti ca tuc bin cng gim th lu lng hi vo cng gim, ngha l tn
tht tit lu cng tng. Nh vy, nu tuc bin lm vic ch non ti m thc hin
vic iu chnh bng phng php tit lu l khng kinh t. V th vic phn phi hi
bng tit lu ch p dng cho nhng tuc bin thng vn hnh ch nh mc v t
thay i ph ti (tuc bin mang ph ti gc).
8.3.2.2. Phn phi hi bng ng phun
97
a)
b)
Hnh 8.9. S nguyn l phn phi hi trong tuc bin
a. Phn phi bng ng phun; b. Phn phi tt
8.3.2.3. Phn phi hi i tt
cc tuc bin thc hin phn phi hi bng tit lu, thng p dng phng
php phn phi i tt bn ngoi v c bit thng p dng cho cc tuc bin phn lc.
Van tit lu chnh a hi vo ton b ng phun ca tng u (e =1). Khi van
tit lu chnh m hon ton th tuc bin t cng sut kinh t, khi p sut hi trc
ng phun ca tng u t ti tr s gii hn.
Vic tng cng sut tuc bin ti gi tr nh mc c thc hin bng cch a
hi mi vo cc tng trung gian qua cc bung A gi l cc bung qu ti. Khi a
hi mi vo bung A th p sut tng ln do lu lng hi qua cc tng sau s
tng ln bi v tit din truyn hi ca tng qu ti (tng ngay sau bung A) ln
hn so vi tng u, khi cng sut ca tuc bin tng ln, mc d lu lng hi qua
cc tng pha trc bung qu ti c gim i cht t. Nu tuc bin ch c mt van i
tt 2 th khi n m hon ton, p sut bung A s t gi tr gii hn v cng sut
ca tuc bin t ti nh mc.
Nu trn tuc bin t 2 van tt th vic tng cng sut n nh mc s c
thc hin bng cch a hi vo bung qu ti th hai A1. Lu lng hi qua tt c
cc tng sau bung A1 s tng ln, cn qua cc tng trc bung A1 gim. Tuy
nhin s tng cng sut cc tng sau bung A1 xy ra nhanh hn l s gim cng
sut cc tng trc bung A1, do vn bo m tng cng sut ca tuc bin ti
nh mc
cng sut nh mc, p sut hi trong bung A phi nh hn p sut trc
ng phun ca tng u, cn p sut bung A1 th phi nh hn bung A. C nh
vy mi m bo c c mt lng hi va lu thng qua nhng tng u lm
mt nhng tng ny khi chng lm vic khng ti. Khi iu chnh tt th hiu sut cao
nht ca tuc bin t c ch ph ti kinh t, bi v khi hi khng b tit
lu.
nhng tuc bin hin i, iu chnh bng tit lu thng ch c mt tng qu
ti, t khi ngi ta lm 2 v 3 tng qu ti.
98
Hnh 8.124. S
iu chnh gin tip.
1- Van iu chnh.
2-Piston
3- Xecvmot
4- Ngn ko phn
phi du
5- Bm du.
6- ng du.
7- Piston ca ngn ko
8- Thanh truyn.
9- B iu chnh ly tm
6
4
11
10
8
1
102
103
4
qv
2 B 44
T
k
M
qr 5
3
2
MP
6
7
1
s
ca chu trnh Hnh 15-2- S chu trnh h vi Tuc bin dng b trao i nhit.
7
BT
3
B
MP
Kh thai
khng kh
Hnh 9.3. S
nguyn l GT-750100.2
cng sut 100MW
1.My nn cao p,
2. Bung t,
3. Tuc bin cao p,
4. Tuc bin h p,
5. My nn h p,
6. My pht,
7. B lm mt KK
MP
VP
9.2.1. My nn.
Trong thit b tuc bin kh, my nn c dng nn mi cht lm vic (thng
l khng kh) v nhin liu kh. nn mi cht lm vic ngi ta dng nhng my nn
loi ly tm hoc dc trc. nn cc nhin liu kh c nhit tr 30.106 (Jm-3) phi chn
loi my nn c th tch tn tht khong 3% th tch ca mi cht lm vic. Nh vy loi
my nn thch hp ch c th l loi pistng hay loi my nn ly tm c s vng quay
rt ln.
