TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN-B MN O V TIN HC CNG NGHIP

BO CO
MNG TC CAO
ti:

Tm hiu v SCADA

Ging vin: o c Thnh

Sinh vin:

Hong Ngc Hng

MSSV:

20121858

MC LC
I.

Tng quan v SCADA...............................................................................................3

1. nh ngha:.............................................................................................................3
2. Chc nng v vai tr:............................................................................................3

II.

H thng SCADA...................................................................................................4

1. Kt cu ca mt h SCADA..................................................................................4
2. Phn cng v phn mm ca h SCADA:............................................................7
3. Truyn thng trong h SCADA.............................................................................8
4.

Nhng yu cu chung v mt h SCADA...........................................................12

III. V d ng dng........................................................................................................13
1. ng dng trong ng st...................................................................................13
2. ng dng trong cng tc iu h thng in Vit Nam...............................14

I.

Tng quan v SCADA

1. nh ngha:
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) l h thng iu khin gim st v
thu thp d liu. iu khin y l iu khin mt cch gim st. SCADA khc vi cc
h thng iu khin DCS ch, cc h DCS l mt h thng iu khin phn tn trn
mng din rng v c ch iu khin c giao cho c cc phn t cp di, trong khi h
thng SCADA thin v gim st v thu thp d liu trn mng tp trung, mi thao tc ln
h u di s iu khin ca trung tm.
2. Chc nng v vai tr:
Mi h thng sn xut cng nghip thng c t chc theo nhiu cp qun l. Mi cp
c nhim v o lng, thu thp v iu khin gim st ring ln tng i tng c th ca
h thng. Chnh v th vic SCADA cho mt h thng sn xut cng nghip cng c
phn ra tng cp SCADA c th, tu vo quy m ca tng cp m c nhng yu cu c th
khc nhau song ni chung mi cp SCADA l phi thc hin nhng dch v sau:
Thu thp s liu t xa (qua ng truyn s liu) cc s liu v sn xut v t chc
vic lu tr trong nhiu loi c s s liu (s liu v lch s sn xut, v s kin
thao tc, v bo ng).
iu khin v gim st h sn xut trn c s cc d liu thu thp
c.
Thc hin cng tc truyn thng s liu trong v ra ngoi h (c/vit s liu
PLC/RTU, tr li cc bn tin yu cu t cp trn v s liu, v thao tc h).
Nhn chung SCADA l m s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm theo m phng thc
truyn thng no t ng ho vic qun l gim st, iu khin cho mt i tng
cng nghip. V ta nhn thy rng xu th t ng ho l mt xu th khng th trnh khi
do vy vic p dng bi ton SCADA l mt vic lm tt yu nu chng ta khng mun tt
hu trong sn xut. Vai tr ca n l rt r dng, SCADA gip ta thu thp rt chnh xc v
h thng t c th a ra cc quyt nh ng n v h, ng thi ta cng d dng
trong cng tc iu khin v ra quyt nh. Vic lm ny s gim ng k vic chi ph v
vn nhn lc, v vn hnh iu ny gp phn ng k trong vic gim gi thnh sn
phm, tng sc cnh tranh.

II.

H thng SCADA
3

1. Kt cu ca mt h SCADA
H thng SCADA c s dng kim sot ti nguyn phn tn ti ni m d liu thu
thp c tp trung li c ngha quan trng trong iu khin. Nhng h thng ny c
s dng trong cc h thng phn phi nh phn phi nc v h thng thu gom nc thi,
ng ng dn du v kh t, h thng truyn ti in v phn phi in, v ng st v
h thng giao thng cng cng khc. H thng SCADA tch hp h thng thu thp d liu
vi h thng truyn dn d liu v phn mm HMI cung cp mt giao din gim st tp
trung v h thng iu khin cho nhiu qu trnh u vo v u ra. H thng SCADA
c thit k thu thp thng tin trng, chuyn giao n n mt c s my tnh trung
tm, v hin th cc thng tin cho cc nh iu hnh, do cho php cc nh iu hnh
gim st v kim sot ton b h thng t mt v tr trung tm trong thi gian thc. Da
vo thit lp ca h thng c nhn, kim sot ca bt k h thng c nhn no, hot ng,
hoc cng vic c th c t ng, hoc n c th c thc hin bi cc lnh iu hnh.

