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    Rome and The Barbarians Guidebook 1

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    Guidebook Contents Part of 3 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8: Lecture 9: Lectute 10: Letute 12: Greek and Roman Views of Barbarians The Roman Republic Roman Society The Roman Way of War Celi Europe andthe Mediteranean World ‘The Conquest of Csalpine Gaul Romans and Carthaginians in Spain The Roman Conquest of Spain ‘The Genesis of Roman Spain Jugurtha and the Nomadic Threat ‘Marius and the Northern Barbarians Rome's Rivals in the East T COURSES” Rome and the Barbarians Taught by: Professor Kenneth W. Harl, Tulane University Part 1 Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D. Professor of Classical and Byzantine History, Tulane Universi Kenneth W, Har, Professor of Classical and Byantine History, joined the faculty of Tulane University afer he completed his PhD in sty a Yale Universi in 1978. Profesor Hart teaches courses on Grech, Roman By ine, ann Crusirhstry fom the feshan i graduate levels, He has on ramus teaching awards at his home university. including the coveted Selon H, Hackney Award itice vod ty facully apd stds) swell asthe Robert Foster Cherry Awad for Great Teaches fa Baylor University. Profesor Har arucogaized sholron coins and classical Anatoli takes Tulane stants on {excursions to Turkey oras assistants on excavations of Hellenistic and Roman Sites in Turkey Hei eutenly working. publishing coins fom he texcnations of Metopalis a Goto Table of Contents Rome and the Barbarians Part Profesor Biography Come Scope Lecture One Grech ant Roman Views Birra. Lecture Two “The Ronan Republic Lecture Three Roman Scie Lecture Four The Roman Way of Wa. Leste Five Celie urpe ad the Mean Weed Leste Si ‘The Conus of Cine Gaal Lestare Seven mats nd Cartas in Spi. Leste Fit ‘he Roman Congest of Spi. Lecture Nine “The Genesis of Reman Spin Lecture Ten Jugurtha ad the Nomadic Trea Lecture Eleven Mars nthe Noth Barros. Lecture Twelve Ron's Riva inthe Est Maps. Rome and the Barbarians Scope: ‘Te hry ofthe Romans andthe harbarians om thirties es, lar pact, eon ites as on of warfare and conquest. Driven by memories of «Gallic menace Ron's legions avanced the Homers of Chase iiiations ft roth and eas ofthe Meteranean core by the ist century A.D. Yet the Rox congueros and naive peoples termed and exchanged iss, ms tnd objects. The ensuins provincial Roman culties became the isi of Westen European civilization. “Tho is third ofthis couse deals wth he Roman mastery ofthe Celis psops, frst in nether aly and thn a Cal and Cena Europe, Simtancusl. the Roman Republic conquered Spain. Roman exploitation of esorces it the feninsula tansfovied Tea ciety ino the fs successful provincial os But wars agains new barbarian fos Non Acs, Ga an Asi Mino proved coy victory that undermined he Roman Republic ‘The second thin ofthe cours dea with he barbarian peoples encore by Inperal Rome ofthe fist and second eens AD. "The comprised {Germanic peoples ofthe ores, aan noms of eastern Eure, ad the Arstid kings of Parthia, The emperor Augusus (27 B.C-1d AD.) consliated the Wester provinces, forged a professional ami. and established foes slong the Rhine, Dane, al Euphrates. He tase! he precepts of Roman Tone defense and diphmacy forth next two centri. “Te inal hind deals with commer and cultural exchange between imperial Rome and the fone peoples. The cultural exchange created a ung Rov Front soci swells transformed the soceis of the peoples Beyond the imperil fromters. Hence, the Germans, depicted as read Fes in Cassis Sources, ae revealed by archaeology assets, meron and soir. The northern froters Became a tea musing bow of peoples and lars, The sng mail sity that emezged by 260 A.D. on hot ies the npr lonir engendered both he defender and foes ofthe late Roman word The couse concaes wit he rote san raion ofthe tid trough sist entries that wansformed the Classe in the Medieval wold Lecture One Greek and Roman Views of Barbarians Scope: ‘The clash with harbarans beyond the fromters who threatened iriliaton was seen by the Romatis major theme in thi istry. “The Romans redefined Hellenic pejuces and idealized aration of ‘ararians, whom Greeks egirded ax “Toreigners” who di not ene the rae of ase nay sae (pos) baling the Cec speaking {Gaul who bal scted in northern aly the Romans created the ‘sterenpe ofthe savage, indomiuble watioe of northern Europe. Foe the Romans, however, conquered rharans could become prvincls ti by bonds of patronage and hotly Yo members of Rome's eat families, Provincia, n tar, eould be asia, because Romans ened eiizenship hy political and legal ight rather than by descent Hence. the fos the epube were assinulted as ovina nd pe ‘rbarians, he Parthins nth eas and the Germain central and orthr Eure, sowed to the ol ofthe Gauls Ta shot the Grek crest the tion of haart, but Rome forged the means to ‘master an! simile thom and, so doing, crete European vation. Outline “The sm of his course sto examine the ines ofthe Romans and their socalled urborian opponents, AA. The wor barbarian conjures up image offal, ax wieking ‘Nordic haar othe mexted Hun Dosen sweeping out ofthe Cenval Asin steppes 1. These ages of barbarian are rote in Greck and Roman sources and wore uatsmited to Cristian peoples of medieval Europe 2. Hence, barbarian connos!wnout,savige heavier nd, fe the conversion of Rem to Christianity, ah in demonic pagan gous 3. Sine the Age of Discovery. such images of brkaians have been ‘pple! by Europeans o popes they encountered in Asia, AE, andthe America an hae coated cultural and aia steeping. 44. Such images of barbarian were behind European verscas Inperlism since the 16 cer. Inthe Enlightenment, Rousseau sesed ap ieaizd image of the arian unspoiled by cory civilization another novon of ararian ls found in Classical sores, this se, babs become the moral fis othe supposedly superior efiizad peoples Allthse images are oot in some fat, hth bistricareond fe ‘mere comples. and new evidence excavated by archacologs long ‘it analsis and comparative staies by anthropologists, has coerce Supplemented, and confined te itary sources of aga bot barra, 1. these lectures we hall ook a oth Rome athe barbarians ‘over he eoure of amen 1,00 years of Roman Bsr. 22. Aswe hal ee. although the to group clashed hey also imermaried and exchanged cusoms and materi culture ‘3. Some historians. at, see Roms andthe barbarians mone as pier rend than a nem, Keep in mind, oo, tht he ident of th barbarians cons changed 2s Rome conquered ne lands. Those dein as barbarians were llvays the next group tat aso er under Roms conto. The “oli baririans became provinials and ukimatly, were Romanized. TH, What te the msi themes of his couse? [At In par the course will adress why the Romans wer w access in bringing