Nhng yu cu k thut i vi my nn dng nn mi cht lm vic l:
1. Hiu sut cao (k).
2. nn tng cp cao.
3. C th s dng tc vng ln.
4. Vn hnh n nh trong ton khong lm vic ca thit b tuc bin kh
5. D iu khin v mt kh ng hc v c hc.
My nn khng kh c nhng phn t chnh sau:
1. ng ht m bo hng dng khng kh t mt hng nht nh vo hng dc
trc.
2. Rto dng chuyn c nng t trc vo dng khng kh.
3. Stator chuyn i ng nng ca dng khng kh thnh th nng p sut.
4. ng thot s hng dng khng kh ra khi my nn v vo bung t.
5. Cc ph kin ca my nn (nh khung trc, , b phn iu chnh chng
xoy dng, phn phi khng kh, du...)
9.2.1.1. My nn ly tm
My nn ly tm s dng tc nhn ca lc ly tm nn, khi ng nng ca dng
ny tng ln nh chuyn ng qua rto.
p sut tnh gim t P0 xung P1 ti li vo rto s lm tng tc dng u ht.
Trong dy cnh ca rto, khng kh c nn n p sut P12 v nn tip theo trong ng
lc ti P2.
u im ca loi ny l cu trc n gin v tng i nh do nn mi tng
cao v c th lm vic vi s vng quay cao.
Nhc im l din tch pha trc ln; cng sut gii hn ca my nn nh; rto
c sn sut t thi thp hay hp kim c gi thnh cao.
9.2.1.2. My nn dc trc
Nguyn l nn khng kh trong my nn dc trc c xy dng da trn s
chuyn i ng nng thnh p sut hoc trong cc dy cnh tnh (stator) hoc trong cc
dy cnh ng (rotor) hay trong c hai dy cnh ca tng, trong dy cnh ng
nng lng ton phn tng ln nh c cng c dn vo t rto. nn ca mi tng
cnh nh hn so vi nn ca my nn ly tm, nh vy thit b tuc bin kh cn dng
my nn nhiu tng.
Rto ca my nn dc trc c th l loi tang trng ging dng tang trng tuc
bin hi loi phn lc hay loi trc c lp a tuc bin dng trong my bay cng nghip.
107
b) Theo hng dng chia thnh tuc bin kh dc trc v tuc bin kh hng trc
(thng l loi my nh hay qut kh).
c) Theo cch lm mt chia thnh loi tuc bin kh c lm mt (i vi cc sn
phm chy nhit cao) v loi khng lm mt (i vi sn phm chy nhit d thp)..
A. C ng vo
Hnh dng ca n c xc nh bi phng n thit k tuc bin. C th b tr
dng sn phm chy theo hng dc trc t bung t vo cc cnh tnh ca tng tuc
bin u tin (tuc bin my bay hay tuc bin chy ti ngn) hay dn cc sn phm chy t
hng vung gc vi trc quay sang hng dc trc. V mt kh ng phi, cn m bo
cho dng kh trong cc rnh c tn tht thu lc cc tiu, c ng u cao v trng
nhit v tc v c s bin i gc ca dng vo cnh tnh u tin ph hp. V
bn, cn m bo to hnh dng thch hp sao cho ngoi lc v lc p sut trong cc
trng thi chuyn tip, hoc khi ph ti bin i v khi m my khng lm bin dng
hoc ph v hnh dng ca chi tit my.