Hnh 1: Cc lp ca h thng SCADA

Hnh 1 cho thy cc thnh phn v cu hnh chung ca mt h thng SCADA. Trung tm
iu khin nm mt my ch iu khin (MTU) v cc thit b nh tuyn thng tin lin
lc. thnh phn trung tm iu khin khc bao gm HMI, my trm k thut, v cc nh
lu tr d liu, tt c c kt ni bi mt mng LAN. Cc trung tm iu khin thu thp
v ghi thng tin c thu thp bi cc khu vc hin trng, hin th thng tin cho HMI,
v c th to ra cc hnh ng da trn nhng s kin pht hin. Trung tm iu khin
cng c trch nhim bo ng tp trung, phn tch xu hng, v bo co. Nhng ni t
gim hin trng thc hin kim sot c cu chp hnh v gim st cm bin. im
iu tra thng c trang b mt kh nng truy cp t xa cho php cc nhn vin iu
khin thc hin chn on t xa v sa cha thng hn l vic rch ri dial up hoc
kt ni WAN ring bit. Tiu chun v cc giao thc truyn thng c quyn chy qua
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truyn thng ni tip c s dng vn chuyn thng tin gia cc trung tm kim sot
v khu vc hin trng s dng cc k thut t xa nh ng dy in thoi, cp, , v tn
s v tuyn.
MTU - RTU kin trc truyn thng khc nhau gia vic trin khai . Cc kin trc khc
nhau c s dng c th hin trong hnh 2. im im l chc nng n gin. Tuy
nhin , n l tn km v cn cc knh c nhn cn thit cho mi kt ni. Trong mt cu
hnh hng lot , s lng knh c s dng gim i; Tuy nhin , knh chia s c nh
hng n hiu qu v tnh phc tp ca hot ng SCADA . Tng t nh vy , m hnh
sao cu hnh s dng mt knh cho mi thit b nn kt qu l hiu sut gim v tng
phc tp h thng .
Ni mt cch n gin, h thng SCADA c ba phn: Cc PC phng iu khin trung
tm, cc RTU( remote terminal unit) hay PLC(programable logic controller) cc trm xa
v thit b thng tin kt ni hai phn trn vi nhau.
Kt cu phn mm ca phn PC phng iu khin trung tm c th hin trong bng
Hnh 2. Chng ta s thy cc chc nng ca cc PC ca h thng SCADA tng t nh
phn HMI ca h thng DCS: Hin th, iu khin t phng iu khin trung tm, thu thp
d liu, qun l cc s liu, qun l bo ng, bo co.
Cc h thng SCADA c chy trn mi trng DOS, VMS hay UNIX. Cc h thng mi
hn chy trn nn ca Windows, Linux.

Hnh 2: Kt cu phn mm phng iu khin ca h thng SCADA

a.

SCADA Server

SCADA Sever chnh l my Server ca h thng SCADA trung tm c ni vi cc

RTU hay PLC. Trong cu trc phn mm my ch Server c chc nng thu thp, chia s
d liu vi cc my Client thng qua mang Ethernet v gi mnh lnh t cc Client trc
tip n cc b iu khin.V vy trn cc my Server thng c dng ci t cc
phn mm pht trin (development), thit lp cu hnh truyn thng kt ni vi thit b
hin trng.
b.

SCADA Client
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SCADA Client gm cc my tnh cng nghip c ni vi my Server bng mng

Ethernet. Cc my tnh ny s c ci cc phn mm giao din ngi my (Human
Machine Interface) kt ni vi d liu ca my Server hin th hoc iu khin. T l
cc my Client nay s thu thp cc trng thi v iu khin cc b controller gin tip
thng qua my Server. Mi quan h gia cc Client v Server do cc k s lp trnh thit
lp, tu thuc vo phn mm cng nghip c s dng trong h SCADA.
c.

