4-14 CHAPTER 4 EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems — continued Example 4-21... .Gases at Sonic Velocity Given: Coke oven gas having a specific gravity of 0.42, a header pressure of 125 psig, and a tem- perature of 140 F is flowing through 20 feet of 3- inch Schedule 4o pipe before discharging to atmos- phere. Assume ratio of specific heats, k= 1.4. 1." senate «Pe Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour (scfh). Solution—for theory, see page 1-9 [APPS 1. d’n= 40700 Ye ears! page 3-4 page 3-4 2 Phew 414.7 = 139.7 3 f= 0.0175 page A-25 Note: The Reynolds number need not be cal- Cculated since gas discharged to. atmosphere through a short pipe will have a high Ry, and flow will always be in a fully turbulent range, in which the friction factor is constant. 4 D=0.2557 d= 9.413 page B16 _ jh _ 90175 x20 5 Raff 2E8 569 tocspe Keos for entrance; page A-26 Ke10 for exit; page A-26 K=1.369+0.5 41.0 2.87 total 139.7 = 167 _ 1250 _ 555. 6 Ad tee Je sg 139.7 139.7 pe 7. Using the chart on page A-z2 for k = 1.4, it is found that for K = 2.87, the maximum AP/P'; is 0.657 (interpolated from table on page Anz). Since AP/P', is less than indicated in Step 6, sonic velocity occurs at the end of the pipe and AP in Step 1 is AP = 0657 P= 0.657% 139.7 = 01.8 {interpolated from o Y = 0.637 table; page A-22 10. 4'y is equal to 918x139. 2.87 x 600 x 0.43 40 700 x 0.637 x 0.413. g's = 1028 000 Example 4-22... .Compressible Fluids ‘at Subsonic Velocity Given: Air at a pressure of 19:3 psig and a tem- perature of 100 F is measured at a point 10 feet from the outlet of a 34-inch Schedule 80 pipe dis- charging co atmosphere. Pind: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). Solution 1 ann 678 Yes eres page 3-4 L Kas5 page 3-4 2 P= 19.3 414.7 = 34.0 3. APw193 + Da o04s5 d= 02981 page B10 5 = 0.0275 fully curbulent flow: page A-25 co pb. 9.0275 x10 @ Kepp- See 4 for pipe K-10 for exit; page A-26 K = 60441 = 7.04 toxal 193 7 ~ 923 = 0.568 34.07 OF 8 0.76 9. Tr= 46041 = 460+ 100 = $60 078 x 070 x o29b1q/ 122 BES = 627oe CRANE Flow Through Orifice Meters Example 4-23. .Liquid Service Given: A square edged orifice of 2.0-inch diameter, is installed in a 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe having a mercury manometer connected between the flange taps. Find: (a) The theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60 F water and for the flow renge where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant . . . and (b), the flow rate of 60 F water, when the mercury deflection is 4.4 inches. Solution ~ (a) 1 page 3.5 oF 3-15, page 3-2 or 3-8 2. To determine differential pressure across the flange taps, ap = Ahm page 3-5 1x 144 where: Ahm = differential head in inches of mercury 3. The weight density of mercury under water equals pe(Suy ~ Sa), where (at 60 F) pe = donsicy of water ~ 62.34 page AG Supp = specifi gravity of mercury = 13.37. .page A-7 Se = specific gravity of water = 1.00 page AO 4 And p of H, under H:O = 62.34 (13.57 — 1.00) 784 Ib/fe* AP Shale -0.4540hm 6 d= 4.026 age B16 7 40209 oy 7 th 4.0267 9497 8 C= 0605 page A-19 54 Ahn 9 Qa 236% (2.0) xocba5. ET Q=50.4V Ah, calibration constant Solution — (b) 10. Q = 50.4V Ahn = 50.4V 4.4 = 106 mo pea page A3 ba Rew 3208 106 x62.54 4.026 x Lt Re = 75 $00 oF 7.55 x 108 13. C= 0.625 is correct for R, = 7.55 x 104, per page A-19; therefore, the flow rate through the pipe is 106 gallons per minute 14. When the C factor on page A-19 is incorrect, for the Reynolds number based on celeulated flow, it must be adjusted until reasonable agree- ment is reached by repeating Steps 9, 10, and 12. CHAPTER 4 — EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS. Example 4-24. ..Lominar Flow {In flow problems where the viscosity is high, calculate the Reynolds number to determine the type of flow Given: SAE 10 Lube Oil at go F is flowing through a 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pres- sure differential between the flange taps of a 2.15-inch I, D, square edged orifice. Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute. Solution: jBP 1 Qe 2x60%,0,[4P page 25 03 a ‘ R, = 32:8.Q0 page 3.2 oF 3-8 2 ous suspect laminar flow; page A-3 3 = page B16 + f-3 (page 19: assumed value a ISS {Based on’ laminar flow 6. $= 0876 at 6oF page AT S=087 at oF page A7 2p 02.4 0.87 = 54.3 page AT oa 8 Qa 236x2.15%x08 [24 Q= s36x 21508 ft 50.0% 75 54.3 9 Rem 068 x 38 1768 to. C= ogo for R= 1768 page Al9 Since the assumed C value of 0.8 is not cor- rect, it must be adjusted by repeating Steps 5. 8, 9, and ro. i. Cmogt assumed; page A-19 2. Qn 2,6 x2asteoorg OS ~ 855 R, = SOE X 85.3 «54, + 5.068 338 14. C=091 for Re= 2010 page A-19 Since C = 0.91 is correct for the flow, the flow through the meter is 85.3 gallons per minute. 13 20104-16 (CHAPTER 4— EIAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS. CRANE Applicat in of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems Example 4-25. . .Rectangulor Duct Given: A rectangular concrete overflow aqueduct, 25 feet high and 16.5 feet wide, has an absolute roughness (e) of 0.01 foot, —— Find: The discharge rate in cubic feet per second when the liguid in the reservoir has reached the maximum height indicated in the above sketch. Assume the average tem- perature of the water is 60 F. Solution: fy Ki+K, its ie V Ket poge 34 0.0438 where; K, = resistance of entrance and exit K, = resistance of aqueduct To determine the flow rate, calculate the equivalent diameters for actual flow area. 7S therefore, d? = # 4 * 70" therefore, D = {4° 4 Ve To determine the friction factor from the Moody diagram, an equivalent diameter four times the hydraulic radius is used; refer to page 3-5. cross sectional flor ~ wetted perimeter A hydraulic radius = page 3-2 bs : 14 5600 i axe p- [aA . [oarass _,, 2 Ve > 9 4 Assuming a sharp edged entrance, K=os page A26 Assuming a sharp edged exit to atmosphere, Keio Pege A-26 Then, resistance of entrance and exit, Ke OFOS a 1S 16.5 x 25, fe 7065 + 25) 497 * 5. Hydraulic radius = 6. Equivalent diameter, d = 4 x 4.97 x12 d= 239 in. 7. Relative roughness, ¢/D = 0.0005 ffally assumed; page A f=0.017 0.0438 x 7! 9 = 31300 to. Calculate Ry and check, 017 for 31 300 ¢fs flow 1 p= 62.34 page A-6 22 1 page AS 1g. Ry x 2210031 300 x 62:34 339 x11 R, = 168 400 000 or 1.084 x 108 14. f= 0017 15. Since the friction factor assumed in Scep 8 and that determined in Step 14 are in agree- ment, the discharge flow will be 31 300 cis. for calculated Re; page A-24 16, If the assumed friction factor and the friction factor based on the calculated Reynolds num- ber were not in reasonable agreement, the former should be adjusted and calculations repeated until reasonable agreement is reached.o 8 8 CRANE CHAPTER 4— EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-17 Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems — continued Example 4-26...Pipe Partiolly Filled With Flowing Water Given: A cast iron water pipe is two-thirds full of flowing water (60 F). The pipe has an inside diameter of 24 inches and a slope of 34-inch per foot. Note the sketch that follows. ater surace Find: The flow rate in gallons per minute Solution 1 Quins afte? page 3-4 To determine the flow rate in a partially full pipe, calculate the equivalent pipe diameters for the ectual flow area. a= 7 therefore, i = $% + 7 A= 7 cherefore, D= $4. 4 Ve To determine the friction factor from the Moody diagram, an equivalent diameter four times the hydraulic radius is used: refer to page 3-5. cross sectional flow area hydraulie radius = ST perimeter 25016 28! age 3-2 oF 3 R= 50.058 Page 3-2 oF 3-8 2. Depth of flowing water equals: 2 2 (24) = 16 in. 7 (24) 3. Cos 0-4-4 0553 70°32" = 90° — 70832! = 4 AreaC. af [ves @x 047) 19.4 Area C = 24" ¢ 4 Vi =16 = 11.31 in. 8.94) oe int 360 ) = 2758 6. Area A= Area B= ¥4 (4b) = 14 (4x 11.31) Area A or B= 22.6in? 7. The cross sectional area of flow equals A+B+C = 22.64 22.6+275 go. int 8 9. hy = Bh = 223 ~ oobes fe per ft 10, ‘The wetted perimeter equals a18.98 “e) 8st). in. 20.2 11. Hydraulic radius = 2222 2 6 98in, 12, Equivalent diameter d = 4 x 6.98 = 27.92 in. 13. Relative roughness -& = 0.000 36... .page A-23 fassuming fully turbu- 14. f= 0.0155 lent flow; page A-23 = 106s x 408 , [2S x OBE 1 Om 19 85 x 408 oss x 1 Q= 20900 16, Calculate the Reynolds number to check the friction factor assumed in Step rg. 17, p= 62.34 age A-6 18 waa page A3 19. RB ae 2150 600 oF 2.15 x 108 20, fmooiss page AD 21, Since the friction factor assumed in Step 14 and that determined in Step 20 are in agree- ment, the flow rate will be 20 900 gpm. 22. If the assumed friction factor, and the fric- tion factor based on the calculated Reynolds number, were not in reasonable agreement, the former should be adjusted and the calculations repeated until reasonable agreement is reached.CHAPTER 4— EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS Determination of Boiler Capacity Example 4-27 Given: A steam boiler operating at 300 psia saturated steam has a maximum capacity of 100,000 pounds per hour. Find: The boiler capacity in both kilo Btu per hour and in boiler horsepower. Solutions per Hoon 1. Boiler capacity Woh, = ho page B-8 2. hy = total heat of steam page AIS hy = 1202.8 Btu/Ib 3. hy= heat of liquid page AIS hy = 393.8 Beu/lb 4. Boiler capacity = soeee (1201.8 — 393-8) = 80 900 kilo Btu/hr W (hy - hy) 970.3 X 34.5 5. Boiler horsepower = 6. For values of h, and hy, see Steps 2 and 3. 