Epts Lecture Notes 1

ECE 459
Power System Analysis

Professor G. Huang
Chapter 3
Parameters of Transmission Lines and cables
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459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables
Lecture 4
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4.1 Construction
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Transmission lines and cables
Extra-high-voltage lines
Voltage: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV
Interconnection between systems
High-voltage lines
Voltage: 115 kV, 230 kV
Interconnection between substations, power plants
Sub-transmission lines
Voltage:
46 kV, 69 kV
Interconnection between substations and large industrial customers
Distribution lines
Voltage:
2.4 kV to 46 kV, with 15 kV being the most commonly used
Supplies residential and commercial customers
High-voltage DC lines
Voltage:
120 kV to 600 kV
Interconnection between regions (e.g., Oregon-California)
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Three-phase conductors,
which carry the electric
current;
Insulators, which support
and electrically isolate the
conductors;
Tower, which holds the
insulators and conductors;
Foundation and grounding;
and
Optional shield conductors,
which protect against
lightning
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Shield conductor
Shield
conductor
Insulator
Composite
insulator
Phase
conductor
Steel tower
Tower
69kV
Line
Crossarm
Two
conductor
bundle
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Composite
Insulator

Shield
conductor
Double circuit
69 kV line
Distribution line
12.47kV
Wooden tower
Distribution Line
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Distribution line
Insulator
Surge arrester
Fuse cutout
Transformers
Transformer
240V/120V
insulated line
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Span
Tension Tower
Supporting
Tower
Tension Tower
Insulator
Sag
Definition of Parameters
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10

Connection diagram residential
Supply 1
Fuse cutout
Supply 2
Open
disconnect
switch
Cable
Fuse
Residential transformer
vault or pedestal
Transformer
Concert conduit with cables in a manhole

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11
4.2 Components of
transmission lines
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12

Frequently used towers
Lattice tower, used for 220 kV and above;
Guyed lattice tower, 345 kV and above;
Tapered steel tube with cross-arm, 230 kV and
below;
Concrete tower, for distribution and subtransmission; and
Wood tower, for distribution to 220 kV
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13
Lattice
Tower
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14
Guyed Lattice Tower
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15
Tapered Steel Tube Tower
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16

Aluminum
Conductor Steel
Reinforced (ACSR);
All Aluminum
Conductor (AAC);
and
All Aluminum Alloy
Conductor (AAAC).
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ACSR Coductor
Aluminum outer strands

2 layers, 30 conductors
Steel core strands,

7 conductors
17

Insulators
Locking Key
Insulator's Head
Iron Cap
Ball Socket
Compression
Loading
Expansion Layer
Imbedded Sand
Cement
Insulating Glass
or Porcelain
Skirt
Petticoats
Steel Pin
Corrosion Sleeve
for DC Insulators
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Ball
18

Insulator Chain
Line Voltage
Number of Insulators per

String
69 kV
46
115 kV
79
138 kV
810
230 kV
12
345 kV
18
500 kV
24
765 kV
3035
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19

Composite insulator.
(1) Sheds of alternating diameters prevent bridging by ice, snow and
cascading rain.
(2) Fiberglass reinforced resin rod.
(3) Injection molded EPDM rubber weather sheds and rod covering.
(4) Forged steel end fitting, galvanized and joined to rod by swaging
process. (Source: Sediver, Inc., York, SC)
1
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20
Figure 4.15 Line post-composite

insulator with yoke holding two
conductors.
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(1) is the clevis

ball,
(2) is the socket for
the clevis,
(3) is the yoke
plate, and
(4) is the
suspension clamp.
(Source: Sediver)
21
4.3 Cables
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22
Figure 4.16 Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid dielectric

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23

PEXPVC-sheet
Filler
Insulation
Copper screen
Insulation shield
Figure 4.17
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Conductor shield
Conductor
Three-phase distribution cable with solid dielectric.

