SMART1

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SMART1wasaSwedishdesignedEuropeanSpace
AgencysatellitethatorbitedaroundtheMoon.Itwas
launchedonSeptember27,2003at23:14UTCfrom
theGuianaSpaceCentreinKourou,FrenchGuiana.
"SMART1"standsforSmallMissionsforAdvanced
ResearchinTechnology1.OnSeptember3,2006
(05:42UTC),SMART1wasdeliberatelycrashedinto
theMoon'ssurface,endingitsmission.[1]

Contents
1 Spacecraftdesign
2 Instruments
2.1 AMIE
2.2 DCIXS
2.3 XSM
2.4 SIR
2.5 EPDP
2.6 SPEDE
2.7 KATE
3 Flight
3.1 Lunarimpact
4 Importanteventsanddiscoveries
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Externallinks

SMART1
Missiontype Technology
Lunarorbiter
Operator

THAT

COSPARID 2003043C
SATCAT

27949

Website

SMART1(http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/
SMART1/index.html)

Mission
duration

3years

Spacecraftproperties
Manufacturer SwedishSpaceCorporation
Launchmass 367kilograms(809lb)
Drymass

287kilograms(633lb)
Startofmission

Launchdate 27September2003,23:14:46UTC
Rocket

Ariane5G

Launchsite

KourouELA3

Contractor

Arianespace
Endofmission

Spacecraftdesign

Decaydate

3September2006,05:42:22UTC
Orbitalparameters

SMART1wasaboutonemetreacross,and
lightweightincomparisontootherprobes.Itslaunch
masswas367kgor809pounds,ofwhich287kg
(633lb)wasnonpropellant.

Reference
system

Selenocentric

Eccentricity

0.352054

Periselene

2,205kilometres(1,370mi)

ItwaspropelledbyasolarpoweredHalleffect
thruster(SnecmaPPS1350G)usingxenon
propellant,ofwhichtherewas82kg(50litresby
volumeatapressureof150bar)atlaunch.The
thrustersusedanelectrostaticfieldtoionizethexenon
andacceleratetheionstoahighspeed.Thision
enginesetupachievedaspecificimpulseof
16.1kNs/kg(1,640seconds),morethanthreetimes
themaximumforchemicalrockets.Therefore,1kgof
propellant(1/350to1/300ofthetotalmassofthe
spacecraft)producedadeltavofabout45m/s.The

Aposelene

4,600kilometres(2,900mi)

Inclination

90.26degrees

Period

4.95hours

Epoch

18July2005,11:14:28UTC
Lunarorbiter

Orbital
insertion

15November2004

Impactsite

34.4S46.2W

electricpropulsionsubsystemhadaweightof29kgwithapeakpowerconsumptionof1,200watts.[2]SMART
1isthefirstintheprogramofESA'sSmallMissionsforAdvancedResearchandTechnology.[3]
Thesolararraysmade1,190Wavailableforpoweringthethruster,givinganominalthrustof68mN,hencean
accelerationof0.2mm/sor0.7m/sperhour(i.e.,justunder0.00002gofacceleration).Aswithallionengine
poweredcraft,orbitalmaneuverswerenotcarriedoutinshortburstsbutverygradually.Theparticular
trajectorytakenbySMART1totheMoonrequiredthrustingforaboutonethirdtoonehalfofeveryorbit.
WhenspirallingawayfromtheEarththrustingwasdoneontheperigeepartoftheorbit.Attheendofthe
mission,thethrusterhaddemonstratedthefollowingcapability:[4]
Thrusteroperatingtime:5000h
Xenonthroughput:82kg
TotalImpulse:1.1MNs
TotalV:3.9km/s
AspartoftheEuropeanSpaceAgency'sstrategytobuildveryinexpensiveandrelativelysmallspaceships,the
totalcostofSMART1wasarelativelysmall110millioneuros(about170millionU.S.dollars).SMART1was
designedanddevelopedbytheSwedishSpaceCorporation[5]onbehalfofESA.Assemblyofthespacecraft
wascarriedoutbySaabSpaceinLinkping.TestsofthespacecraftweredirectedbySwedishSpace
CorporationandexecutedbySaabSpace.TheprojectmanageratESAwasGiuseppeRaccaandtheproject
managerattheSwedishSpaceCorporationwasPeterRathsmanthePrincipalProjectScientistwasBernard
Foing.

Instruments
AMIE
TheAdvancedMoonmicroImagerExperimentwasaminiaturecolourcameraforlunarimaging.TheCCD
camerawiththreefiltersof750,900and950nmwasabletotakeimageswithanaveragepixelresolutionof80
m(about260ft).Thecameraweighed2.1kg(about4.5lb)andhadapowerconsumptionof9watts.[6]

DCIXS
TheDemonstrationofaCompactXraySpectrometerwasanXraytelescopefortheidentificationofchemical
elementsonthelunarsurface.Itdetectedthexrayfluorescence(XRF)ofcrystalcompoundscreatedthrough
theinteractionoftheelectronshellwiththesolarwindparticlestomeasuretheabundanceofthethreemain
components:magnesium,siliconandaluminium.Thedetectionofiron,calciumandtitaniumdependedonthe
solaractivity.Thedetectionrangeforxrayswas0.5to10keV.ThespectrometerandXSM(describedbelow)
togetherweighed5.2kgandhadapowerconsumptionof18watts.

XSM
TheXraysolarmonitorstudiedthesolarvariabilitytocomplementDCIXSmeasurements.

SIR
TheSmart1InfraredSpectrometerwasaninfraredspectrometerfortheidentificationofmineralspectraof
olivineandpyroxene.Itdetectedwavelengthsfrom0.93to2.4mwith256channels.Thepackageweighed
2.3kgandhadapowerconsumptionof4.1watts.[7]

EPDP

TheElectricPropulsionDiagnosticPackagewastoacquiredataonthenewpropulsionsystemonSMART1.
Thepackageweighed0.8kgandhadapowerconsumptionof1.8watts.[8]

SPED
TheSpacecraftPotential,ElectronandDustExperiment.Theexperimentweighed0.8kgandhadapower
consumptionof1.8watts.Itsfunctionwastomeasurethepropertiesanddensityoftheplasmaaroundthe
spacecraft,eitherasaLangmuirprobeorasanelectricfieldprobe.SPEDEobservedtheemissionofthe
spacecraft'sionengineandthe"wake"theMoonleavestothesolarwind.Unlikemostotherinstrumentsthat
havetobeshutdowntopreventdamage,SPEDEcouldkeepmeasuringinsideradiationbeltsandinsolar
storms,suchastheHalloweensolarstorms,2003.[9][10]ItwasbuiltbyFinnishMeteorologicalInstituteandits
namewasintentionallychosensothatitsacronymisthesameasthenicknameofSpedePasanen,famous
Finnishmovieactor,movieproducerandinventor.ThealgorithmsdevelopedforSPEDEwerelaterusedinthe
ESAlanderPhilae.[10]

KATE
KabandTT&C(telemetry,trackingandcontrol)Experiment.Theexperimentweighed6.2kgandhadapower
consumptionof26watts.

Flight
SMART1waslaunchedSeptember27,2003togetherwithInsat3EandeBird1,byanAriane5rocketfrom
theGuianaSpaceCentreinFrenchGuiana.After42minutesitwasreleasedintoageostationarytransferorbit
of7,03542,223km.FromthereituseditsSolarElectricPrimaryPropulsion(SEPP)tograduallyspiralout
duringthirteenmonths.
TheorbitcanbeseenuptoOctober26,2004atspaceref.com(http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=
14345),whentheorbitwas179,718305,214km.Onthatdate,afterthe289thenginepulse,theSEPPhad
accumulatedatotalontimeofnearly3,648hoursoutofatotalflighttimeof8,000hours,hencealittleless
thanhalfofitstotalmission.Itconsumedabout58.8kgofxenonandproducedadeltavof2,737m/s(46.5m/s
perkgxenon,0.75m/sperhourontime).ItwaspoweredonagainonNovember15foraplannedburnof4.5
daystoenterfullyintolunarorbit.IttookuntilFebruary2005usingtheelectricthrustertodecelerateintothe
finalorbit3003,000kmabovetheMoon'ssurface.[11]Theendofmissionperformancedemonstratedbythe
propulsionsystemisstatedabove.

Epoch(UTC)

Summaryofosculatinggeocentricorbitalelements
Inclination(deg)
Perigee(km) Apogee(km) Eccentricity
Period(h)
(toEarthequator)

