Concurrent

Engineering

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Application of computer technology

Pre-computer phase

Solution of
design
problem

Computer phase

Time

Design problems:

at the beginning, it is not clear how to

attain the requirements

- Proposed problem: How to realise the idea

technical object
process.
- Production problem: Processing of material and creation of an object with
prescribed functions.
- Diagnosis problem: Monitoring of the quality of the object at the time of
preparation.
- Liquidation problem: Already at the time of production, it is essential to
consider liquidation, optionally, recycling of the product after end of life.

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Phases of the computerised solution of

the design problem
- Computerised phase - prehistoric
- introduction of computers in the solution of technical tasks;
- numerically controlled machines and DNC machines in
production.
- Computerised phase - historic
- introduction of mini-computers in industry;
- application of the end element method in the dimensioning of
the design.
- Current phase
- full-featured design of the technical object as a 3D object;
- design of the object with regard to future functionality;
- virtual prototyping.
- Future phase
- increase in computer performance, artificial intelligence,
virtual reality.

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Structure and character of classic

engineering
Classic progress of product design runs according to the
scheme:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Technical object design draft

Verification of the draft
Technological preparation of production
Planning of capacity
Testing of quality
Decision concerning series production

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Structure of concurrent
engineering
- co-ordinated, systemic and team approach to
innovation of engineering products;
- performance of related activities concurrently by a
team of designers under the guidance of the project coordinator;
- the full knowledge management process is fully
supported by information and computer technologies;
- one of the methods for attaining changes in corporate
processes in the area of the designed process with
production processes within reach.

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Tools of Concurrent Engineering

-

QFD (Quality Function Deployment)

DFA (Design for Assembly)
DFM (Design for Manufacturing)
DFE (Design for Environment)

- FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)

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numerical production procedures, content chain of

CAD design, CAM production programming, CNC
machining and CAQ measurement

short production time

high production quality
fundamental services for change management of
the product and its repairs after wear in series
production

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For concurrent performance of consequential

activities, it is essential to ensure easy projection
of the results of subsequent activities in preceding
activities.

- To this purpose, an object model of the product is

created in a consistently parametric description
already at the ideal design and industrial design
stage.
- This abstract model and its functional computer
simulation make it possible to replace the phase of
experimental verification of technology.

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Problem of concurrent engineering need for high computer

performance (models consisting of millions of polygons).

Effort at display of only the visible part, function of the invisible

objects, various levels of object detail after rendering.

PDM (Product Data Management) storage, update and

sharing of data about documents that contain the precise
product specifications;
- better hand-over of production documentation between the
individual specialised suppliers.
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Labour
- The basic aspect of project success is mainly the conduct of
the workers involved in the project.
- An attempt is made to change it by means of created
methodology, proposed processes, perfected tools, but also
application of new principles.

BASIC ATYPICAL MANIFESTATIONS:

Information about the planned duration of the activity, apart
from the essential parts, also includes a certain time reserve.
It is rare that the activity result is transferred onwards before
the planned deadline (Parkinson's Project Law: The least
duration of the activity is as long as its time interval.)

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 The activity is most often started at the last moment (Student

Syndrome the same principle as applies to preparation for
examinations). The sources have many objective reasons over which
they do not have much influence.
The people are mostly pessimistic concerning the availability of
sources in the planned term.

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Design for X (DFX)

Design for X (DFX) is one of the most efficient approaches
to the realisation of Concurrent Engineering. It targets a
limited number, let's say, 7 +/- 2, substantial elements at
once. This makes it possible to make best use of the
available resources.
DFA , DFM , DFE , DFS .

Where is it applied?
- Where it is suitable, it is never too late, it is never too early,
it is only a matter of where it is helpful.

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lifecycle

product design stages

Application of DFX

Product analysis

- collect and clarify information, which concern the products or product.

Process analysis
- applies to the collection, processing and presentation of specific process
data.