24
4.4 Transmission Line Electrical

Parameters
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25

Cross-Section
Diameter
Resistance (ohms/mile)
Core
(in.)
25
C
Weight
(lbs
per
1000
ft)
Stranding
Code
Al
(mm
2)
Total
(mm
2)
Aluminu
m
Steel
Con
d.
(in.)
ac at 60 Hz
dc
Strength
(kips)
25C
50C
75C
100
C
GM
R
(ft)
---
2776.
1407
.
1521
.
84x.1818
19x.109
1
2.00
0
.546
3219
81.6
.0338
.0395
.0421
.0452
.0482
.066
7
Joree
2515.
1274
.
1344
.
76x.1819
19x.084
9
1.88
0
.425
2749
61.7
.0365
.0418
.0450
.0482
.0516
.062
1
Thrasher
2312.
1171
.
1235
.
76x.1744
19x.081
4
1.80
2
.407
2526
57.3
.0397
.0446
.0482
.0518
.0554
.059
5
Kiwi
2167.
1098
.
1146
.
72x.1735
7x.1157
1.73
5
.347
2303
49.8
.0424
.0473
.0511
.0550
.0589
.057
0
Bluebird
2156.
1092
.
1181
.
84x.1602
19x.096
1
1.76
2
.480
2511
60.3
.0426
.0466
.0505
.0544
.0584
.058
8
Chukar
1781.
902.
976.
84x.1456
19x.087
4
1.60
2
.437
2074
51.0
.0516
.0549
.0598
.0646
.0695
.053
4
Falcon
1590.
806.
908.
54x.1716
19x.103
0
1.54
5
.515
2044
54.5
.0578
.0602
.0657
.0712
.0767
.052
1
Table 4.1 ACSR cable technical data

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26

Transmission line parameter
Resistance
Ohm/mile Table 4.1
Inductance
Henry/mile Equation
Capacitance Farad/mile Equation
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27

Data from the Table 4.1
Name
Bird name
Kiwi
Conductor Diameter
Resistance at 50C or 75C
Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR)
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28

Data needed for calculation
Transmission line length
Number of conductor / Bundle
Conductor diameter and GMR
Distance between phases
Conductor height
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29

22'-26'
Typical transmission
line
12'-17'
27'
Horizontal arrangement
Two ground conductors
Two conductors per bundle
28'-35'
64'-130'
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30

Resistance
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Stranding increase resistance

Increases by temperature
Increases by skin effect
AC resistance higher than DC
Accurate value from Table 4.1
31

Capacitance
GMD =
C AN
QA
=
=
V AN
D AB D BC D AC
Two-conductor bundle
requ = d rc
Three-conductor bundle
requ = 3 d 2 rc
Four-conductor bundle:
requ = 1.09 4 d 3 rc
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2 0
GMD
ln
rc
32

Inductance
GMD =
D AB D BC D AC
o
4.31 Transposed line
GMD
LA_inductance :=
ln
2 GMRc
o GMD
XA :=
ln
GMR
c
2
GMR = d GMR c
GMR = 3 d 2 GMR c
GMR = 1.09 4 d 3 GMR c
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33

Inductance/Capacitance
o GMD
XA :=
ln
GMRc
2

2 0
QA
=
C AN =
V AN
GMD
ln
rc
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GMD =
D AB D BC D AC
34

Inductance/Capacitance
GMD =
D AB D BC D AC
0 = 4 10 7
4.31 Transposed line
10 9 F
0 =
36 m
H
m
GMR = d GMR c
requ = d rc
GMR = d GMR c
requ = 3 d 2 rc
GMR = 1.09 4 d 3 GMR c
requ = 1.09 4 d 3 rc
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35
Numerical exercise
Transmission lines Parameter calculation
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36

22'-26'
12'-17'
27'
28'-35'
D
64'-130'
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37

Vline := 500kV
d := 18in
LLine := 206mi
n := 2
f := 60Hz
:= 2 f
D := 32ft
Bluebird conductor
rc :=
1.762in
GMRc := 0.0588ft
2
9
o :=
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10
36 m
R75 := 0.0544
mi
7 H
o := 4 10
38

Transmission Line Parameters
GMR := d GMRc
GMR = 0.091m
requ := d rc
requ = 0.101m
GMD :=
D D 2 D
XL :=
o
2
ln
GMD = 12.289m
GMD
GMR
XLine := XL LLine
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XL = 0.596
mi
XLine = 122.754
39

