09/02/2014

MEKANIKA BAHAN
(Mechanics of Materials)

3 CREDITS

Prerequisite :
Statically Determinate
Mechanics

Lecturers:
Until ETS
Endah Wahyuni,
Wahyuni, ST (ITS), MSc (UMIST), PhD (UoM
(UoM))
endahwahyuni@gmail.com @end222
ETS - EAS
Prof. Ir. Priyo Suprobo, MS, PhD

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

BILINGUAL CLASS
Module in English, Class in Indonesian; or
vice
i versa.
Delivery of contents in 2 languages
(Indonesian & English).
Technical terms in English
Students???

Materials

1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5
5.

Books:
E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of Materials
Gere & Timoshenko
Timoshenko,, 1997,
1997 Mechanics of
Materials
R.C. Hibbeler, 1997, Mechanics of Materials
Any related books, with topic: Mechanics of
Material
Online
http://personal.its.ac.id/dataPersonal.php?userid=
ewahyuni
http://www.structuralconcepts.org
4

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

Materials, 2nd edition

Gere & Timoshenko,

Timoshenko, 2008, Mechanics
of Materials, 7th edition

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

R.C. Hibbeler, 2010

2010,, Mechanics of
Materials,, 8th edition
Materials

Other books: Mechanics of Material

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

Learning Methods

Class
Students are required to read the course
material to be provided in the existing class
schedule
Responsiveness
Exercises in class with guidance
Quiz
In-class
l
exam att any given
i
ti
time
Home work
Students do the work to be done at home with
the responsibility, not only collects the duty.
duty.
9

Evaluations
UTS (30%)

UAS (30%)

Quiz1 (10%)

Quiz2 (10%)

PR1 (10%)

PR2 (10%)

*Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa

10

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

Notes:

20 minutes late,
late, not permitted to enter the class.
class.
Disturbing class go out
Home work is collected before the class starting
Keep the spirit on!

11

Contents
1

Dapat menjelaskan tentang tegangan,

regangan, modulus elastisitas serta modulus
g
geser

Ketepatan penjelaskan
tentang tegangan, rergangan, modulus
geser
elastisitas serta modulus g

a. pendahuluan
b. pengertian tegangan, regangan
c. p
pengertian
g
modulus elastisitas
d. static test

Kuliah

lihat UTS

2&3

Dapat menghitung tegangan yang terjadi

pada sebuah balok akibat beban lentur murni
baik pada balok dengan bahan tunggal
maupun pada balok dengan dua bahan,
baik semasih pada kondisi elastis maupun
sesudah mencapai kondisi non elastis

Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan pada

balok yang menerima beban lentur murni

a. lentur muni pada balok elastis

b. lentur muni pada balok dengan
dua bahan
c. lentur murni pada balok
non elastis

Kuliah
Responsi
PR 1

lihat UTS

Dapat menghitung tegangan geser pada balok Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan geser
yang disebabkan oleh beban lentur,
pada balok akibat beban lentur
pada balok-balok dengan berbagai bentuk
penampang.

a. hubungan momen dan gaya

Kuliah
lintang
Responsi
b. tegangan geser akibat beban
PR 2
lentur
c. shear center
d. geser pada profil berdinding tipis

lihat UTS

Dapat menghitung tegangan dan regangan

d poros akibat
kib t b
beban
b ttorsii
pada

a. pengertian torsi
b ttegangan geser ttorsii
b.
c. regangan oleh torsi
d. tegangan oleh torsi pada poros
non elastis

Kuliah
R
Responsi
i
PR 3

lihat UTS

a. kombinasi tegangan pada balok

tidak simetris
b. kombinasi tegangan pada
penampang kolom
c. kern

Kuliah
Responsi
PR 4

lihat UTS

UTS

Test

4&5

7&8

Dapat mengkombinasikan tegangan-tegangan

sejenis pada penampang balok atau kolom
dan dapat menggambar bentuk kern dari
berbagai bentuk penampang

Indikator Kompetensi

Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan dan

regangan pada
d poros akibat
kib t b
beban
b ttorsii

Ketepatan perhitungan kombinasi tegangan

dan ketepatan penggambaran bentuk kern

Materi Pembelajaran

Bobot Nilai
%

Minggu ke

Kompetensi

Metode Pembelajaran
dan Evaluasi

No

40

12

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

09/02/2014

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Slicing
g Method
3. Understanding of Stress
4. Normal Stress
5. Average Shear Stress
6. Determine of

and

7. STATIC TEST
8. Allowed Stress
9. Strain
13

10. Diagram, Normal Stress - Strain

- HOOKE law
- Yield Point
- Deformation of bars from Axial loads
- Poissons Ratio
- Relationship of Stress, Strain and Poissons Ratio
11 Shear Stress and Strain
11.
- Shear Stress
- Shear Strain
14

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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12. Pure Bending on beams

13. Moment of Inertia
14. Calculating Stress on beams
15 Beams with two materials
15.
16. Pure bending on non-elastic beams
17. Shear-bending Stress
18. Torsion
19. Multiple
p Stresses
20. Combination of stresses on Columns
21. KERN

22. ..etc

ETS

15

After midsemester evaluation:

1.
Plane stress analysis
Maximum and minimum stress
Mohr Circle
2.
Bar design based on stress
Based on axial stress
stress,, flexure and shear for prismatic
bar and definite static
3.
Definite Static Beams deformation

Equation of elastic line deformation method.