barbarians oes. The answer sn Rome's pec iitatons, which enabled the Romans to congue and site hoe barbarian foes 1 We tll ook a poli and military inition as well a the Soc hows of Roman cision, 2. Atte same dine, wesould note tha the Romans” succes similating barbarian peoples often depend on exiting Condon na region efor the Romans moved in Cet peoples. Focexample, hal achieved a great deal of sacces in various aspects other soci, whic the Romans built on, “The Roman success in asinlting eters wa se by their lito adopt existing institutions and arrangements o tee on ends a5 well as their nig viewpoint ia regard to these outsiders” "The second them of hs course wil examine the barburian societies at the time of Ronan conta 1 Thistheme may be more dificult trace, because the haan, vith some exceptions, didnot eave the same kindof writen records asthe Romans di ‘We sal se, however ow these harbaran clues contibuted 16 the exaishmen of Roman provinces. ‘The ast theme dels withthe role of he barbarians in ringing down the Roman Empire 1. This theme isin with the popular images of barbarians mstioned cartier, 2, Weslal explore the factors hat ave these poops, patil the Germanic bes andthe Stsand Persians, the military and politcal edge o tring about he al oF Rome “The erm barbarian was coined by the Greeks to designate “foreigners” who \werunabl to speak the Hellenic tongue. [As The Helens ("Greeks") were dintinguishod from barbarians, esause the ved under the uo a ins pois ey. stae” pl poles). 1. This definition included a poltial dimension Helles defined themectses in ems of ther common alls, common ancestors, a ‘omon language, sel heir omen politcal structure, 2, Becaane brains did nse by the rl a, they ould be Aided ato aly to eategories: hes oF am. Inthe Greek deinton, the erm barbarian is ascurely rasa 8 ovegner it dces no cary the clr and ma mpiatons ound inthe later Roman ape 1B the Greckdeviiton, arbi inled all nom Greek rae, peoples ay diverse a the Thracian, Sethian, Phoenicians, Egyptians. and Pesan, some of whom were even adie, 22. The Phoonicians were viewed ambivalemly as val and tasers she Egyptians were admired as members ofthe oles cvation, |. The Persians were sen asthe noble masters ofthe Near Ess Herodotus ca, 490-128.) admired the Persians for their moral ‘ines an dootion fo hr king, 4 Xenophan 427-54) psi the Persian pice Cyn the ‘Younger (408-401 BC.) 36a model gentema and a chivalrous wince worthy of emulation by all Grek “Te Helles notion of barbarian changed inthe course of Grock History, 1. The congues of Alexander the Gat brovghl the Persian Empl onder he domination of Macedonia Kings which exonded the Eoncep of what treat tobe Gresk 2.Even before Alexander's day, Ania nllecasls dhe pantellent, bad aay aed the poticl dimenson to he Afton of Hellenic. A Ineo, the Athenian crater Toeats (437-836 asserted that bararians could become Gros i they lived in pois, Inthe 4 and 3" centuries BC, when the Gresk fit experince conc wth he Roman ini, the Roman ll under te Greek inion of barbarians ws foreigners who didnot ve under the ue of aw “The Romans inhi the vem burburan an the Greek definitions of | A bt hey sso ade tei va ceottions oi 1. The Roman wee of he term sas me along the ines of hate think of sa barbarian oda. 2 Anerroneous Ronan eymoigyelaimed ha the wor arbavin ‘came fom the Lain bara, meaning “heard” The term came 10 ‘designate "civilized outers |. Even forthe Romans, ower the condition of barbarians was 8 res of tetas and ule nt thee ace Once subded barbarians could become civilize. These wo views of artis the Greck andthe Roman, an be traced tothe erica periods of oration of hee to ehilrations 1. The Greeks evolved ther definition, centered on the poi andthe tule of aw, ina peri of elatve secur. In some ways, ths efintion ested the Grech’ ability o bring outsides int the 22 Inconirast shen the Roman Republic was declared, Rome wasn ‘he midi ofthe invasion cote of cena aly. The Romans (quickly eared thar unless they forged alliances wth he people ‘round them they Would be conquered. The Romans, thu, devised the political and miliary insitons conquer an asi her neighbors that allowed them to master Tal fist and then the Mesterancan wl, Readings: Harrison, Thomas, Greeks ad Barrios. ‘Sherwin- White, AN. The Roman Cicenship, 2c ‘Questions to Consider: 1 What were Romain notions and prejudices shout barbarians? How did he Rosman dein harharian and why wore Paar able oho asia io te Roman cede? 2 Why were Romans regarded as batbsians by Greeks? How did Greoks| ‘ome forts with Romans as members of wider Hellenistic word? How ‘id the Remansconrbutt this process? A. How have seroiypical mages of barbarians inldenedpreaices and _atiudes ithe Classi world? What was thei impacto the meival ad ‘modern worlds? What acount fo the persistence of such images? Why have notions of a noble savage ikewie persed i erate and poplar perceptions in Western civilization? Scope: Rome's poles and What was Roman citizenship ke? Lecture Two ‘The Roman Republic al instuons proved decisive in ruling and assimilating defeated barbarian foes. ever ifthe Romans never Siiclated any policy of Romanization Between S09 and 264 RC, Rome united Ty into a conedeation. Rome deere itary service fom the Togated peoples,” bu she did not nee in eal ffir Furthermore loyal ales could he promt to favored Lain ‘Maus o even be gruted Roman ctzembp: nother words izes as use n pola and egal rights ater than descent. In 264 Be Rome in er consttation resembled a Grek city-state, possessing annual elected magistrates, assemblies ant the Senate. Rome, however, wasn arocrate republic demi by 30 ret Eaiies (genes) hat monopolized high fice and he Senate. Yet the plead elite roils) and the majority of citizens shared a devotion othe republic and achive ar of lav praised by the Greek historian Polyivs asthe model of "nixed consti,” The Reman pla ‘lt dap the plial fies ofthe eapublie 0 govern provi ofa grea overseas empire ater the Fist Punic Wat Outline “This lecture covers the consttatioal and politcal nstiatons of Rome in the poi called the Middle Republi, the years 261 BC. 1 190 Be: [AL Ouran source foe hispid isa Greek autho, Polis. This poriod saw the Romans expand the imi of Meditrancan ivilation beyond peninsular aly it the Barbarian land, (©. This lecture focuses on how the potiica insiutions operated in the republic and looks at why these instituions were so impertant in ‘overcoming sn sssiniating rhinos, 4 1 Inurderstanding Roman lel an politcal institutions, we must keep in ind thatthe Romans never eared political relarm wis gic conclusion and never alison) pola or social paste that wa hse A. As meatonod i the fist ecu the Romans defined hr cz 84 group of polical and legal gs Cizershp was no based on escent nor Was it pecessanily based on cure. “The Romans were mainly concerned