R75
RLine :=
LLine
n
ZLine := RLine + j XLine
CLine :=
2 o
ln
requ
XCS :=
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GMD
CLine
2
RLine = 5.603
ZLine = 5.603 + 122.754j
nF
CLine = 18.627
mi
XCS = 1.383k
LLine
40
Equivalent circuit
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41

MATCAD
XCL := XCS
ZCS := j XCS
X net1
V net1_ln
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XCL = 1.383k
ZCS = 1.383jk
Inet1_short
ICS_short
RLine
X CS
ZCL := j XCL
ZCL = 1.383jk
XLine
IL_short
XCL
IL_short
42
Figure 4.50
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Equivalent network of a short line.
43

RLine
CLine / 2
Figure 4.49
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LLine
CLine / 2
Equivalent network of a medium-length line.
44

jX
IS
Ics
Ir
ICR
VS
C/2
Figure 4.49
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C/2
VR
Equivalent network of a medium-length line.
45
Numerical exercise
Transmission lines Loading
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46

Steps of calculation (4.5.1.3)
Given data:
VL_ll := Vline
VL_ll = 500kV
The power is variable, selected value is:

Load current calculation:
PL
PL1( PL) :=
3
( )
SL1 PL :=
( )
( )
PL1 PL
pfL
SL1 PL
( )
IL PL :=
VL_n
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( )
j acos pf L
pfL := 0.8
( lagging)
PL := 400M W
VL_n :=
VL_ll
3
( )
SL1 PL = 133.333 + 100jM V A
( )
IL PL = 461.88 346.41jA
47

Capacitive current:
VL_n
ICL :=
ZCL
ICL = 208.798jA
Line current
( )
( )
ILine PL := ICL + IL PL
( )
ILine PL = 461.88 137.612jA
Supply voltage:
( )
( )
VS_n PL := VL_n + ILine PL ZLine
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( )
VS_n PL = 308.156 + 55.926jkV
48

Capacitive current:
( )
ICS PL :=
( )
VS_n PL
( )
ICS PL = 40.451 + 222.888jA
ZCS
Supply/network current
( )
( )
( )
Inet1 PL := ILine PL + ICS PL
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( )
Inet1 PL = 421.429+ 85.276jA
49

Sending
end
Receiving
end
Figure 4.48 Equivalent network for a long transmission line.
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50
Derivation of Transmission Line Models
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51
Development of Line Models

Goals of this section are
1) develop a simple model for transmission
lines
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry
of the transmission line affects the model
parameters
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52
Primary Methods for Power

Transfer
The most common methods for transfer of
electric power are
1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc
5) other
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53
Magnetics Review
Amperes circuital law:
F=
H dl = I e
F = mmf = magnetomtive force (amp-turns)

H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
Ie
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= Line integral about closed path

(dl is tangent to path)
= Algebraic sum of current linked by
54
Line Integrals
Line integrals are a generalization of
traditional integration
Integration along the
x-axis
Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed
Amperes law is most useful in cases of symmetry,

such as with an infinitely long line
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55
Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic fields are usually measured in
terms of flux density
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])

(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear a linear magnetic material
B = H where is the called the permeability
= 0 r
0 = permeability of freespace = 4 10-7 H m
r = relative permeability 1 for air

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56
Magnetic Flux
Total flux passing through a surface A is
A B da
da = vector with direction normal to the surface

If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
= BA
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57
Magnetic Fields from Single

Wire
Assume we have an infinitely long wire with
current of 1000A. How much magnetic flux
passes through a 1 meter square, located
between 4 and 5 meters from the wire?
Direction of H is given
by the Right-hand Rule
Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage
of symmetry. For an integration path well choose a
circle with a radius of x.
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58
Single Line Example,

contd
I
2 xH = I H =
B = 0 H
2 x
0 I
= A 0 H dA = 4
dx
2 x
5
5
I
= 0 ln
2 4
5
= 2 10 I ln
4
7
= 4.46 105 Wb
For reference, the earths
2 104
2
B =
T =
Gauss magnetic field is about
x
x
0.6 Gauss (Central US)
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59
Flux linkages and Faradays law

Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law
d
V =
where V = voltage, = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:
i
i=1
If all flux links every coil then = N