PLC- RTU

RTU c nh ngha l mt thit b c iu khin bng b vi x l, c kh nng x l

cc u vo ra theo thi gian thc, thu thp s liu v bo ng, bo co v SCADA
Server, v thi hnh cc lnh ca SCADA Server. Theo truyn thng, h thng SCADA
thng s dng cc thit b RTU. Nhng ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca PLC, cc nh tch
hp h thng thch dng PLC thay v RTU cho vic thit k cho nhiu h thng SCADA.
Cc RTU v cc PLC c ni vi cc I/O ti cc trm. Cc u vo, qua RTU hay PLC
cho cc thit b SCADA phng iu khin trung tm bit trng thi ca h thng ti hin
trng.Thit b SCADA c th iu khin bng cch thao tc u ra, cng nh qua cc
RTU hayPLC.
Nh vy, RTU v PLC l thit b c trc tip ni vi I/O v trung tm iu khin tn
hiu.
2. Phn cng v phn mm ca h SCADA:
H thng SCADA bao gm c phn cng v phn mm. phn cng tiu biu bao gm mt
MTU t trung tm iu khin, thit b thng tin lin lc (v d, radio, ng dy in
thoi, cp, hay v tinh), v mt hoc nhiu khu vc hin trng phn phi gm: mt RTU
hay PLC, kim sot thit b truyn ng v / hoc mn hnh cm ng. Cc MTU lu tr v
x l thng tin t u vo v u ra RTU, trong khi cc RTU hay PLC iu khin cc qu
trnh hin trng. Cc phn cng truyn thng cho php truyn thng tin v d liu qua
li gia cc MTU v cc RTU hay PLC. Phn mm ny l lp trnh bo cho h thng
nhng thay i nhng tham s trong phm vi chp nhn c, v nhng p ng ca h
thng vn hnh. Mt IED, chng hn nh mt r le bo v, c th giao tip trc tip vi
cc trm ch SCADA, hoc mt RTU a phng c th thm d cc IED thu thp cc
d liu v chuyn n n trm SCADA ch. IED cung cp mt giao din trc tip kim
sot v gim st thit b v cm bin. IED c th c hi trc tip v kim sot bi cc
trm ch SCADA v trong hu ht cc trng hp c chng trnh a phng cho php
cc IED hot ng m khng hng dn trc tip t trung tm iu khin SCADA. H
thng SCADA thng c thit k c h thng nhn din li vi nhng d phng
quan trng c xy dng trong kin trc h thng.
a.

Phn cng
7

Tu thuc vo tng hng ch to, cc h SCADA s mang mt s c im khc nhau, tuy

nhin ni chung phn cng ca h SCADA s gm nhng phn sau:

My tnh PC vi cc dch v truyn thng chun v cc chng trnh giao din

ho c thit k sn.

Cc b iu khin logic c kh nng lp trnh PLC (Programmable Logic

Controller).

Cc transmitter/RTU s thng minh.

Card mng v h thng cp ni i theo phc v cho qu trnh thu tht v

iu khin.
b.

Phn mm

Phn mm ca SCADA l mt chng trnh thc hin cc nhim v c th ca mt h

SCADA. Phn mm phi c kh nng thu thp d liu theo thi gian thc v c kh nng
iu khin p ng cc yu cu k thut ca h thng. Ngoi ra, phn mm SCADA phi
c kh nng kt ni mng, chng hn nh Internet hay Ethernet, c th chuuyn cc bo
co di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, nh dng bng thng k, dng biu hay dng
th.
3. Truyn thng trong h SCADA
Bn kin trc c bn th hin trong Hnh 3 c th c tng cng hn na bng vic s
dng thit b chuyn dng v thng tin lin lc qun l trao i thng tin lin lc cng
nh chuyn i tin nhn v m. H thng SCADA ln, cha hng trm RTU, thng s
dng ph MTUs gim bt gnh nng trn MTU chnh. y l loi cu trc lin kt c

hin th trong Hnh 4.

Hnh 3: Lin kt truyn thng SCADA c bn

Hnh 4: Cu trc lin kt truyn thng SCADA rng

Hnh 5 cho thy mt v d v trin khai thc hin h thng SCADA. H thng SCADA c
bit ny bao gm mt trung tm iu khin chnh v ba khu vc hin trng. Mt trung
tm iu khin sao lu th hai cung cp d phng trong trng hp c s c trung tm
iu khin chnh. kt ni im-im c s dng cho tt c cc trung tm iu khin
truyn thng h thng hin trng, vi hai kt ni t s dng xa s dng v tuyn. th ba
h thng hin trng trng l xc nh thng tin gi n trung tm iu khin v s dng
mng din rng (WAN) cho truyn thng. Mt trung tm kim sot khu vc trn trung
tm iu khin chnh cho mt mc cao hn ca iu khin gim st. Cc mng cng ty
c quyn truy cp vo tt c cc trung tm kim sot thng qua mng WAN, v cc h
thng hin trng c th c truy cp t xa cho cc hot ng x l s c v bo tr.