with bringing people int the Roman hoy poli, esau hey needed miary power These rilitary nets sa expression nthe terme formal roger, sik asa lea clasifcaton othe peoples of aly reiting “wary service othe tpt peoples” In 264 8c, Rome went to war with Canhags, her first wajor war ‘outside fay an the even that tansormed Rome into 2 Medieranean power. [Ate tin, Rome was in posession of about 6S percent of Peninsula Tals. “The population there was divided inc four major legal eater Rowan eins cien witout he franchise (ies ie sugges sn alan allies (soca soc) ‘3 Rowan citizens had fll ight including the ht ove in semble, ld offices sate and serve nthe Seat 44. The cizes without the ransise ad teen copra into te Rowan body pole ut generally lived in more distant rexions, sucha the cities of Campania. They enjyed the protection of Roman law and wer evenually incorporated as ul eitizes. '& The Lain were member ofthe 30 Latin conmanitcsor clones (colonia), sl governing military semen. They enjoyed a “Yalan” satus, lough hey could return to Rome ad resume fl cizenship as lng thee military ebigatons were ‘mo. The Latin colonies each hada separate weary with Rome Dat ot among thersetes 6 The ast category, comprised of the sos included vious members of talon or Greek commutes, bss, or tes Tse lies owed sity servi to Rome but retained thee on “Thus, in 261 when the Romans ember om their fst overseas ssa, the majo of hose serving in thee armies were ot Reman IML. From he funding the republic in $09 8, Roman cizes were clase int so orders: pticins and plcbians. |A.The paticians represented an elite class (nobiles, whose ancestors had to high offices of sae andthe priesthood. They alone had the gh to hold high office including the consulship. The pcbians di aot have the right hol these offices, Butthey mer not al poo. Between 367 and 287 8 the plebian order (rd) had mobilized wo fone concessions hat pene ties oll ities, eed debt slavery, istibut land ake fom dese Toes, ad ecognized the pleian assembly (onc plebis). A new magisterial clas of aoe nobies)—ptricans oe plebians— vas erected in Rome. By 2648. the. most of the Roman aisioeraey ‘was not the orginal patrician eit {2008 The Teshing Company Lind Puen > Wy, b, 5 Further, the plebians had guined a umber of important rights. They ha the protection of special groups of fics known ies, which ou! appeal aba dein of mapas cat hal of plebians By 264, the Roman costs functioned ithe wor ofthe ‘Vickran consul historian Walter Bago, "scase ofthe reasonableness of me Thnee components ofthe Roman sonsittion operated in this rangement of patrician a plebins aM a owas voted in assembles ase on propery. age or eside nce, her hans ndividal. For our purposes, he two key assembles were the Cente Assembly an the Tribal sembly 1L-The Cenurate Asombly was based on units in tbe Roman anny nd vay heavily welghted toward age and property. Is members ‘were the landowners anit lest high oils of ate, 2 The Tribal Ascmbly was based on esidenoe citizens were registered in one of $5 tres, o large dst. This sembly ‘voted of eston. Neier ofthese assemblies fa independ inate: thr es, ‘otinmiey, were pas, The Teil ASmbly was he elses the orm ever came to democracy, In ation to thee ascibles wot various lvls of lest ‘magistats inlading consuls and pracors, who were reste in Spifcan ways 1 All publi oficial wore pied with colleges the offices were ‘ested annually, and inthe event of adit the negative Ye ‘won, These meshes wee lhen to prevent any on offi em unin oo much power 2 Othe limitations aso applied o these offices, including age and ‘as estistions Tn parla, only the mers of the nob ‘were thought 1 be suited for politcal or military command by Sau of thir bi ining. and waiton A. This rangement had a numer of benefits forthe members ofthe Si ret clans gens, pl. gents) ofthe patrician plebin noble ‘ass All memes of ths clas had the opporaity wo hold fis to oquie hoo. and o gain aerortas uence”) 4. This arangemca aio preseoted some peculiar peelens portico inthe nity Fr example, n sever stations, 180 ols commande the same army ogee. Oe sltion to ay ‘ont wa forthe to fo lead om alternate ds, This ‘Safeguard ed tow number of military disasters motbly the de the Bale of Cann in 21686 S Such weaknesses inthe Roman political and mtr suture became evden asthe Romans expanded overs, but the Roms sere slays able to aap heir stuns to suit changing onions For example they created anew clans of pro-am ro-prators. an soon cna vers Wats The key isiuton tht came to un the replicas the Sense, which sas made up of former massa, 1. The Senate wa the asory body of the epi, ating shh itsameortas. Magistrates were relstant ont adsl Teslaion nthe esombis, tosause they alimately wanted 0 sit {nthe Senate thomseos, 22 The Senate dominated the Remun state during the priod of exparson overseas, because isthe only permanent standing Insitution in Rome, ad it had the coletive expense ofl he former magisras. F. These thee public nstitatons cared fr alos 250 years ad won | Rome ber enpite 1." Tes often hough that a goat del ofthe sucess ofthe Romans rested om this euch organization, 2. The Romans success can als be raced tthe pital consensus that existe inthe Mile Rep andthe bods of society that ‘ied the clases together, which we shal discuss ne est Tet, Readings: Mitchel, Richard E. Pacans aul Pebians: Die Org ofthe Roman State ‘Nicolet, Claude. The World ofthe Ciisen in Republican Rome. Transat by . Sl Questions to Consider: How i egal and pital institutions of te Ronn Republic conta 10 the sccesof Roman expansion? How dl Roman titles sizaship Fnloence how they would yew barbarians? ‘What were the unique features of Roman cts? What were he prime politcal istatons the Roman Republic n 264 86? Scope: Lecture Three Roman Society 1 264 potteal loyalty tthe republic (es publew was rote i the valves early Roman society shat sonnected ss itzeas as tla to aon of the great fais. Bonds been patrons and ‘liens Were epoca ahd betel. determining vung liary Service, and itgton, The political success ofthe epic resi on the stabiliy of hierarchical soil ender Since 367 RC. patrician, ‘who had crzinally costed the nly order (nde) allowed igh ‘office share politcal power and patronage with plbians of prominent Talis to frm an expindedaisoeracy by 264 Be, This pica lite or noble, dictated the course of Roman expansion a the ‘desiny oF Roman civilization forthe ext hoe cers. These nobles "ppliol hr nosons of patron a client in dealing with defeated foes ‘which sist in assilting barbarians int he rats provincial ‘lions and ensuring the sucess fa repblic governing avast empl Outline “The toms of sci cemented the Roan cen nes andthe alin allied peoples noth ger Roman Republic, Parca important were the bon fps patrons ph. paron and lenses ten) A. The hoods atoms bent sere inherited and revi. The