September27,2003

~7,035

~42,223

~0.714

~6.9

~10.6833

October26,2003,21:20:00.0

8,687.994

44,178.401

0.671323

6.914596 11.880450

November19,2003,04:29:48.4

10,843.910

46,582.165

0.622335

6.861354 13.450152

December19,2003,06:41:47.6

13,390.351

49,369.049

0.573280

6.825455 15.366738

December29,2003,05:21:47.8

17,235.509

54,102.642

0.516794

6.847919 18.622855

February19,2004,22:46:08.6

20,690.564

65,869.222

0.521936

6.906311 24.890737

March19,2004,00:40:52.7

20,683.545

66,915.919

0.527770

6.979793 25.340528

August25,2004,00:00:00

37,791.261 240,824.363

0.728721

6.939815 143.738051

October19,2004,21:30:45.9

69,959.278 292,632.424

0.614115

12.477919 213.397970

October26,2004,06:12:40.9

179,717.894 305,214.126

0.258791

20.591807 330.053834

AfteritslastperigeeonNovember2,[12]onNovember11,2004itpassedthroughtheL1LagrangianPointand
intotheareadominatedbytheMoon'sgravitationalinfluence,andat1748UTonNovember15passedthefirst
periseleneofitslunarorbit.Theosculatingorbitonthatdatewas6,70453,208km,[13]withanorbitalperiod
of129hours,althoughtheactualorbitwasaccomplishedinonly89hours.Thisillustratesthesignificant
impactthattheengineburnshaveontheorbitandmarksthemeaningoftheosculatingorbit,whichistheorbit
thatwouldbetravelledbythespacecraftifatthatinstantallperturbations,includingthrust,wouldcease.

Epoch(UTC)

Summaryofosculatingselenocentricorbitalelements
Inclination(deg)
Periselene
Aposelene
Eccentricity
(toMoon
Period(h)
(km)
(km)
equator)

November15,2004,
17:47:12.1

6,700.720

53,215.151

0.776329

81.085 129.247777

December4,200410:37:47.3

5,454.925

20,713.095

0.583085

83.035 37.304959

January9,2005,15:24:55.0

2,751.511

6,941.359

0.432261

87.892

8.409861

February28,2005,
05:18:39.9

2,208.659

4,618.220

0.352952

90.063603

4.970998

April25,2005,08:19:05.4

2,283.738

4,523.111

0.328988

90.141407

4.949137

May16,2005,09:08:52.9

2,291.250

4,515.857

0.326807

89.734929

4.949919

June20,2005,10:21:37.1

2,256.090

4,549.196

0.336960

90.232619

4.947432

July18,2005,11:14:28.0

2,204.645

4,600.376

0.352054

90.263741

4.947143

ESAannouncedonFebruary15,2005,theendorsementofaproposaltoextendthemissionofSMART1byone
yearuntilAugust2006.ThisdatewaslatershiftedtoSeptember3,2006,toenablescientificobservationsfrom
Earth.[14]

Lunarimpact
SMART1impactedtheMoon'ssurfaceasplanned,onSeptember3,
2006at05:42:22UTC,endingitsmission.Movingatapproximately
2,000m/s(4,500mph),SMART1createdanimpactvisiblewithground
telescopesfromEarth.Itishopedthatnotonlywillthisprovidesome
datasimulatingameteorimpact,butalsothatitmightexposematerials
intheground,likewaterice,tospectroscopicanalysis.
ESAestimatedthatimpact
occurredat3424S4612W.[15]
Thesenumberscanbeentered
intoNASA'sWorldWind,tosee
whereontheMoonitcrashed.
Atthetimeofimpact,theMoon
SMART1impactflash
wasvisibleinNorthandSouth
America,andplacesinthe
PacificOcean,butnotEurope,Africa,orwesternAsia.
LocationoftheSmart1impact,in
relationtoothermoonobjects.

Thisprojecthasgenerateddataandknowhowthatwillbeusedfor
othermissions,suchastheESA'sBepiColombomissiontoMercury.

TheCommitteeonSpaceResearchhasestablishedrulestoprotectplanetsandmoonsfrompossible
contaminationbyspacecraft.InresponsetoconcernsofSMART1contaminatingtheMoon,ESAclaimsthat
"everychemicalelementpresentonSMART1andinitsinstrumentsexistsnaturallyontheMoon".[16]Thisis

despitethefactthatnosuchcriticismsweremadeoftheAmericanRangerprogramwhichhadtheprimary
objectiveofcrashingprobesontheMoon,norofthemanyothercrashedandlandedprobes,etc..

