RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

PERANGKAAN PENTING
Perangkaan penting dapat memberi gambaran berkaitan keadaan sosio ekonomi sesebuah negara.
Ia digunakan dalam menjana asas pengukuran demografi dan epidemiologi seperti trend populasi,
fertiliti dan mortaliti.

Perangkaan penting juga digunakan dalam perancangan dan pembentukan

dasar merentasi pelbagai sektor seperti pendidikan, pekerjaan dan kesihatan. Indikator perangkaan
penting ini juga boleh dijadikan pengukur kepada strategi kerajaan seperti penambahbaikan dalam
bidang kesihatan, penurunan kadar kemiskinan dan hasil usaha pembangunan yang lain.

Jadual 1: Perangkaan Penting, Malaysia, 20102011

2010

2011P

Kadar kelahiran kasar (1,000 penduduk)

17.2

17.1

Kadar kematian kasar (1,000 penduduk)

4.6

4.6

12.6

12.5

Kadar kesuburan jumlah (setiap perempuan berumur 1549 tahun)

2.1

2.1

Kadar reproduksi kasar (setiap perempuan berumur 1549 tahun)

1.0

1.0

Kadar kelahiran mati (1,000 kelahiran)

4.5

4.5

Kadar mortaliti perinatal (1,000 kelahiran)

7.7

7.6

Kadar mortaliti neonatal (1,000 kelahiran hidup)

4.3

4.2

Kadar mortaliti bayi (1,000 kelahiran hidup)

6.7

6.6

Kadar mortaliti kanak-kanak (1,000 penduduk berumur 14 tahun)

0.4

0.4

Kadar mortaliti kurang daripada 5 tahun (1,000 kelahiran hidup)

8.4

8.1

26.1

25.5

Indikator

Kadar pertambahan semula jadi kasar (1,000 penduduk)

Nisbah mortaliti ibu bersalin (100,000 kelahiran hidup)

Kadar kelahiran mencatatkan penurunan daripada 17.2 (2010) kepada 17.1 (2011) bagi setiap 1,000
penduduk.

Manakala kadar kesuburan mula mencecah paras penggantian iaitu 2.1 pada 2010.

Secara keseluruhannya hampir kesemua indikator kematian telah mencatatkan penurunan. Namun
begitu analisis ini perlu dilihat secara berhati-hati memandangkan data 2011 merupakan data
permulaan yang masih belum mengambil kira pendaftaran lewat.

KELAHIRAN HIDUP
Kelahiran hidup telah mencatatkan peningkatan sebanyak 3.4 ribu bagi tempoh 20102011 iaitu
daripada 491.2 ribu kepada 494.6 ribu.

Namun begitu, kadar kelahiran menurun daripada 17.2

kepada 17.1. Sepanjang tempoh tersebut, bilangan kelahiran hidup bagi bayi lelaki (52%) kekal
melebihi bayi perempuan (48%).

Carta 1: Kelahiran hidup mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 20102011

('000)

494.6

491.2

500
450
400
350

253.7

300

255.6

237.5

239.0

250
200
150
100
50
0
2010
Jumlah

2011
Lelaki

Perempuan

Kadar kelahiran setiap 1,000 penduduk bagi etnik Bumiputera Lain, India dan Lain-lain menunjukkan
penurunan dalam tempoh 20102011. Trend sebaliknya ditunjukkan oleh Melayu yang mencatatkan
peningkatan kadar kelahiran daripada 20.5 kepada 20.8 manakala Cina kekal pada kadar 11.5. Pada
tahun 2011, kadar kelahiran tertinggi dicatatkan oleh Melayu iaitu 20.8 diikuti Bumiputera Lain (19.0),
India (13.2) dan Cina (11.5) manakala kadar terendah dicatatkan oleh etnik Lain-lain iaitu 10.5.