B. Stator
B phn ny gm thn v nhng bnh tnh. Thn tuc bin kh phn ln c bo v
chng tc dng trc tip ca sn phm chy nh lp vt liu ngn cch gia b phn
t cc bnh tnh, thn trung gian v cc vng chn pha trn dy cnh ng. Mc ch
dng thn trung gian l nhm to c s phn b nhit ng u quanh chu vi gim
tc dng ca ng sut nhit cc ch chuyn tip khi vn hnh. Thn trung gian cng
c tc dng phn chia stato thnh cc phn chc nng nh chu la, gii hn dng sn
phm chy v phn p sut vi nhit thp hn dng chuyn i nhng ngoi lc v
ni lc p sut nhm to ra kh nng thch hp cho qu trnh bin i dng nhit trong
tuc bin v cng thun li khi m my.
i vi thit k my bay thay th lp ngn bn trong nng hn ca thn ngi
ta dng cnh thi khng kh p sut thp qua khng gian gia hai lp lt bn trong v
thn. bnh tnh, do nhit thay i nhiu nn c ch to m bo cho php cc
cnh tnh hoc cc cm cnh tnh c th dn n c. Ngoi ra t c hiu sut
cao, trn vnh cc cnh ng c lp vng chn hng knh.
C. Rto ca tuc bin kh
Cu trc ca roto khc nhau ty thuc vo nhit ca sn phm chy vo tuc
bin. Khi sn phm chy c nhit cao hn, dng rto c a thch hp hn, v loi ny
lm mt d hn. Rto dng tang trng c u im hn v mt cng ngh nhng tt
nhin ch ph hp i vi nhit sn phm chy thp.
Rto c a c lm nh bulng lp ghp gn a vo cc bch hay nh bulng
sit tm hay bng vi bulng t theo chu vi. cc bnh ng c th bin dng theo
hng knh mt cch c lp thng ni trc vi a nh rng kha dc trc. Rto ca
tuc bin nhiu tng thng c t trong hai , cn i vi loi c mt n hai tng
th c th lp a ln trc c mt u t do.
cc tuc bin lm vic vi tc vng cao, cnh c gn trn a nh chn cnh
dng cy thng. Cnh qut ng lun l loi xon c hiu chnh thch hp vi tit din
nh dn t gc n nh va lm gim trng lng cnh va t nguy him khi u cnh
chm phi thn khng gy tch t nhit cc b ln, to hiu qu vn hnh tt.
D. C ng ra
Cch b tr ca tng loi thit b tuc bin s quyt nh Hnh dng c ng ra. C
ng ra thng hng sn phm chy t hng dc trc thnh hng vung gc vi trc
quay. Trong c ng ra l ng loe vnh khn dc trc hay hnh cn chuyn i phn
ng nng ca sn phm chy thnh p sut li ra t tuc bin.
E. Lm mt tuc bin kh
Mt nh hng ng k n hiu sut v cng sut ring ca tuc bin kh l nhit
sn phm chy trc tuc bin. Mc nh hng ca n hin nhin b gii hn do
sc bn ca vt liu gim khi nhit tng. vt liu c th chu c sn phm chy
c nhit cao th cn lm mt cc b phn bn ngoi ca tuc bin kh bng cch thi
khng kh nn hay hi hoc nc qua.
Nhng yu cu lm mt l:
1. Gi nhit kim loi cc phn ngoi gi tr cho php.
112
113
Phn 3. Nh my nhit in
Chng 10. Hiu qu kinh t
trong sn xut in nng v nhit nng
10.1. Hiu qu kinh t ca nh my nhit in ngng hi
Nh trnh by mc 1.2. nh my in ngng hi thun ty lm victheo
chu trnh Renkin c biu din trn hnh 10.1.
T
Qq
N
Nc
Q vT
P1
P2
Qc
NiT
3
2,
Nd
Nd
=
(10-1)
Q cc B tt Q lvt
N - Cng sut in ca nh my, KW
Btt - lng nhin liu tiu hao trong mt giy, (kg/s)
Qtlv - Nhit tr nhin liu (kj/kg),
thnm - Hiu sut th ca nh my in (khi cha k n lng in t dng),
Mc kinh t ca ca nh my ph thuc vo hiu sut ca chu trnh nhit,
hiu sut cc thit b trong nh my nh: l hi, tuc bin, bnh ngng v mt s thit
b ph. Trong qu trnh bin i t nhit nng thnh in nng lun c cc tn tht
sau:
- Tn tht nhit l hi
- Tn tht nhit trong tuc bin,
- Tn tht nhit trong bnh ngng,
- Tn tht c ca tuc bin-my pht do ma st,
- Tn tht nhit dc cc ng ng, gi l tn tht truyn ti nhit.