100 000 (1202.8 ~ 393.8) 970.3 X 345 = 2420 Boiler horsepower = CRANEth Physical Properties of Fluids and Flow Characteristics of Valves, Fittings, and Pipe The physical properties of many commonly used fluids are required for the solution of flow problems. ‘These properties, compiled from many varied refer- ence sources, are presented in this appendix. The convenience of a condensed presentation of these data will be readily apparent Most texts on the subject of fluid mechanics cover in detail the flow through pipe, but the flow character- istics of valves and fittings are given little, if any. attention, probably because the information has not been available. A means of estimating the re- sistance coefficients for valves, deviating in minor detail from the standard forms for which the coeffi- cients are known, is presented in Chapter 2. ‘The Y net expansion factors for discharge of compres- sible fluids from piping systems, which are presented here for the first time, provide means for a greatly simplified solution of a heretofore complex problem. APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND LOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND FIRE CRANE Viscosity of Steam’ 050 048, PRESSURE, 046 044 3 42, 4 2600! 040 2200 038 036 034 in Centipoise 032 030 028 t so 026 ss 1 — Absolute Viscosit 024 SS 022 1 020 018 T 016 ou L 1 l 70 300 400 500 600 700-800 $00 1000 1100 1200 1 = Temperature, in Degrees Fairenheit Example: Viscosity of 600 psig, 850 F steam is 0.019 centipoiseCRANE APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND FIFE A3 Viscosity of Water and Liquid Petroleum Products” ** 4000. 200 x 1. hone (Cad 800 2. Propane (Cd 2. Butane (Cid) s ‘00 4. Natural Gorotine s 300- 5 Ooratne 200. 6 Woter 8 2. Kerosene 100. 6 Bistote 8 80- a f 9 48 Dep. API Crude 8 = 10, 40 Deg. API Crude e 0 = é4 11, 35.6 Dep. API Crude =! 12, 926 Des. API Crude 2 13, Salt Creek Crode 2 a 14, Fuel 3 Ute) 1 3 15, Fuel 5 (in) 6 16, SAB 10 Lobe (700 Vu) 4 17, SAB 30 Lube (100 Vi) 3 18, Fuel 5 thon) or 3 Foal 6 (in) 19, SAE70 Lobe (100 VA) it 20. Banker Fuel (Max ond i WC. Reideom 6 21. Atpholt 4 3 5 2 Data extracted in part ‘ by permission from the Fs Oil and Gas Journal 06 04 0 10 2% 30 40 © 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit Example: The viscosity of water at 125 F is 0.52 centipoise (Curve No. 6)APPENDIX A~ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS ANO FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND ripe CRANE Viscosity of Various Liquids” * 10 FF 0: 1 2.04 tipoise oi # — Viscosity, 0.3] 034 07 | 05 04 031 “7 0 40 6 1% 160 00240 ~~ ~~=C] 8D t ~ Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit Carbon Diowide. .CO. Ammonia... NHS 9. Ethyl Alohol ethyl Chonda. .cHsCl 1, topropy! Alcohol Sulphur ionde. 50: 11, 20% Sulphate Ae... 20% M504 Freon 12 F-12 12, Dowibeem E Freon VdecscscsB114 13, Dowtherm A Freon 11 Fell VL. 20% Sodium Hydroxide .20% NaOH Freon 113.0000 FID 15. Mercury 16, 10% Sodium Chloride Brin. 109% Nec! 17, 209% Sodivm Chloride Brine... 20% Nec! 18, 109% Colcum Chloride Brine 10% CaCl 19, 20% Calcium Ghioide Brine. .20% CaCl, Example: The viscosity of am monia at 40 F is 0.14 centipoise.CRANE APPENDIX A~PiYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHAIACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE Viscosity of Gases and Vapors Viscosity of Various Gases The curves for hydrocarbon vapors and o, natural gases in the chart at the upper aud right are taken from Maxwell!; the Helium curves for all other gases (except heliun in the chart are based upon Sutherland's a formula, as follows: 36} (0.555 To +C TY BS \O555T FC) AT se} where = viscosity, in centipoise at | temperature T, ho = viscosity, in_centipoise at temperature To T = absolute temperature, in de- grees Rankine (4oo + deg. F) for which viscosity is desired. To = absolute temperature, in de- grees Rankine, for which vis- one} cosity is known C= Sutherland's constant. a 7 |_| “VAF | Note: The variation of viscosity with — pressure is small for most gases, For na | | gases given on this page, the correction im 20 300 40) sto at POD eto S00 Teno of viscosity for pressure is less than 10 per cent for pressures up to 500 pounds per square inch. 1 ~ Tesperatur, in Degrees Fabenbet Viscosity of Refrigerant Vapors!! | Approximate (soturetad end supshected vapors) Fluid | Values of “C” = 119 — ° vy ‘id | ee Air 10 | | N: m1 on co. 240 ow | co us | S| $0; le 3 05 = ; . zg NH. 370 Fo } He 2 i = oy | = yi The viscosity 02 1 SF of sulphur dioxide gas (SO:) at 200 F > gy) —t is 0.016 centipoise. 4 01 Lower chart example: The viscosity oi of carbon dioxide gas (CO,) at about 80 F is 0.015 centipoise on | 0 0 om 8 {= Tenpettur, in Degrees Fahenelt 0240APPENDIX A~ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERSTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE Temperature ‘of Water Degrees Fahrenheit 150 180 190 200 210 212 20 260 280 300 350 400 450 500. 700 Weight per gallon is based on 7.48 gallons Physical Properties of Water Saturation Pressure Pounds per Square Inch Absolute 08854 12170 17811 12863) 3631 "5069 6982 9492 1748 Toone "3025 8886 718 7a ‘a2 510 339 11.526 2123 142696 17.186 24!969, 35.429 49.203, 67.013, 134.63 2731 92215 680.8 1085:2 1542'9 3093.7 Specific gravity of water at 60 F Specific Volume Cubic Feet Per Pound *01602 “01603 co1e08 01606 Co1608 To1610 ‘o6is 01617 ‘01620 01625 01629 01634 01639 “01651 01657 “01663 ‘01670 101672 01677 01692 [01709 101726 01745 01799, [01864 ois 0204 fons 0236, ‘0369 Weight Density a Pounds per Cibis Fest 51.55 49.02 45.87 4237 2710 Weight Pounds Per Gallon Bug S888 2282 Sine SSeS 388i per cubic foot All data on volume and pressure abstracted from Keenan and Keyes’ Steam Tables (1936) CRANECRANE APrENDIX A— PHYSICAL PROFERTIES OF FIUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, IITTINGS, AND PIPE ALT ic Gravity-Temperature Relationship for Petroleum Oils” (Reproduced by permission from the Oil and Gas Journal) 19 a) srecinic axaviry 7 oS APL GRAVITY. Bo € § oJ] ae) 2 S os] & | 1 y i 4 02 g mw SCC Hem Ethene t —Tenperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit HimPropone iC.Mya=bobotone ClH.S—Botone iC = hopentone To find the weight density of a petroleum oil at its flowing temperature Example: The specific gravity when the specific gravity at 60 F/60 F is known, multiply the specific cham of at 6 Fis 0881 Specific gravity a 100 F = Weight Density and Specific Gravity” of Various gravity of the oil at flowing temperature (see chart above) by 62.4, the density of water at 60 F. iquids Liguid Temp] Weight Specificy Liquid Jlemp.] Weight Specific Dendy Coat [Density|Gravity es iquid at 60 F referred cin | s maleis to water at 60 F Ps [eae : oa IMs weight er “Acetone "| 60 | 494 | 0792 Mercury 20 | 849.74 sity, Of G4 2iwo OG: Ammonia, Saturated) 10 | 409 Mereury 20 | 4803 | pee Sie. Benzene 32 | 50.1 Mercury 60 | 840.32 | 13.570 100 eeeoetsy, tea Brine, 10% Caci | 38 | 680s | 2] Mercury 80_| 8402 Bane 32 lysis | eee 0084295, Values in the table at Garbon Disuiphide| 32 38 | 523 the left, were taken Distillate oo o'8s0 | 59 | 389 from Smithsonian Foc 3 ca 0398 co Physical Tables, pail | 8 | ate | oa @ | a Mari’s Engineer Fuel 6 Min Et 8593 eo _| 5230 Handbook, and "Nel- ‘Gasoline 00 0757 AE oe 60 | $3.77 son's Petroleum Re- Gasoline, Natural | 60 | 42.42 | 0480 |) 356 APLCrude | 60 | 5287 | Oger a Kerosent @@ | 08 | Osis | HP APl Crude” | 60 | Stas | Ons — “Anery Engineering, EC Residaum | 60_| 5832 | 095 API Grade | 60 | 4916 | 0788Ae APPEND A-PHYSIENL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDE AND PLOW CHAEACTEISTIS OF VALVES, HITINGS, AND Fife _ CRANE Physical Properties of Gases” y= specific heat at constant pressure c= specific heat at constant volume Name \Chernical| x. | Weight | Specific | Indi- Specific Heat Capacity k or fRtemaio|NEfesa: eae | Sass | Ales | SRE | PEGA. | cata Gs Pounds | Rela.” | “Gas | PerBound | at Aerosp to symbol | Welght | “par | ‘tne’ [Constane] "ar neue Pressure" | sce Bbie | reir remperscure | ance | Foot! | _Semperature Lu |e fs | ele fale | | Acetylene GH, | 26.0 | .06754 | 897 | 59.4 | “2737 | 0236 | 0185 | 1.28 air =" | aso | ‘7508 | 15000 | 83.3 hias | lost | ‘0130 | 140 Ammonia NH; | 17.0 | .04420 587 90.8 4064 0231 £0179 1.29 Agen A’ | 40.0 | ‘0x7 | 1377 | 38.7 0743 | lor29 | ‘oor7 | 1.67 Carbon Dieside | CO, | 44.0. | 11d? | 1.816 | 35.1 -1599 | .0234 | .0183 | 1.28 Carbon Monoxide | CO | 28.0 | ‘07269 | ees | 35.2 hua | ‘or | ‘ons | 1a Ethylene cH. | 28.0 | ‘one | ‘ser | ss | | tam | loner | ‘oaso | 122 Helium He | “s.0 | o1039 | ‘i38_| 386. 