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60
Inductance
For a linear magnetic system, that is one
where
B
=H
we can define the inductance, L, to be
the constant relating the current and the flux
linkage
=Li
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where L has459units
of Henrys (H)
Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables
61
Inductance Example
Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil
wound tightly on a torodial iron core that has
a radius of R and a cross-sectional area of A.
Assume
1) all flux is within the coil
2) all flux links each turn
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62
Inductance Example, contd

Ie =
H dl
NI = H 2 R (path length is 2 R)
NI
H =
B = H = r 0 H
2 R
= AB
= N = LI
NI
= NAB = NA r 0
2 R
N 2 A r 0
H
L =
2 R
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63
Inductance of a Single Wire

To development models of transmission lines,
we first need to determine the inductance of a
single, infinitely long wire. To do this we need
to determine the wires total flux linkage,
including
1.
2.
flux linkages outside of the wire

flux linkages within the wire
Well assume that the current density within

the wire is uniform and that the wire has a
radius of r.
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64
Flux Linkages outside of the wire
We'll think of the wire as a single loop closed at

infinity. Therefore = since N = 1. The flux linking
the wire out to a distance of R from the wire center is
=
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A B da
= length
I
2 x
dx
65
Flux Linkages outside, contd

= =
A B da
= length
dx
2 x
Since length = we'll deal with per unit length values,
assumed to be per meter.
dx
0
R
=
I ln
r
2
2 x
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R
meter
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66
Flux linkages inside of wire
Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside

of the conductor due to the skin effect. The pentration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
1
the skin depth =
where f is the frequency in Hz
f
and is the conductivity in mhos/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth
0.33 inch at 60HZ.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.
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67
Flux linkages inside, contd
Wire cross section Current enclosed within distance

x2
x of center = Ie = 2 I
r
Ie
Ix
=
Hx =
2 x 2 r 2
x
r
Flux only links part of current
inside
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Ix x 2
=
dx =
2
2
0
2
2 r r
r
0 r
Ix3
dx =
I
4
8
r
68
Line Total Flux & Inductance

0
R 0 r
Total (per meter) =
I ln +
I
2
8
r
0 R r
Total (per meter) =
I ln +
2 r 4
0 R r
L(per meter) =
ln +
2 r 4
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we integrate
R out to infinity
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69
Inductance Simplification
Inductance expression can be simplified using

two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b
ln = ln a ln b a = ln(e a )
b
r
0 R r 0
4
L=
+
=
R
r
+
e
ln
ln
ln
ln
2 r 4 2
r 4 0 R
0
ln
L=
=
ln R ln re
2 r '
Where r'
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re
0.78r for r = 1
70
Two Conductor Line Inductance

Key problem with the previous derivation is
we assumed no return path for the current.
Now consider the case of two wires, each
carrying the same current I, but in opposite
directions; assume the wires are separated by
distance R. R
To determine the
Creates counterclockwise field

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Creates a
clockwise field
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
now we get some
field cancellation
71
Two Conductor Case, contd

R
R
Rp
Direction of integration
Key Point: As we integrate for the left line, at distance 2R from
the left line the net flux linked due to the Right line is zero!
Use superposition to get total flux linkage.
For distance Rp, greater than 2R, from left line
left
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0
Rp 0
Rp R
I ln
I ln
2
r ' 2
R
Left Current
Right Current
72
Two Conductor Inductance

Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)
left
Lleft
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0 Rp
Rp R
=
I ln
ln
2 r '
R
0
I ( ln Rp ln r ' ln( Rp R) + ln R )
=
2
0 R
Rp
I ln + ln
=
Rp R
2 r '
0 R
I ln as Rp
=
2 r '
0 R
=
ln H/m
2 r '
73
Many-Conductor Case
Now assume we now have k conductors, each with
current ik, arranged in some specified geometry.
Wed like to find flux linkages of each conductor.
Each conductors flux
linkage, k, depends upon
its own current and the
current in all the other
conductors.
To derive 1 well be integrating from conductor 1 (at origin)
to the right along the x-axis.
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74
Many-Conductor Case, contd

Rk is the
distance
from conductor k
to point
c.
At point b the net
contribution to 1
from ik , 1k, is
zero.
3/5/2007
Wed like to integrate the flux crossing

between b to c. But the flux crossing
between a and c is easier to calculate and
provides a very good approximation of 1k.
Point a is at distance d1k from conductor k.
75

