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Heuristics
Heuristics
Heuristics
Introduction
Recalling the process operations in process synthesis:
Heuristics
Instructional Objectives
When you have finished studying this unit, you should:
Understand the importance of selecting reaction paths that do
not involve toxic or hazardous chemicals, and when unavoidable, to
reduce their presence by shortening residence times in the
process units and avoiding their storage in large quantities.
Be able to distribute the chemicals in a process flowsheet, to
account for the presence of inert species, to purge species that
would otherwise build up to unacceptable concentrations, to
achieve a high selectivity to the desired products.
Be able to apply heuristics in selecting separation processes to
separate liquids, vapors, and vapor-liquid mixtures.
Be able to distribute the chemicals, by using excess reactants,
inert diluents, and cold shots, to remove the exothermic heats of
reaction.
Understand the advantages of pumping a liquid rather than
compressing a vapor.
3
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(R.1)
(R.2)
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(R.3)
C
O
(R.4)
CH2 CH2
5
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Distribution of Chemicals
Heuristic 2:
Heuristics
Heuristics
or after reaction...
Heuristics
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10
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12
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Kinetic data
HR
ko
Btu/lbmole
lbmole/(hr ft atm )
206,000
13,600
-79,200
11.7
3,430
-91,800
4.6 x 108
21,300
Reaction
13
-4,800
E/R (oR)
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1.02E-03
1.01E-03
1.00E-03
9.90E-04
9.80E-04
9.70E-04
9.60E-04
-0.4
ln(k)
-0.8
-1.2
ln(k1)
ln(k2)
-1.6
ln(k3)
Heuristics
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HOAc
Reaction
zone
MeOH
H 2O
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Separations
Heuristic 9: Separate liquid mixtures using distillation and
stripping towers, and liquid-liquid extractors,
Select from
distillation, enhanced
distillation, stripping
towers, liquid-liquid
extraction, etc.
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Heuristics
Separations (Contd)
Heuristic 10: Attempt to condense vapor mixtures with
cooling water. Then, use Heuristic 9.
Ref: Douglas (1988)
Attempt to cool
reactor products
using cooling water
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Select from
distillation, enhanced
distillation, stripping
towers, liquid-liquid
extraction, etc.
Heuristics
Separations (Contd)
Heuristic 11: Separate vapor mixtures using partial
condensers, cryogenic distillation, absorption
Combination of the
previous two flowsheets
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Heuristics
an inert diluent
cold shots.
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P2VdP
W
P
1
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