Measuring of performance
- determination of interaction in a form that corresponds with the
performance indicators.

Emphasis by means of Benchmarking

- the objective is to understand whether the monitored product or process
is good or not and what factors contribute to this. Benchmarking is targeted
at setting the standards and comparison of the performance indicators of
the tested product or process with these standards.

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 Diagnosis for improvement

- diagnosis of the causes of the weakness (or strength) of certain
areas.

Recommendation of changes
- scrutiny of the largest number of possible improvements in a given
area. The precision of product or process re-design depends on
specific circumstances.

Setting of priorities
- the objective of this step is to determine
the vital areas for further research and
solve immediate trivial issues, such that,
attention may be focussed on important
problems and hopeful solutions.
IMPROVED
MODELS

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Quality Policy
Company target: Make a product that is environmentalfriendly and with the features that fulfil, but also surpass
the expectations of the customers. It wants to enchant the
customers in such a way as for them to return to it with
confidence.

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Certification of the Quality System

-Proving that the company quality system complies with ISO 9000
international standards.

Progress of certification:
Phase 1 Proving the validity of the applied documentation and solution of all
ISO 9000 requirements.
Phase 2 Compliance with the rules in practice. Each employees may be
asked about the objectives and principles of quality assurance.
The quality system is further verified and perfected by means of internal
(systemic) audits. The certificate is withdrawn upon ascertaining any serious
deficiencies.

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Quality Audit

Systm Audit

Process Audit

Product Audit

(Orientation on the systm)

(Orientation on the
production processes)

(Orientation on the product)

Testing of the individual

quality assurance systm
elements in terms of their
existence and applicability in
practice.

Testing of the given

procedures and working
processes in terms of
compliance with them and
their purpose.

Test of the given products

(parts, assemblies) as to
whether they comply with the
pre-determined quality
features.

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Methods for search of ideas

- Brainstorming/Brain writing
Purpose: Acquisition of the largest number of ideas.
Brainstorming ideas taken down by the head of the group.
Brain writing each participant writes down his ideas on open cards.

Principles:
Participation of only competent persons (optimum 6 - 8), duration 20 - 30
minutes; several people should not talk at the same time and it is forbidden
to criticise other ideas, or advance reasons in support of own ideas.

The result of the meeting is sent further for processing.

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The Ishikawa diagram

diagram

fishbone

Principle
- The diagram is a graphic representation of various factors, which
influence the consequence, i.e. for instance, quality of a certain process
and hence, also the resultant process product.
Advantages
- search for the most probable causes of the problem, classification and
categorisation of the possible causes. Procedure identical to
brainstorming;
- the heterogeneity and not the quantity of the possible causes is
decisive. An omission may have a great effect on the quality.

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Practical demonstration
Machines

People

Inadequate number
of precision
machines

Inadequate
communication
Maintenance

Obsolete machines

Inadequate training

Changing
operators
Fluctuation of
the length
of the cut
pieces
Steel quality

The operators have

no direct control

Declining steel
temperature

Incorrect setting of
steel type
Non-uniform
conveyer speed

Method

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Environment

Material

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1. Write the solution topic on the upper edge of a large sheet of paper.
2. Draw a horizontal line of the through the centre of the sheet
(backbone of diagram) and enter the consequence in the right part
of the diagram (substance of the problem).
3. The group members must agree on the basic areas in which we
shall search for these causes. These may, for instance, be Material,
Equipment, Environment, Methods, People.
4. The agreed areas for possible causes are marked on the diagram
as the major branch leading to the backbone.
5. Each proposal entered in the appropriate area as an auxiliary
branch leading to the main branch.
6. We further specify all the general causes.
7. The individual workers as per own opinion designate 3 main
causes, which are eventually marked with a points value.
8. Based on the evaluation allocated by all the participants, the
main assumed causes that must mainly be solved are
determined.

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Thank you for your attention!!!

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