0
Rn
R1
R2
1 =
i1 ln ' + i2 ln
+ L + in ln
2
d12
d1n
r1
0
1
1
1
1 =
i1 ln ' + i2 ln
+ L + in ln
+
2
d12
d1n
r1
0
[i1 ln R1 + i2 ln R2 + L + in ln Rn ]
2
As R1 goes to infinity R1 = R2 = Rn so the second
0 n
term from above can be written = i j ln R1
2 j =1
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76

Therefore if
i j = 0, which is true in a balanced

j =1
three phase system, then the second term is zero and
0
1
1
1
i1 ln ' + i2 ln
+ L + in ln
1 =
d12
d1n
2
r1
1 = L11i1 + L12i2 L + L1nin
System has self and mutual inductance. However
the mutual inductance can be canceled for
balanced 3 systems with symmetry.
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77
Symmetric Line Spacing 69 kV
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78
Birds Do Not Sit on the Conductors
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79
Line Inductance Example

Calculate the reactance for a balanced 3, 60Hz
transmission line with a conductor geometry of an
equilateral triangle with D = 5m, r = 1.24cm (Rook
conductor) and a length of 5 miles.
Since system is assumed
balanced
ia = ib ic
0
1
1
1
a =
ia ln( ) + ib ln( ) + ic ln( )
r'
D
D
2
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80
Line
Inductance
Example,
contd
Substituting
i a = ib ic
Hence
0
1
1
ln
ln
i
i
a =

a
a
2
r '
D
0
D
=
ia ln
2
r '
0 D 4 107
5
La =
ln =
ln
3
2 r '
2
9.67 10
6
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= 1.25 45910ChapterH/m
4 Transmission lines and cables
81
Line Inductance Example, contd

La = 1.25 106 H/m
Converting to reactance
X a = 2 60 1.25 106
= 4.71 104 /m
= 0.768 /mile
X Total for 5 mile line = 3.79
(this is the total per phase)
The reason we did NOT have mutual inductance
was because of the symmetric conductor spacing
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82
Conductor Bundling
To increase the capacity of high voltage transmission

lines it is very common to use a number of
conductors per phase. This is known as conductor
bundling. Typical values are two conductors for
345 kV lines, three for 500 kV and four for 765 kV.
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83
Bundled Conductor Flux

Linkages
For the line shown on the left,
define dij as the distance between
conductors i and j. We can then
determine for each
i 1
1
1
1
+ ln
+ ln
+
a ln + ln
d12
d13
d14
4 r'
0 ib
1
1
1
1
+ ln
+ ln
+ ln
1 =
ln
+
2 4 d15
d16
d17
d18
ic 1
1
1
1
+ ln
+ ln
+ ln
ln
d1,10
d1,11
d1,12
4 d19
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84
Bundled Conductors, contd

Simplifying
1
i ln
+
1
a
4
(r ' d12 d13d14 )
0
1
ln
+
i
1 =
b
2
( d d d d ) 14
15 16 17 18

ic ln
1
4
(
)
d
d
d
d
19 1,10 1,11 1,12
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85
Bundled Conductors, contd

geometric mean radius (GMR) of bundle
Rb
= (r ' d12 d13d14 )

= (r ' d12 K d1b
D1b
1
) b
for our example

in general
geometric mean distance (GMD) of

conductor 1 to phase b.
= (d15d16 d17 d18 )
D1c
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D2b D3b D4b Dab
= (d19 d1,10 d1,11d1,12 )
D2c D3c D4c Dac
86
Inductance of Bundle
If D ab = Dac = Dbc = D and ia = ib ic

Then
1
0
1
ia ln ia ln
1 =
2
D
Rb
D
0
=
I a ln
2
Rb
D
0
4 I1 ln
=
2
Rb
D
0
4 ln
L1 =
2
Rb
3/5/2007
87
Inductance of Bundle, contd
But remember each bundle has b conductors

in parallel (4 in this example). So
0 D
La = L1 / b =
ln
2 Rb
3/5/2007
88
Bundle Inductance Example

