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Radioactivity: Online Learning Resources For Malaysia Students
Radioactivity: Online Learning Resources For Malaysia Students
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous process of an unstable nucleus emitting radioactive emission in order to
become more stable.
3 Types of Radioactive Emission
Beta Particle
Gamma Ray
Nucleus of Helium
Electromagnetic wave
+2
-1
Neutral
strong
weak
Very weak
Absorted by
About 5mm of
aluminium
Deflection in
Electric Field
Can be deflected
Deflection in
Can be deflected
Can be deflected
Charge
Ionizing Effect
Can be deflected
magnetic Field
Speed
Not deflected
Not deflected
speed of light
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Radioactivity
Gold Leaf Electroscope
[Can
detect:
Alpha
particles only]
Alpha radiation can be
detected using a charged
electroscope as in on the
left. The more intense the
radiation, the faster the
leaf falls.
Geiger-Muller Tube
[Can detect: Alpha, Beta and Gamma]
1. When a charged particle or
gamma-radiation enters the tube,
the argon gas becomes ionized.
2. A pulse of current is then flows in
the circuit.
3. The circuit includes either a scaler
or a ratemeter. A scaler counts the
pulses and shows the total on a
display.
Cloud Chamber
1. The felt ring round the top
of the chamber is soaked
in alcohol. The bottom of
the chamber is cooled by
'dry ice' (solid carbon
dioxide) to around -80 C.
2. As the alcohol vapour
spreads downward through
the chamber, it is cooled
beyond the point at which
it would normally
condense.
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Radioactivity
Track Produced by Different Radiation in Cloud Chamber
Alpha-particle tracks:
Beta-particle tracks:
Gamma-ray:
Spark-Chamber Detector
[Can detect: Alpha particles only]
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Radioactivity
Radioactive decay
Alpha decay
The half-life (
).
Gamma emission
Gamma emission causes no change in nucleon number
or proton number.
Note
Industry
Monitoring Content of Food
Monitoring Thickness of Steel/paper Sheet
Detecting Underground Leakage
Measuring the Wearing Rate of Engine
Medical
Radiotherapy
Tracer to Detect Blood Clots or Tumour
Sterilising Medical Instrument
Tracer to Investigate Activities of Thyroid
Glands
Heart Pacemaker
Agriculture
Pest Control
Tracer
Develop New Species of Plant
Preserve food
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Nuclear Energy
Mass Defect and Nuclear Energy
Mass defect is the missing mass in a nuclear reaction
and the missing mass will turn into thermal energy and
kinetic energy of the product particles.
Einstein Formula
m = mass change, in kg
c = speed of light, in m s-1
E = energy changed, in J
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Chain Reaction
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Nuclear Energy
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