Jadual 2: Kadar kelahiran kasar mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 20102011

Kadar kelahiran kasar (bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk)
Kumpulan etnik
Jumlah
Melayu
Bumiputera Lain
Cina
India
1
Lain-lain
1

2010

2011

17.2
20.5
19.2
11.5
14.3
12.1

17.1
20.8
19.0
11.5
13.2
10.5

Termasuk bukan warganegara Malaysia

KESUBURAN
Kadar kesuburan di Malaysia telah mencecah paras penggantian iaitu 2.1 mulai tahun 2010 dan kekal
pada tahun 2011.

Analisis mengikut etnik menunjukkan Melayu dan Bumiputera Lain masih

mencatatkan kadar kesuburan melebihi paras penggantian pada tahun 2011 masing-masing pada 2.7
dan 2.3 bagi setiap perempuan berumur 15-49 tahun. Namun begitu, kadar kesuburan bagi etnik
Cina, India dan Lain-lain masih kekal berada di bawah paras penggantian iaitu masing-masing 1.5,
1.6 dan 1.0 pada tahun 2011.

Carta 2: Kadar kesuburan jumlah mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 20102011

3.0
2.7

2.7
2.4

2.5

2.3
2.1

Paras Penggantian

2.1

2.0
Kadar

1.7
1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5
1.1

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.0
2010
Jumlah

Melayu

2011
Bumiputera Lain

Cina

India

Lain-lain

Termasuk bukan warganegara Malaysia

Kadar adalah bagi setiap perempuan berumur 15-49 tahun

KEMATIAN
Sebanyak 133.4 ribu kematian telah didaftarkan di Malaysia bagi tahun 2011. Jumlah ini
menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 2.4 ribu (1.9%) kematian berbanding tahun 2010.

Namun

begitu, kadar kematian kekal pada 4.6 bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk bagi tempoh yang sama.
Kematian bagi lelaki melebihi perempuan iaitu 58 peratus berbanding 42 peratus bagi perempuan.

Carta 3: Kematian mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2010-2011

2010

Kumpulan umur
85 +
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4

10,000

Perempuan

Lelaki

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Bilangan

2011

Kumpulan umur
85 +
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4

10,000

Perempuan

Lelaki

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Bilangan

Piramid kematian penduduk Malaysia menunjukkan kematian lelaki sentiasa melebihi kematian
perempuan bagi setiap peringkat umur kecuali bagi umur 80 tahun dan lebih bagi tempoh 2010-2011.
Ini menyumbang kepada jangkaan hayat penduduk lelaki yang lebih rendah berbanding perempuan.
Kadar kematian bagi lelaki dan perempuan masing-masing kekal pada 5.2 dan 4.0 bagi tempoh yang
sama.

Pada tahun 2011, kadar kematian tertinggi dicatatkan oleh India (5.7) diikuti oleh Cina (5.5), Melayu
(4.9), Bumiputera Lain (3.5) dan Lain-lain (1.6). Bilangan kematian bagi semua etnik mencatatkan
peningkatan kecuali India yang menurun daripada 11,124 (2010) kepada 11,053 (2011).

Ini

menyumbang kepada penurunan kadar kematian etnik India daripada 5.8 kepada 5.7 bagi tempoh
2010-2011.
Jadual 3: Kematian mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 20102011

2010

2011

130,978

133,415

4.6

4.6

Melayu

69,399

70,767

4.8

4.9

Bumiputera Lain

11,586

12,029

3.5

3.5

Cina

34,813

35,429

5.4

5.5

11,124

11,053

5.8

5.7

4,056

4,137

1.6

1.6

Jumlah

India
Lain-lain
1

Kadar kematian kasar

(bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk)
P
2010
2011

Bilangan

Kumpulan etnik

Termasuk bukan warganegara Malaysia

PERTAMBAHAN SEMULA JADI

Kadar pertambahan semula jadi bagi Malaysia menurun 0.1 mata peratus bagi tempoh 2010-2011.
Sepanjang tempoh tersebut, semua kumpulan etnik mencatatkan penurunan kecuali bagi etnik
Melayu. Pada tahun 2011 etnik Melayu mencatat kadar pertambahan semula jadi tertinggi iaitu 16.0
manakala etnik Cina mencatat kadar terendah pada 6.0 bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk.