Unit Load method

Area moment method

4.
Stability of Compression Bar
Centric Load and Shear Force.
16

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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Reviews::
Reviews
Statically Determinate Mechanics
Determinate Structure : If?
Static Equation ??
1
2
3

17

rol

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

rol

sendi

rol

send
i

sendi

18

09/02/2014

rol

sendi

sendi

rol

rol

sendi

19

Reactions

Simply supported beams

Cantilever beams

Trusses

20

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Loadings
-

Point Load
At midspan,
midspan,
Within certain location

Distribution Loads
Full distributed loads
Partially distributed loads

Moment Loads
At the end of cantilever
Midspan
Within certain location

21

Modul 1
Tegangan dan Regangan
Stress & Strain

22

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Introduction
At a structure, each elements of a structure
should be having a dimension. The elements
have to be calculated to resist the loading on
them or maybe applied to them. To calculate the
dimension of the elements, we should know the
methods to analyses, which are:
strength ( kekuatan
kekuatan),
),
stiffness ( kekakuan)
kekakuan),
stability ( kestabilan ),
)
The methods will be discussed in this Mechanic of
Materials.

23

Mechanics of materials is a subject of a very old

age, which generally begins with Galileo in the early 17th
century. The first one describes the behavior of the
structure of load rationally.

24

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

The behavior of the structure to obtain the force depends

not only on the fundamental laws of Newtonian
mechanics that govern force equilibrium but also to the
physical characteristics of the structural parts, which can
be obtained from the laboratory, where they are given
the
h fforce off action
i is
i kknown accurately.
l

Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from the

experiment and the Newtonian principals on elastic
mechanics.

O off the
One
th main
i problems
bl
iin mechanics
h i off materials
t i l iis tto
investigate the resistance of an object, that is the
essence of the internal forces for balancing the external
forces.
25

APPLICATIONS

Planning of a Structure

STRUCTURAL ANALYSES

MATERIALS
PLANNING OF THE
DIMENSIONS
STRUCTURES: STABLE

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

CONTROL
STRENGTH /
STRESS

26

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EXAMPLE

TUBE

TRUSSES

27

EXAMPLE
BUILDING FRAME

70/70
50/50

28

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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EXAMPLE
P2
P1

H2

H1

B1

B2

Because of P2 > P1, thus from stress

analysis, dimension will be obtained
where B2 > B1, H2 > H1
29

Metode Irisan
GAYA DALAM
P1
P1

P2

P2
S2
S1
S1

S3

S3
S2

P4

P3
GAYA DALAM

P4

P3
30

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Tegangan (Stress)
TEGANGAN NORMAL
Tegak Lurus
Bidang Potongan

TEGANGAN GESER
Sejajar Bidang
Potongan

DEFINISI :
TEGANGAN ADALAH GAYA DALAM YANG
BEKERJA PADA SUATU LUASAN KECIL
TAK BERHINGGA DARI SUATU
POTONGAN
31

Stress (Tegangan)
MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS

Lim

Lim

F
A

NORMAL STRESS

V
A

SHEAR STRESS

= Normal Stress

= Shear Stress

A = Cross-section area
F = Forces on perpendicular of cross-section
V = Forces on parralel of cross-section

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

32

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09/02/2014

Stress (Tegangan)
Stress symbols on elements related with
coordinates :
z

zx
xz
x

zy
yz

xy yx

x
33

Normal Stresses
NORMAL STRESS

NORMAL STRESS

Tension

Compression
p

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

= P/A

= P/A

34

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09/02/2014

Average Shear Stresses

FORCES ACTING
PARRALEL SECTION

CREATING

SHEAR STRESS

= P Cos/ A

Normal

AShear

ANormal

= P / A

AShear

Shear

35

Average Shear Stress

P
P
P

AShear

= P / Total AShear

Total Ashear =
2 x Sectional Area of Bolts
36

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Determine and
Calculation of

NEED TO UNDERSTAND

STRESS

THE PURPOSE AND THE GOAL

CHOOSE THE EQUATION

CALCULATION

DETERMINATION OF FORCE
AND CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA

or
WILL BE PROBLEM IF
DONT UNDERSTAND
STATICALLY
DETERMINATED
ENGINEERING MECHANIC

CALCULATION RESULT
37

DETERMINE FORCE VALUE

USE STATIC EQUATION:
FX = 0

MX = 0

FY = 0

MY = 0

FZ = 0

MZ = 0

Define Cross Sectional Area

To get
Choose the smallest Area

The Maximum Stress

38

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Determine Cross Sectional Area

example :

The smallest cross

sectional area that was
choosen to get the
maximum stress value

39

Example 1
1::
A concrete wall as shown in the figure, received distributed loads of 20
kN/m2. Calculate the stress on 1 m above the based. The gravitation
load of the concrete is 25 kN/m3

40

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Answer:
Self weight of concrete wall:
wall:
W = [(0,5 + 1,5)/2] (0,5) (2) (25) = 25 kN
, ) (0,5)
( , ) = 5 kN
Total load:
load: P = 20 ((0,5)
From Fy = 0, the reaction R = W + P = 30 kN
using upper part of the wall as a free thing, thus the weight
of the wall upper the cross
cross--section is W1 = (0,5 + 1) (0,5)
(25/2) = 9,4 kN
From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1 = 14,4 kN
Normal stress on a-a is a = Pa/A = 14,4/(0,5x1) = 28,8
KN/m2
The stress is a compression normal stress that worked as
Fa on the section.