Bin i cng thc (10-1) ta c:
Nd
N d N co N iT Q Tv Q qn
th
nm
=
=
(10-2)
N co N iT Q Tv Q qn Q cc
B tt Q lvt
th
nm
=
114
Trong :
T (10-2) ta thy:
N
mp = d l hiu sut ca my pht,
N co
co =
N co
l hiu sut c kh,
N iT
TB
td =
N iT
l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin,
Q Tv
Q Tv
tt =
l hiu sut ca qu trnh truyn ti nhit nng,
Q qn
lo =
Q qn
(10-3)
(10-4)
G
1
=
, (kg/Kj);
TB
Nd
H 0 td co mp
(10-5)
dd =
G
3600
=
, (kg/Kwh);
Nd
H 0 TB
td co mp
(10-6)
Sut tiu hao nhit ca tuc bin l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh
in, bng:
G(i1 i 2 )
Q
= d d (i1 i 2 ) , (kj/Kwh)
(10-7)
qd = d =
Nd
Nd
Sut tiu hao nhit ca nh my l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh
in c k n tn tht trong l v tn tht truyn dn hi i, bng:
115
qnm =
qnm =
qnm =
Q qn
Nd
Qd
qd
, (kj/Kwh)
=
N d lo tt lo tt
d d (i1 i 2 )
lo tt
(i1 i 2 )
H 0 lo tt TB
td co mp
1
lo tt co mp
TB
td
= , (kj/Kwh)
= , (kj/Kwh)
(10-8a)
(10-8b)
(10-8c)
Sut tiu hao nhin liu ca nh my l lng nhin liu tiu hao sn xut ra
1Kwh in, bng:
Q qn
q
1
B
, (kg/Kwh)
(10-9)
b=
=
= nmlv =
lv
N d N d Q th
Q th nm Q lvth
Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun:
1
0.123
b=
=
, (kg/Kwh)
29330 nm
nm
(10-10)
116
(10-13)
G n (i n i k ) TB
td co mp
(i 0 i k ) TB
td co mp
(10-15)
hay:
G = Gn
trong :
(i n i k )
= y Gn,
(i 0 i k )
(11-16)
(i n i k )
= y c gi l h s nng lng ca dng hi trch.
(i 0 i k )
Gk = G'k - Gk = G - [G - (1 - y)Gn]
(10-21)
(10-22)
Gk = (1 - y)Gn
Khi sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng trong tuc bin c ca trch, nh
gim c lng hi Gk vo binh ngng nn gim c tn tht nhit do nh nhit
cho nc lm mt trong bnh ngng.
a)
b)
Lng nhit tit kim c khi sn xut in bng tuc bin trch hi l:
Q = Qng - Qtr = Gk(ik - i'k)
Trong :
Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin trch hi l: Qtr = N + Qktr
Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin ngng hi l: Qng = N + Qkng
thay Gk t (10-20) vo (10-21) ta c:
Q = (1 - y)Gn (ik - i'k)
(10-23)
(10-24)
119
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Renkin cng c th biu th bng hiu sut chu
trnh Carno tng ng:
T
(10-29)
max t = tcarno = 1 2
T1
T (10-27) ta thy: hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh khi gim nhit trung bnh
T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit trong bnh ngng hoc tng nhit trung bnh T1tb ca
qu trnh cp nhit trong l hi.
10.3.1.1. Gim nhit trung bnh ca qu trnh nh nhit T2tb
Hnh 10.7 biu din chu trnh Renkin c p sut cui gim t p2 xung p2o , khi
nhit u t1 v p sut u P1 khng thay i.
Khi gim p sut ngng t p2 ca hi
trong bnh ngng, th nhit bo ha
ts cng gim theo, do nhit trung
bnh T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit gim
xung. Theo (10-29) th hiu sut
nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln.