tons athe tp ofthe hier Dal eotain oligations to those atthe ot, 1B. Rituals and eaitons sanctified the patton cle relationship, inslading the moming santo sation “The ies of paenage Hal both politcal and military implications CClints were expec o vee in the diction of thir pons ad turnout or he dat when ele. Inet tons give a gest al of protection and advantage to thee liens inline legal protestion, E. These obligations were powerfully fll and were sancti hy mos ‘maim he casio he ancesters). The Rema were mately onservative and loko wo ast pocedent justi present-day ations. “This conseratsm explains tee reluctance to abolish outmoded politcal isittions, Patron could acept not only individuals pl fais bu aso ote Iypesc groups, sich as the cof, hich were organiations ia co gui . [G. The des of thse patronage tes re reveled by publican private imerptions rested by dul and ttt ints fo her patos, As mentioned eat, these social toms explain ch of hepsi ‘conservatism ia Roman assemblies, [AL Again the Roman assemblies id not hve the same inate a, for ‘example. the Athenian aserblis. BB. Furter, the electorate was conservative bees the votts wet td ations, who were member ofthe pole ei 1. Inrave ese, smnone from ouside the onder of mobiles might be eleced tothe Seale Sach an officer wa elle ora home (ne rma). 2. From 367 8. w 46 ac. Rome ha 640 consuls, but only 2, “of hese fies were eld by new me, an this umber reeset nly 11 iid, C. Thesocial hon of Rome al but sid ha the voters Would not lect anyone who did ant have the tation ft nobiles behind hin to hold high office. 1D. These tis also explain the relationship mong the Roman sestcal elite themselves, The stay of patronage connctions among rst istermed prosopography ie “sty of faces") hy mde schol, B, When hese bond of cnt and patron. as ell as awit endsip” vies. began to disolve athe eof he 2 entry he a wes of social and economic change, the republic itself began to beak down, IML The powerful socal bonds oF Roma society were sso sen in he institution a avery, which must he undertod a a extension ofthe Fay. |A. Wemust make a dsizction between sat ives and slaves who were tached to individuals. Most slaves ha come to that onion ss apes in war race was ot ctor 'B._Inte houchols ofthe great unis, slaves wer often libra. On manumission a feedman bers, lier) became in elec. oper client a his formar master Sliver served a a avenge to simile large nukes oeign captives into the Roma boy poli 1. Berwcen 200 and $0 8. a east | milion copies were sod ‘on the lave markets of aly 2.1228 Be. perhaps 500.0 out of 5 aillion residents in Ty vere slaves Or aout 19 percent ofthe population 3. By 30 8C. slaves numbered at east milion out a 65 milion resides or about 80 perce of he poplin, Othe whole population, many ad Sevieeigins, Beaune toi ancestors ad been capa an enslaved in Spain. Gaul othe Greek weld {62004 The Taching Company Lint Presi ® 4. We should also noe that when hey were given tie feedom, Tonner ves seguir Roman eizenship andthe rg wo vet, (C_The arrangements of tavern the Roman Republic presented some dangers Inthe Inter republic the great was of conquest overseas in Sain, Gaul, North Alfic, and else here, Neoded the lian mat ‘sinslves and Brot abot changes tte social orgoization. 1. A power propeted under emerged between he pial ete tne pins 129 8th group ws ecognze 35 he ony lequestes equesian on”) 2 This roup shoud othe confused with the mide class they ane best deserted 36 "the geniemen outside the Seat A. Theequestrian ansed fortunes, hats ad slaves in ‘goverment contracting, a farming banking, ad a D. The Late Republic sa otha dramatic changes in economis and social asrangements 1. By 150 6. the pros of conguest were so grea that he pital lite could fegin ossparatetherscves physical, socially. and ultrlly from hei fellow Roman citizens. 2 Cao the Elder had wared agains ths situation urging sents to fetuin ther connections with thei Roman cies This waning Wa ignored ete onortion ter Cat, 1V, How di these soil is relat to the baborians? AL The Romans were exwemely intrested in understanding the foreign peoples ha thy conquered and ainistred 1B. The bonds of cent and patron were esl extended othe deTeted, toi thse who were enslaved and hose who fran i ter homens, (C.-The Romans ist began wo extend ths syst imo the region of ‘Csalpie Gal, that, nothom aly. where Cah tres had sete 4, The Celi warior elites quickly found tha. yp surrendering. they could become the representative of theirs to the Roma rons. n turn the patrons fered egal protection o hese ae provincial, 2 Aseily 171 BC, conquered Spanish ies lear appeal Inala Senatos to represent judicial complains before the Roman Sense 1, Thispsromstint system, which ted Haan society tngetho, assed i the assimilation of congered peoples and enables Romans to extend ther contol over the Meiteraneua World and push the fois World dep into cena and nocher Europe . Ofcourse, his system also gave rise o some peculiar sitions. For exanple, some ofthe great eho leaders such as Annis, a Gena wince, had served a epreseiatives of thr tes and gained Ronn ‘hier. 1. The rother of Arminius, Favs, pointed out tha the peice had betrayed his patron th emperer Tiberius, while Flats had remained loyal to Rome 2 Idee, most ofthe mere of Arminia’ aly remind pe Roman, Romans were wing to efrnchise thet lasses of provincia a, ‘event. the provincia thems. This itu s captured vividly ina speech by Emperc Calvin 48 A,-reported bythe hsorian “Tacitus, when the emperor championed the admission of Gale noes ino the Senate {G._Some historians hve argued tha ll of Roman foreign policy can be tunersod i ern ofthe relationship of patron an len. AeRowg) the Romans were capable of mere sue diplomacy than his theory Implicit does contain great deal of tah. Readings: Brant P.A. Social Conlin the Roman Republi MacMall, Ransay Roman Soil Relotons, 806. AD. 24. ‘Questions to Consider | How did th hd of patron and lin account forthe sce ofthe Roman Republic? Why were sch ie so powerful inary Halan sity? How dd the stability the Roman social oer contribute o political instutions? How were elections abd the aministration of law premised 09 this soil order? How ws he scl ord else in the poli aon the raling classes? ‘How dt the Roman socal onde affect sides to barbarians and provincils? By what means could hese tiers beast nt the Roman order? Lecture Four ‘The Roman Way of War Seope: Romans excelled in war, andthe sizen lion ofthe republic ainda reputation for spline, courage at shill til envied by professional armies, Ronan conus levied etizens an aia aes from a dal a Ibe waned soldiers ona scale not agin atid util he 18% enury. Lgionares were dried by centrions to fightin open order tector wing he sword the ane lads Henee, Roman amis even in deft, nite igh casualties on opponent athe 4 though 3 ‘entries