INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

A. Algebraic Substitution
B. Trigonometric Substitution
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
change the variable of integration that seems to be causing trouble in
the process of integration by way of explicit substitution.
yz ,

zx ,

wy

dydz

dzdx

dwdy

> Perform the integration using the appropriate method.

> Perform back to the original variable in expressing the final answer.
NOTE: If the expressing contain an exponent equals to
exponent in the substitution of the variable.

Example:

1.

e xg dx

u e x g

2 udu
2
u +g
u[]

u2=e x g

= 2

(u 2+ gg) du
u2 + g

u2 + g=e x

(u 2+ g)du
du
18 2
2
( u + g)
u +g

2udu=e x dx

2 du18

du
u2+ g

dx=

2udu
ex

1
2 , include the

2
2
= u u

a2=g

= uu

a=3

1
u
= 2u-18 ( 3 ) arctan 3 +3
2 x
e g
Answer = e g6 arctan 3 +3
x

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
2
2
If the integral invovles, a x x=asin

a2x 2
x
=sin
a

cos=

a2x 2
a

cot=

a2x 2
a

2
2
If the integrated involves, a + x x=atan

csc=

a2x 2
a

sin2 = 2sin cos

=

x
a
2 2
2
a +x a + x
2

2 ax
= a2 + x 2

2
2
If the integrated involves, a x x=asec

x
=sec
a
x
=cos
a
sin

x 2 +a2
x

Example:
1. In the integral

we may write

so that the integral becomes

2. In the integral

we may use

INTEGRATION BY RATIONAL FRACTIONS

Quotient of two polynomials.
Two degree of numerator must be of lower degree the degree of the

denominator.
If the denominator contains a quadratic expression according to this
2
form: a x + bx+ c

If

b2=4 ac

a discriminant to determine behavior of the roots.

b24 ac <0

roots are imaginary and unequal.

That count for factored without distinct lines factored.

Can also be integrated by still.

3 FORMS of PARTIAL FRACTION

A. Distinct Linear Factors
B. Repeated Factors
C. Quadratic Factors

a.

A
(ax +b)

n> leads to power formula

b.

A (2 ax+ b)
a x 2+bx + c

n> leads to power formula

If n=1 leads tologarithmic

du
=luu+ c
u

c.

A
a x +bx +c arctangent

d.

A
(a x + bx+ c)

du

a2 +u2

1
2

arctan

u
a

+c

n 1 lead by trigonometric substitution.

By completing the square

DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS

dx

Adx

Bdx

Cdx

(xa)(x b)( xc ) = xa + xb + xc
dx
dx
dx
= A xa + xb + xc

Logarithmic Integration Formula

Various Method of Solving the Constant: ABC

a. Taking the original zero of the denominator as the
assumption for the values of the variable.
b. Equate the coeff. of some power of x.
c. Using the formula:
A=

f ( a)
g( a)

f(a)=function of the numerator,

g(a)=other factors of the denominator

Example:

(3 y 24 y6)dy

1. ( y 1)( y 3)( y+ 1) Distinct Linear factor

=

dy
dy
dy
+ b
+ c
y1
y3
y +1
2

(3 y 4 y 6)dy
= ( y1)( y3)( y +1)

= y1 + y 3 + y +1 = (y-1)(y-3)(y+1)

2
= 3 y 4 y6 = A(y-2)(y+1)+B(y-1)(y+1)+C(y-1)(y-2) 1.

y=1, y=2, y=-1

say y = 1:
3(1)-4(1)-6 = A(1-2) (-1+1)
-7 - -2a A =

7
2

say y = 2:

say y = -1:

3(2)-4(2)-6 = B(2-1) (2+1)

3(-1)-4(-1)-6 = C(-1-1) (-1-2)

12-14 = 3B B =

2
3

3+4-6 = C (-2)(-3)
1

1=6C C = 6

Using method B:
2
= 3 y 4 y6 = A(y-2)(y+1)+B(y-1)(y+1)+C(y-1)(y-2)
2
2
2
2
= 3 y 4 y6 = A( y y-2)+B( y 1 )+C( y 3 y +4 )

y2

: 3 = A+B+C 1

y : -4 = -A 3C 2
C : -6 = -2A B +2C 3
Equate: 1 and 2
3= A+ B+C
6=2 AB+2 C
3=A 3 C

Equate: 4 and 2
3=A +3 C
4=A3C
7=2 A

A=

7
2

From 4:
From 1:

3= A+3 C
7
3= +3 C
2
7
3 C=3+
2

3C =
3C =

3= A+ B+C
7
1
3= B+
2
6
3 7 1
B=
1 2 6

6+7
2
1
2

C=

1
6

18211
6

4
6

2
3