Carta 4: Kadar pertambahan semula jadi mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 20102011
16.0
14.0

Kadar

16.0

15.7 15.8

12.0

15.5

10.0
8.0

12.5

12.6
10.5

6.0

8.9

8.5

7.5

4.0

6.1

6.0

2.0
0.0

2010
Jumlah

Melayu

2011

Bumiputera Lain

Termasuk bukan warganegara Malaysia

Cina

India

Lain-lain

P
1

KELAHIRAN MATI
Bilangan kelahiran mati di Malaysia mencatatkan sedikit peningkatan bagi tempoh 20102011 iaitu
daripada 2,222 kepada 2,241 orang dengan kadar kekal pada 4.5 bagi setiap 1,000 kelahiran.
Kelahiran mati bagi lelaki kekal melebihi perempuan dalam tempoh tersebut dengan kadar 4.7 bagi
lelaki berbanding 4.3 bagi perempuan.
Jadual 4: Kelahiran mati mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 20102011

2010
2011

Kadar kelahiran mati

(bagi setiap 1,000 kelahiran)

Bilangan

Tahun
Jumlah

Lelaki

Perempuan

Jumlah

Lelaki

Perempuan

2,222

1,199

1,023

4.5

4.7

4.3

2,241

1,199

1,042

4.5

4.7

4.3

SUMMARY FINDINGS

VITAL STATISTICS
Vital statistics portrays the socio-economic situation of a country. The vital statistics is used to derive
fundamental demographic and epidemiological measures such as population level and trends, fertility
and mortality.

The vital statistics is also been used in the formulation of planning and policy

development across multi sector such as education, labour and health. The vital statistics indicator
also can be used in measuring government strategy such as health sector reform, poverty reduction
and other development efforts.

Table 1: Vital Statistics, Malaysia, 20102011

2010

2011P

Crude birth rate (1,000 population)

17.2

17.1

Crude death rate (1,000 population)

4.6

4.6

Crude rate of natural increase (1,000 population)

12.6

12.5

Total fertility rate (per woman aged 1549 years)

2.1

2.1

Gross reproductive rate (per woman aged 1549 years)

1.0

1.0

Stillbirth rate (1,000 births)

4.5

4.5

Perinatal mortality rate (1,000 births)

7.7

7.6

Neonatal mortality rate (1,000 live births)

4.3

4.2

Infant mortality rate (1,000 live births)

6.7

6.6

Toddler mortality rate (1,000 population aged 14 years)

0.4

0.4

Under-5 mortality rate (1,000 live births)

8.4

8.1

26.1

25.5

Indicators

Maternal mortality ratio (100,000 live births)

The birth rate dropped from 17.2 (2010) to 17.1 (2011) per 1,000 population. Whereas the fertility rate
reached the replacement level at 2.1 in 2010. Overall, almost all mortality indicators recorded a
decline.

However, users should be cautious when using this analysis since the 2011 data are

preliminary which does not include late registrations.

LIVE BIRTH
The number of live births recorded an increase of 3.4 thousand for the period of 20102011 i.e. from
491.2 thousand to 494.6 thousand. However, birth rates declined from 17.2 to 17.1. During the
period, the number of live births for male babies (52%) remained higher than female babies (48%).

Chart 1: Live births by sex, Malaysia, 20102011

('000)

491.2

494.6

500
450
400
350

253.7

300

255.6

237.5

239.0

250
200
150
100
50
0
2010

2011

Total

Male

Female

The birth rates per 1,000 population for Other Bumiputera, Indians and ethnic Others decreased for
the period of 20102011. The opposite trend was shown by Malay where the birth rate recorded an
increased from 20.5 to 20.8 while Chinese remained at 11.5. In 2011, Malay recorded the highest
birth rate at 20.8 followed by Other Bumiputera (19.0), Indians (13.2) and Chinese (11.5) while Others
recorded the lowest birth rate of 10.5.