the Romans perfected tes o defeat fece barbarian ‘ppt. fst in mother Tal. them in Spain the Balkans an northwestern Eup The Romans mastered siege Warfare and loge nd they Linked Taly by & network of itary highways and colonies, “Those ston broke te por a eels or iver and served hnes forthe conus ofthe Gauls of nortern Hay. Above all, Roman ‘omaars and soldi were determine to congue 0 wi shor a booty. This tenacity won the republica Mediterancan empie- AS many ararancpponent Tered, the Romans were in he opinion of Polya, te feared mast when they were most presed. Outline 4 1. The Romans perfected the weapons and tactics of tee citizen legions in he cours of waging carpages aga! the tough il peoples of Tay. such a the Samnies and the dead Cit tes of northern Hay Cisne Gaul, Most fou infnmatin about te Roman army covers the pica ftom 150 840 200 AD A. The Roman army was commanded by magistrates, who were elected ‘sit npr (te “ight command citizens) These gists a the igh even inthe imperial age. o levy drat tects) om all B._In 261, Romans of property (ssid, that is those who ould ‘ip heels shea nfty troops, were compelled 0 espond tobe drat 1. Those who did ot have the flats cou also he summoned rncmbers othe ight infant ose soir 2 The member ofthe senatorial and politcal eli served as oc as genera and inthe caaly 2 Ghizemhip depends on miliary service, Men were expected 10 provide ther own weapons, anda mans postion inthe army Fefeted his propery an his worth wo the state Farell eitizens wer expect rain themselves fo miliary service. Even propertiod men were accustomed to had ana oboe and would have served ably. These fairs, along with the svi honds| ofthe patrons relationship, contrivuted tothe efectvenes of be Roman da Berween 264 and 200 the Roman ary was in a ate ofevolation nits ‘weapons and acti. A. Two descriptions of tbe Roman amy come ous fr teary sources, tome penned by Livy ooking athe army in about he 3 entry {nde ter by Polghias, writing abot 150. B_ From these sues, we know thal by about 150 the Roman ais ‘sere siting ths ates tn shock action eying on sword, 1. The tactical units were als undergoing change. In 2641. Soldiers fought in smal ants own a mails, These units ranged dhselves in thee ranks the prinipes, tr nd 2 The front two ranks probably had version of the pila (lp a spear thrown to disable or kiln opponent. ‘A clasic Reman tack inthe 2" and "centuries 8. wed an ‘oenserder formation, nt cout. K would open with voley of la follow by close shock ation with he sword fai © Using tos ties, Roman gions combined he mobili and e952 fof maneuver of cavaly withthe tying power of infant. nd th inflicted heavy casuals. Romans fought in close and were ined 10 forthe kil, demoralizing thei opponents DD. The Roman body aoe was perfectly designed fo this ype of ighing A soldier was protected by alae, semi-cylindrical shield (ort, Which enabled him wo Fight indiidally wit all potion, E, Thepower and effectiveness of the Roman amy depended 09 the inva sil of ac solder and his bly to operate teams ith bis fellow centuries, Each Roman soldier was interchangeable wih any ter solder and he eserves were jas a lle a the men sho were first called w the colors, The Romans’ effectiveness ives ts 10 such ens a Pei tos Trice the Romans were defeated hy the meccenary King Pyas n 280 and 279. bt hey also inflicted heavy casuals on Ptr’ In tems of fighing ability the Roman amy Was sper andthe Romans continually iacrpozated innovations ino tee equpmen and ‘acti Fue. ner skill and sense of devin othe unt Rome's ehizen soldiers” were ax professional a any army could bs TIL, The Romans had ose advantages ver thst opponents inchaing thie 3 Inthe firs ve years fe Puc Wars the Roman army ost ‘aunt enincring sil and thi vation t glory 100.000 men. 10 percent of is manpower. In cespose, Rome A snised more legions. 4. Inti, this strategy wool ake a tebe tol onthe citizen population and coauute to the teakdown of the epaic. ‘Whenover they were moving in enemy tte, the Romans al ot perfectly polar camps scoring to grid sem Thee ies would then become peamanen carps in the eile}, and the pid would uumately become asystem of ees that can sill besten ia some of {G._Livy captures the spirit of pride an patito ofthe Roman oir the eis of Westem Eons his account of spech given by the centron Spurs Ligustiaus ia imine. “The mos impressive example ofthe Romans eninering ability comes from Jive Caesar's siege of Alia in 52 BC. which nchaed to ‘cneontcis of fotieaions, 12 and 14 mis in dante Readings: Above all Romans valu bavey and glory. Te commanders were Goldswohy, AK. The Roman Army af War 100. ¢.~1. 200. expected to exhibit irs ("ravery") and aspied 1 gina ramp, Keppies JF. The Making ofthe Roman Army from Repub to Engh. wich meant that they had Killed $00 barbarian foes ‘Commanders were expected to le from the fon, that so servegs = Qestions to Consider: xampls to ir men 1 What wore he coosistem advantages enjoyed by the Romans inthe way they 1 Noting ie more v0 in his regard than the ations of i swage war daring the epic? Hos importa were weapons and tts, Cassar exhorting his ment ate of Caesar's own cool resenve _generalship. and logisties and engineering w Roman sce ‘he Bate ofthe Sabre in 57 a. 2. Mowimportant were morale soci boo ad pak in muvating 22. Cennurions, the non-commissioned ofcers an the tunes the ‘officers std men? How important were boty andl? What asouatd Fr {nor fcr, were als expected to ispte courage an initiate the succes of Roman moblzation of eiizens ad lis? The Romans had maser the logistics involved in Festing. equipping. ed ransporing their aris, T, 1n235 46. Rone could mobilize wel over | silion Romans, {Latins apd alia ales. Atte hgh ofthe Second Punic Wat (218-201 56). more than 280.00 men were underarms. 2 Hetween 264 Re, and 31 BC, one-haltwothid ofall Reman nla lies served in legions 3. Afr 200, 150,00 men served overseas any, ut major ‘sin the et Spi and agains nortern barbs rege expeditionary feces olen supperted by Nees Teis.atestamont tothe Roman’ logistical bits shat hey cou ‘stain hese large armies overseas, On average, 17 percent ofthe ‘xl ale populstion ws ander rms cry aries, sh {that of Louis XIV, could mobilize only about § percent oe population. ‘We nigh also compare Romaa military power to that ofits opponents 1. A somal army could number 2000-30.000 msn, ne hid © ‘one-half of whom were Romans. Such manpower was the average forancien ais 2. The Romans, however, hate ability to mbiize more men a8 ceded. King Philip V of Macedon (223-179 8) or example ‘oul all onan absolute maximum of 150.000 men: the Romans fad Ton, ‘v2 Th Thing Copy Lied Patesip (6200 Te Teng Company Line Pamenip Lecture Five Celtic Europe and the Mediterranean World Inthe 6" conury 8. Celi-speaking peoples dveling in notheen and cette Gaal andthe lands of the