41

Stress
TASK :
D

1.

If W = 10 Ton, a = 30o and cross

sectional area of steel cable ABC = 4
cm2, cable BD = 7 cm2, so calculate
stress that happened in ABC and BD
cables.

C
W
P

2.

P
d1
d2

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

If bolt diameter = 30
mm, b = 200 mm, d1 =
8 mm, d2 = 12 mm, P =
2000 kg,
g, so calculate
the maximum stress
of each frame and
shear stress of the
bolt.
42

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09/02/2014

Static Test

P LOAD INCREASE
CONTINUOUSLY

P
FRACTURE TEST ING
MATERIAL

TESTING MATERIAL
P

PUlt
A

ULTIMATE LOAD

ULTIMATE STRESS
43

Universal Test Machine (UTM)

44

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

FLEXURE TEST

45

STRAIN

TESTING MATERIAL

P
STATIC TEST

LOAD

STRAIN

-. Pload increase continuously

- Every Pload increasing, list deformation

of testing material that shows in dial
gauge.
46

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

23

09/02/2014

Strain

=
L

P (Load)

Strain

Change as every
Loading changes

P Diagram

(Deformation)

47

Stress Strain Diagram

Physical properties of every material can be shown
from their stress strain diagram relationship.

P (load)

pict. A
P Diagram

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

(Stress)

pict. B

= Strain

Diagram

48

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STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

- MATERIAL 1 AND MATERIAL - 2, BOTH ARE IDENTICAL
MATERIAL
- THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL - 2 < MATERIAL - 1
- THE P RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE DIFFERENT
WITH MATERIAL - 2
- THE RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE SIMILAR WITH
MATERIAL - 2, ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE DIFFERENT CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA

THEREFORE, MORE SUITABLE USING PICTURE B

TO KNOW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME
MATERIAL
49

Stress Strain Diagram

(Stress)

(Stress)
Proportional
Limit

Strain
STEEL MATERIAL

Strain
CONCRETE MATERIAL

50

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

HOOKE LAW

= EX
E=

ELASTIC
CONDITION

DETERMINATION OF YIELD POINT

OFF-SET METHOD

(Stress)

Proportional
P
ti
l
Limit

= STRESS
= STRAIN
E = ELASTICITY MODULUS

Strain

51

HOOKEs LAW
problem
:
P

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

In some frame with L =100 cm in length,

Static Test was done. If Pload that
thats
s given
to this frame is 4000 kg, this frame is still
in elastic condition, and goes on 2 mm in
length, so calculate of stress and strain
value of that frame. If modulus elasticity
value is 2 x 106 kg/cm2 and then calculate
the cross sectional area of that frame.

52

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Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
P3

P2

P4

P1
Px

Px
dx
dx+

d=

Px force to dx elemen and

cause d deformation

dx

dx

d
dx = P x
Ax E
53

Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
example :
B

B
=
P = Px

Px

A
dx

L
A

Px

Px . dx / Ax . E

= Px / Ax . E dx
0
= P . X / Ax . E
Ax = A ,

Deformation due to P load,

selfweight was ignored

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

L
0

Px = P

=P.L/E.A
54

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09/02/2014

Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
DEFORMATION DUE TO SELFWEIGHT IS :

Px . dx / Ax . E = 1 / A . E

w . X . dx

A
= . W.x2 / A . E

0
L
= w . L2 / 2 . A . E = WT . L / 2 . A . E
0

DEFORMATION DUE TO P LOAD AND SELFWEIGHT IS :

= P.L / A.E + WT.L / 2.A.E =

= L (P + .WT) / A.E

55

Contoh 22-1:
Tentukan pergeseran relatif dari titiktitik-titik A dan D pada
batang baja yang luas penampangnya bervariasi
seperti terlihat pada gambar di
bawah bila diberikan empat gaya terpusat P1, P2, P3
d
dan
P4. Ambillah
A bill h E = 200 x 106 kN/m
kN/ 2.

56

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Gaya dalam batang adalah :

Antara titik A dan B, Px = +100 kN
Antara titik B dan C, Px = -150 kN
Antara titik C dan D, Px = +50 kN
Dengan menggunakan persamaan:

Dengan memasukkan hargaharga-harga numeric dari contoh,

maka diperoleh:
p

57

BAR DEFORMATION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD

Problem :
1. A

100 cm

100 cm

B
1000 kg
2.

P1

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

P2

If the bar diameter of AB

and BC is 20 mm, = 30o
and Elasticity
Elasticit Modulus
Mod l s is
2x106 kg/cm2, calculate
deformation of point B.

E D

b2

b1

b3
P2

h1
h2

Calculate P1/P2, then after P1 and P2

working, the length of both bar still
be similar, if b1 = 50 mm, b2 = 50 mm,
b3 = 25 mm, h1 = 500 mm, h2 = 500
mm and thickness of both bar = 20
58
mm.