Importanteventsanddiscoveries
September27,2003:SMART1launchedfromtheEuropeanSpaceportinKouroubyanAriane5
launcher.
June17,2004:SMART1tookatestimageofEarthwiththecamerathatwouldlaterbeusedforMoon
closeuppictures.ItshowspartsofEuropeandAfrica.ItwastakenonMay21withtheAMIEcamera.
November2,2004:LastperigeeofEarthorbit.
November15,2004:Firstperiluneoflunarorbit.
January15,2005:CalciumdetectedinMareCrisium.
January26,2005:Firstcloseuppicturesofthelunarsurfacesentback.
February27,2005:ReachedfinalorbitaroundtheMoonwithanorbitalperiodofabout5hours.
April15,2005:ThesearchforPELsbegins.
September3,2006:MissionendswithaplannedcrashintotheMoonduringorbitnumber2,890.[17]

Seealso
ListofartificialobjectsontheMoon

References
1."ProbecrashesintoMoon'ssurface".BBCNews.September3,2006.RetrievedMay23,2010.
2.KugelbergJ.BodinP.PerssonS.RathsmanP.(2004)."AccommodatingelectricpropulsiononSMART1".Acta
Astronautica55(2):121130.Bibcode:2004AcAau..55..121K.doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.04.003.
3.Foing,BernardH.Koschny,D.Grieger,B.Josset,J.L.etal."SMART1ResultsandTargetsforLRO".NASA.
NASATechnicalReportsServer.Retrieved5October2011.
4.Cornu,N.,etal.,"ThePPS1350GQualificationDemonstration:10500hrsontheGroundand5000hrsinFlight,"
AIAAPaper20075197,July2007.
5.SwedishSpaceCorporation(http://www.ssc.se/default.asp?groupid=2004121510349606)
6.JossetJ.L.BeauvivreS.CerroniP.DeSanctisM.C.etal.(2006)."Scienceobjectivesandfirstresultsfromthe
SMART1/AMIEmulticolourmicrocamera".AdvancesinSpaceResearch37:1420.Bibcode:2006AdSpR..37...14J.
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.078.
7.BasilevskyA.T.KellerH.U.NathuesA.MallJ.etal.(2004)."Scientificobjectivesandselectionoftargetsfor
theSMART1InfraredSpectrometer(SIR)".PlanetaryandSpaceScience52(14):12611285.
Bibcode:2004P&SS...52.1261B.doi:10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002.
8.DiCaraD.M.EstublierD.(2005)."Smart1:Ananalysisofflightdata".ActaAstronautica57(28):250256.
Bibcode:2005AcAau..57..250D.doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.036.
9.http://sci.esa.int/smart1/31415instruments/
10.http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613174S
11.RathsmanP.KugelbergJ.BodinP.RaccaG.D.etal.(2005)."SMART1:Developmentandlessonslearnt".Acta
Astronautica57(28):455468.Bibcode:2005AcAau..57..455R.doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.041.
12.SMART1:OnCourseforLunarCapture|MoonTodayYourDailySourceofMoonNews(http://www.moontoday.
net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14345)
13.SMART1completesitsfirstorbitaroundtheMoon|MoonTodayYourDailySourceofMoonNews(http://www.
moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14573)
14.ESAPortalSMART1manoeuvresprepareformissionend(http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMQFHL8IOE_index_0.ht
ml)
15.ESASMART1SMART1impactsMoon(http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART1/SEMBY5BVLRE_0.html)
16.ESASMART1ImpactFAQ,Q.8&9(http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART1/SEMWSW5LARE_0.html)
17.ESASMART1IntensefinalhoursforSMART1(http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART1/SEMV386LARE_0.
html)

General
KaydashV.,KreslavskyM.,ShkuratovYu.,GerasimenkoS.,PinetP.,ChevrelS.,JossetJ.L.,Beauvivre

S.,AlmeidaM.,FoingB.(2007)."PHOTOMETRICCHARACTERIZATIONOFSELECTEDLUNAR
SITESBYSMART1AMIEDATA".LunarPlanetaryScience,XXXVIII,abstract1535,[1](http://www.l
pi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1535.pdf).

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART1/)
WikimediaCommonshas
ESASMART1scientificwebsite(http://sci.esa.int/sciencee/ww
mediarelatedtoSMART1.
w/area/index.cfm?fareaid=10)
SMART1MissionProfile(http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/p
rofile.cfm?MCode=SMART1)byNASA'sSolarSystemExploration(http://solarsystem.nasa.gov)
ObservationoftheImpactofSmart1(http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/News/Smart1/)
SMART1onSerbianscienceportalVivafizika(http://vivafizika.org/content.php?article.21)
SMART1,EuropeattheMoon(http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/newsletters/lpib/lpib101.pdf)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMART1&oldid=718831348"
Categories: LQ26quadrangle MissionstotheMoon Halleffect EuropeanSpaceAgencyspaceprobes
SpaceprogrammeofSweden Spaceprobeslaunchedin2003 SpacecraftthatimpactedtheMoon
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