1754 | Tor30 | ‘oars | 166 Hydrochloric Acid | HCI | 36.5 | .09460 | 1.256 | 42.4 | 1368) 01810129 | 1.40 Hydrogen H, | 210 | ‘005034 | “069s | 767: aiass | ‘079 | ‘ow | 1140 Methane cH. | 16.0 | loses | ‘53 ssn | Cons | ‘0195 | 126 Mths! Chloride | CHC | 60:8 | ‘3300 | 1738 | | J2006 | feata_| Tones | 120 Nitrogen. Nr 28.0 | .07274 966 | 1761 0179 0128 1.40 Nitric Onde xo | 30:0 | lor7es | 1034 ‘eas | ‘oigo | ons | 1140 Nitrous Oxide | NO | 460 | 11143 | 1.818 ‘izsa | ‘ors | “oar | 1126 Onygen 0, | 32.0 | ‘osz05 | 1103 ‘i349 | ‘ois | lorz9 | 1.40 Sulphur Dicxide | $0. | 64:0 | ‘166s’ | 2.208 : 1230 | 10256 | ‘208 | 1.25 “Weight density values are at atmospheric pressure and 68 F or valucs at 0 Btn by TODS Volumetric Composition and Specific Gravity of Gascous Fuels” = Chemical Composition Speife erent by Volume ravity ee eo be zi jdro-| Carbon] Para jominanes | O8% [Nitro-[Carbon| to Air ‘Type oh Gal gen’ | Mon" Hydrocarbons | 8 | gen [gen | Bios") 5 Meth: | Eth- | Ethyi-] Bene Natural Gas, Pittsburgh ) 83.4 | 15.8 0.8 | 0.61 Producer Gas from Biturninous Coal] 14.0 | 27.0 | "3.0 06 | 50.9 | 4.5] 0:86 Blast Furnace Gas 10 | 27:5 Le | 60.0 | 11.5 | 102 Blue Water Gas from Coke 37.0 1.3 | | 07 8.3 | 5.4] 0.57 Carbureted Water Gas 34.0 | 10.2 61 | 2.8 | 0.5 2.9 | 3.0] 0.63 Goat Gas (Cont. Vertical Retorts) || 54.8 | 10:9 | 24.2 us| 13 | 02 | a4 | 300] oe Coke-Oven Gas | a5 [03 [aot sspos os | 81] 22) 04 Refinery OilGas (Vapor Phase) | 13:1 | 1.2 | 23.3 | 21.7 | 39.6 10 a1 | 0:89 Oil Gas, Pacific Coast | 48.6 | 12:7 | 26: 27 [in | o's | 36] a7] ow” Data on this page reproduced by permission from Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook by. ‘SoMarks. Copyright, May. 1954: MeGraw-Fill Book ‘ompany, In.CRANE _APPeNDIX A—PHISICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND HOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITINGS, AND PIPE A-9 Steam — Values of k Ratio of Specific Heat at Constant Pressure to Specific Heat at Constant Volume k= ole pr satupare varon Lal r A 8 1a Je ~ Isentropic Exponent 122 0 20 10 200 310 P'~ Absolute Pressure, Pounds per Square inch For small changes in pressure (or volume) along an isentropic, pot = constant Reprinted from “Thermodynamic Properties of Steam" by J. H. Keenan and F. G. Keyes, 1936 edition, by permission of the publishers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.A-10 APPENDIX A— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND Fite CRANE Weight Density and Specific Volume Of Gases and Vapers ‘The chart on page A-11 is based on the formula 146P! MP! _2.70P'S, MRS 6F P RT “i072 T T where: PY = 1g7 +P 7 Problem: What is the density of dry CH, if the temperature is 100 F and the gauge pressure is 15 pounds per square inch? Solution: Refer to the table on page A-8 for molecular weight, specific gravity, of individual gas constant. Connect 96.4 of the R scale with 100 on the temper ature scale, t, and mark the intersection with the index scale. Connect this point with 15 on the pressure scale, P. Read the answer, 0.08 pounds per cubic foot, on the weight density scale p. Weight Density of Ai a aie] ‘Weight Density of Air, in Pounds per Cubic Foot Temp. For Gauge Pressures Indicated (Based on an atmosphere pressure of 14.666 and a molecular weight of 2897) 5) 1] 2) 3 | #0 | so | 6 | 70 | #0 | 90 | 100 110 | 120 | 130) 140 pa | ps | et | ps | ax | pe | pw | at | pt ops | pe pw | pm | pe | pe 1087 | 1963/1918) 27 | 302387 aI | aT | TS | ET | Te | | Toes | 133s | ctove| az | 0p | 80 | tou | ee | “Sta | coos | Gao | Set | as | at | Be Hous | ais “tede| as | ot Sen | Sor | Sst | Se 2 | Sto | ees | Gap | 0 | 3S “Heda | “12e4| goa| 282 | aa | ue Jae | co | Stot | cB | “She | “Sas | Joo | Zea | Boe Hoos | deo | ‘19va| “Ba | ve | 330 | Seb a3 S| RE | 88 | | 288 | dose ase iar aad pase 3 pad oe se a ae are 7 toes | aid | izes 0 | 208 | ate | Ser ae Be Fea ost |g | ‘ters “ie | det | 32 | Ser A833) ot) oe | ae css | Hn | Thea | 318 | fee | ny | ee fe ie EE RT| oe Be (tore Ha Ne 283 |e | 38 te | BS |B | 8s 3 0907 i131 1890 3538s 4480 a1 |-8 | 78 | tebe | 18 | 8 or [Ge | et | Boe 5G | 2 ie | cons | Haea| “Hssr| ‘Toe. caus | Ber | 33, te ke 38S 001 2 3 .000s| 018 8 -0006| 0005 2 e@ -0004 O16 003 S 0002 ons 0001 012 .00008 00006 | 00005 og004 ol 0003 00002) 009 000 08 000008 000006 900008 f 7456 510 2 3 0 sow WO 100 200 300 Dats steacted from Fricion Factors for Pipe Flow by LF Pipe Diameter, in Inches ~d Problem: Determine absolute and relative roughness, and friction fac- Moody, with permission of the for fully turbulent flow in 1c-inch cast iron pipe (ILD. = 10.16") Sf Mcehanieal Eeginecrs Solution: Absolute roughness (6) = 0.00085... Relative roughness publ 29 West 39th Street, New York (¢/D) = 0.001... Friction fai tor at fully turbulent flow (f) = 0.0196.2 sh se 8 2 3 456 OI 2 SSE RI 2 TESS BI KZ RS £56 BY ay i af AL Lamiag 2°NE Pha ansiti0N, H — 0s 4 z 06 6s é os zit os 2 [3 | = = tt g 8 i g |: Friction 93 Relative a |e Factor = os Roughness = gS 0025] at > |e z ig m-p FE o = Bhs a if 8 8 0004 ” = ans| 9 (2 sve § |: oon g 2 m 2 i5 @ iz os zi 0001 @ |5 e £=00h001 £ =.000,005 Reynolds Number= 222 peel TD He Problem: ' 2 etermine the friction factor for 10-inch cast iron jaf ewe eS Seow: a. io pipe (10.16" 1.D.) at a Reynolds number flow of 30,000. = oe 2 Data extracted from Friction Factors for Pipe Flav by L. F, Moody, > Solution: The relative roughness (see page A-23) is ‘with pennission of the publisher, The American Society of Mechan- z 0.001. Then, the friction factor (f) equals 0.026. cal Engineers, 29° West 39ch Street, New York 18, N. Y. ™ BPesepeepewpewepeoenweeenewusseeeaeewenweeeeeaeneseweeawseaes &Geeeaessuauaw ww ee ee ie) a OT 06 05 = Hori Sp Dioner, sn, rene wate 2 0.25 0.30 va 4.0 P 3| Friction Factor = hy | Oa 015! Sehedue Hunter 0 + 8 OUTED F456 BI 2 F456 BI 2 3456 SI 2 3456 G1" 7 9456 B10 Re ~ Reynolds Nunber =" He For othe forme of the Re equotien, see page 3-2. Problem: Determine the friction factor for 12-inch Sched- Solution: ule 40 pipe at a flow having a Reynolds number of 300,000. ‘The friction factor (f) equals 0.016. 2dld YOu] 1YBNOIM PUD JaeIg |DPsEWWWOD UDEID 40} s10>PY UONID!1y 3NV¥D 3ald ONY “SONILIID SIATVA 20 SDILSTHRISYAVHD MOW ONY SIMI FO SBILNBAOW TVSISMNE ~V KIONSWSY wvA=26 APPENDIK AW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE CRANE Resistance in Pipe Resistance Due to Sudden Enlargements and Contractions” | Sudden enlargement: The resist- | | ance coefficient K for a sudden en- 10 largement from Ginch Schedule 40 pipe to 12-inch Schedule 40 pipe is 0.9) 0.55, based on the 6-inch pipe size dy _ 6065 _ a 1 & ~ 11938 ~ 95! 20.7 a” Sudden contraction: The resist- 20g ance coefficient K for a sudden con- 30 traction from 12-inch Schedule 40 8. PP ee pipe to 6-inch Schedule 4o pipe is 0.33, g 05 | based on the 6-inch pipe size. S + A 8065 _ é =e a 11938 ~ 9! 9.3 TION SURPEN FONTRAE TiO) Note: The values for the resistance 0.2 | coefficient, K, are based on velocity f | in the small pipe. To determine K Ol ay values in terms of the greater diam- x ¥ eter, multiply the chart values by 0 (do/'ds)*. Or K=o78 ward Projecting Pipe Entrance 0.2 05 04 0.5 06 0.7 0.50 Shore Edged Entrance k=10 Shore Edged Ex h/day Resistance Due to k= 023 Slightly Rounded Entrance k= 10 Rounded eit 0F 08 10 ipe Entrance and Exit Problem: Determine the total re- sistance coefficient for a pipe one diameter long having a sharp edged entrance and a sharp edged exit. Solution: The resistance of pipe one diameter long is small and can be neglected (K= f L/D). From the diagrams, note Resistance for a sharp edged entrance Resistance for a sharp edged e3 Then, the total resistance, K, for the pipe 05CRANE APPENDIX APAYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-27 Resistance of Bends Resistance of 90 Degree Bends” 8 ‘The chart at the right shows the resistance of 90 degree bends to the flow of fluids in 4 terms of equivalent lengths of straight pipe Resistance of bends greater than go degrees is found using the formula Ee Rein—(Re®) 1x = total number of 90° bends in coil total resistance due to one 90° bend, in L/D resistance due to length of one 90° bend, in L/D Ry = bead resistance due to one 90° bend, in L/D Problem: Determine the equivalent lengths o in pipe diameters of a go degree bend and a 28 es 270 degree bend having a relative radius of 12 _ Solution: Referring to the “Total Resist- a a ance" curve, the equivalent length for a 90 degree bend is 34.5 pipe diameters The equivalent length of a 270 degree bend is: L/D = 34.5 + (3-1) [18.7 + (15.8 + 2)] L/D = 87.7 pipe diameters Note: This loss is less than the sum of losses 3 through three 90 degree bends separated by tangents. For “resistance of bends theory see page 2-12, 12 1/D ~ Equivalent Length, in Diameters CChort for Resistance of 90 Degr Brom Prepare Late fr Fluid Flow in 99 Depee Pipe 7 4 6 8 W We 2 ra bt cj, Courtesy of Journal of Research la of Natinal Bureau’ of Seandords, Val. 21, July, 1958 Heleva Radi, £4 64 sq Resistance of Miter Bends‘ The chart at the lower right shows the re- sistance of miter bends to the flow of fluids. ‘The chart is based on data published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) a Problem: Determine the equivalent length in pipe diameters of a 40 degree miter bend. = Equivalent Length, in Diameters Solution: Referring to the “Total Resist- ance” curve in the chart, the equivalent length is 12 pipe diameters. L/D w 20 30 «4 ~DSCSCSSCC @ ~ Deflection Angle, in DegreesTypes of ValvesOi) it aa Beupaeastsuvurtprnwy ww - CRANE arrenowx ND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF Types of ValvesA-30 APPENDIX A— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIE CRANE Schedule (Thickness) of Steel Pipe Used in Obtaining Resistance Of Valves and Fittings of Various Pressure Classes by Test* Valve or Fitting ‘Schedule No. ASA Pressure Classifics of Pipe *These schedule numbers have been arbi- (Steam Rating) (Taickness) trarily selected only for the purpose of identifying the various pressure classes )-Pound and Lower Schedule 40 of valves and fittings with specific 300-Pound to 600-Pound Schedule 80 pipe dimensions for the interpretation 900-Pound Schedule 120 Of flow test data; they should not be 1500-Pound Schedule 160 ec as construed as a recommendation for | x (Double Extra Strong) installation purposes. ‘Schedule 160 2500-Pound Representative Equivalent Length’ in Pipe Diameters (L/D) Of Various Valves and Fittings Equivalent Length Description of Product in Pipe Diameters = batt = Ld} ] Stem Perpendie- | Withno obstruction in fla, bevel, or plug ype seat, Fully open 0 Globe |__ lar to'Run | With wing or pin guided dice __Fullyopen | ___ 450 Valves (No obstruction in fat, bevel, or plug type seat) Y-Pattern | — With stem 60 degrce from eu of pipe line Bully open ws - "__| = Wien stem 45 depres from run of pipe Ine Fully open 145 | With no obstruction in flat, bevel, or plug type seat Fully open 145 _ eae veles | With wing or pin guided disc Fully open 200 Fully open B eae, Dis Three quarters open 3s Double Disc, One-half open 16 Gate