Upper Danube stained a sophisticated Test of ele, krona La Tene, With ove toa teh ‘une property an the prow of fried twas trade, aed moni mares From their head, Celts migrated o stein Briain, totem and central Spin, nether Hay. and the Balkans. In 30 Ce {Gallic st sacked Rome In 281-277 RC, Celie be dubbed ‘Galatians aged Macedon and povibern Grose, then erossed into ‘sit Minor, To the peoples of the Medieranean world, who ha lng ‘waded with Cos, these invades epitomize the barbarian. Clisial Terture an visual arts depicted Gals pe face sage wearing who were worthy ppanent to dees or mercenaiost ie. Ve the ‘achiovemenof Cele eiilizatio ad the foundations forte success ‘oF Roma rl ia nother Europe: dhe history of Romans a Celis was Tar oe than cord of wars, Becae y commer, stem, itary service, the two peoples limately ereled new peovincal Roman sities in nother Burope Outline “This sur inrodues the Celts of western an ceil Eorpe, wh in many wap, prescred th plone of barbarians to bah Greks and Roma [N.The preferred term fo these peoples is Cts oa Geek, Klto. 1 Thetorm has acquied linguistic meaning denoting a large group fread languages spoten fom paint Fane, central Europe the Bria ses, and aontiern Ty. 2 The language was even rout bya group of Cec iva im ‘ental Turkey the Cte people who seit thee were known as Goro, B. The Romans called the Cli Gas although Ga! has come to mean the etended region of France that eoconpasod pars of the Rhineland fd the Law Coutts, Hence, or lary, me efer to hese peoples as Cats C. Intdernpatance, Cel denotes sh, Sots, Welsh nd Breton, Bu the cows of Cec givilization wae sally in southern Germany and festrn France: i arsed o thse "rng repos, . ‘Who were the Celis? Tey ate kaown ous fam both Greek an Roman Terry sources a aly he 7 and 6 centres [AL We have rponts of Greek merchants having cont! with te Cts in ‘he Grek colony of Massa (modern-day Marele), The sources, recognize the Celts asa group of related harbsran peoples. 1B. We ako hase significant archacological evidence abou the Celts fom southern Gemany an France. This evidence reveals a much mare empicated material elt than he Kerry sources eas Archaeologists recognize wo pases in the materia culture. The est is own asthe Malar pri (800-180 8.) which kes is ame roma major saltsminng region in Ausra. The Second phase i ealed La Tee (@-450-S0 80), 1h The Halls period saw dai shit inte material cure of cenral Eaope and eastem France: In technology was adopted, tore and was pt under culivation, spd stan setlenens were feats 2 These stents were carly not based on subsistence but included teponal wae. I tne, hate Began o extend to the Metiterranesn shores Hetween 600-250 6, rade with the Grek and Etruscan sites of Marseilles, Tuscany. and Min log wit other regions, was Iigportat ia sting Sovelopmen of tes ered Cole towne By 450 tose teens wen called appa Latin, Sing opp. 44 Archaeological ids around hese pias ince impressive hui mounds, shih eal he pret mpd rom the “Meditotanean world. Tose peels inlade craic, win, jeer, lentils ond carved sori. {5 Inver, the Celis made advancements inher on prot for ‘export which nla alton echnclogy nie, ids, woolen, and slaves, 1D. This tae resulted the waitin frm the Hallsat pi int La “Tene culture and a shit in th gravity of Celi economic and polit power om southern Geman 1 easter France, the Rhineland a he ‘Alpine resins. E,_y 300m, the Celts a developed a sophisicted cure 1. Their economic systems an poltical structres served asthe ass for Roman provincial siceessweveral cers ltr. 2 Atuho time the Cels had adpted Greck and irc alphabets ito a wring system nan, the priestly cae the Druids, Fad already evolved, late oe desrteby Jule Caer A. The Cols were success res and merchants and were skilled incunsrtng whole vehicles Most ofthe loan words a Latin, fren, hneness and soon come from Celi, FF. Enphasison the Celis" materia nd ula chiverent shoul nog dose their abies as wari. Mey were formidable opponent, hich gave tem an advantage when they migrated throughout Eure 1. In Spin, for exalt Cals were known tothe Romans as CClierians. They were distinct from the Spaniards in thie : ‘wot of iting 22 ovh Cl infantry and cavalry were regarded as exceptional. The Celis are reported fo have go in ale alesse lesan wielding lp slashing sons, ‘We uem othe wo points of cont that the Cet, or Gauls ha wth he Romans and Grecks, which influenced developments in Rome athe wie Grek word. |A. The Gavis rose the Alps at the end of the $® century 8. and began tw sete in notern Tay. espcialy inthe upper reaches of the Po valley B.A grup oftese Gaul the Senones, dled dwn the Po ard postion themselves where hey cou easy shop ino Te Busca earand and Rome 1. In 390. one sich woe pat came down the ib. tacked Etruscan ete, and met witha Roman amy 8 ributary ofthe othe iver Ali, on uly 18 2 Atte ine, the Roman army was oaly about 15.000 strong and ‘nas overafclmed by he inital charge ofthe Gaus ‘A. The Gauls under he leader aed Brennis, proceeded to Rome nd sachs the city, although they id ot tke the ital 4. The Romans never forgot this ulation: Fly 18 ws observe for centuries, 8 "black da.” Aerts, the Romans fried thecal with de Servian wall Inthe course ofthe and 3" centres, the Romans perfected thee tatcs ofthe legions o cope wth Galle chargss. Tey shiled tothe wc of deen types of veins and ses, clminaing in the pit, to sounter the Gauls C. Uitinatly, Rome honeited rom these Gali aids, because they ‘weakened the older, walthir Etascan cites and Umbria, hich ‘tabled Rome to rig thes egions under consol inthe 4 and 3 D. The Celtic migration so flowed tation trae owes farther eas tothe Balkans and liste, to Greece and Asa Mio Those ibs ere not interes in sein i the messi zones the Dalkans: they were looking for areas where they ould fam a hr animal. They followed the Save and Drave Rivers tothe rouies leding sath nt the norte region ofthe Aegean worl 2 19281 8c. a grup of Gallic tides appeared onthe hoe of “Macedon (Macedonia). King Ptolemy Ceraunusa i rmy a anmilted by the Gauls. The Gaul then raided Macedon and crossed into northern Greve, 3. These Gauls gos far as ceial Greece and even came close wo ‘aiding Dep, The Greeks were rid of thes erin 44. The Gauls withlewinto the Balkans, then rceveda ition {om Pasa. king of Bithyiainnorivest Turkey 10 serve a, mercenaries in Asia Minor Pethap as many 10,000 Galatia ‘arrow he fais, responded to ts tation and terized Asia Minor fr the next geneaton, $. Eventual dese Galatians were brought under contol by the Seleucid kings. n parca, King Acts detested the Galatians the Bate o Elephants in 269 The thes wore shed oot the Anatolian placa an sete thee {6 Tho Galatians then nope the Heese Messe and, eventually hed themmelves ot as mercenaries othe Grsek aris This development helped make Gordon, thir captain Ani, an important commercial enter 7. The Galatians” olin he region did ts te Grecks fom Praying them as noble ferocious warriors Hellen selpre ups td elit panel particully the Glioma. sow the trump of civilization over the Gaul bat encase the Grech and Roman view of thse Cele peoples hrbaran wari, Readings: Dyson Stephen. Creation of he Roman Fron: Sohute, Herbert, The Prehistory of Germanic Europe (Questions to Consider: | How did technological change, long with inprovement in arieatore and trae, contribute wo the emergene of Celi evliation based on towns by the La Tene perio? Where did Celts seek new homelands? 