Tuy nhin, nhit ts b gii hn
bi nhit ngun lnh (nhit nc
lm mt trong bnh ngng), do p
sut cui ca chu trnh cng khng
th xung qu thp, thng t 2Kpa
n 5Kpa ty theo iu kin kh hu
tng vng. Mt khc, khi gim p
sut p2 xung th m ca hi cc
tng cui tuc bin cng gim xung,
s lm gim hiu sut v tui th Tuc
bin, do cng lm gim hiu sut
chung ca ton nh my.
T
5
4
30
3
2
2
x=0
20
x=1
s
Theo (10-29) ta thy khi nhit trung bnh T1 ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451
tng ln, th hiu sut t chu trnh s tng ln. nng nhit trung bnh ca qu
trnh cp nhit T1tb, c th tng p sut u p1 hoc nhit u t1.
Nu gi nguyn p sut hi qu nhit p1 v p sut cui p2, tng nhit u t1
(hnh 10.8) th nhit trung bnh T1tb ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln.
Nu gi nguyn nhit hi qu nhit t1 v p sut cui p2, tng p sut u p1
(hnh 10.9) th nhit si ca qu trnh 4-5 tng, do nhit trung bnh T1tb ca
120
qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln trong khi T2tb gi nguyn, dn n hiu sut
nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln.
T
10
10 1
1
40
5
4
50
4
5
3
3
2
x=0
2 20
x= 1
2
x=0
20 2
x=1
0
s
Hnh 10.9. nh hng ca p sut u
s u
Hnh 10.8. nh hng ca nhit
Mt bin php khc nng cao hiu sut chu trnh Renkin l trch mt phn
hi t tuc bin gia nhit hm nc cp trc khi bm nc cp cho l. S thit
b chu trnh gia nhit hm nc cp c biu din trn hnh 10-.10. Chu trnh ny
khc chu trnh Renkin ch: Cho 1kg hi i vo tuc bin, sau khi dn n trong phn
u ca Tuc bin t p sut p1 n p sut pt, ngi ta trch mt lng hi g1 v g2
gia nhit nc cp, do lng hi i qua phn sau ca tuc bin vo bnh ngng s
gim xung ch cn l gk:
gk = 1 - g1 - g2
(10-30)
Lng nhit nh ra trong bnh ngng cng gim xung ch cn:
(10-31)
q hn
2 = (i 2 i 2 ' )(1 g 1 g 2 ) < i 2 i 2 '
Hiu sut chu trnh c trch hi hm nng nc cp l:
=
tr
ct
q1 q 2
q1
hn
l
q1
(10-32)
1k
g
II
II
121
g1
I
g2
IV
l 0k
= ctk l hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi),
q ok
n
l
1
l ok
tr
tr
h tr
g k h ok
g tr h tr
1 + 1
n
gkh0
g k h 0 + g tr h tr
h0
= h0
tr
1
ct =
=
n
n
q ok
q ok
g k q 0 k + g tr h tr
g tr h tr
1
1 + 1
g k q ok
hay:
1 + A tr
cttr = ctk
1 + A tr ctk
g tr h tr
1 + 1
gkh0
g tr h tr
gkho
1 + 1
g k h o g k q ok
(10-33)
(10-34)
1 + A tr
>1
1 + A tr ctk
hay:
cttr > ctk ,
(10-35)
Cng thc (10-35) chng t hiu sut ca chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit nc
cp lun lun ln hn hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi
gia nhit).
10.3.3. Qu nhit trung gian hi
Hnh 10.11 biu din s nguyn l ca chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian.
Mc ch ca qu nhit trung gian l gim bt m cui tuc bin v tng
nhit hi vo cc tng tip theo. Nhit hi ra khi b qu nhit trung gian c
th ln n bng nhit hi ban u (trc khi vo tuc bin).
C th xem chu trnh qu nhit trung gian gm hai chu trnh, chu trnh chnh
(chu trnh ban u) v chu trnh ph.