One-quarter open 300 Valves Fully open 7 ig Bowe Three-quarters open Ey One-half open 269 ___ One quarter open. 120 Conduit Pipe Line Fully open | = Conventional Swing O54. Fully open 135 check | Clearway Swing 054. Fully open =» Cheek | Globe Lift or Stop; Stem Perpendicular to Run or Y-Pattera Zot. “Fully open | Same as Globe aves | Angle Lift or Stop 2.0f...Fully open ‘Same as Angle In-Line Ball 25 vertical and 0.25 hori Fully open 150 raves with Strainer | With poppet li-type dise Fully open 0 Root Naties with 38 With leather-hinged cise Fully open 75 Butterfly Valves @-inch and larger) Fully open |____40 Straight-Through | Rectangular plug port area equal to 100% of pipe area Fully open | 18 Cocks Rectangular plug port ir Flow steaight dhrough “ TeSwe cctangular plug port area equal to low straight throug ¥ | 800% of pipe area (fully open) ___ Flow through branch wm 90 Degree Standard Elbow 0 45 Degree Standard Elbow 6 90 Degree Long Radius Elbow 20 90 Degree Street Elbow Ey Fittings| 45 Degree Street Elbow % | Square Corner Elbow 2 w. vandard Tee | With flow dhrough run 20 SeeeeeT With flow through branch 0 ‘Clese Pattern Return Bend — ! ® | 90 Degree Pipe Bends ‘See Page A27 Pipe | Miter Bends See Page A-2 Sudden Enlargements and Contractions See Page 426 Entrance and Exit Losses a - See Page 4-26 **Exace equivalent length is Minimum calculated pressure Fo limitations, see_ page ‘equal o the length between rop (pa) across valve to provide Dt. For effect of end fRngelaces or welding ends. Sulleient flow tole cise Tully ‘ornections, sce page 210 For eeditonce factor “K", equivalent length infest of pipe, ond equivalent ew cooficiont "Cx", see pages A3T ond 32.CRANE __Avrenoix A—PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE A-31 *Equivalent Lengths L and L/D and Resistance Coeffi Problem: Find the equivalent length in pipe dlameters and feet of Schedule 40 pipe, and the resistance factor K for 1) 3, and 12-inch fully-opened gate valves. “Forbin ne, #00 poge 2-11 LID SS L/D ~ Equivalent Length, in Pipe Diameters Valve Size int K [1 | Referto B 13_| Dotted lines O20[ 0.17 |_on chare.ICS OF VALVES, FITINGS, AND Flee CRANE A-32 APPENDIX A— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERIS “Equivalents of Resistance Coefficient K And Flow Coefficient Cy 4 Flow coefficient Cy is 1200 (see dotced line shown con chart above). For limitations, see pege 2-11 ag ' . 8 a K Ce a pul -0,000 a EF so,000 F-so,o00 a 8 a a a a a ae = S a 30) ¢ = Fan 3 2 Ss a Lan 2 3 2 3 = 2 a Emm & Bip) 3 3 e44.¢ a 2 & tue 1 g ] 3 . 3 Z,+: F ! = 8 : ' Fs ae a FE? Cw s Es : a ee Broblem: Find the eauivlent length in pipe Ee jameters, the resistance cocficient Rand the E flow coeticient Cy for an Sinch, 125-pound Eo! a Popactenn globe valve with stem €0 egress om Es 6 un of valve . E Solution: Equivalent length in pipe diameters F2 E°175 (eaken from table shown on Page A030) 2 Resistance factor bused on Schelpe 25 taken from chart shown on preceding Page Ly 8 a aEngineering Data Flow problems are encountered in many fields of engineering; therefore, a wide choice of terminology prevails. Terms most widely accepted in the fluid dynamics field have been employed in this paper. In the event problems are expressed in units other than used in this paper, tables and nomographs are provided for conversion Other useful engineering data are presented to pro- vide direct solutions to frequently ig factors appearing in flow formulas, as well as complete solutions to water and air flow pressure drop problems, APPENDIX BB-2 APPENDIX 8~ ENGINEERING BATA CRANE Equivalent Volume and Weight Flow Rates of Compressible Fl qi din gh w Sy ‘1000- 60,000 I> 800. 10,000 4 1000; 40,000 [8000 254 eo | Of F-so0o | = +—30,000 5000 wv a 0 — 000 | 3000 Shey, a 400— [ = 0.0764 q's Sy 20-4 | p00 1804's Sy ns of Cubic Feet per Day at Standard Co 4H ~ Rate of Flow, in / ~ Rate of Flow, in Thousards of Cubic Feet per How at Standard Conditions n 1 W’ = Rate of Flow, in Thousands of Pounds per Hour where ba = weight density of air at standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60 F) Problem: Wha is the rate of, fox in pounds per hour of @'gas, which his a Specific gravity of 0.78, and js flowing at the rate-of 1.000.000 cubie feet per hour at standard conditions? Solution: W = 60,000 pounds per hourCRANE APPENDIX B— ENGINEERING DATA, Equivalents of Absolute Viscosity Rosstata Zam = Sigs Foun D ee Sentipa Pet Ft Sec Ft Sec Viscosity Gram. *Pound; See Poundal See Sasa re Fe Dyne See cat 1 amy | wn om Gntipose | | 1 oi 20909 | 67200) Poise | Sram fe | am, 10 1 2.09 40) oer Dyne See Cnt | Siu 1 + ne / mc | WS 7500 ” 1 gor322 Fe | Pounds Fs 1 | riod Prundal Ges (ue) | 1487 14.87 : 0311 1 ae “Pound;= Pound of Force To convert absolute or dynamic viscosity from one set of units to another, locate the given set of unite in the left hand column and multiply the numerical value by the factor shown horizontally to the right under the set of units desired. Pound, = Pound of Mass As an example, suppose a given absolute viscosity of 2 poise is to be converted to slugs/foot second, By referring to the table, we find the conversion factor to be 2.09 (10°8). Then, 2 (poise) times 2.09 (108) = 4.18 (10-8) = 0.00418 slugs/foot second. Equivalents of Kinematic Viscosity ines Centistokes | o) | Centivokes | © |_| 1.076 (10-) Seokes | Gar | 00s) 100 1 1.076 10-4) ‘Sec | | E [oe | em | w 1 To convert kinematic viscosity from one set of units to another, locate the given set of units in the left hand column and multiply the numerical value by the factor shown horizontally to the right, under the set of units desired For conversion from kinematic to absolute viscosity, As an example, suppose a given kinematic viscosity of 0.5 square foot /second is to be conversed to centi- stokes. By referring to the table, we find the con- version factor to be g2,900. Then, 0.5 (sq ft/sec) times 92,900 = 46,450 centistokes,B-4 APPENDIX B— ENGINEERING DATA Equivalents of Kinematic and Saybolt Universal Viscosity Eq alents of Kinematic CRANE and Saybolt Furol Viscosity “Kinematic uivalent Saybolt Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt Centistokes AclOOF | At2i0F Centistokes At 122 F : ase as 183 | 32.01 32.23, 4B 5.3 | + 2a BB $ ie | OBE Ba 3 a8 6.0 45.56 45.88, 2 35.1 80 32.08, Bas = | 26 10 0 58.91 59.32 0 | A Bo 333 333 io 2 ae 19 as B ay 280 1193 201 i 30.0 141.3 142.3 is — 380 1? 13 20) 35.0 bo i863 ie 33 182 80 st nos 3 isa w Boat 500 224 238 Bo 34 Be 30) us oo 33 30 3 ie oo sora as 3 13s 500 sad 383 B eo | 75.0 347.6 350.0 = 1598.8 a0 308 38 2 20-6 | 850 333 3967 2 14 90.0 417.1 420.0 = MAL 30 | 440.3 44 235.9 oo a3 667 3 383 130 3 05 H 140.0 648.9 653.4 aid m3 109 i 600 283.1 180.0 834.2 625 294.9 | | Ea oe? 2000 216.9 & sib 300 wise Hoo nes 70 3302 Hoo Hose ie 325 00 839 @ 383 3 3888 s00 9 1a904 3200 1383-1 aio wt 3400 1575.8, 85 00.3 3600 1668:5 _|Saybott Seconds 89 ns 380.0 1761.2 equal 875 a | enlaces i: 400 ss9 | mds ~ as pa Bee | os B63 oo 2383 a wey oo 3330 ee Bae 1000 a7 iio Bin ios a toa gi Saybole Seconds a a over soo | SPs : | cordate 110 sis Seo is Boe pan | 1180 S24 Note: To obtain the Saybolt Universal viscosity AUS: bee equivalent toa Kinematic Visosity determined at be 6.0 | multiply the equivalent Saybele Universal viscosity Bs zs | a€ 10D Fby 1 0 ~ 100) 000 Os 25 so For example, 10. at 210 F are equivalent to 5891 160 ot trultiplied by 1.0070 or 39.32 ce Saybole Universal Se Tied ‘i ; m20F These tables are reprinted with the permission 0 the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) ‘The table at the left was abstracted from Table | D2161-65T. The table at the right was abstracted from Table 3, D2161-63T. Saybolt Fluid See = Centistokes x 0. fOVER 1300 CENTISTOKES AT 210 F Log (Saybolt Furol 10876 [Log (CeCRANE Saybolt Fuol Viscosity, in Sesonds in Seconds Saytnlt Universal Viscosi asses im Equivalents of Kinematic, Saybolt Universal, in /Lb-Sec/Ft? or Slups/Ft-Sec Saybolt Furol, and Absolute Viscosity APPENDIX 8 — ENGINEERING DATA, naw The empirical relation between Saybolt Universel Viscosity and Saybolt Furol Viscosity at 100 F and 122 F, respectively and Kinematic Viscosity is taken from A.S.T.M. D2161-63T. At other temperatures, the Saybolt Viscosities vary only slightly. Saybolt Viscosities above those shown are given by the rela- tionships Saybolt Universal Seconds = Centistokes x 4.6347 Saybolt Furol Seconds = Centistokes x 0.4717 oe & g 2-#aé Bo Problem 1; Determine the absolute viscosity of an oll which hes a kinematic viscosky of 82 tentistokes and a specific gravity of 0.83 Solution 1: Cones 82 on the kine vis coxity seale with 08 on the specie. ravi Scale! red 67 centipoie at the tneersecion on q the absolute viscosty seal. Problem 2: Detemine the absolute vioslty of an cil having a specie gravity of 0.8) and @ SSpbole Furol viseoity of 40 second oss Solution 2: Connect 0.83 on the spocife gravity Scale with 40 seconds onthe Saytole Furl scales fead_ 67 centipoise atthe intersection on the absolute Vsconty scaleTEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHET oe a -m ut 9a mm» w wo x : ‘sen i ao 9 9 28 ae o_o oo sum Ht | AS.T.M. STANDARD VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARTS: FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (0 341) oo MRT B:SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL VISCOSITY, ABRICGED 0.000 = (This A.S.T.M. chart is used to determine the viscosity of a : : Ces pen Say eae Wad ey Ete BiG hettts towne Wit tt Si Gert A itty Tempetue ccs, on pec en “sel, the eaing cave © grag fie, Carman . 