2 What was the early Roman reaction othe Gallic invasion of Hay? How id he deeat in 380 8 shape ler Roma aides a istatons? How ‘id Grecks view te Galan migration ofthe 3 century RC.” How stereotyped and misleading were Roman and Greek opinions about the Cals? Lecture Six ‘The Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul In 264 5C. Romans defined Hays northem boundary a5 he vers Amo and Rabicon,hecise beyond them ly Celine Gal Gaon the near sie ofthe Alps) Flowing aie trae oes, Celi tides of La Tene eos the Alps and sete ithe sch valleys of he o's nother ribs between te Sand 9" ceturie The Clic newcomer ocupied Exscanized cites, suchas Comm (Come) and Metolanam (Mila, ier Cet rss the lower Po sad penctated othe upper reaches of the Tiber. In 390 BC, Celt aes, hb a umalust Li,defeated the Ronin ary ote Alia and ‘sicked Rome, For the next seni, Rome baled Yo avenge the human, nding inthe expulsion of Celi bes af he lower Po, From223 8 consular amos cowed he Po an imposed Roman tutvity over he Gali ees BU the Celis who founds ally Hanna ose in eben during the Second Panie Wat (218-201 1c), Fortwo decades thereafter, Rome methodically pacified Cisne Gul. Betwcen 170 and 99 8, Romans a line thickly etd the las south of the Po Toth north, Ceti ties were iterated nt oer socity hy tie patronage, commerce, and military servi, Calpine Gal was transformed it Transpadane aly th chon ‘ommuniisrcsived the atin stats in 89 ad th ete provi ‘eas merged wi greater aly in 42 8c Outline ‘This ecture comiaues ou exploration of Cli Euzope o explain the oe the Gauls northern aly andthe inluece they had on te development of culy Rome Av In 264 8. the Romans were pulled in two dictions: art in central and western Epo est ints te Mediterancan word [BL The Romans had else dealings withthe Gal for 200 years before ‘hey rough these popes under cool and tre the region nat of the Ammo and Rubicon Rivers—Cisapine Gault orien Tay We sal ok athe divest of people ia Cisne Gaul examine how the Romans moved ino tis res and congured the Gals a explo the proces of Reminiation i the repo 1. "Eventual, the residents ofthis rea receiv he full Roman Franchise, st porter aly was merged into the est of Kay 42 2. This Romanization was nota consis policy but more of ypc ofthe Roman conquest i wie the Dhara acquit the materiel cultre and langage of Roe ‘3 Atthesame time the Romans aso lar a god del fom those Clie peo Th 19264 ne. diverse peoples dvelled aa ofthe line of the vers Arbo and Rubio, which the Romane did ot considers pt of Kal. A. Colic ries dominated the frie ls men Lomb in the ‘upper Po vale area, Medilanam (Nblan) was «major Cele sete, and the Celts i so Toure ruber of opi in he Such ies a the Insuves, Cenoman, Senos, and Boi hast in the ara. These Celts id sos oath othe Po nan areata Tater Beare the Roman dist Aen These Callie selements ha 180 distin zones, cme the eter reaches of the Po and one inthe wuthern reaches ofthe Po athe Piedmont aea ofthe Apeanines. inc area to the Fr west, home of the 1. These pople spe a language eae to the Iheran dats of Span. 2. The Ligurian wore prof an ancien Mediterranean popula, going Bock othe Bronze Age. hat sueihed fom aly tough Southern France an ino Spin, A. These people were astra, practicing a Spl form of agricul ad herding. 44. The Ligurians were als reyaed as supec igh fay ant posed coast tet as raiders io Euuscan cis and Celi tribes. In northeastern Tay were the Venetians, an Talc peope who opposed the Celts and saw Rowe a anally. Therefore when aly was eorganizod in the ine ofthe emperor ‘Ausustaal the end ofthe Pcenary Bc, thse people epresented. Four distinc nes i aly wich were aumbered VIL, IX, X,and XL “The Cels played an impomtan role ia these regions. 1. They had rows in hee metallurgy and her own eegnizaton fromeeneal Eurpe 2 They alo established important rade routes going int ental Europe and Gaul, They were active in trading with Genu (Genoa) sn with he Venetians, ‘A. The Romans sae the Cols dam fore in this reson ad thir most serious qpponents: they termed the area Calpine Gal, although it included large numbers of non-Gallic peoples. ‘runualpine Gaut was, essentially, "Gaul on the eter side ofthe ‘ps whats oay Pane, the Low Contr, an he Rhineland TI, By 264 pe the Romans had devoted abou 150 years touring aly and had gain experience in dealing with Cli tacts, The Romans neve fagotto sk of tse in 390 8 by a Cele tribe, and indeed the Senate dela sate of emergency (malas) ‘whenever the Cais were the move 1B. The whol first ao the 3*centry RC. sas an forty the Romans to vig the Cele ivabion routes under conta "The Romans lly smash Galli esisance particularly that of the Senones an he Bo na seis of sigiicant ate inthe 2sos ne 2 Thess bes allowed Rome to secure Etruria and Umbria. block, tho mason owes, angi to think taking the offensive ino the heard of Calpe Ga These victories alo give the Romans the ems of security to a tn Carthage in 268 8 nthe Fir Pic War “The First Pune War unformed Rom allone he Romans 1 exploit indie. the wider western Medierancin,| 1. The Romans always imposed harsh erm on thei defeated foes Cathe for example was lapped wih an enormous indemnity that ha tobe pa in iver 2. Topay this indemnity, Cage had wo congue colonial empire in Spin hat, ioncly, revived Carthaginian power and allowed Hannita o reopen the stuzele with Rome in 218 86. ‘3. Hania crated a large numberof Ceiberian in Spain, marched ther over the Pyrenees andthe Alps nd ataked al rom the north etl binging Roms 1 er haces ia the Second Punic War 44 This warn part as sustained bythe age numbers of Cisne Gautewho mere willing to join Hannibal sary as mercenaries. ‘These Gaul atached the Romans, ocing Rome detach gions ino Cisne Gul ‘This war came at eva point ia Roma relations with the Cel tecamse the Romans had spent the past to decades ving int the region, ad alead established to inportant coleies nthe Po ale, had tought the Venctans ino alice, and ad impose ietes om the Celis bes ound Nil 6 The Romans had to keep 00 four legion in Cisalpine Gaul during the whole of the Second Pic War. Even air Haiba’s ‘army etaeuate Tal 201 the Romans repeatedly sent ly. int a Mediterransan power ad 7. The Gaul sacked on of the Latin colonies, Placentia round 200 KC Inaddition. the Romans sullered some embarassing deta ‘he ands of ths Gaus andthe casuals were high on Both sds, {8 rs not unl 190 WC: that the ial Gale resisance was broken, although the Ligurian contnsed o give the Rowan iil for the next generation |TV. The Romans potces in northern aly deed afer these repos were scoured, ‘AL Cerin areas sa intensive Roma colonization, Large mutes of Taian. Latins, and Romans move into the reions mei south ofthe Po that area called Aci. 1 In 173 ne the Roman consul Marcus AcniliasLepids iste individual and grant) aan and Roman Sets of Aemiia Other setements fora) wer also estalished Many Lai colonies were established or founded at his ie the modeen cites of Bologna and Para ace thr origins to these Roman uncial foundations. 