Chu trnh ban u tiu th mt lng nhit l q0 v sinh cng l l0 ,
Chu trnh ph tiu th mt lng nhit l qtg v sinh cng l ltg.
Hiu sut chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian c th vit l:
l tg
1+
l 0 + l tg
l
l0
= 0
(10- 36)
cttg =
q tg
q 0 + q tg q 0
1+
q0
trong :
l0
= ctk l hiu sut chu trnh ban u khng c qu nhit trung gian,
q0
l tg
l tg
123
cttg =
l0
q0
1+
1+
l tg
l tg
l0
l0
l0
q0
l tg
= ctk
1+ A
k
1 + A ,ct
ct
(10- 37)
q tg
T (10-37) ta thy:
k
qn
ct > ct khi (1+A) > (1+A
ctk
) ngha l ctk < 'ct,
' ct
Tm li qu nhit trung gian lm cho hiu sut chu trnh tng ln khi 'ct > ctk
tc l khi hiu sut chu trnh ph ln hn hiu sut chu trnh ban u. Nh vy mun
nng cao hiu sut chu trnh bng qu nhit trung gian th phi chn gi tr p sut
hi trc khi i qu nhit trung gian v nhit hi sau khi qu nhit trung gian hp
l nhit tng ng ca chu trnh ph ln hn chu trnh ban u, tho mn
iu kin 'ct > ctk
Thc t chng t rng: Qu nhit trung gian em li hiu qu ti a ch khi p
sut hi i qu nhit trung gian bng (0,25-0,3) p sut hi mi ptg.
10.3.4. M rng nh my vi thng s cao
M rng nh my in bng phng php t chng c biu din trn hnh 10.12.
Ni dung ca phng php t chng l a mt b phn hay ton b nh my
in ang vn hnh vi thng s thp ln nh my c thng s cao. Xy dng chng
ngoi ngha m rng cng sut cn bao hm ngha hin i ha mt nh my c
trnh k thut cn thp.
Mun xy dng chng ngi ta t thm tuc bin v l hi thng s cao. Tuc
bin cao p th c th chn loi i p hay loi trch hi v c cp hi t l hi mi.
y ta ch xt phng n dng tuc bin i p t chng.
124
Hnh 10-12. S t
chng
1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc
cp, l hi, tuc bin, my
pht v bnh ngng ca h
thng c.
6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp,
l hi, tuc bin v my
pht ca h thng mi,
8
9
3
6
5
1
t chng c th thc hin mt phn hoc thc hin hon ton, ngha l tuc
bin c ch nhn mt phn hoc ton b hi t tuc bin t chng, khi t chng mt
phn th l hi c vn phi lm vic, cn thc hin hon ton th l hi c ch d
phng hoc c th tho i. Hiu sut chu trnh khi c t chng khng hon ton s
bng :
ch
ct =
l 0 + l ch
q 0 + l ch
k
ch
ct = ct
ch
Trong : ct =
l ch
l
l0
= 0
l
q0
1 + ch
q0
1+
1 + A ch
1 + A ch ctk
(10-38)
l0
l hiu sut ca chu trnh ban u (thit b c).
q0
A ch =
ch ( i ch i 0 )
i0 iK
(10-39)
125
ch ctk A ch 1 ctk
=
=
ctk
1 + A ch . ctk
ch
(10-40)
Qua y ta thy rng hiu qu ca vic t chng cng ln nu ctk cng thp
v Ach cng cao. H s nng lng Ach ln nht khi ch= 1 ngha l khi t chng
hon ton.
10.3.4.2. M rng nh my in bng phng php t k
12
8
2
7
4
5
1
6
1
Hnh 10-13 S t k
1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc cp,
l hi, tuc bin, my pht v
bnh ngng ca h thng c.
6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp, l
hi, tuc bin v my pht
ca h thng mi,
10.4. Kh kh trong nh my in
p kh = p p h p i
(10-42)
Trong :
G 0 2 = k 02 (p p h p i )
(10-43)
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136