300 {Pe arty tons. Koen tee fant, EY ate SH don"t ine Gomeeing he 20 Regier, Beta etna re i ‘ages bruce he Cll felt an el Boing pane) (This chart was reproduced by permission of : %9 he‘Rinria Sie for Testing Matersis) s oun tts iy it 0 sie o 0 ~ oF 3 3s = ie 5 0 mae oe [§ 5 om og 3 |: Zw we Roe s [er ise | 2 a 3 Ed wm 3 z 50 wy Sa ge og 8 fe ae ™s 8 |g HS st 2 gs 8 5 Ban banaer-| 2 ° 2 LT ig = 5 ap oe we ww mw WO Te x TH WH Iw Mo mm WH Ii M0 BO ZA D0 0 20 to WO BW 20 Ho I ID mI 10 3 Es Pie ‘TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FANRENMET ‘sia tote Bese ewpaoweeoeseveseaneeeeeseeweeweseeeeeeeeaeew aes &CRANE APPENDIX ENGINEERING DATA B-7 Gravity, Weight Density, and Pounds Per Gallon at 60F/60F Degrees) Values for API Scale ar on Tied sot | Gpeaee [Wap Pama | apeane Is aa ale. | Gravity | Density, “per | Gravity | Density, | “per. | Gravity | Density, - Seal | UDbFe” | Galion Tb/Fe | Gallon UIBFE | cailon $ i s ~ | s z ° [1.0000 | 2.26 | s.aay 5 (rein | eae | 8a > i | | Koa | Std | 838 : é | | | oie | sscoe | S067 8 Kosa | Sion | 8:82 8 10 | 1.0000 8.37 | 1.0000 | ors | 66.99 | 8.955 1 | ocseer S| ocaees Cove | 6733 | 8.088 > |) overs siias || O'3722 iio | $038. 2 1 | 0:sg3 Fans |) 9°368 Kiso | foto 8:34 is |) ovsees Fao |) 913389 tui | Fn) 338 2 20 | oss40 | 2787 |) 0.9933 11600 | 72.38 | 9.6 : 53% | oan ti | 38s Pier |) O:a0at Tiss | 7433 | 9°380 Piso |) Ocear4 Kuss | 73°93 | 10.199 F380 |) 0.886! Ks | 9933 | 10.382 7.305 |) 0.8730 1.2009 | 78.64 10.512 pas |) ose 12se | Goce} | toseae Pie |) O'ass7 Tang | star | fossa Pas |) O88 13903 | 8188 | TBS seo |) 0:8333 131) Skat | ther 879 |) o.sn3s | vaso | 86.13) 11.813 8.303 |) O'sia0 Kane | aap | Ig eye |) O:s0ie Tage | 86:83 | I1°go0 bieie | 8.7388 Kio | Sse | 10 bisa | OcFaes tis | 332 | ibe 5.499 | 0.7778 1a | 9519 az size |) 8.7008 test | S73 | 136 e359 |) 0:7603 Tse | 9037 13.3et Ser |) O7eer soe | oreo 13.383 ens |) Oa | Toeer | 10538 | 18:88 | 160 |) 0.7358 | 7s | 106.39 14.222 : oF Keo | tases | 138 o7at6 toon | inet | 1gee | e783 Kasse | tase | 18:30 | ofan rast | HH 1828 | 0.7000 | 1903 | os7 | 16.118 cesar | oe863 oce750 ocerst | 5 80 | 0.6690 | 0.6667 S| occezs 06604 s | oceeen se | oceeoe 0.688 8 | oceue oreta2 | 5 20 | 0.6388 0.6364 sce | o:4306 5 % | Stes | cease % | oceaz0 | oceiss % | ocstee o.6t40 s we | oe | | | SeerB-8 APPENDIX 8 — ENGINEERING DATA Steam Data Boiler Capacity The output of a steam generating plant is often expressed in pounds of steam delivered per hour. Since the steam out put may vary in temperature and pressure, the boiler capac- ity is more completely expressed as the heat transferred in Btu per hour. Boiler capacity is usually expressed as kilo Btu (kB) /hour which is 1000 Btu/hour, or mega Btu (mB)/ hour which is 1,000,000 Btu/hour. The boiler capacity is W the = hd jn kilo Beu/hour hy hy change in enthalpy, Buu/lb ‘An older expression of boiler capacity in terms of an irra- tional unit called “boiler horsepower” may be expressed Wilh, = hp 970.3% 34.5 That is, one boiler horsepower is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at Standard Atmospheric Pressure and a temperature of 212 F. 1 boiler horsepower = (horsepower) (13.1547) 1 boiler horsepower = 33475 Beu/br horsepower 778.2 felb 252 calories 1 kwehe = 5412.20 Bea 1 Btw CRANE Horsepower of an Engine P = Mean effective pressure per square inch of the steam on the piston L = Length of stroke, in feet A = Area of piston, in square inches N = Number of strokes per minute then, PLAN Horsepower = === ‘The approximate mean effective pressure in the cylinder when the valve cuts off 1 stroke, equals steam pressure x .597 ¥g stroke, equals steam pressure x .670 46 stroke, equals steam pressure x .743 stroke, equals steam pressure x .847 § stroke, equals steam pressure x .919 stroke, equals steam pressure x .937 stroke, equals steam pressure x .966 stroke, equals steam pressure x .992 RT Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers (For Ee Simple Non-Condensing Engines Simple Non-Condensing Automatic Engines Simple Non-Condensing Corliss Engines Compound Non-Condensing Engines. Compound Condensing Engines Simple Duplex Steam Pumps Turbines, Non-Condensing Turbines, Condensing. Quality of Steam... 2 = where, 45 pounds per H. P. hour 26 to 40 pounds per H. P. hour 35 pounds per H. P. hour 28 pounds per H. P. hour 12 to 22 pounds per H. P. hour 120 to 200 pounds per H. P. hour 21 to 45 pounds per H, P. hour gto 32 pounds per H. P. hour hy) 100 fe hy = heat of liquid, in Beu/Ib latent heat of evaporat ‘A, = total heat of steam, in ion, in Beu/Ib Buu/Ib) Beuseausun 8 CRANE APPENDIX 8 — ENGINEERING DATA B-9 Power Required for Pumping Gals. ] ‘Theoretical Horsepower Required to Raise Water (at 60 F) ai - ‘To Different Heighes 1] 2] a) 2%] 25 | 2%) a8] ao | fs | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 5 [0.06] o.oa| ova] o.as) oa] os) 04 0.081] «0870.08 0.76| uae] o.101| ota] 0.136 15 |/0.019] 0.038} 0057| 0.076) 0.085] 0.114) 0.133] 0.182| 0-171) 0.190| 0.227) 0:268| 0.303| o.s41| 0.379 25 | 0.032| 0.063) 0.095] 0.126) 0.158] 0.190) 0.221] 0.253) 0.284] 0.316 0.379| 0.442| 0.505| 0.568) 0.632 45 | 0.057) 0.114) 0.171) 0.227) 0.512) 0.568 0.682) 0.796] 0.910/ 1.023) 1.137 300 | 0.379| 0.758] 1.137] 1.516) 3.411 4.548) 5.305) 6.063) 6.821) 7.579 300 || 0.632| 1.263] 1.895| 2.526 5.684! 7.879] 8.842|10.11 [11.37 | 12-63 Nan. || feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet HORSEPOWER = 33 000 ft-lb/min 5 [ost o.19] 02a 0.40 00s 390 os ftdbfsee 10 || 0.316| 0.379] 0.442) 0.884) 1.011 2544-4) on 15 || 0.474] 0.568] 0.663) 1.326] 1.516 745-7 watts 2 [occ ose ose Lialata, (up). as” Bee 25 || 0.790| 0.947] 1.10s| 2.211| 2.526 (bhp) = (whp) + ¢, = QHp + 247 000€, 30 || 0.947| 1.137] 1.326| 2.653] 3.032 (e,) = ee + 247 000 (bhp) 45 | 1.421) 1.705] 1.990) 3.979] 4.948 op = pump emeiency 60 || 1.895] 2.274] 2.6531 5.305] 6.063 Creal ethene (es) sakes into account all 70 |) 2!211| 2:683] 3.095 6.190] 7,074 losses in the pump and driver. 80 || 2.526) 3.032] 3.537) 7.074] 8.084 lett 90. || 2.842) 3.411] 3.979 7.988| 9.095 Where: ep = driver efficiency 100 || 3.158] 3.790] 4.421 8.842/10.11 Se en ee 125 || 3.948) 4.737| 5.527] 11.05 [12.63 ey = volumetric efficiency Fp tend Gi 150 || 4.737| 5.684] 6.632] 13.26 |is.re —_ev(%) = SEs pene epleeerens (OO) 200 | 6.316) 7.579] 8.842|10.11 |12. 17.68 |20.21 Note: For fluids other than water, multiply 250 | 7.895] 9.474] 11.05 |12.63 |15. 22.11 |25.26 table values by specific gravity. In pumping liquids with a viscosity considerably higher 550 fos (isc lisse [ize [zac {aes [aoc (as-ay - fB89 that of water, the pump capacity and 3 fies [ussae[isceg [tock [izas [toe OC fabier ete are ceserd | To calculate chef $00 |i5.79 |18.95 |22.11 ‘31.58 |37.90 [44.21 |50.83 ROWS OT Sue Seo aeaae Specie gravity of woletev on... Specife grovty of ligule other thon wate spoge Ab pege AT. be added to the elevation head to obtain the total head; this value is inserted in the first horsepower equation given above.Measure Lin, Lin Imm mm 1 micron Ltore 10" torr Lie Lit 1 sq. in. Tsq'cm Teqcm Isai 254mm 254.em, 003937 in, (0.00328 fe 0000001 meter 1mm mercury = 1 atom merctiry 304.8 mm = 30.48 em, 6.4516 sq em = 05155 sain, =, o-00108 eg fe = 929.03 sq cm Circumference APPENDIK 8 — ENGINEERING DATA CRANE 1 kg = 2.206 tb Tcuin. of water (60 F) = 0.073551 cu in. of mercury (32 F) 1 cuin. of mercury (32 F) = 13.59 cu in. of water (60 F) Lewin. of mercury (32 F) = 0.4905 Ib Velocity 1 ft per see = 0.3048 m per see im per sec = 3.2808 ft per see Density 1b per cu in. = 27.68 gram per eu em Otialetnelesesdencmt 1 gr per cucm = 0.03613 Ib per eu in, ecaroferntcsiov x9 1lb percuft = 16.0184 kg per cum 9 Ikgpercum = 0.06243 Ib per cu ft Physical Constants Base of Natural Logarithms (e) 2.718281 8285 Acceleration of Gravity (g) 32.174 ft/sec! (980.665 cm/sec) Pi (=) 3.141.592.6536 Degrees Degrees Degrees, _ Degrees Kelvin Rankine Centigrade Fahrenheit Absolute Zero. 0 0 273.16 — 459.69 Water Freezing Point (14.696 psia) 273.16 491.69 ° 32 Water Boiling Point (14.696 psia) 373.16 671.69 100 212 Equivalents of Temperature To convert degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit: be 184, +32 To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade: ~-one-thous “one-tenth, citer. = -one-quintillionth. s-ene-quadrillionth.. “one-trillionth, . “one-billionth. ‘one-millionth. “one-hundredth . one hundred. Mone thousand. fone million... 2...ccoe sone billion... ses. Sone trillion Where: temperature, in degrees Centigrade 0.000 000 000 000 000 001. ..10 10.000 000 000 000 001.......10-15 ae 0.000 000 000 O01......2.5.:10!2 sesseee 0.000 000 001... 210: i 0.900 001. s10-6 0.001 10-3 oot od 19 10.0 -++ 1000 1000.00 “1 000 000.9, s+-.1 000 000 000.0, 1/000 000 000 000.0 andth Beeseeeseeweeeeewsaeaeswo = Ss 3 CRANE APPENDIX 8 ENGINEERING DATA B-11 Equivalents of liquid Measures and Weights Liquid Measure | us. | impeit | us, | us. | us. | | iter | cubic Gailon | "lion | Bint | Pound (Cubic Foot Cubic tach Sicter weighe | Wee | : | US. Gallon 1 | oss | 8 s.sxy | o.ssa68 | mn | 3.7533 [o.ooares Temper Gatlon | 20 | 19.6 | 30, otsost az7.t2 | 4.81595 cots US. Pint ons | oto | 1.02 | o.oisr1 | 22.075 | 0.473106 0.000473 US. Pound Water*|) 0.11995 | 0.1 0.959 | 1 | 0.016035 | 27.708 | 0.45405 [0.000454 US. Cubic Foot |] 7.49052 | o.zm08 59.840 | eras | ot 728 28.31702 [0.028317 US. Cubic Inch |] 0.004229 | 0.00361 | 0.004652) 0.00609| 0.0005787/ 1 0.016387 00000168 a amis) eis) toes) tam | omssst| Lox) 1 eaten Cubic eter |r. n1a.969 110.34 zam. a ae o.ak ower T Barrel = # gallons (petroleurn measure) Protiem: Solution: , How many British Imperial Gallons are equivalent The imperial Gallon equivalent of 1 U.S. Gallon is to 10 US. Gallons? 