Consider the previous example of the three phases
symmetrically spaced 5 meters apart using wire
with a radius of r = 1.24 cm. Except now assume
each phase has 4 conductors in a square bundle,
spaced 0.25 meters apart. What is the new inductance
per meter?
r = 1.24 102 m
0.25 M
0.25 M
r ' = 9.67 103 m
R b = 9.67 10 0.25 0.25 2 0.25

0.25 M
= 0.12 m (ten times bigger!)
0
5
La =
ln
= 7.46 107 H/m
2 0.12
3/5/2007
89
Transmission Tower
Configurations
The problem with the line analysis weve done
so far is we have assumed a symmetrical tower
configuration. Such a tower figuration is
seldom practical.
Therefore in
general Dab
Dac Dbc
Typical Transmission Tower

Configuration
3/5/2007
Unless something
was done this would
result in unbalanced
phases
90
Transposition
To keep system balanced, over the length of
a transmission line the conductors are
rotated so each phase occupies each
position on tower for an equal distance.
This is known as transposition.
Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length

of the transmission line.
3/5/2007
91
Transposition
3/5/2007
92
Transposition Impact on Flux

Linkages
For a uniformly transposed line we can
calculate the flux linkage for phase "a"
1 0
a =
3 2
1
1
1
I a ln r ' + I b ln d + I c ln d +
12
13
1 0
1
1
1
I a ln + I b ln
+ I c ln
+
3 2
r'
d13
d 23
1 0
3 2
3/5/2007
1
1
1
I a ln r ' + I b ln d + I c ln d
23
12
a phase in
position 1
a phase in
position 3
a phase in
position 2
93
Substation Bus
3/5/2007
94
Transposition Impact, contd

Recognizing that
1
1
(ln a + ln b + ln c) = ln(abc) 3
3
We can simplify so
1
I ln 1 + I ln
1
a r' b
( d12 d13d 23 ) 3
0
a =
2
1
I c ln
1
( d12 d13d 23 ) 3
3/5/2007
95
Inductance of Transposed Line

Define the geometric mean distance (GMD)
Dm
( d12 d13d 23 )
1
3
Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a = - I b - I c )
0
Dm
1
1 0
a =
I a ln I a ln
=
I a ln
2
r'
Dm 2
r'
Hence
0 Dm
Dm
7
ln
H/m
La =
= 2 10 ln
2
r'
r'
3/5/2007
96
Inductance with Bundling

If the line is bundled with a geometric mean
radius, R b , then
0
Dm
a =
I a ln
Rb
2
0 Dm
Dm
7
La =
ln
H/m
= 2 10 ln
Rb
2 Rb
3/5/2007
97
Line Transposition Example
3/5/2007
98
Line Transposition Example
3/5/2007
99
Inductance Example
Calculate the per phase inductance and

reactance of a balanced 3, 60 Hz,
transmission line with horizontal phase
spacing of 10m using three conductor
bundling with a spacing between conductors
in the bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is
uniformly transposed and the conductors
have a 1cm radius.
Answer: Inductance = 9.9 x 10-7 H/m, Reactance = 0.6 /Mile
3/5/2007
100
Review of Electric Fields

To develop a model for line capacitance we
first need to review some electric field concepts.
Gauss's law:
A D da
= qe
(integrate over closed surface)
where
D = electric flux density, coulombs/m 2

da = differential area da, with normal to surface
3/5/2007
A = total closed surface area, m 2

q e = total charge in coulombs enclosed
101
Gausss Law Example
Similar to Amperes Circuital law, Gausss

Law is most useful for cases with symmetry.
Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long
wire that has a charge density of q
coulombs/meter.
A D da
D =
3/5/2007
= D 2 Rh = q e = qh
q
2 R
Since D comes
radially out integrate over the
cylinder bounding
the wire
ar where ar radially directed unit vector

102
Electric Fields
The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux

density, D, by
D = E; where
E = electric field (volts/m)
= permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
= o r
o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)
r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)
3/5/2007
103
Voltage Difference
The voltage difference between any two
points P and P is defined as an integral
V
P
P
E dl
In previous example the voltage difference between

points P and P , located radial distance R and R
from the wire is (assuming = o )
V
3/5/2007
R
dR =
ln
2 o R
2 o R
q
104
Voltage Difference, contd

With
V
R
ln
dR =
2 o R
2 o R
q
if q is positive then those points closer in have

a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy
(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against an electric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage
is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point
3/5/2007
105
Multi-Conductor Case
Now assume we have n parallel conductors,

each with a charge density of q i coulombs/m.
The voltage difference between our two points,
P and P , is now determined by superposition
V
R i
qi ln
=
2 i =1
R i
where R i is the radial distance from point P

to conductor i, and R i the distance from P to i.
3/5/2007
106
Multi-Conductor
Case, contd
n
If we assume that
qi = 0 then rewriting
i=1
1
1 n
=
+
qi ln
qi ln R i
R i 2 i =1
2 i =1
n
We then subtract
qi ln R 1 = 0
i =1
R i
1
1 n
=
+
qi ln
qi ln
R i 2 i =1
R 1
2 i =1
n
R i
0
As we more P to infinity, ln
3/5/2007
459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines R
and cables
1
107
Absolute Voltage Defined
Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to

infinity, we can now define the voltage of a
point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:
V
1
=
qi ln
R i
2 i =1
n
This equation holds for any point as long as

it is not inside one of the wires!
3/5/2007
108
Three Conductor Case

Assume we have three
infinitely long conductors,
A, B, & C, each with radius r
C
B
and distance D from the
other two conductors.
Assume charge densities such
that qa + qb + qc = 0
1
1
1
1
Va =
q
q
q
ln
ln
ln
+
+
a
b
c
r
D
D
2
qa
D
Va =
ln
2 r
A
3/5/2007
109
Line Capacitance
For a single line capacitance is defined as
qi = CiVi
But for a multiple conductor case we need to
use matrix relationships since the charge on
conductor i may be a function of Vj
q1
C11 L C1n V1
M = M L M M

qn
Cn1 L Cnn Vn
q = CV
3/5/2007
110
Line Capacitance, contd

In ECE 476 we will not be considering theses
cases with mutual capacitance. To eliminate
mutual capacitance we'll again assume we have
a uniformly transposed line. For the previous
three conductor example:
Va = V
Since q a = C Va
3/5/2007
qa
2
=
C =
Va
ln D r
111
Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Similar to what we did for determining line
inductance when there are n bundled conductors,
we use the original capacitance equation just
substituting an equivalent radius
R cb
= (rd12 L d1n )
Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R b in the inductance
equation
3/5/2007
112
Line Capacitance, contd

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we
use the same GMR, D m , as before.
C =
ln
2
Dm
c
Rb
where
Dm
c
Rb
3/5/2007
[ d ab d ac dbc ]
= (rd12 L d1n )
1
3
(note r NOT r')
in air = o = 8.854 10-12 F/m

113
Line Capacitance Example

Calculate the per phase capacitance and
susceptance
of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, transmission line
with horizontal phase spacing of 10m using
three conductor bundling with a spacing
between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m.
Assume the line is uniformly transposed and
the conductors have a 1cm radius.
3/5/2007
114
Line Capacitance Example,

contd
Rbc
Dm
Xc
1
(0.01 0.3 0.3) 3
1
(10 10 20) 3
= 0.0963 m
= 12.6 m
2 8.854 1012
=
= 1.141 1011 F/m
12.6
ln
0.0963
1
1
=
=
11
C
2 60 1.141 10 F/m
= 2.33 108 -m (not / m)
3/5/2007
115
Line Conductors
Typical transmission lines use multi-strand
conductors
ACSR (aluminum conductor steel
reinforced)
conductors are most common. A typical Al.
to St. ratio is about 4 to 1.
3/5/2007
116
Line Conductors, contd

Total conductor area is given in circular
mils. One circular mil is the area of a circle
with a diameter of 0.001 = 0.00052
square inches
Example: what is the the area of a solid, 1
diameter circular wire?
Answer: 1000 kcmil (kilo circular mils)
Because conductors are stranded, the
equivalent radius must be provided by the
manufacturer. In tables this value is known
as the GMR459 and
is usually expressed in feet.
3/5/2007
117
Line Resistance
Line resistance per unit length is given by
R =
where is the resistivity
A
Resistivity of Copper = 1.68 10-8 -m
Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10-8 -m
Example: What is the resistance in / mile of a
1" diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?
2.65 10-8 -m
= 0.084
R =
1609
2
mile
mile
0.0127m
3/5/2007
118
Line Resistance, contd