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Hnh 5: V d trin khai h thng SCADA (Phn phi Gim st v iu khin )

a.

Cc dng truyn tin trong h SCADA

Ngoi vic s dng cc my tnh cng nghip, cc Server, thit b mng phng theo
di trung tm. Mt b phn khng th thiu c trong h thng SCADA l h thng
truyn tin. N lin quan n tnh n nh v s chnh xc ca h thng. V vy, mt h
truyn tin c chntng mt h SCADA phi tho mn cc tiu chun nh: gii tc
truyn, giao thc truyn thng, truyn ng b hay d b, khong cch a l H thng
truyn tin c chn phi tng thch vi thit b trng v my ch Server. Mt s thit
b c th s dng c truyn d liu trong h SCADA nh sau: Modem RDT (Radio
Data Technology) ca Anh quc c cc loi truyn sng Radio, v tuyn; cc thit b thu
pht sng ca Motorola, cc b RTU, GPS. Tu theo m hnh, phm vi ca tng h
SCADA m ta p dng tng loi thit b trn s pht huy ht tnh nng tc dng ca n. H
thng SCADA cp quc gia v min dng cc RTU c thit k c bit cho ngnh in
(theo tiu chun IEEE v IEC, c kh nng chu c nhiu in t). Cc thit b RTU
thng minh vi cc trung tm iu qua th tc truyn tin IEC-870-5-101. Ngoi ra, vi
nhiu h SCADA dng PLC dng th tc truyn tin l Profibus.
11

Bng di y tng kt li cc dng truyn tin thng dng trong h SCADA:

Truyn tin
Kiu truyn tin
My ch vi IDE hin
Khng ng b kiu
trng
multidrop
PLC thu thp vi IDE hin Khng ng b kiu
trng
multidrop
My ch vi my d
ng b kiu multidrop
phngDMS, EMS, DTS

Tiu chun thng dng

RS-485

My ch vi SCADA cp
trn
SCADA vi cc ng dng
khc
SCADA vi cc th vin

RS-232 + ti ba, modem

Hay Ratio 450Hz
DDE (Dynamic
Data
Exchange)
DLL(Dynamic
Link
Library)
Windows

SCADA

Khng ng b kiu
singledrop
Bn tin qua b nh
c/vit th vin

vi cc h Qun l cc ca s

SCADA vi my in
Song song, ni tip
b.
Truyn tin s
c.
Truyn tin hin trng

RS-485
Ethernet

RS- 232, ASII

4. Nhng yu cu chung v mt h SCADA

a.
Nhng yu cu chung v phn cng:

My tnh PC dng thu thp v iu khin phi mang tnh ph thng v c kh

nng giao tip tt vi cc hng thit b phn cng khc nhau.

C h iu hnh a nhim c kh nng m rng v giao tip d dng vi cc phn

mm v phn cng khc.
b.

Nhng yu cu chung v phn mm:

C kh nng tng thch vi cc giao thc (Protocol) thng dng.

D dng thit k v nng cp khi cn thit.

c.

V dch v SCADA:

C kh nng thu thp, lu tr, s dng s liu c t nht trong mt nm.

Cung cp s giao tip v giao din d dng cho ngi s dng v vn hnh. D
dng cho ng dng hin th s v th trong gim st cng nh in bo co.

12


Gip thao tc iu khin
iu khin bng tay.
d.

t xa d dng, tuy nhin vn phi bo m thao tc

Yu cu v gi thnh v chi ph lp t phi r, hp l.

III. V d ng dng
1. ng dng trong ng st
Hnh 6 cho thy mt v d v vic trin khai cho vic gim st v kim sot ng st . H
thng ny bao gm mt trung tm kim sot ng st , ni cha h thng SCADA v ba
phn ca mt h thng ng st . H thng SCADA thm d cc phn ng st v cc
thng tin nh tnh trng ca xe la, h thng tn hiu, h thng in , v my bn v t .
Thng tin ny cng c a vo vn hnh trong trung tm iu khin ng st . Cc h
thng SCADA cng theo di cc u vo iu hnh ti trung tm kim sot ng st v
phn tn cc lnh iu hnh cp cao n cc thnh phn ca 1 h thng ng st. Ngoi
ra, mn hnh h thng SCADA hin th iu kin tng phn ca h thng ng st v
ua ra cc lnh gii quyt da trn nhng iu kin ( V d , dng mt chuyn tu
khng i vo mt khu vc c xc nh l b ngp lt da vo vic gim st iu
kin) .

Hnh 6: V d trin khai h thng SCADA( Gim st v kim sot ng st)

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2. ng dng trong cng tc iu h thng in Vit Nam

Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh iu khin h thng in:
T nhng nm 1970, h thng my tnh c ng dng rng ri trong cc trung tm
iu h thng in ln trn th gii. Lc u, h thng my tnh phc v vic qun l
k thut, qun l cc d liu, cc thit b trn h thng in v phc v vic tnh ton cc
bi ton ri rc, n l. Dn dn cc phn mm chuyn dng phc v qun l, iu hnh h
thng in c ra i.
Vo u nhng nm 1980,, hu ht cc trung tm iu khin ca cc h thng in ln trn
th gii c trang b H thng thu thp d liu v gim st iu khin gi tt l
SCADA. Chc nng c bn ca h thng SCADA l thu nhn t ng, x l cc d liu,
hin th trn mn hnh bng s cc tn hiu thi gian thc ca cc phn t trn h thng
in nh: tn s, in p cc im nt, thng s vn hnh (cng sut tc dng, cng sut
phn khng, dng in, in p, nhit , p lc du) ca cc thit b (my pht in,
my bin p, ng dy in). N hin th trng thi lm vic ca tt c cc thit b ng
ct, tng gim nc phn p ca my bin p gip cho cc k s iu hnh h thng in
iu khin t xa, theo di, gim st s lm vic ca ton b h thng in.
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng SCADA:
Khi cc thit b ang vn hnh vi phm cc gii hn cho php ca cc thng s k thut
hoc b s c, h thng t ng a ra cc tn hiu cnh bo dng chung, ci; hin th ni
dung s kin cnh bo bng nhng dng lnh theo mu sc v nhp nhy, iu ny gip
cho cc k s iu hnh h thng in c nhng hnh ng ng x kp thi a cc
thit b tr li trng thi vn hnh bnh thng hoc a cc thit b d phng vo hot
ng thay th nhm m bo cho h thng in vn lm vic trng thi n nh v kinh
t.
Tt c cc s kin xy ra i vi cc thit b trn h thng in, i vi cc ch vn
hnh h thng in u c lu tr t ng theo trt t thi gian, c chnh xc n
tng mili giy(ms), c th truy xut khi cn thit di dng cc bng biu, th gip cho
qu trnh x l v phn tch s c c chnh xc.
H thng SCADA cho php cc k s iu hnh c th thc hin cc thao tc, iu khin
cc thit b t xa nh khi ng hay ngng cc t my pht in, thay i cng sut theo
yu cu, ng ct cc thit b, iu chnh nc in p ca cc my bin p Kh nng ny
cho php gim bt nhn lc, tin ti c th xo b ch ngi trc vn hnh cc trm
in, cc nh my. Cc thit b lm vic hon ton t ng, c iu khin t xa t cc
trung tm iu .

14

T thp k 90 tr li y, cc h thng tch hp thu thp d liu v iu khin gim st

c ng dng v pht trin rng ri. Chc nng c bn ca h thng SCADA tch hp l
n c trang b thm nhiu phn mm ng dng khc h tr trong vic t ng ly cc d
liu thi gian thc ca h thng, a vo tnh ton v cho ra kt qu bng cc lnh iu
khin trc tip ln mt phn thit b ca h thng in hoc a ra cc khuyn co c th
cho cc k s iu hnh thc hin nhm m bo s lm vic ca h thng in c n
nh, an ton v kinh t nht.
Cc phn mm ng dng thng thng i km l:
- iu khin pht in t ng (AGC: Automatic Generation Control).
- iu kinh t (ED: Economic Dispatch).
- Phn tch ch t bin (CA: Contingency Analysis).
- nh gi trng thi (SE: State Estimation).
- Tnh ton tro lu cng sut (DLF: Dispatch Load Flow).
- Ti u ho tro lu cng sut (OPF: Optimal Power Flow).
- D bo ph ti (LF: Load Forecast).
- Lp k hoch vn hnh (GP: Generation Planning).
--- HT ---

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