0.833, Then, 10x 8855. — 833 Imperial Gallons Equivalents of Pressure and Head Presure | | De te ie | mm = tofins | twtr | Atmore | ugiem* | g/m | water | water | meftury | mercury Head pheres | (OF) | @OF) | (G2F) | (G2F) tbsine 1 144 |o.oss046 |o.e70307 | 703.067 | 27.707 | 2.3039 | 2.03001 | 51.7148 byte 0065445 1 | 0.000873 0.000488 | 4.88241) 0.19241 | 0.01609 | 0.014138) 0.35813 Atmospheres |14.696 2116.22 1 |1.0352 0332.27 or.t7—|s3.91 |26.921 700. ka/em (14.2234 2048.17 0.9676 | 1 (tooo, 394.08 |az.e40 28.989 735.559 kg/m? 0.001822 0,204817|.0000%68 0.0001 1 | 0.03941 | 0.002284) 0.002896) 0.073556 in, water | 0.036002 5.1972 [0.002486 0.00283. | 25.275 1 | 0.08333 | 0.073483] 1.8665 fewatert | 0.435103 62.3666 |o.02941 o.0n04s | 04.50 |12. | 1 | 86180 | 22.3980 in. mercury} | 0.491157 | 70.7265 0.030421 0.00459 | 345.316 | 13.608 | 1.190 | | 25.40005 ram mercuryt| 0.0199968 2.78450 /0, 0013158 0.0013595 | 13,59509) 0.595764) 0.049647 | 0.03657 1 waver a SOF Warcury a 2 Problem: Solution: How many’ inches of mercury are equivalent to 10-inch of water is equal to 0.073483 inch mercury. inches of water? ‘hen. 10 x.0.073483 = 0.73485 inch mercury Te convert from one set of units to another, locte the given voit in the left hond column, ond multiply the numerical value by the foe- for shown horizontelly 10 the right, under the set of unite desied.AFPENOIK B— ENGINEERING DATA CRANE Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10 The logarithms to base 10 of numbers between 1 and 10, correct to four places, are given in the tables shown on this and the following page. If the decimal point in the number is moved n places to the right (or left), the value of n (or —n) is added to the logarithm, thus log 3.14 =0.4969 log 314. =0.4969-+2 or 24969 log .0314= 0.49692, which may be written 7.4969 ‘or 8.496910 If the given number has more than four significant figures, it should be reduced to four figures, since those beyond four figures will not affect the result in four-place computations. The logarithm of a number having four significant figures must be interpolated by adding to the loga- rithm of the three figure number, the amount under the fourth figure, as read in the proportional parts section of the table. Thus, the logarithm of 3.1416 is found as follows a, Reduce the number to four significant figures: 3.142 b. The log of 3.14 is 4969 «The value of the proportional part under 2 (che foureh gure) is 3 4. Then, the log 3.142 =0.4969-+.0003 or 0.4972 Natural logarithms: Many calculations make use of natural logarithms (Base ¢ = 2.7183). To con- vert base 10 (common) logerithms to natural loga- rithms, multiply the value for the former by 2.30258. Natural logarithms are also called Hyperbolic or Naperian logarithms. log ab=log a+tlog b log "=n log a a yu loga log §=log a—log b log Ya= "8% ] | ] Proportional Parts »]elelelelelelelele]- | 123456789 000 | 0043 | 0086 | o128 | o170 | oni2 | 0253 | o7o4 | oss4 | 037 | 4 8 12 17 21 25 20 33. 37 0414 | 0453 | 0492 | 0531 0569 0607 | 0645 0682 | 0719 0755 | 4 8 11 15 19 23 26 30 34 0792 | 0828 | god | 0899 0994 | 0960 | Loos | Toss | 072 | W100 | 3 7 1014 17 2134 28 SE 1139 | Tizs | 1900 | 1239 | Tart | f303 | igss | ier | 1990 | 1430 | 3 6 1013 46 19 2 26 29 | wsor | 1492 | 1523 | 1853 | 1504 | Lele | toss | 1673 | 1703 | 1732 | 3 6 '9 12 18 18 21 24 27 1.5 | 1761 | 1790 | 1818 | 1847 | 1875 | 1903 | 1931 | 1959 | 1987 | 2014 || 3 6 8 11 14:17 20 22 25, 16 | 208 | 2068 | 3095 | 2122 | d148 | 2173 | g201 | 2x7 | 255 | Jove | 3 3 8 1113 16 18 21 28 UZ | 3304 | 2830 | 3385 | 2580 | dans | 2430 | 2495 | d480 | 2508 | 3529 | 2 3 7 10:12 15 17 20 22 18 | 3883 | 572 | door | do2s | dois | de72 | 369s | 718 | 2742 | 3765 | 2 3 7 '9 12 14 16 19 21 13 | i788 | dato | 3833 | 2856 | 2878 | 2800 | 3923 | 2648 | 2967 | 3989 | 2 4 7 9:11 13 16 18 20 2.0 | so10 | 3032 | 305s | 3075 | 3096 | surg | s139 | 3160 | sign | 3201 |) 2 4 6 811 a3asa719 E21 | Sanp | S243 | 326s | 3204 | 3308 | 328 | Sues | Sses | Sues | S40a | 2 4 6 81012 14 16 18 3:2 | Mad | 344s | Ses | 343 | 3502 | 3522 | Sear | 3500 | 3579 | Seve 2 4 6 8 1012 Wis 7 33 | S617 | Seae | Bess | Sera | Boor | rit | S709 | Gray | See | yes | 2 4 6 7 TT Gis 34 | 3802 | 3820 | 3838 | 3as0 | Sara | Sor | 3909 | Sozr | 304s | 3902 | 24° 7 911 Ide 2.5 | 3979 | 3997 | ors | soar | 404s | a06s | 4os2 | so9 | ise | ais) 2 3 5 7 910121815 2 4150 | 4166 | 4183 | 4200 | 4216 | 4232 | 4249 | 4765 | 4281 | 4298 | 2 3 5 7 8 101113 15 37 | Asis | $330 | ose | S302 | $378 | 95 | Sano | $895 | digo | dase | 233 6 8 8138 3: | Gaze | Saar | 450n | S318 $555 | dus | 50s | S579 | 4508 | S60 | 23 3 6 8 SUID 29 | 4624 | $639 | 465s | S609 | Goes | does | 4713 | S728 | S72 | er | 13:46 7 81012 3.0, | azz | 4786 | 4800 | asia | 4829 | seas | esr | sa71 | 480 | 4900 1 3 4 6 7 91013 S1 Sora | Has | ote | Ses | Soe9 | fos | door | Gort | Get | oe 3 ee see 3:2 | 051 | S0es | sora | Sooo | Sios | Siro | Siaz | Stas | Sis0 | S72 1:34:87 8 S11 B33 | I8s | Stee | sali | Sis | Say | Sano | saeh | Suze | sono | Sa? 1 3 4g 8 S10 Sa | SNE | SG | Bu | SBE) BS | Be | BS] es | | BES a ae 3b $563 S573 | S587 | 5599 | Soli | So25 | S0as | Sosy S038 | S60 | 1 2 45 6 7 SOIL 33 | S082 | S004 | S705 | S717 | 729 | sao | g750 | S703 | S773 | Sr | 12:3 5 6 7 81910 3° | $798 | Ssoo | Seni | S432 Saas | 5455 | Saoo | Serr Sees | 5099 12:35 67 § 910 3:9 | sort | S92 | S003 | So4s 555 | S060 | Serr | Soe S099 | G10 | 12:33 $7 § 810 n jo | |CRANE APPENDIX 8 — ENGINEERING DATA, Four-Place Logarithms to Base 10 — continued Proportional Parts 234567 6021 6031 | 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 61076117 6128 6138 614961606170 6180 191 620162126222 6274 62846294 630463146325 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395. 6405 HIS 6425 6435 644d © 6434 dod 6474484 64936503513. 6522, 6571 6580 65906599 6609 6618 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6717 6758 6767676 | 6185-6794 6803 6848 6857 6865 68756884 6895 6937 6946 6955 6964 69726981 7024 7033 7042 | 7050 7059 7067 4 45 i 78 £ 73 © a3 & 18 45 45 a 73 G 23 i ia a3 v4 5.0 345 BY ais FS SERS AS aE ub Ass | jane | fate | Fas fae 738 345 3 Bis Fi fase Fat Fos Bale 343 He Fike | Tot Fan Faeo | 7388 P86 348 55 7435 743 HSL 759 7458 TE «1:22: SS BE ee ee ee gS Hs Fear | eae Jer feiss Fer 1:22:34 88 He Foot Jorn | fers Taso fee tt Tt 3G aS 55 ee ee ee 6.0 710 7818 | 795 732 | 7839 THE Odd1:2:38 4a 8S st a ee eee o2 esr 7080 | foee | gars | you | four | 112334866 83 Soi Goes | Goss Gat fos Sass | 112334858 a soe | S050 | Sod $109 Sie si | 1233488 6 6.5 suse | siez | 169 size | sis2 sg | 11233455 6 6.6 8222 | 8228 | 8235 8241 | 8248 8254 || 1123345 5 6 ey Ser | oss | sas see | st sis | 12334856 Be BY 82 Bs a ge Be iss ad es &3 Sia | 0 Bae Sao | bas Bas | 11:2:2359:5 8 10 size | sosr | age si94 | 8500 506 | 1:1:2:23445 6 a Sir | Sa Sis Ss | er See 1233 22S 8 53 Seer | S603 | eos Ss | sett sey | 123 tas 53 Seer | Sees | sees S| Seal see 223 Ga SS a4 ie | ran | era7 | aes | are foas 1:1:2:2:3:945 5 25 szrs | e779 | mss OL yD dds S re Bt Sat | 2? | S| | taka eS a3 Seer | hes | S09 | ood and seis 11223344 8 a Seis | Gas | gost | bee ames get 122334 dS z3 See Sood | S008 | Sais | 9000 Ss «11:23:34 9S 8.0 | oat | s036 sos | 0053 9058 | 9063 | one gore 9079 1:1:2:233445 S| Saas | Soe Sir Stos Sig | aii | ois as sss, T1333 9 8 f2 | ae | sis Sit | sigs otes | 80 | 973 980 sie «1: 1223344 8 53 | Stat Si9e | Site ona ony | sun sur os sms T1223 3d aS SP Sa SHS | SHS SH8G SHE sade | Sart Size | Sask Sst 1:223355 8 8.5 | 9204 | 9299 | 920s 9309 apis 9320 | 9925 9130 | 9335 gato | 112233445 8:5 | SiS | $¥s0 | Fass | 33e0 | S308 Sar0 | 3378 Siuo | Sass So | t1:22334 4 S| 9398 | S400 | HOS SHO SHS 9490 | Sus iso | ous suo OT 1223344 3 Bg | Ss Sas | Sass Shoo sues Sues | Sard sty | Sis Ses | OT 122334 4 53 Sisk | Saos | Sane | 9309 S513 SeiB | 9503 suas | 9383 Sos OT 1223344 2.0 9542 | 9547 | 9552 | 9557 9562 | 9566 | gsr g57e | 9581 9588 011223344 St 9850 | S855 | S00 | Geos | eos Sete | Soro | St | Sess ess OTT 233 dd 32 Sess Seas | Sear See SSF Seat Stee Ser Ses 8.23344 8:3 | 98S 9689 | SEb4 | Seg yo Bee ms or | Sr ory OL 1223344 Sa spar Grae | Seat OS S750. Syst | nS ores es oS CUTTS 23344 G5 9777 7B 9786 9791 79S 9800 980s 09 SHI HIE. 0 117223344 88 50h Sear | Sass Suse okt Sans ag oust ous Sass OT T2238 4a SF Secs | 9672 | Gary Saat Suse 9800 eek ou09 903 Sos OL T2238 aE 88 Sei | 9517 got Soe 9830 goa 9838 omg oats esd OL TaN aa 53 9386 Soot Sas 9868 Sold Sore 9083 Sa ost Soe TTT 38a aEPO ee a cri Me Te de ee : bac 358 Sade scaye S00) ESS: HE REE) SBE: sey ness eee z ay, ug oe soos Soa eee 3 ce S de ual * ER deane gneze Haig ARERR BADE QaDGh SaEeA suaRE gRTyE gs8 & ¢ a SEkce aeaa! SaRRE aac BY S858 Seeee| ceo $f act oe anes ee ES Eas 5 Sp Exe 2388 apenas ngcep geen S498 AMIEL REETE SoHE yERER gf BR ec fered sass Sf SEES ESE me Pate BEB cone eeaae 2H & [ai ane Ss a2 se wit © Eee ee apcng #i¢n ” seg gaseq sesae gigi S |e? 28s] Rint Sues sos Snacm even weoen Bee a & |slee ae #93 S925 RESK% neecy anes: See § 3 3)ph ae Hise S82 Esdcd ddess SSE BA ; a] = [i|deanl| "298 Sexes megs See sceme cones onze soess 22h NEE Silage E 3] B lalgeqc) SESE Sexes ae EES Bisse aaeansleeg 2 28 |zlipat| SR Sees es RE Shaws sogny/e ey g 2S gles cee Bee gerd ag |a|geaul| 868 cen aoe” Heese eenae eeees tog sass sey ese i) D |i) ise oan, PEE Baga SE sii; ci, OS mage cee 1: (202 § x! © |B Ee ake Seale tune GF Seeee dace Teele id 2hs 2] £ lela. 3 Boe £) 8) bp ay? gous heaus xecee nose sagst ase. oge “) 8 [greta TT ee sien nan 858 £ SB folge se 25983 Geso2 seses 2 28 8. gens B EEA, Sdeos Sania oesud x Bones RS pee i 3 Elbe ay Se6 Bend 2 sees at (43 | mae e te be tet * ee eres \Es & Reale ngae aneadl iy § i : = ss fe snes SM Bienes : a camats ~nowe sesag RRAGS SSRBS SABE RAED FETE S8888 E888 88882 SE0888|2¢7 : SER EERE SESE, EERE? ESA SeeRene Se BRIER Resse ganae aee5 BERE2 cence, sass snads Baas dane aeae Pressure Drop of Air 5888 38883 BGagE E2388 In Pounds per Square Inch Per 100 Feet of Schedule 40 Pipe Base a8282 EERE © For Air at 100 Pounds per Square Inch Gauge Pressure and 60 F Temperature g 32853 BERRe 1900 3 5 i 7 Bases S388s caure Arrenonx at 60 F and|at 60 F end 100 psig 2B is Cubic Feet |Cubic Feet Per Minute Per Minste! Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe 147 psia_ | ) f(s or 300 feet, three Pray ressure drop is also in- versely. proportional to the 5 i 2 i i 7 i : is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit under @ fcorsideration. where roportional to the fength Tints for 30 fect of pipe the os sure is inversely proportional proportional to the absolute ‘The cubic feet per minute of compressed air at any pres to the absolute pressure and temperature Therefore, to determine the For lengths of pipe other than absolute pressure and directh pressure crop for inlet or aver~ lage pressures other than 100 Dl and at temperatures other than 60 F. multiply the values given in the table by the ratio: 100 feet, the pressure drop is ‘one-half the value given in the table pressure cop is approximately times the given value, ete CRANE The a Seae ¥9508 S898S $8988 E8885 SFE8 directly. proportional to the Sapee giezes Jp geebies oF gapgite oF 8 yc heees § PSRESES .(t a bitye ys 25 BS gee8 gop aes. dentists | 88888 88288 ) dy a Subsine “a” sleet he ‘chedule of pipe throu; which velocity or pressure drop is desired. Subscript "40" velocity refers tothe ressure drop jule 40 pipe, as fgven in the tables on these facing pages. ( ap. apa( 42)! ed Coleulations for Pipe. Other than Schedule 40 water, or the pressure drop of water or air, through Pipe ‘other than Schedule 40, use To determine the velocity of the following formulas Subscript 5883 8888 R883 through Sal8 B16 APPENOIC 8 ~ ENGINEERING DATA CRANE 8 Commercial Wrought Steel Schedule Well Thiskness—Per ASA 896.10-1950 a Nominal | Outside | Thick-| Inside Inside Diameter Functions ‘Transverse e Bipe Diam- | ness | Diameter ‘in Inches Internal Area Sie | ‘eter eo 3 . 5 —, 8 Inches _|_inches_| tnches | inches | Feet | “ Sq_tn. | $3. Ft 2) 4) ) 0.250 13.8 110s lets) eo. | 3018. Tis. Ta3.18 0.998 8 =| 1 | 16 | 0.250 15.5 [1.201 |240.25 | 3723.9 | 57720. 594660 188.69 |1.310 3] 1818 | 02350 173 114583]306°35 | sasela | si80! 1641308 240/33 | 11670 3] 20 20, | 0:250 /19's_|r“62s [380-25 | zara. |144s00. | 2819500. | 298.65 | 2.074 8 =| 24 | 24 | 0.250 ]23°5_|1/958 [552125 |12677. | socse0. nie7os0. —|433.74 |3.012 3) 30 30 0.312 | 29.376 2.448 862.95 _|25350. (744288. 71864218. 677.76 |4.707 SSG | 0.250 | 8.125 0.6771) 6.02 | S963 89-5 35409.) $1.83 [0.3001 a 1010.75" | 0:250 | 10:25" 0:8542'105.06 | 1076.9 11038. 13141 82.52 |0.5731 &] 2 | 12.75 | 0.250 |12.25 1-021 150.06 | 1838.3 a7ssss. | 117.86 | 0.8185 8 |e | na | o:st2 3.376 rat ize.e2_| 2305.2 ‘ner 140:52_| 0.9758 3) ee oat is.a76 281 330.42 / 3638.7 S504 185.69 [1.290 2) 18 | as | 0.312 J 17-376 |1-448 301.92 | 5246.3, i 1583978, | 237-13 | 1.647 8 B| 20 | 20 | 0.375 |19°250 1604 |370.36 | 7133-3 |saza17. 2643350. roulog 2.001 as | 24 | 01375 | 3125 |1"937 |s40's6 |12568. | 292205. 793832. 24156 | 2/948 8 30__| 30__| 0.500 [26:00 |2:417 sat.’ [24389 rst, 2051148. | 660.52 | 4.587 S| 805 | 0.27 6.071 0.676) 65.14 | 518.78 | 243. THRE 31-16 ]0.3555 10 10.75 | 0.307 10.136 |0.8447 102.74 | 1041-4 | 10555, 106987. 80.69 | 0.5603, 8 8) 12 | 1275 | o:s30 209" |s.007s 146.17 | 1767.2 | 21366 asea08, | 14:80 | 0°7972 S\_as | as? | ozs |asias [atosz|i7siso | 232612 | eszt 408304 ta7ias_|o9075 s Ble ae 0378 5-25-3700] 259-56 | 3506.6 | BuO Soagor 80-85] 268 Bi) as | 18 | 0-438 |azitze 1-az70]05.23. | Sozt-3 | 5084. wa7a307, | 230.30 |1'599 $| 2 200-800 |19:00 |1:5833|3o1-00 | 68590 | 130321 2a7e099, | 243153 | 1.969 24 | 24 | o!s62 | 22'876|1'9063]503:31 |1i971. 275853. | 6264703 ‘411.00 | 2.854 30__ | 30__| 0625 | 26:75. |2!3958)826.56 _|23764._[oss201.__|g6izi60. 649.18 | 4.508 a % 0.068 0.269 0.0224) 0.0794, 0.0198) 0.00504 0-001 ] 0-057 0.00040 4 0.364 |0.0305] 0:1325| 0.0882 | 0.01755, 900639 | 0104 0.00072 |_% 01493 locoat1| _0°2430|_o:1198 | _ 005005 slozet2 | 0.191 0.00133 8 % 0.622 [0,0518) 0.3869, 0.2406 | 0.1497 9.09310 | 0.304 0.00211 % 01824 |0-0687| 0.879 | 0.3595 | 0.4610 9/3799 | 0.533] 0.00371 8 1 1 1 1154 1210 370 | 0864] 0.00600 1% 1 1 res | 3.05 1/495 0,01040 ie i “is | 678 7056 0.01414 8 2 zh 8831 | 18.250 | 35355 0.02330, s| 2% 2. 15.051) 37.161 3.788 | 0.03322 3) 3 3 28.878 | 8 3\—5 3 158 5388 0 06870 ee 4 262.76 12.730 0.08840, 8 5] 5 5 es.72 20/006 0.1390, 6 6.065 |0. 1332. 28.891 | 0.2006 3 | 381 [0.6551 508.36) 4057.7 50.007 [0.3478 8 10 10:02. |0:8350|100.4 | 1006:0° | s0080: 101000. 78.855 (0.3475, 2 11/938 /0:9965|142's | 1701/3 | 20306. aoa, | 111.930.7773 8 14 124 |10937|172/24 | 2260's | 29666, | ag03an, 135,28 |0:9308 16 15.000 1.250 225.0 | 3378.0 | soos. 759375. [176.721.2072 18 16.876 |114063|288'8 | 4806.3 | aL1II 1368820 223.68 |1.5533, 8 20 18.814 |1.5678/354.0 | 6659.5 | 125320. | 2357248. 278.00 | 1.9305 4 771606 1.8855) 511.9 _|11583. [262040 sore7a.___|40207_|2:7001 a 7-813 [0.0511] 61.08} 476.93 | 3725.9 TU 47-98 [0.3329 10 9750 0:8125| 95.06 | 926.86 | 9036.4 ss110 74166 |0.5185 s) ules oc96se|13s1s | aszrsa | 19268, 106.16. |0.7372 8 $|_14 2 164.20 | | 25062, 96 0.8956 3/46 14.68 [1.2240 [215.74 5H 683618. 169.44 1.1766, 8 =| 18 16.500 |113750|272.25 | a4sz.1 | 74120. 98 83. | 1.4849 3! 20 18.376 |1.5313) 337.68 | 6205.2 | 114028. 2095342 21 | 1.8417 4 22.064 1.8387 486.82 _|107a1. (236908. 5220035, 135_| 216552 8 0.215 ]0.0179) 0.0463, 0.00955] 0.00135 0.000855) 0.036 0.00025 3 0.302 00282) 0.0912) 0.0275 | 0.008317 0.002513) 0.072 0:00050 ® 2 0.423 |0.0353) 0.1786] 0.0787 | __0.03200 | __0.01384 | 0.141 0.00098 3 0.546 |0.0455, 0.2981) 0.1628 0.08886 0.04852 | 0. ‘00163 3 0.743 /0c0018| 0°5506| 014085 | 03032 0.2049" | 07433/ 000300 8 3 0.957 |0.0797| 0.9158} 0.8765 | 0.8387 0.8027 | 0.719 | 0.00499 | 1.278 |0.1065|_1.633 |__2.087 2.6667 3.409 | 1.283 0.00891 8 (continued on the next pagCRANE APPENDIX B— ENGINEERING DATA, B-17 Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data Schedule Wall Thickness—Per ASA B36.10-1950 Nogninal |Outaide| Thick] Inside | Inside Diameter Functions Transverse Bie” |“Diamm= | ness" | Diameter {in Inches) Internal Area Sis | “eter eee ee Inches Inches | Inches | Inches | Feet z. Sq. In._| Sq. Ft. T-500 | 0.1250) 2.230) 3313] 5.062 7.508] 1.767 0.0105 15833 | 0.1616 3.760 | 723% | 14196 ayia | 21989 | 0502050 21323 | 011956 51396 | 2's06 | 9.117 e764 | 4258 0.02982 2900 | 0:2417 | aio | 241389 | 70.728 | 205 61605 _|0:04587 z 3.364 | 0.2805 | 11.32 | 38.069) 108.14) 430.8 8.888 0.06170 5 3.826 | 0:3188 | 14.64 | 56.006 | 214133, ais.8 | 11.497 (0.07986 f 4813 | ocgout | 23:16 | ritiay’ | 53638 | 2583. 18.194 0.1268 3 5.761 | o-as01 | 33:19 | 191/20 | 1016 6346. 26.067 0.1810 2) 0.6354 | 58.14 | 443.32 | 3380.3 | 25778. 5.655 0.3171 a 3 o-7s70 | S147 | grave: | S300. | 30000: Tet (024509 3 0-940 |129:81 | 1472.2 | 6747. | agoszs. x01 640.7088, 3 1.0417 |156.25 | 1953.1 | 24814. | ansi76. [192.720.8522 8 14.314 | 1.1928 [208.89 | 2952.8 41980. | 00804. |i60.92 1.1178 16.126 | 1.3438 260.05 | 4195.5 67626. |rowsis. —|20si24 114183 17.938 | 1.4998 [301.77 | 7719 oass6. —issraas.——fasa.72 17380 8 21.564 1.7970 |465.01_|10027. 216234 4682798, 365.22 | 215362 7.439 ] 0.6199] 58.34} 11.56 | 3062. Ta $5.46 0.3078 8 ¢ siais | 017762 | g6:73 | sores | 7520 sa97. oss 0.4732 & 1-064 | 0:9920 /122"41 | 135418" | 14985. 1857910 96.18 0.6677 es 12126 | 1.0105 (14704 | 7a5:0 | 2621, | ae2i73__—_|s.a9_| 0.8020 s 3 13.938 1.1615 [194.27 | 2707.7 | 37740. | 516020. 180.88 1.0596 £ 15.688 13057 (246.11 | 38610 | 60572! | ssons0. [i930 113423 eo 17-438 1.4532 |308.08 | 53026 | S267! aeizase, (238.83. ese Lmao | 13531 | 20:938 i 7ais |ase'40_| 91792 _[as2i9s| donate aags2 2301 : + $64] 0.302 | 13.135 a) 621] 10.315 0.07168 é 4.563 | 0.3802 | 20:82" | 95.008 | Aas’ 1578. 1635. 0.1136 Z| -6 5.501 30.26 | 166.47 915.7 | 5007. 25.77 _011650_ Rls 7.189 51.68 | 371.54) 2671, 002. 40.59 0.2819 2| 0 91068 821s | 748.66 | 6750 1179, 64153 /0l448i 3] 2 10°750 115156 | 1242's 13563. 50:75 0.6303 B14 | aato’ | roms eis 139.57 | 1648.9 | 19480, | 25013710962 _o.7012, §) 16 [6.0 | a.2ie 3.564 1685.98 2495.5 | asois5, 144.501.0035 18 | 18:0 | 1137s | 15250 232/56 | 3546.6 S488. 182.65. | 112684 20 | 20:0 | 1800 17.000, 280100 | ao13:0 wsises7, 6.98 tare || bao | 1612 20/376 15.18 8459.7 3512313,____326,08 (2/2645 —s x 7-001 | [49-01] 3av.15] 2402. T6819. 38.50] 0.2673, g| 10 75 | 750 76.55 | 569:92 | 5862. soi wos 0.4176 2) 2 75. | vt2s | 10°500 110.25 | 1157'6 | waiss! | 37628. 86.59 0.6013 S| te | aso’ | 12350 | 121500 | 137.25_| 1520.9 | 17390) | nuns: __—_/103187_| 0.7213 3 {466.0 | tase [13.124 | 1.0957 [172.24 | 2260.5 | 29666. | 389340. [135.28] 0.9304 £) 18 | 18:0. | 11561 | 14.876 | 112396 [201130 | 3202"0 | agora 78502. 173/80. |1:2070 B29 | 20.0 | 1750 | 16.5 | 13750 27225 | a4on'1 | 7190. xzst081 nai | 14800 24 x 16563 [395.06 | 7952.1 156069. __[Sio2072!___i3toa6_ 2.1547, % ] 0.0388] 0.2172) 01013] 0.04716] 0.02197] 0.1706 0.00118 % o-org | 0.0512 | 0:3770| 0°2315| 0.1421 0508726 | 0:2961 000206 = i 0-815 | 0.0679 | 0°6642| 015413| 0.4412 0:3596° | 015217 0:0062 1% | 1.160 | 0.0966 | 11346 | tse) sit 25100" |_1!057" 0:00734 8 | 4% 1.338 [ 0.1115 | 1.790 [2.385 | 3.208 4.288 | 1.406 | 0.00976 } 2 . 