Because ac current tends to flow towards the
surface of a conductor, the resistance of a
line at 60 Hz is slightly higher than at dc.
Resistivity and hence line resistance increase
as conductor temperature increases (changes
is about 8% between 25C and 50C)
Because ACSR conductors are stranded,
actual resistance, inductance and capacitance
needs to be determined from tables.
3/5/2007
119
ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table

A.4)
GMR is equivalent to r
3/5/2007
Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
120
ACSR Data, contd

Dm
X L = 2 f L = 4 f 10 ln
1609 /mile
GMR
1
3
= 2.02 10 f ln
+ ln Dm
GMR
1
3
= 2.02 10 f ln
+ 2.02 103 f ln Dm
GMR
7
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
3/5/2007
121
ACSR Data, Cont.

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table
2 0
1
-m where C =
XC =
Dm
2 f C
ln
r
Dm
1
6
=
1.779 10 ln
-mile (table is in M-mile)
f
r
1
1 1
=
1.779 ln + 1.779 ln Dm M-mile
f
r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
3/5/2007
122
Dove Example
GMR = 0.0313 feet
Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
1
7
/mile
X a = 2 60 2 10 1609 ln
0.0313
X a = 0.420 /mile, which matches the table
For the capacitance
1
1
6
X C = 1.779 10 ln = 9.65 104 -mile
f
r
3/5/2007
123
Additional Transmission Topics

Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a
common transmission right-of-way. This DOES
cause mutual inductance and capacitance, but is
often ignored in system analysis.
Cables: There are about 3000 miles of
underground ac cables in U.S. Cables are
primarily used in urban areas. In a cable the
conductors are tightly spaced, (< 1ft) with oil
impregnated paper commonly used to provide
insulation
inductance is lower
capacitance is higher, limiting cable length
3/5/2007
124
Additional Transmission topics

Ground wires: Transmission lines are
usually protected from lightning strikes with
a ground wire. This topmost wire (or wires)
helps to attenuate the transient
voltages/currents that arise during a lighting
strike. The ground wire is typically grounded
at each pole.
Corona discharge: Due to high electric
fields around lines, the air molecules become
ionized. This causes a crackling sound and
may cause 459
the
line to glow!
3/5/2007
125
Additional Transmission topics

Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current
may flow through contaminants on insulators.
DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost
necessary to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc
transmission is only practical for several specialized
applications
long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)
long cable power transfer such as underwater
providing an asynchronous means of joining different
power systems (such as the Eastern and Western grids).
3/5/2007
126
Bonus question #2 (AC vs DC)

Due on March 8
Give technical analysis why overhead
HVDC lines need to be more than 400
miles to be cost effective? What is the
technical bottleneck?
Why now engineers are suggesting DC lines
for distribution lines around 1KV? Are the
concerns for HVDC an issue here? Why?
3/5/2007
127
Transmission Siting
Building new transmission lines can be
extremely difficult, particularly if a new
right-of-way is needed
The siting of new lines is currently a state
responsibility, which can cause difficulties
if a line spans more than one state
the exception federal power marketing administrations
and TVA, which have their own siting authority
3/5/2007
128
Summary
How inductance is derived? How capacitance is
derived? What is corona?
What is GMR? Why GMR? What is GMD? Why
GMD?
Why delta construction has zero mutual
inductance? Why flat instruction has nonzero
mutual inductance?
What is bundling? Why bundling?
What is transposition? Why transposition?
3/5/2007
129

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ECE 459

Power System Analysis

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Concert conduit with cables in a manhole

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Guyed Lattice Tower

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Tapered Steel Tube Tower

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Aluminum outer strands

Steel core strands,

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Number of Insulators per

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Figure 4.15 Line post-composite

(1) is the clevis

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Figure 4.16 Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid dielectric

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Three-phase distribution cable with solid dielectric.

4.4 Transmission Line Electrical

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

Table 4.1 ACSR cable technical data

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Transmission lines and cables

459 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables