CHUYN N THI AI HOC : AXIT CACBOXYLIC

A. L thuyt
- KN: Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl (-COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t
cacbon hoc nguyn t hiro.
- Tn gi axit cacboxylic
CTCT
Tn thng
Tn thay th
HCOOH
Axit fomic
Axit metanoic
CH3COOH
Axit axetic
Axit etanoic
C2H5COOH
Axit propionic
Axit propanoic
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Axit butiric
Axit butanoic
(CH3)2CH-COOH
Axit isobutiric
Axit 2- metylpropanoic
CH2=CH-COOH
Axit acrylic
Axit propenoic
CH2 = C(CH3)COOH
Axit metacrylic
Axit 2- metylpropenoic
COOH - COOH
Axit oxalic
Axit etanioic
HOOC- [CH2]4 - COOH
Axit aipic
Axit hexanioic
C6H5COOH
Axit benzoic
- CTTQ : R(COOH)X
-CTPT cua axit thu c day ng ng
1. axit fomic:...
2. axit acrylic: ...
3.axit oxalic: ......
4: axit benzoic: ...
-ng phn: S ng phn axit ca C3H6O2, C4H8O2, C5H10O2
.
Ch axit c bit c : s C = s nhm COOH l HCOOH, COOH - COOH
II.Tinh cht
*T/c v t li: TT long ho c rn ,vi chua, axit no C1 C3 tan tt trg nc.t0s cua axit cao hn ancol v andehit tng ng
Th t nhit si cua cc hp cht c M tng ng:
Hiddrocacbon < andehit < ancol < axit cacboxylic
*.Tinh cht ho hc
1. * Tinh axit:
a) So snh tnh axit:
Ancol < phenol < H2CO3< RCOOH< H2SO4
Khi c thm cc nhm y e ((CH3)3C- > (CH3)2CH- > C2H5 - > CH3- > H-) gn vo mch C th lm
gim tnh axit
Khi c thm cc nhm ht e( CN- >F- >Cl- >Br- >CH3O- >C6H5- >CH2=CH) gn vo mch C
th lm tng tnh axit.
V d 1: CH3COOH < Cl-CH2COOH < F-CH2COOH
V d 2: Trong dy ng ng ca axit cacboxylic no n chc, h mnh gim dn khi s
nguyn t C tng.
b) Axit cacboxylic in li khng hon ton trong nc theo cn bng:
R COOH .........................................................................
c) td vi kl, baz, ox baz, mui ca axit yu hn( CO32-, HCO3-)
CH3COOH + MgO
..
CH3COOH + Cu(OH)2 ...
CH2=CH COOH + CaCO
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ..
2. *Phn ng tao dn xut axit:
+ phn ng este ha: RCOOH + ROH
RCOOR + H2O
: phn ng chm, thun nghch, khng pht nhit, xc tc dd H2SO4
3. *Phn ng khc
+) Phn ng th gc thm.

.
+) Phn ng cng vo gc khng no.
Axit khng no( axit acrylic,axit oleic, axit metacrylic) tham gia phn ng cng H 2, trng hp
CH2=CH-COOH + Br2dd ..
CH2=CH-COOH + H2
+) HCOOH cn c tnh cht ca CHO: p trng bac, tao kt ta o gach vi Cu(OH) 2 un nng,mt mu nc brom
HCOOH + 2AgNO3 + 4NH3 + H2O (NH4)2CO3 + NH4NO3 +2Ag
HCOOH + Br2 CO2 + H2O + 2HBr
4) Phn ng chy
a)Axit no, n, h.......................................................................................................................................................................

b) Axit no hai chc,h..................................................................................................................................................................

c) Axit n, h, c 1 lin kt i C=C.

Nhn xt: i vi loai b,c:

III.iu ch .Axit cacboxylic.
1.Trong PTN
+) C6H5 CH3

C6H5COOK
0

KMnO4, H2O,t

C6H5 COOH

+) RX RCN RCOOH..........................................................................................................................
2.Trong CN
a. Ln men gim:chi iu ch axit axetic
CH3CH2OH + O2 ..
b. Oxi ha andehit tng ng:trc y ch yu dng
RCH=O + O2
c. T metanol: l pp hi n ai sx axit axetic
Ngoi ra cn
:+)Oxi ha ankan thch hp:
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 + 2O2
d) T mui natri ca axit cacboxylic:
B. BI TP
BI TON T CHY
* Mt s lu gii ton:
1. Da vo phn ng chy:
- Axit no, n chc chy cho
- Axit khng no n chc chy cho

2CH3COOH
R COONa + H2SO4() R COOH + NaHSO4

.
>

- Axit khng no, c 1 lin kt C = C, n chc, axit no, hai chc chy cho
2. Vi mi axit khi t chy c
- S nguyn t C = nCO2/naxit (Nu l hh axit th s nt Ctb = nCO2/nhh).
- S nguyn t H = 2nH2O/naxit (Nu l hh axit th s nt Htb = 2nH2O/nhh).
3. Cc nh lut thng s dng:
- Bo ton khi lng: maxit = mC + mH + mO (trong axit)
- BT nguyn t: nO/axit =

>

naxit

nO/axit = 2x.naxit (axit n chc: nO/axit= 2naxit).

Cu 1(HB-07): t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O2 ( ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol
H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96.
B. 11,2.
C. 6,72.
D. 4,48.
Cu 2. (HB-12) Hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X cn 0,24 mol O2, thu c CO2
v 0,2 mol H2O. Cng thc hai axit l
A. HCOOH v C2H5COOH.
B. CH2=CHCOOH v CH2=C(CH3)COOH.
C. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
D. CH3COOH v CH2=CHCOOH.
Cu 3. t chy hon ton 1 hh X gm HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH Dn ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng
Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 18,6 gam. Khi lng kt ta thu c l bao nhiu?
Cu 4: t chy 0,1 mol mt axit n chc X cn dng 6,72 lit O 2 ( ktc) thu c 0,3 mol CO 2 . Cng thc phn t ca X
l:
A. C2H3COOH
B. CH3COOH
C. C2H5COOH
D. C3H7COOH
BI TON PHN NG VI KIM LOAI KIM, KIM.
Cu 1(HB-07): trung ha 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Cng thc ca Y
l
A. CH3COOH.
B. HCOOH.
C. C2H5COOH.
D. C3H7COOH
Cu 18: Cho 10 gam axit cacboxylic n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 200 ml dung dch gm KOH 0,15M v NaOH 0,1M.
C can dung dch thu c 5,18 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc ca X l:
A. HCOOH
B. C2H3COOH
C. CH3COOH
D. C2H5COOH
Cu 2(HA-08): Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C can dung
dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l
A.8,64 gam.
B. 6,84 gam.
C. 4,90 gam.
D. 6,80 gam.
Cu 3(HA-11): Trung ho 3,88 gam hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mach h bng dung dch NaOH, c can ton b dung
dch sau phn ng thu c 5,2 gam mui khan. Nu t chy hon ton 3,88 gam X th th tch oxi (ktc) cn dng l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 4,48 lt.
C. 1,12 lt.
D. 3,36 lt.
Cu 5: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C can
dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H5COOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH.
D. C3H7COOH.
Cu 6(CD-09): Trung ho 8,2 gam hn hp gm axit fomic v mt axit n chc X cn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M. Nu cho 8,2 gam hn
hp trn tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng th thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Tn gi ca X l
A.axit acrylic.
B. axit propanoic.
C. axit etanoic.
D. axit metacrylic.
Cu 7(DHA-09): Cho hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, mach khng phn nhnh. t chy hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp X, thu c 11,2
lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Nu trung ha 0,3 mol X th cn dng 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Hai axit l:
A. HCOOH, HOOC-COOH.
B. HCOOH, HOOC-CH2-COOH.
C. HCOOH, C2H5COOH.
D. HCOOH, CH3COOH.
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm axit Y n chc v axit Z hai chc (Y, Z c cng s nguyn t cacbon). Chia X thnh hai phn
bng nhau. Cho phn mt tc dng ht vi Na, sinh ra 4,48 lt kh H2 ( ktc). t chy hon ton phn hai, sinh ra 26,4
gam CO2. Cng thc cu tao thu gn v phn trm v khi lng ca Z trong hn hp X ln lt l
A. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 70,87%.
B. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 58,42%.
C. HOOC-COOH v 60,00%.
D. HOOC-COOH v 42,86%.
Cu 9: Hn hp X gm axit hu c Y no, n chc v axit hu c Z hai chc (Y nhiu hn Z mt nguyn t cacbon). Chia X
thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Cho phn 1 tc dng ht vi Na, sinh ra 0,25 mol H2. t chy hon ton phn 2, sinh ra 0,7 mol
CO2. CTCT thu gn v % m ca Z trong hn hp X l
A. HOOC-COOH v 70,87%
B. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 29,13%
C. HOOC-COOH v 53,42%
D. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 70,87%
Cu 10: Hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c no, n chc. Trung ho ht 6,7g X bng dung dch NaOH ri c can dung dch thu
c 8,9g mui khan. Cn khi cho 6,7g X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 th thu c 10,8g Ag. Cng thc
ca 2 axit l:
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH
B. HCOOH v C3H7COOH
C. HCOOH v C2H5COOH
D. HCOOCH3 v CH3COOH
BI TON PHN NG VI MUI CACBONAT
Mt s lu khi gii ton:
- Nu cho t t axit vo mui Na2CO3 th th t phn ng
RCOOH + Na2CO3 RCOONa + NaHCO3
RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2

Nh vy sau mt thi gian mi c kh thot ra

- Nu cho t t mui Na2CO3 vo axit th c kh tho ra lun:
2RCOOH + Na2CO3 2RCOONa + H2O + CO2
Nh vy tu theo cch tin hnh th nghim m lng kh thot ra khc nhau.
- Axit tc dng vi Na2CO3 cho s mol CO2 = s mol axit p <=>axit hai chc.
- Axit tc dng vi NaHCO3 cho s mol CO2 = s mol axit p axit n chc.
- Axit tc dng vi NaHCO3 cho s mol CO2 = 2 ln s mol axit => axit 2 chc.
Cu 1(CD09): Oxi ho m gam etanol thu c hn hp X gm axetanehit, axit axetic, nc v etanol d. Cho ton b X tc dng vi
dung dch NaHCO3 (d), thu c 0,56 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Khi lng etanol b oxi ho tao ra axit l
A.1,15 gam.
B. 4,60 gam.
C. 2,30 gam.
D. 5,75 gam.
Cu 2: Cho 20g hn hp hai axit no, n chc tc dng va vi dung dch Na2CO3 th thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
dung dch mui. C can dung dch thu c 28,8g mui khan. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24
B. 5,6
C. 4,48
D. 1,12
Cu 3. Axit X mach h c cha 2 lin kt trong phn t. X tc dng vi Na2CO3 thu c s mol kh CO2 ng bng s
mol X phn ng. Vy cng thc ca X l
A. CnH2n-1COOH (n 2).
B. CnH2n-2(COOH)2 (n 0).
C. CnH2n(COOH)2 (n 0).
D. CnH2n+1COOH.
Cu 4 (HA -11): t chy hon ton x mol axit cacboxylic E, thu c y mol CO2 v z mol H2O (vi z = y-x). Cho x mol E tc dng vi
NaHCO3 (d) thu c y mol CO2. Tn ca E l
A. axit oxalic.
B. axit acrylic.
C. axit aipic.
D. axit fomic.
Cu 5. t chy hon ton a mol axit X mach h thu c s ml CO2 nhiu hn s mol H2O l a mol. Mt khc cho a mol X
tc dng vi Na2CO3 thu c a mol CO2. Hy cho bit X thuc dy ng ng no?
A. khng no, n chc.
B. no, hai chc.
C. khng no, hai chc.
D. no, n chc.
Cu 6: Hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, mach h Y v Z (phn t khi ca Y nho hn ca Z). t chy hon ton
a mol X, sau phn ng thu c a mol H2O. Mt khc, nu cho a mol X tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaHCO3, th
thu c 1,4a mol CO2. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Y trong X l
A. 43,39%.
B. 40,00%.
C. 25,41%.
D. 74,59%.
Cu 7(HA-11): Hn hp X gm axit axetic, axit fomic v axit oxalic. Khi cho m gam X tc dng vi NaHCO3 (d) th thu c 15,68 lt
kh CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam X cn 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 35,2 gam CO2 v y mol H2O. Gi tr ca y l
A. 0,2.
B. 0,3.
C. 0,6.
D. 0,8.
Cu 8(H12A) Hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit axetic. Cho m gam X phn ng ht vi dung dch
NaHCO3 thu c 1,344 lt CO2 (ktc). t chy hon ton m gam X cn 2,016 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 4,84 gam CO2 v a