1.689 | 0.1407 | 2.853 4.818 8.138 2,241 | 0.01556 | 5 0.375 2,125 | 0.1771 | 4.516 9.5% 20.39 3.546 | 0.02463 B —-3|_3* [3:50 | ovate | 2iens | o:are7 | 6raes | es007 | a-ak 5i408_|0:03755 g| 4 | 4.80. | 0.551) 3.498 | 0.2865 | 11.82 | 40.697 | 139.7 : 9.283 [0.06847 3 5 | 5.563 | 0.625 | 41313 | 0:3504 | 18.60 | 80.230 | 346.0 92" 1si61 {o-t0is Bc | See sists | Sites | octon | 889 | ds | He | ae | ae [eas Bs | 8.625 [0.006 | 6.813 | 0.5677 | 46.42 | 316.24 | 2155. 4679. 36.46 0.2532 8 x0 | 10.75" | 112s | 81500 | 0.7083 | 7225 | isla | S220: agri 36.73. |0:3941 x2 | i278 | 1312 | 10-126 | o:sass jx02'54 | 1038.3 | xosis) | reeset 015592 x4 | nao | 1406 | t1'15s | 029523 [125117 | 14004 | 13668 175292) 0.6827 8 16 [16.0 [1.585 | 12.814 | 1.0678 168.20 | 108.0 | 26961 345482. [128.96 [0.8956 18 | 18.0 1.781 | 14.438 | 1.2032 |208.45 | 3009.7 43454. 627387. 163.72 | 1.1369 20 | 20.0 | 1966 | 16.064 | 1.3387 |258:05 | i453 | 6ass0. | roeorts: —[anzs67 tara 24 240 | 234s | 19.314 | 156005 1375.03 | 7208°7 _nsoisa,__|eerse2! [20298 2.0546APPENDIX B= ENGINEERING DATA CRANE Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data (Per ASA B36.10-1950) Nominal | Outside| Thick-| Inside Inside Diameter Functions Transverse Pipe Diam- | ness | Diameter (in Inches) Internal Area Size | ter op aT # | # : 7] A Inches | Inches | Inches | Inches |_Feet d ie 4 Squin__| Sq. Fe. Standard Wall Pipe Ye | C405 [0.0687 0.209 | 0.0224 | 0.0734] 0.0195 | 0.00524 | 0.00141 | 0,087 | 6.00080 ¥% 0.540 | 0.088 | 0.364 | 0.0303 | 0.15 | 0.0482 | 0.01756 0.00639 | 0/108 | 0.00072 «675 | 0.091 | 0.483 | 0.0811 | _0:2430 | 0.1198 | _0.05908 0.02812 | 0.191 | 6.00133 0.840 | 0.109 | 0.622 | 0.0518 0.3869 0.2406 0.1497 0.0931 0,304 | 0.00211 1.050 | 0. 0. 0.5595 0.4610 0.3799 | 0.533 | 0.00371 1318 1 1154 1210 1270 | 0.864 | 0.00600 1.600, 1. 2628 3.625 5.005 «01040 1.900 | 1 4.173 | 6.718 | ‘10.82 2.036 | 0.01414 | 2ars a 8831 18.250 | 37.72 3.355 | 0102330 | 2.875 2 15.051 37.161 91.78 4.788 | 0.03322 | 3!500 3 28.878 88.605 m3 7 4.000 44.663 | 158 4.500 65.255 262. 5.553, 128.568 ‘ 23.10 | 1352. 5 505.7543 8 508.36 4057 1058.7 | 10789) ross | 10555: z 1006.0 | 10980. 1767.2. | 21366. 1728.0 | 20736. Extra Strong Pipe 0.0179 0.0462 0.00994, 0.002134 | 0,000459 | 0.036 | 0.00025 0.0252 0.0912 0.0275 | 0.002513 | 0.072 | ¢.00050 010353 0.1769 | o.07s7 | __o 0.01354 | 0.741 | 0.00098 0.0455 | 0.2981 | 0.1628 | 0. 0.04852 | 0.234 | 0.00163 0.0618, 0.5506 | 0.4085 | 0. 0.2249 0.433 | 0.00300 0.0797, 0.9158 | 0.8765 | 0. 0.8027 0.719 | 0.00499 o:106s | 13633. | 2.087" | __ 26667 3.409 00891 0.1250 2.250 3.375 5.062 | 7.594 | 0.01225, 01616 3.760 | 7.290 | 14.136 za | | ec02050 0.196 | 5.39% | azis36 | 29.117 67.64 6.02942 0.27 | §.410 | 24.389 | 70.728 208.1 6.08587 3 364 | 0.2605 | 11.32) 38.069 | 128.14 0.8 06170 4 337 | 51826 | 0.3188 | 14.64 | 56.008 | 214.33 a8 | 6.07986 5 375 | 4.813 | 0.4011 | 23.16 | 111.49 | 536.6 2583 | 0.1263 6 432.| 5.761 | 0.4801 33.19 | 191.20 | 1101.6 6346, “0.1810 8 500 | 7.625 | 0.6354) 88.14 | 443.32 | 5380.3 35775 eit 0 500 | 9.750 | 0.8125 | 95.05 926.86 | 9036.8 #6110 03185 2 500 | 11.750 | 0:9790 138.1 | 1620.2 _| 19072 23970 07538 Double Extra Strong Pipe ¥ 0.0210 0.0635 0.0160 | 0.004032 0.00102 | 0.00035, % 0°0362 | 0.188% 0.0817, 0.03549 o-01540 00103 1 0.0499 | 0.3568 | 0.2149 | 0.1287 oz 0.00196 1% 0.0747 | 0.8028 | _0.7193. 0.6445. 0.3775 0.00438 Me 0.0917) 1.210 | 1.381 1.4641 1st 0.00660 2 0.1252) 21258 | 3.395 5.1031 7670 01232 ™% 0.1476) 3.136 | 5.558 916345, va 0.01710 3 onisi7 | 5.290 | 12167 | 27.988 64.36 0.02855, A 0.2273 7.442) 20.302 | 86.389 51.1 0.04059 4 0.2627 9.938 | 3131s | 98.708 si 05819 5 0.3086 | 16.81 | e707. | 272.88 1107 0.03006 6 o.gost | 23.98 | 74s | 75.08 | 2816, 0.1308 8 o.sne| 727 | 3405 | mses | 15360. 57122 0.2578CRANE [APPENDIX B — ENGINEERING DATA B-19 Stainless Steel Pipe Data Schedule Wall Thickness — Per ASA B36.19-1957 Nominal] Outside | Thick-| Inside Inside Diameter Functions ] Transverse Bie’ | Diem" | hese’ | Dales irinches! | seer See | "am Dineen eth | Nosema! ¢] >| ? « @ « [A ~ Inches | Inches | Inches | Inches | Feet | | Sq. In. | Sq. Ft. Schedule 5S = wy 0.840 | 0.065 0.710 | 0.0592 0.504 0.358 0.254 0.1804 0.00275, % 1.050 | 0.065 0.920 | 0.0767 0.846 0.779 0.716 0.659 0.00461 1 | ts | ooes | ss | ocomes | aoe | Toot Lara 2337 0.00766 iq | 1660 | 006s | 11590 01278 | 23m | 3382 S480 5.384 ovo1277 1% | 1.900 | 0.065 | 1.770 017s | 3.133 | 5.588.815 | azar 0.01709 2" | 237s | ocoss | 224s | ois | 5.0m | inst | 25-40 57.03 02749 2% | 207s | 0.083 | 2.709 0.2258 7.399 | i988 | 5386 | tase 0.03003 3 3.500 | 0.083 3.334 | 0.2778 | 11.12 37.06 123.6 | 411.9 0.06065, | | 3% | 4.000 | 0.083 | 3.834 0.3195 | 14.70 | 56.96 216.1 | 88.4 0.08017 a" | 300 | ocoss | a.3a4|ol36r2 | iss | sat | sas | a5ze, ost034 3 | 5.563 | 0109 | 5.345 | 0.4454 28.57 | 152.7 816.2 4363. 0.1558 gs 6 | 6.625 | 0.109 | 6.407 0.5339 | 41.05 263.0 1685, 10796. 0.2239 s | s.625 | 0.109) 8.407 | 0.7006 | 70.68 | 594.2 | 405. 41996. 0.3855 10 | 0.750 | o.ts4 | 10.482 | 0.8978 109.9 | 1152. 2072. | 126508. 0.3864 = 12 | 12750 | oltse | r2laae Tones | 156.7 | 194. | ams, | arene, 0.8838 Schedule 10S % | 040s | ow | oso [o.oo | oom] o.om | o.wsss] o.oom | 0.0m [o.oo Ye | o1si0 | 0.085 | o-st0 | o.0si2 | o.tesi | 0.0689 0.02826 | ocorisa | 0-132 | o,00082 3 | oles | o.0es | 054s | o.osss 0.2970 | o.t6is|—ov0s822 | oco48n8 | 0.235 | 000162 y % | 0.840 | 0.083 0.674 | 0.0562 | 0.4543 | 0.3062 0.2064 0.1391 | 0.397 | 0.00248 % | 11050 | 0.083 | 0.884 | 0.0797 | o.7818| 0.6903 | ocstor | 0.5398 | o.614 | 0.00406 1 | 31s | oltos | ros ovois | 11203) T320 has rsa | 0.935 | 0.00056 img | 660 | ovtos | to42 | octa0e | 209 | zoe | one sans | tes | econo 1% | 1.900 | 0.109 | 1.652 0.1402 | 2.829 4.759 | 8.008 | tas) 2.22 | o.orsss 2 | zis7s | o:tos | 2.187 | ocizss | 4.653 | 0.08 | ates 46.08 | 3cest | 0.02538 2m | 2a7s | octz0 | 2.635 | 0.21% | 6.98 | i830 | an | oo | Baas | 3” | 31800 | oct20 | 3.260 | oar wo.es | 40s | nine 368.2 °. 3% 0.120 | 3.760 | 0.3133) 14.14 | 53.16 | 199.9 751.5 0 ‘ Ort30 | geo | ossss0 | ists | aria | 3203 | ats ° 5 Ouisd | S.295 | orgs | 28.08 | sass | ee. | dte2 ° é Oise | 6.387 | 8298 do's | 256.9 | 633. 10382 8 0.148 | 8.329 | 0.6941 | 69.97 | s77.8 sis. | a0083, 0 0.165 | 10.420 | 0.8683 | 108.6 | 11st. 788, 22840, D 0-180 | 12.390 | 1.0025 | 159-5 | 1902. | 23566. | 2et982. Schedule 40S - Values are the same, size for size, as those shown on the facing page = | Tor Seanderd Wall Bie thavies weld on 8.10, and Boneh eed | Schedule 80 S$ % Wile ees ibn Sona echo fon the facing page for Extra Strong Pipe 2C1 FLOW OF FLUIDS THIOUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE APPENDIX C Bibliography FRA, Dodge & MJ. Thompson, “Fluid Mechanics McGraw-Hill Book Company, Ine., 1937; pages 193, 288, end 407, 4H. Rouse, "Elementary Mechanies of Fluids”; John Wiley & Sons, Ine., New York, 1946 °F. Grizzle, “Simplification of Gas Flow Calculations by Means of a New Special Slide Rule”; Petroleum Engineer. September, 1945. 4H, Kirchbach, “Loss of Energy in Miter Bends"; Trans- elon of ie Murch Hndraic Frat, Buca No Agprican Society of Mechanical Enginers, New York ©"Dowtherm Handbook"; Dow Chemical Co,, Midland Michigan, 1954; page 10, "RIS, Piges, "Pressure Losses n Tubing, Pip, and Fit- Tide's tParsactons of the emeran Soeey of Alcchanical Eneincer, Volume 92, 1056: pease 8 co O88 "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, “Technical ‘Memorandum 952, Washington D.C, September, 1940, ORF. Steams, RM. Jackson, RR. Johnson, and CA, Larson, “Flow Measurement with Orifice Nfeters"D. Van Nostrand Company, Ine., New York, 1951 Fluid Meters”; American Society of Mechanical Engi- nets, Part I-—4th Eulition, New York, 1937, MR.G. Cunningham, “Orifice Meters with Supercritical Comipressitie Flow; ASME Paper No. 30-A-5 "Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book—Design, ‘American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 9th Edition, New York, 1955) WL. Nelson, "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; McGraw Hill Book Co,, New York, 1949, SLionel S, Marks, “Mechanical Engineers Handbook’ McGraw-Hill Book Co,, New Yark, 1951 Mp. J. Potter, “Steam Power Plants”; Ronald Press Co., New York, 1949; page 37, "J.B. Maxwell, “Data Book, on Hydrocarbons”; D. Van Nostrand Corhpany, Ine., New York, 1950. MC.L. Corp and R.O. Ruble, “Loss of Head in, Valves and Pipes of Ore-Hali to Twelve [nches Diameter": University of Wisconsin Experimental Station Bulletin, Volume 9, No. a "GL. Tuve and RE. Sprenkle, "Orifice Discharge Coeff lente for Viscous Ligue"; Instniments, Nosomber, 1038 page 201 ML. Moody, “Friction Factors for Pipe Flow"; Trane Gelions of the American Society of Mechanical Engincers, Volume 66, November, 944: pages 671 t0 678. MA. H. Shapiro, “The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow’: The Ronald Pres Company, 1953, Chapter 6. O'Brien and Hickox, “Applied Fluids Mechanics" McGraw-Hill Book Co, Ines New York, 1937; page 211 MICH, Beij, “Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90 Degree Pipe Bends"; Journal of Research of the National Burects of Standards, Volume 21, July, 138 Walker, Lewis, McAdams, and Gilliland, “Principles of Chemical Engineering; McGraw-Hill Book’ Co., Inc New York, 1937; pages 85 and 8. Bingham, E.C. and Jackson, RF., Bureau of Standards Bullen 4; pages 38't0 86 (8B. 288, August, 110) f HT. R. Weymouth, Transactions of the American, ‘Mechanical Engineers, Volume 34, 1912; page 197, PR. J. S. Pigott, “The Flow of Fluids in Closed Conduits, Mechanical Engincering, Volume 55, No, 8, August 1933, page 497. Emory Kemler, “A Seudy of Data on the Flow of Fluids in Pipes,” Transactions of the American Society of Mechan- ical Engineers, Vol. 35, 1933, HYD-35-, ety of Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,” 44th Edition, 1962-1963, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland