Tony Whitaker Principal Lecturer/Examiner TWI Middle Cast 28-11-10 Radiographic Interpretation Terms and definitions: Sensitivity: Calculated by dividing the smallest wire/step/hole by the material thickness and multiplied by 100 and given as Sensitivity % and may be affected by the contrast, definition and/or density. Definition: The sharpness between changes of shade on a radiograph which may be affected by either geometry and/or level of inherent un-sharpness and may be gauged when using a step-hole type IQ. Contrast: The difference between depths of shade in areas of a radiograph Density: The depth of shade in any area of the radiograph. Contrast and definition may be affected by the film grain size (Graininess) IQI: Image Quality Indicator Used to calculate sensitivity and available in 4 material types or densities e.g. Fe/Al/Cu/Ti and 3 designs wire/step/hole Latitude: Indicates the effective range of material thickness upon any radiograph Reticulation: A film artefact which may occur due a sudden change in temperature Isotope: An unstable state of an element that emits Gamma rays during decay: Types of isotopes used in industrial radiography: Selenium 75 Tridium 192 Cacsinm 137} Forsteels, copper and nickel based alloys of varying thickness Cobalt 60 Ytterbium 169 Mainly used with aluminium and/or titanium alloys The interpretation of radiographic images of welded joints may be simplified by the practical application of the term “Black is Lack” whereupon the correct interpretation of imperfections then becomes a simple measure of assessing welding process, specific location and shape or form of any indication.Tony Whitaker Principal Lecturer/Examiner TWI WMjiddte East 28-11-10 S EN 1435 The Basics Minimum Densities Class A = 2.0 (May be reduced if permitted by specification to 1.5) Class B = 2.3 (May be reduced if permitted by specification to 2.0) Diagnostic Film Length Maximum penetrated thickness at the edge of the area of Diagnostic Film Length shall not exceed 10% (1.1) for Class B and 20% (1.2) for Class A techniques. Area of Interest The size of the area to be tested includes the weld and the heat-affected zones. In general, about 10 mm of parent metal shall be tested on each side of the weld. A continuous length of 10mm of wires should be visible. Elliptical Images: The maximum pipe diameter for DWDI technique is 100 mm Types of IOVS Within Europe IQ1’s and the determination of Image Quality values are covered under the following BSEN standard: BSEN 462 Part 1 Wire type BSEN 462 Part 2 Step/Hole type Placement of IOP?S The IQI used shall be placed preferably source side of the test object at the centre of the area of interest, on the parent metal beside the weld. The IQI shall be in close contact with the surface of the object. Its location shall be made in a section of uniform thickness characterised by a uniform optical density on the film. According to the IOI type used, two cases shall be considered: a) When using a wire IQI, the wires shall be directed perpendicular to the weld and its location shall ensure that at least 10 mm of the wire length will show in a section of uniform optical density, which is normally in the parent metal adjacent to the weld. At exposures in accordance with 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 (Ellipse technique), the IQI can be placed with the wires across to the pipe axis, and they should not be projected into the image of the weld. b) When using a step/hole IQI, it shall be placed in such a way that the hole number required is placed close to the weld.Tony Whitaker Principal Lecturer/Examiner TWI Vijiddte East 28-11-10 Fig 21. Nomogram for the determination of minimum source-to-object distance { min in relation to object-to- ‘film distance and source size 4 2+ w b 3 os 7 t 2 o—— 5 = effctie once cinansin 7,6) = minimum sorceto object dance age cas B 5 £42 = minimum sxeceto object cStance image class A object to fn distence BSEN 1435 Minimum Source to Object distance for Class A & B techniques ‘Examples of use of Nomogram within BSEN 1435 1) Calculated source size = 3.0mm + OFD = 100mm: | 2) Calculated source size = 2.0mm + ORD = Smm: Class B image minimum SOD =1000mm _ | Class B image minimum SOD = 100mm Hg = dx b/f1 = 3 x 100 = 300/1000 = pg 0.3 | ug =dx b/f1 =2x 5=10/100= pg O.1 Class A image the minimum SOD = 500 | Class A image minimum SOD = 50mm pg = dx bif2 = 3 x 100 = 300/500 ng = dx bif2 = 2x 5= 10/50 = yg 0.2