gam H2O. Gi tr ca a l
A. 1,62.
B. 1,80.
C. 3,60.
D. 1,44.
Cu 9. t chy hon ton 54 gam hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit axetic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit aipic thu c
39,2 lt CO2 (ktc) v m gam H2O. Mt khc, khi cho 54 gam hn hp X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch NaHCO 3 d, thu
c 21,28 lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 21,6.
B. 46,8.
C. 43,2.
D. 23,4.
L THUYT
Cu 1. Axit X no c cha 2 nguyn t Hiro trong phn t. Hy cho bit X c bao nhiu CTCT?
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 2 . X c CTPT l C4H8O2. X tc dng c vi CaCO3. Hy cho bit X c bao nhiu CTCT?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 3. Axit X c CTPT l C4H6O2, X mach h, hy cho bit X c bao nhiu CTCT?
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 4(HB -08): Axit cacboxylic no, mach h X c cng thc thc nghim (C3H4O3)n, vy cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C6H8O6.
B. C3H4O3.
C. C12H16O12.
D. C9H12O9.
Cu 5. Axit cacboxylic X c cha vng ben zen v c CTPT l C8H8O2. S ng phn cu tao ca X l:
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 2.
D. 5.
Cu 6. S sp xp no ng vi s tng dn nhit si ca cc cht:
A. propan < axetanehit < etanol < metanoic
B. axetandehit < propan < metanoic < etanol
C. axetandehit < propan < etanol < metanoic
D. propan < etanol < axetanehit < metanoic
Cu 7(HB-07): Cho cc cht: axit propionic (X), axit axetic (Y), ancol (ru) etylic (Z) v imetyl ete (T). Dy gm cc cht c sp xp
theo chiu tng dn nhit si l
A. T, Z, Y, X.
B. Z, T, Y, X.
C. T, X, Y, Z.
D. Y, T, X, Z.
Cu 8(HB-09): Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si t tri sang phi l:
A. CH3COOH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO.
B. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH.
C. CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.
D. HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.

Cu 9. Hy cho bit dy cc cht no sau y tc dng vi axit axetic?

A. Na, ddNH3, ddNaHCO3, ddCH3OH.
B. Mg, ddNH3, ddNaHCO3, ddC6H5OH.
C. Ca, ddNH3, ddNaOH, ddC6H5ONa.
D. Ba, ddNH3, ddNaHSO4, ddC6H5ONa.
Cu 10. Cho cc phn ng sau: (1) CH3COOH + C6H5ONa; (2) HCOOH + C2H5COONa; (3) CH3COOH + C2H5OH;
(4) CH3COOH + C2H3COONa. Hy cho bit cc phn ng xy ra l:
A. (1), (2), (3).
B. (1), (2), (4).
C. (1), (3), (4).
D. (2), (3), (4).
Cu 11. chng minh tnh axit ca H2SO4 > CH3COOH > C6H5OH cn cho cc cht tc dng vi dy cc ho cht no
sau y?
A. NaHCO3 v NaOH.
B. Na 2CO3 v NaOH.
C. CH3COONa v NaOH
D. CH3COONa v NaHCO3