Table 2: Crude birth rate by ethnic groups, Malaysia, 20102011

Crude birth rate (per 1,000 population)
Ethnic group
Total

2011

17.2

17.1

Malay

20.5

20.8

Other Bumiputera

19.2

19.0

Chinese

11.5

11.5

Indians

14.3

13.2

12.1

10.5

Others
1

2010

Includes non-Malaysian citizens

FERTILITY
The fertility rate in Malaysia reached the replacement level i.e. 2.1 started from the year 2010 and
remained in 2011. The analysis showed that the fertility rates for Malay and Other Bumiputera still
recorded above the replacement level at 2.7 and 2.3 respectively for every woman aged 15-49 years.
However, the rates for Chinese, Indians and Others remained below the replacement level at 1.5, 1.6
and 1.0 respectively in the year 2011.

Chart 2: Total fertility rate by ethnic groups, Malaysia, 20102011

3.0
2.7

2.7
2.4

2.5

2.3

2.1

2.1

Replacement Level

2.0
1.7
Rate

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5
1.1

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.0
2010
Total
1

Malay

2011
Other Bumiputera

Chinese

Indians

Others 1

Includes non-Malaysian citizen

The rates are per every woman age 15-49 years

DEATH
There were 133.4 thousand deaths registered in Malaysia for the year 2011. This figure showed an
increase by 2.4 thousand (1.9%) deaths as compared to the year 2010. However, the death rate
maintained at 4.6 per 1,000 population for the same period. The number of deaths for males was
higher than females; i.e. 58 per cent compared with 42 per cent.

Chart 3: Death by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2010-2011

2010

Age group
85 +
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4

10,000

Male

8,000

6,000

Female

4,000

2,000

2011

Age group
85 +
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4

10,000

0
Number

2,000

6,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Female

Male

8,000

4,000

4,000

2,000

0
Number

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

For the period of 2010-2011, the death pyramid for Malaysia showed that death among males were
consistently higher than females for every age group except for the age 80 years and above. This will
contribute to lower life expectancy of males as compared to females. The death rates for males and
females maintained at 5.2 and 4.0 for the same period.

10

In 2011, the highest death rate was recorded by Indians (5.7), followed by Chinese (5.5), Malay (4.9),
Other Bumiputera (3.5) and Others (1.6). The number of deaths for all ethnic groups increased
except for Indians, which decreased from 11,124 (2010) to 11,053 (2011). This contributes to the
drop in the death rate for Indians from 5.8 to 5.7 for the period of 2010-2011.

Table 3: Death by ethnic groups, Malaysia, 20102011

Total

2010

2011

130,978

133,415

4.6

4.6

Malay

69,399

70,767

4.8

4.9

Other Bumiputera

11,586

12,029

3.5

3.5

Chinese

34,813

35,429

5.4

5.5

Indians

11,124

11,053

5.8

5.7

4,056

4,137

1.6

1.6

Others
1

Crude death rate

(per 1,000 population)
P
2010
2011

Number

Ethnic group

Includes non-Malaysian citizens

NATURAL INCREASE

The rate of natural increase for Malaysia dropped 0.1 percentage point for the period 20102011. All
ethnic groups showed a decreasing trend throughout the period except for Malay. For the year 2011,
Malay recorded the highest rate of natural increase at 16.0 while Chinese recorded the lowest at 6.0
per 1,000 population.

Chart 4: Crude rate of natural increase by ethnic groups, Malaysia, 20102011

16.0
14.0

Rate

10.0

16.0 15.5

15.7 15.8

12.0

12.5

12.6

8.0

10.5

6.0

8.9

8.5

4.0

7.5
6.0

6.1

2.0
0.0

2010
Total
1

Malay

2011

Other Bumiputera

Includes non-Malaysian citizens

11

Chinese

Indians

Others 1

STILLBIRTH
The number of stillbirths in Malaysia recorded marginal increase for the period of 20102011 i.e. from
2,222 to 2,241 with the rate remained at 4.5 per 1,000 births. The number of stillbirths for male is
higher than female for that period with the rate of 4.7 for males as compared to 4.3 for females.

Table 4: Stillbirth by sex, Malaysia, 20102011

2010
2011

Stillbirth rate
(per 1,000 births)

Number

Year

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

2,222

1,199

1,023

4.5

4.7

4.3

2,241

1,199

1,042

4.5

4.7

4.3

12