chapter 15

waves
waves
- medium disturbance waves , disturbance
wave movement
.waves 3
1.

mechanical waves mechanical action waves ,

sound wave example .

2.

electromagnetic waves- accelerating charges waves ,

.light wave .

3.

matter waves- move matter waves .

. electrons
waves .

transverse waves and longitudinal waves

wave 2
transverse wave
wave medium medium particles, wave travel
direction perpendicular vibrate , waves transverse waves

longitudianal waves
wave medium medium particles, wave travel
direction parallel vibrate waves longitudinal waves.

difference between transverse and longitudinal waves

transverse waves

particles in medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave propogation

having crust and troughs

do not need medium to travel

vibration of streched string is an example

longitudinal waves

particles in medium vibrates parallel to the direction of wave propogation

having compression and rare fractions(pressure region pressure region

)

need medium to travel

sound wave is an example

wave equation

y wave displacement ( wave y axis )

A-

amplitude( wave displacement )

K- wave number( wave k value , k= 0

wave )

x- motion of wave is through x axis( k co-efficient x ,wave direction

)
- angular velocity ( wave angular velocity. = 2 x f )
t time
- initial phase( wave point angle ,
observation time wave position )
note- equation sign wave , x axis
, sign sign wave x axis

wave k divide

speed of wave in stretched string

transverse wave wave wire
tension ( ) wire density depend

sound wave solid medium ( longitudinal wave) equation

note elasticity youngs modulus

sound ( longitudinal wave ) liquid medium equation

note- fluid bulk modulus

air sound (longitudinal wave )

humid air density sound, air

air case equation newton . newton equation
laplace . air sound wave
rare fraction transfer ( adiabatic process )
equation laplace

correction

superposition of wave
waves medium
(overlapping ) superposition of waves
phase waves wave amplitude

waves amplitude sum ( constructive interference constructive overlapping

)

180 phase difference waves wave amplitude

waves amplitude difference ( distructive interference

distructive overlapping )

wave propogate through positive x axis

wave equation -ve sign wave +ve

wave propogates through negative x axis

wave equation +ve sign wave ve axis

standing waves
amplitude frequency waves negative overlapping
(resulting wave ) . standing wave
wave

B
wave +ve x axis . B

amplitude frequency wave phase

difference 180

. ve overlapping , wave

standing wave
wave +ve x axis wave ve x axis

wave (standing wave)

amplitude

wave function

standing wave amplitude maximum points (anti node), amplitude mimimum points (node)
.

node point amplitude zero

= 0

kx value 0,,2,

anti node
anti node maximum amplitude

kx =

value maximum

standing waves in a streched string

standing waves
L
x=L
standing wave node point

frequency first harmonic frequency

first harmonic frequency wave

 antinode point
harmonic
second harmonics:

antinode points second harmonic

harmonics .
vibration of air column in a tube
vibration .
vibration

tubes open tube closed tube

open tube closed tube

( open tube closed tube )
closed

odd harmonics , , open

closed .

odd harmonics
(
)

antinode harmonics
open tube
open node antinode equations . boundary

open antinode equation

 open tube frequency ( )

beats
sound waves ( frequency )
sound intensity ( ) (periodic variation) ( )
beats

turing fork arm vibrate arms

sound frequency .
beats
frequency beats .
sound . (beats )
, sound
256 hZ turningfork turningfork vibrate second 3
turningfork frequency ?

second beats ( frequency ) beats sound wave frequency

DOPPLER EFFECT
sound source sound . listener . listener sound
frequency (apparant frequency) source listener relative motion

 principle ,

sound direction velocity +ve opposite direction ve