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09/02/2014

Poissons Ratio
STRAIN
AXIAL STRAIN

LATERAL STRAIN

The shape is being

LONGER and
SMALLER

POISSONS RATIO (

)=

Lateral
Axial

Concrete = 0.1 0.2

Rubber = 0.5 0.6
59

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z

zx
xz
x

zy
yz

y
y

xy yx
x
60

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z
y

61

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
x =

y =

z =

x
E

x
E

x
E

E
+

y
E

z
E
62

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRESS

zy

y
z

zy

yz

A
A

yz
zy

/2

/2

O
= SHEAR STRAIN

zy(dy.dx).dz - yz (dx.dz.).dy = 0
zy = yz
yz left = yz right

MO = 0

Fz = 0

63

Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRAIN:
SHAPE TRANSFORMATION THAT IS EXPRESSED
WITH ANGLE TRANSFORMATION ARE
CALLED SHEAR STRAIN

HOOKE LAW for Shear stress and shear strain:

= . G

E
G=
2 (1+

= Shear Stress

= Shear Strain

G = Shear Modulus
= Poissons Ratio

The relationship between Normal Modulus Elasticity and

64
Shear Modulus

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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Modul 2
beam flexure
(pure bending)

65

Pure Bending in Beam

Flexure due to
MOMEN only

66

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Pure Bending in Beam

Ya
Yb = C

max

max
/2
/2
Initial Length

Force Equilibrium:

FX = 0

( Y/C . max ) dA = 0
A

Y . dA = 0
A

67

Pure Bending in Beam

MOMENT :
M=

( Y/C .
A

max ) dA . Y = max

Y 2 . dA
A

Y2 . dA = I = Inertia Moment

M=(

max / C ) . I

TOP FIBER STRESS

max = M . Ya / I

max = M . C / I
BOTTOM FIBER STRESS

max = M . Yb / I
68

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Pure Bending in Beam

GENERALLY:

max

= M.Y/I

I/Y = W

(Resistance Moment)

I / Ya = Wa
I / Yb = Wb

I =

Y 2 . dA
A

INERTIA MOMENT
69

INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
y

b
y

h/2
Y 2 . b . dy
Ix =
y 2 . dA =
A
-h/2
h/2
h/2
= 1/3 . y3. b
= 1/3 . (1/8 + 1/8) . h3. b
x
-h/2
h/2 = 1/ . 1/ . h3. b = 1/ . b. h3

1/

-11/2
2

Ix =
2
x

11

2
3

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

12

11/2

y
3.y
y 2 . dy
y + 2 y 2 . dy
-2
-11/2
2
+ 3.y 2 . dy
11/2
70

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09/02/2014

INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
-11/2
11/2
2
3
3
1
3
3
3
= /3 . y
+ 2 . /3 . y
+ /3 . y
-2
-11/2
11/2
= (-11/2)3 (-2)3 + 2/3 . (11/2)3 - 2/3 . (-11/2)3 + 23 - (11/2)3
= 13,75
CARA LAIN :
= 1/12 . 3 . 43 1/12 . 1 . 33 = 16 2,25 = 13,75
SHORTER CALCULATION
71

STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
10 cm

10.000 kg
10 cm

30 cm

400 cm

10 cm
30 cm

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA :

A = ( 2 . 30 . 10 ) + (10 . 30 ) = 900 cm2
INERTIA MOMENT:
I = 1/12 . 30 . 503 2 . 1/12 . 10 . 303 = 267.500 cm4
72

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
RESISTANCE MOMENT:
Wa = Wb = I/y = 267.500 / 25 = 10.700 cm3
WORKING MOMENT (Beban Hidup Diabaikan) :
MMax = . 10.000 . 400 = 1.000.000 kgcm.
MAXIMUM STRESS OCCURED:

Max = MMax / W = 1.000.000 / 10.700 = 93,46 kg/cm2

73

Stress Calculation
of Beam
Max
1
-

y1 = 20 cm

yMax

Max
1 = M / W1 = 1.000.000 . 20 / 267.500 = 74.77 kg/cm2
W1 = I / y1

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

74

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EXERCISE MOMENT INERTIA

Sb Y

30 cm

10 cm
40 cm
Sb X

Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
strong axis( Ix )
and weak axis ( Iy )

10 cm

Sb Y

10 cm
8 cm
20 cm
8 cm
10 cm

Sb X

Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
strong axis( Ix ) and
weak axis ( Iy )

10 10 10

75

EXERCISE PURE BENDING

1
A

400 cm

100 kg/m (include its selfweight)

80 cm

200 cm

2
B

200 cm

C
1500 kg

30 cm

- Draw its momen diagram

10 cm
30 cm

8 cm
10 cm
8 cm

10 cm

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

- Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam

Section
- Calculate edge fiber stresses of
section - 1 and 2, then draw its
stress diagram
- Calculate its maximum stress
76

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09/02/2014

ASSYMETRIC FLEXURE
q

qSin

qCos

Moment occurs of X-axis (MX)

and Y-axis (MY)

q
2
MX = 1/8 . qCos
C . L

2
MY = 1/8 . qSin
Si . L

Moment that its flexure

round X-axis

Moment that its flexure

round Y-axis
77

Stress of the Section due to

q
Assymetric Flexure
c

qSin

b
a

qCos
q

MX = 1/8 . qCos . L2
MY = 1/8 . qSin . L2

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

MX . h/2
Ix
MX . h/2
b = +
Ix
MX . h/2
c = Ix
MX . h/2
d = Ix
= +

Ix = 1/12 . b . h3

My . b/2
Iy
My . b/2
Iy
My . b/2
Iy
My . b/2
+
Iy
+

Iy = 1/12 . h . b783

39

09/02/2014

Exercise - Stress of the Section due to

Assymetric Flexure L = 300 cm, q = 100 kg/m, P
q

= 200 kg, h = 20 cm, b = 10

cm, = 30o

B
L

Calculate stress that

occurs in the midspan a, b,
c, d, e and f. Where point e is 5 cm of distance from
x-axis and 3 cm from yaxis.

c
d
f

o
e

Point - f is 6 cm of distance
from x-axis and 4 cm from
79
y-axis

assume W = 8 Ton, =
90o and cross section
area of the steel cable
ABC = 4 cm2, eaxh of BD
frame = 6 x 3 cm2, so
calculate
stress
that
occurs in ABC cable and
maximum stress of BD
frame.

Problem - I
1.
D
50 cm

P is
i in
i 150 cm off di
distance
t
from B

C
W

Calculate the deflection

of point - b and shear
stress of As.B
As B bolt.
bolt Bolt
diameter of As.B = 20
mm.
Modulus Elasticity of BD
frame = 2x106 kg/cm2. 80

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09/02/2014

2.
80 cm

1
A

2000 kg/m (include its selfweight)

80 cm

200 cm

2
B

400 cm

200 cm

1000 kg

1000 kg
30 cm

- Dram its moment diagram

10 cm

- Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam

25 cm - Calculate edge fiber stresses of

20 cm

section 1 and 2, then draw its

stress diagram.

8 cm
10 cm
8 cm

- Calculate Maximum stress that

occurs in ABC beam.
81

3.
q
f

c d
e
a

A
b

B
L

L = 300 cm, q = 1000 kg/m, P = 2000 kg, = 30o, P is

100 cm from B.
Calculate stress that occurs in the midspan of point
a, b, c, d, e and f.
82

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Composite Beam (2 Material)

dx

x
dy

e
1
b1
b2

DISTRIBUTION OF
ELASTIC STRESS

xE1

a
e

eE2
eE1
DISTRIBUTION OF
SINGLE MATERIAL STRESS
83

Composite Beam (2 Material)

b2 n2
b2.n

b2

b2/n1

b1.n1

b1

b1/n2

Cross Section of
Frame with 1st Material

Cross Sestion of
Frame with 2nd Material

E1 > E2, n1 = E1 / E2, n2 = E2 / E1

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

84

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09/02/2014

Exercise -Composite Beam (2 Material)

Concrete
Steel

a
12 cm
b

1000 kg
A

1
1200 cm

36 cm

c
12 10 12

E concrete = 200.000 kg / cm2 ;

1 400 cm

1st Material = Concrete

2nd Material = Steel
E stel = 2.000.000 kg /cm2

Calculate stress that occured in the section 1 1 and in

fiber a, concrete fiber b, steel fiber b and fiber c.
Draw its stress diagram.
(Selfweight of the beam is ignored)

85

Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam

ELASTIC

NON - ELASTIC

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
86

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam

Strain
Elastic Strain
distribution distribution

If effect of D aob and

cod are small

Non Elastic Strain

distribution

87

Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

C
h
T

h/

h/

Plastic moment that can be held = C . . h = T . . h

C = T = yp ( bh/2)
Plastic momen of a rectangular beam is:
Mp =

yp . bh/2 . h/2 = yp . bh /24

88

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

Generally can be written as:
h/

Mp =

. y dA =

yp ) . y . b . dy

0
h/
2

yp . y . b

= yp . bh /4
2

If calculate
l l t with
ith elastic
l ti equation
ti :
h
Myp =
yp . I / ( /2) =
2
=
yp . b . h / 6

1
3

yp . /12 b h

/ ( h/2 )

89

Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

yp . b . h2 / 4

Mp / Myp =

= 1,5
15

yp . b . h2 / 6
SHAPE FACTOR

Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

yo

Minor Yield
(Elastic-Plastic)

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

h/2

Major Yield
(Elastic-Plastic)

All Yield
(Plastic)

90

45

09/02/2014

Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

Elastic-Plastic moment that can be held with stress
distibution which have partial yield is:
yo

M =
. y dA = 2 (
yp ) . y/yo . b . y. dy + 2 (
0

yo
3/
= 2/3
yp . y /yo . b

yp) . b . y. dy

yo
2

+ yp . b . y2
o

2
= 2/3
yp . yo . b +

h/

h/

yo

2
2

yp . bh / 4 -
yp . b . yo

2
2
1
1
=
yp . bh / 4 /3
yp . b . yo = Mp /3

yp . b . yo
91

Modul 3
Shear Stress of Beam

92

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09/02/2014

Shear Stress - Flexure

q (x)
V+dV

V
dx

M
M+dM

S MA = 0

dx

(M + dM) M (V + dV) . dx + q . dx . dx/2

=0

M + dM M V . dx + dV . dx + . q . dx2 = 0
small
small
dM V . dx = 0

dM / dX = V

OR

dM = V . dx

93

Shear Stress - Flexure

This equation is giving
explanation that :
IF THERE IS FLEXURE MOMENT
DIFFERENCE AT SIDE BY SIDE
SECTION, THERE WILL BE A SHEAR.

dM / dx = V
Example :

L/3

L/3

L/3

NO SHEAR

Bid M
Bid.
Bid. D

M+dM

M
SHEAR

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Shear Stress - Flexure

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load
a
e

FA

FB =

- MB . Y
I

Afghj
=

dA =

- MB
I

- MB . Q

FB

Y . dA
Afghj
Q=

h
g

Y . dA = Afghj . Y
Afghj

95

Shear Stress - Flexure

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load
FA =

- MA
I

Y . dA =
Aabde

FB FA = R
=
=

- MA . Q
I

Held up by shear connector

- MB . Q

- MA . Q

I
I
( MA + dM ) . Q MA . Q

Troughout dx

= dF

dM . Q
=

I
dF/dx = q = SHEAR FLOW
q = dM . Q / dx . I = V . Q / I

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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Shear Stress due to Flexure Load

Example :

200 mm

50 . 200 . 25 + 50 . 200 . 150

50 . 200 + 50 . 200
= 87,5 cm
V = 30.000
30 000 kg,
kg nail strength = 7000 kg
Yc =

50 mm Yc

I = 200 . 503 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52

= 50 . 2003 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52
200 mm
= 113.500.000 mm4 = 11.350 cm4
Q = 50 . 200 ( 87,5 25 ) = 625.000 mm3
= 625 cm3
or,

Y1

50 mm

Q = 50 . 200 . 62,5 = 625.000 mm3 = 625 cm3

Y1 = 200 Yc - 200 / 2 = 62,5 mm
q = V . Q / I = 30.000 x 625 / 11.350 = 1.651 kg / cm
Nail spacing = 7000 / 1651 = 4,24 cm

Problem :
200 mm
50 mm
50 mm

200 mm
30 mm

97

Assume that top nails capacity

is 7000 kg and bottom nails is
5000 kg. Then calculate spacing
of top and bottom nail, from A
until B, so the section strength
enough to carried on q load.
Spacing of top and bottom nails
was made in 3 different type of
spacing.

150 mm

100 100

200

100 100

q = 3000 kg/m
B

600 cm
98

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09/02/2014

Shear Stress Diagram

Longitudinal Direction:

= dF / t.dx = ( dM / dx ) . ( A . Y / I . t ) = V . A . Y / I . t
=

V.Q
I.t

t
1/8 . V. h2
I

Example :
t=b
j

dy
y

y1
h

q
V.Q
=
I.t
t
V

Y . dA

I.t A
99

Shear Stress Diagram

=
=

V
I.b
V
2.I

h/

b . y . dy =

y1

Y2
x
2

h/

y1

( b/2 ) 2 y12

If y1 = 0, so

=
=

h2
V
= 1/8
x
2.I
4
3.V
2 . b. h

V . h2
1/

12

. b .h3

3.V
2.A
100

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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09/02/2014

Problem :
20 cm

P = 1500 kg
1
200 cm
q = 3000 kg/m

a
5 cm
5 cm

b
c

20 cm

B
600 cm

d
3 cm

15 cm

Draw shear stress diagram of the section in support A

and of the section - 1 that is 100 cm of distance from
point B.
101

Working steps:
1. Calculate the Neutral Axis

Yc =

20 . 5 . 2,5
, + 20 . 5 . 15 + 15 . 3 . 26,5
,
20 . 5 + 20 . 5 + 15 . 3

12,01
01 cm
= 12
From TOP

2. Calculate Inertia Moment

1
3
2
1
3
I = /12 . 20 . 5 + 20 . 5 . 9,51 + /12 . 5 . 20
+ 20 . 5 . 2,952 + 1/12 . 15 . 33 + 15 . 3 . 14,492
= 208,33 + 9044,01 + 3333,33 + 870,25 +
33,75 + 9448,20

= 22937,88 cm4
102

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3. Calculatie shear forces

Ra = 3000 . 6/2 + 2/3 . 1500 = 10.000 kg

Rb = 3000 . 6 + 1500 - 10.000 kg = 9.500 kg
Va = 10.000 kg ; V1 = - 9.500 + 3000 . 1= - 6.500 kg
In section A with 10.000 kg of shear force
Position

a
b1
b2
c
d1
d2
e

A
0
100
100
100
35.05
45
45
0

12.01
0
951
9,51
951
9,51
9 51
9,51
1073,85
3.505
14.49 652.05
14.49 652.05
0
15.99

q = V.Q / I

=q/t

0
414,6
414,6

20
20
5

0
20,73
82,92

468,16

93,63

284,27
284,27
0

5
15
15

56,854
18,951
0
103

In Section 1 with 6.500 kg of shear force

Posisi

a
b1
b2
c
d1
d2
e

A
0
100
100
100
35.05
45
45
0

12.01
0
951
9,51
951
9,51
9,51
1073,85
3.505
14.49 652.05
14.49 652.05
0
15.99

q = V.Q / I

=q/t

0
269,49
269,49

20
20
5

0
13,474
53,89

304,30

60,86

184,774
184,774
,
0

5
15
15

36,955
12,318
,
0

104

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Shear Stress Diagram:

20 cm

5 cm b

82,92

5 cm

93,63

20 cm

d
3 cm

53,89
13,474

20,73

18,951
56,854
0

60,68
12,318
36,955
0

15 cm

Shear Force
10.000 kg

Shear Force
6.500 kg
105

Shear Flow Variation

Shear flow variation is used to determine the SHEAR

CENTER, so that vertical loading that works will not
induce torsion to the section, if works in its SHEAR
CENTER
106

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09/02/2014

Shear Center

F1

P
V=P
V
P
h
e

F1
e = F1 . h / P =
=

. .b.t.h
=
P

b. t. h . V . Q
2.P.I.t

.b.t.h
V..h.b.t
b2 . h2 . t
x
=
2.P
I.t
4 . I 107

Problem :
F1

F2
10 cm

P
V=P
e

50 cm

Determine the SHEAR

CENTER of this
section
section.

10 cm
10 15

30

Equation that is used:

e . P + F1 . 60 = F2 . 60
e = ( F2 . 60 F1 . 60 ) / P

F1 = . . 17,5 . 10

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

F2 = . . 37,5 . 10

108

54

09/02/2014

Calculation :
I = 1/12 . 55 . 703 - 1/12 . 40 . 503

= 1.155.416,67 cm4

V.Q
P . 17,5 . 10 . . 60
=
I.t
1.155.416,67 . 10

= 0,00045 . P kg/cm2

V.Q
P . 37,5 . 10 . . 60
=
I.t
1.155.416,67 . 10

= 0,00097 . P kg/cm2

F1 = . 0,00045 . P . 17,5 . 10

0,0394 . P

F2 = . 0,00097 . P . 37,5 . 10

0,1820 . P

: = 8,556 cm
P
In order to make frame didnt induce torsion , so the
Pload must be placed in e = 8,556 cm ( see Picture)
e=

0,182 . P . 60 - 0,0394 . P . 60

109

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Variety of KERN :

Limited with 4 p
point

Limited with 6 point

Li it d with
Limited
ith 4 point
i t

Unlimited
110

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KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia moment of sloping axis:
Y
x
Y

x = x Cos + y Sin

df

y = y Cos - x Sin
2

Ix =

Ix =

y df

y Cos + x Sin - 2xy Sin Cos df

2

= Ix Cos + Iy Sin -2 Sxy Sin Cos

111

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia Moment of Sloping axis:
2

Iy =
=

x df
2

x Cos + y Sin + 2xy Sin Cos df

2

= Ix Sin + Iy Cos + 2 Sxy Sin Cos

112

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KERN / GALIH / INTI

Example of determining KERN limits :
y
Determine the Neutral axis :
2 cm
x=
16

A = 2.20 + 8.2.2
Ix =

1/

3
12.2.20

= 3,2 cm

= 72 cm

+ 1/12.8.23.2

+ 8.2.92.2

2
10

2.20.1 + 8.2.6.2
2.20 + 8.2.2

= 3936 cm4

3936
= 393,6 cm3
10
3936
= 393,6 cm3
=
10

Wax =

3,2
Wbx

113

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Contoh Menentukan batas batas KERN :
Iy =

1/

3
12.20.2

+ 1/12.2.83.2

+ 20
20.2.(2,2)
2 (2 2)2 + 2.2.8.(2,8)
2 2 8 (2 8)2

= 628,48
628 48 cm4

628,48
= 196,4 cm3
3,2
628,48
=
= 92,42 cm3
6,8

Wkr y =
Wkn y

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

Ka x =

Wbx
A

Kb x =

Wax
A

393,6
,
72
5,46
cm
=
393,6
=
72
= 5,46 cm
=

Kkr y =

Kkny =

Wkn y
A
Wkr y
A

92,42
,
72
= 1,28 cm
196,4
=
72
= 2,72 cm
=

114

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KERN / GALIH / INTI

Picture of KERN limits :
1,28 cm

2,72 cm
y
2 cm
16

5,46 cm
x

5,46 cm

2
10
3,2

115

Modul 4
Torsion
Torsi
on

116

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TORSION (Puntiran )
30 N-m

Section Plane
30 N-m
10 N-m
10 N-m
20 N-m

INNER TORSION MOMENT equal with OUTTER TORSION MOMENT

Torsion that is learned in this Mechanics of Materials

subject was limited in rounded section only.
117

TORSION (Puntiran )

Torsion Moment at
both end of the bar

M(x)

Torsion Moment
g the
distributed along
bar

118

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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TORSION (Puntiran )

max

max

AC

max . dA . = T

St
Stress

Area
Forces

Distance

Torsion Moment
Or can be written as:

max
C

. dA = T
2

. dA = IP = Polar Inertia Moment

2

119

Example of Polar Inertia Moment for CIRCLE

C

2 . . d = 2 .

. dA =

=
0

C
2

32

Torsion of the CIRCLE can be determined with

this equation:
T=

max

max

C
=

. IP

T.C
IP

TORSION MOMENT
TORSION STRESS

120

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For Circle Hollow Section:

Section:

121

TWIST ANGLE OF CIRCULAR BAR

With determine small angle of DAB in this following

picture. The maximum stress of its geometry is:

122

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09/02/2014

If :

Then:

So general statement of the twist angle of a section from

the bar with linier elastic material is:

123

PROBLEM EXERCISE - 1
See a tiered bar that shown in this following picture, its outboard in
the wall (point E), determine rotain of point A if torsion moment in B
and D was given. Assume that the shear modulus (G) is 80 x 109
N/m2.

124

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Polar Inertia Moment:

Moment:

Bar AB = BC

Bar CD = DE

Considering its left section, torsion moment in every part will be:
TAB = 0, TBD = TBC = TCD = 150 N.m
N.m,, TDE = 1150 N.m

125

To get rotation of edge A, can be done with add up every

integration limit:

Value of T and Ip are constant, so the equation will be

be::

126

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

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EXERCISE -1

Calculate maximum torsion shear stress of AC bar (as

seen in AC bar exercise 1)
1).. Assume that bar diameter
from A C is 10 mm.

Answer::
Answer

127

Exercises

Soal 4.1
S b h poros b
Sebuah
berongga mempunyaii
diameter luar 100 mm dan diameter dalam
80 mm. Bila tegangan geser ijin adalah 55
MPa, berapakah besar momen puntir yang
bisa diteruskan ? Berapakah tegangan
pada mukaan poros sebelah dalam bila
diberikan momen puntir ijin?
128

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129

Sebuah poros inti berongga berdiameter

200 mm di
diperoleh
l hd
dengan melubangi
l b
i
poros melingkar padat berdiameter 300
mm hingga membentuk lubang aksial
berdiameter 100 mm. Berapakah
persentase kekuatan puntiran yang hilang
oleh operasi ini ?

130

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131

Poros padat berbentuk silinder dengan ukuran yang

bervariasi yang terlihat dalam gambar digerakkan oleh
momen--momen puntir seperti ditunjukkan dalam
momen
gambar tersebut. Berapakah tegangan puntir
maksimum dalam poros tersebut, dan diantara kedua
katrol yang ada ?

132

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09/02/2014

133

a.

b.

Tentukanlah tegangan geser maksimum dalam poros

yang dihadapkan pada momen
momen--momen puntir, yang
diperlihatkan dalam gambar.
b. Hitunglah dalam derajat sudut pelintir antara kedua
ujungnya. Ambillah G = 84.000 MN/m.

134

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135

Modul 5
STRESS COMBINATION

136

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Equation that have learned before about linier elastic

material, can be simplified as:
Normal Stress
Stress::
a. Due
D tto axial
i l lload
d

P
A
b. Due to flexure

My
I

137

Shear Stress
Stress::
a. Due to torsion

T
Ip

b. Due to shear force of beam

VQ
It

Superposition of the stress, only considered in

elastic problem when deformation that
happened is small.
138

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EXERCISE:

A bar 50x75 mm that is 1.5 meter of length, selfweight is

not considered, was loaded as seen in this following
picture. (a). Determine maximum tension and
compression
p
stress that work p
pependicularly
p
y of beam
section, assume that it is an elastic material.
material.

139

ANSWER
Using superposition method, so it can be solved in two
steps.. In Picture (b)
steps
(b),, it shows that the bar only take axial
load only. Then In Picture (c), it shows that the bar only
take transversal load only

Axial Load,
Load, normal stress that the bar have along its length
is:

140

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Normal stress due to tranversal load depends on flexure

moment value and the maximum flexure moment is in
force that use:

Stress superposition woks perpendicularly of beam

section and linearly decreased to the neutral axis as
seen in picture (g)

141

142

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STRESS COMBINATION ON COLUMN

Similar equation can be done to assymetric

section:

P M zz y M yy z

A
I zz
I yy

When:
When:
Flexure Moment Myy = +P z0 that works of yy-axis
Flexure Moment Mzz = -P y0 that works of zz-axis
A is cross section area of frame
Izz and Iyy is inertia moment of the section to each their
principal axis
Positive symbol (+) is tension stress, and Negati
Negative
ve
symbol (-) is compression stress.

143

Example
Determine stress distribution of ABCD section of the
beam as seen on this following picture. if P = 64 kN.
Beams weight is not considered.

144

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Answer:
Answer:
Forces that work in ABCD section,
section, on the picture (c), is
P = -64 kN,
kN,
Myy = -640 (0.15)
(0 15) = -9,6
9 6 kN.m
kN m, and
kN.m,
Mzz = -64 (0.075 + 0.075) = -9,6 kN.m.
kN.m.
Cross section area of the beam A = (0.15)(0.3) = 0,045 m,

And its Inertia moment is:

is:

145

Jadi dengan menggunakan hubungan yang setara dapat

diperoleh tegangan normal majemuk untuk elemen
elemen-elemen sudut :

Bila tanda huruf tegangan menandakan letaknya

letaknya,, maka
tegangan normal sudut adalah :

146

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147

THE END
148

Dr. Endah Wahyuni

74