3. The region south ofthe Po was, essentials inemporatd into retry. [Nonth ofthe Po, whew the Chie ibe and Venetians del the ptrn wa diferent 1. nally mesctans move int this aren but very Few sts. The Via Anni. eginaly miliary highway linked Aga he area of Venice) with Genua (Geno) and became an nortan rake 2 Within a generation, the Cele wari ets in this region earned 1 operate under he patronage syem with Rome. Tey also quickly acquired the Mediterranean creases, and hee foods hocame essential Rome The notern zones of Haly were indispensable in fsding Rome, thick grew enormously ding the 2 and crus ‘Thiseconomie development ad majo social implications. Many ‘ofthe descendents Celi wares uertook Roman military Service and gained citizenship. They equi the Latin hinge and linked shemselves by matrage and hospitality othe atin calories ‘5 By 10D Hc, this area, which a formery bse pt of Cee Europe. was quickly being integrated nt the wider Roman word btmany of the older Celtic won were mansined Into thee generations fom the conquest, noir Haan provincial cure had emer 1. In 106-105 8 rbrian Germanic peoples migrated ito Suen Gatland attend 0 cross na aly. The peoples of isp Ga elt no ident wth hese new arbrins and dmanded pees from Rome 2 19908C. Hlianallis staged a ajo revel again he Roman in Souther ad central aly clamoring for Roman etzenship. Lecture Seven Romans and Carthaginians in Spain Utimays th Romans gave imo these dental nd etanchised ‘Scope: In 3003. the Spanish pnisa was het diese cules, Greek the lan lias Roman iron, colo ony the nesster shores steed the Pte 2 Alshe sae tine: eos C. Poel Strabo proposed in make thelomer Evo Rive teri tons alg te Levan tra an in alae Ltn colonies oily Roman an all ths pple sing the Boats (Gudaluvi valey wee ike by sumac Wath thre Latin, The Romans thus, pel etade he anche Cane: On the get etal pate of Spin. the Mest de tothe Cisapne Gauls mortal Cetiberan hes In 247-219 8c gencra ofhe Bare Fae, Juus Caesar was sucess in pat, case he made fei—Hartear, Hastafol an Hamil al ona erie in Ime he patron of hs aren He ered many the eons Spin to pay off the indemnity oved Rome ashe ric of Cara's that would nga Gul rom nore aly. pple who were, a det inthe Fist Punic Wa. Spanish iver an Celera thir anes Cele teres ested Cates military might a she lenge Inthe 805-005 Julius Caesar champions the caus o Roman Rome ag nthe Secon Panic War 218-201 AC: See is settee ado ee eer Clseareemesinniee From bases in Spin, Hania invaded aly. Roman forces arved Se ee Zunes the thers Publi Lc Coc Sian check peopl ane izes aed Calpine Gal asad a inate aoe eee Spanish reinforcement om aching Hama i al Each rote, be : ‘etayed by Clean les, nas dee asin in 211 Re. The Serate commissioned Spi Aan. son and panes of thelr Readings: Publ to estore the sation. Sei African mo ony rok Chiver.6. EF Csapine Gant Carthaginian power in Spit he ul a oko alancs ong Livy Rome ad Hal. Tansla hy B, Ra Spanish bes and towns that commited he republic tthe congas the peninsula. Although th Romansentred the pesinsla ato Questions to Consider: ary mest chs ema ot a es ery an How deve worth pple and cute of other aly in 300 8.6.2 vies. ‘What was he ipa the Celie sin sh the iraton af nore Hay? Wha! materi achievements o a Tene elton Were Outline a ents 1. This ectre das with he Reman congo ofthe rian penis which How extensive was Roman seitlerent In what ways did Romans ard indigenes populations ntrat ocrest a new provincial ect? Hose important were the balding of road an Latin colonies, promotion of ae ant mila service in aeelerating cal change? 4, woul inca the moder cours of Ports and Spain oda. [AL The Romans understood ihe Spnish oni gngraphically tht the region did no encore vier ctr, I atthe Romans in Spain inthe cenury BC would have seen the Kid of ‘livery that they a encountered in norte Hy B._Tnsome ways the Spanish peninsula overt the Roman Republi although the waes fought there were important tthe scala ‘economic waasformaion of Rome, Thee war so contbted dst tothe leakdown ofthe piel carson in Rome that ete collapse of he reubie. We hegin witha picture ofthe Iberian peninsula jut before the Romans sive “The name Mera wis usd Bocas twas the name given tothe eae peopl dwelingon th peninsula, eran languages seem 0 he pat of a wider language group that ‘included thine spoke in part of Hal and soubera Gal, Dut he ‘omnmonalies of langage did ot mca tht Terians hows of themselves as belonging wo asingle nation, “The cure and pases of tement had sso dived he Trans in stint groups. ‘Tn 300 RC the Iberian occupied pood portion ofthe southem tnd eastern ponte as wal the far notbves, where the Basques ae wd 2. Mucho the cena! portion ofthe poninsls. modern regions of Portugal, am utes Spain were cceaped y Celia and ative psople with wher he intermingled. ‘The contact of tbe Spanish peninsula with he Mediterranean word a sone history: 1. Ascatly as 1000 2. Phonicans were lady active in rading wi outer Spun. ‘These merchants traded for metal ad foodstte with Tartesss, which emerged Ted ste Spain arcurd 600 8 22. -Acouple of huni years tr, the Phoenicians were followed by ‘Greks, who never managed to beak it the Spanish markets. The ‘Gcoksextalisha sone colonics in the nota comer of Spl ut the maj of ites on he ester shore ain the fa south ere sete hy the Phoenicians. 3. The Phoenicians were primarily merchants, no agricultural “Thy traported goo along trade tes tht followed the Nod ‘African shore. The key ity onthe western Meiteranean shor seas Carthage PNew Cis. Inthe $* and 8 centres we, Cathe emerged asa great ‘commercial repli. A tbe me ef the Fist Punic Wa, in 264 8C she was abusing Hellenistic city 1. The Carthaznins were conte wih contin the points of ae hey i ot el the noe fo jt the bes 0 Spin oF Nowth Afi, 2 Carthage ha bila commercial empire tha influenced indige us Spanish groups. What changed the station was tbe defeat a the (Carthaginians inthe Fist Punic Wa. A. Carthage was lapped wih evo indemniisrtaing 17 milion lena the sie Rowan slser con, The denaras woul ave Teprschedthe equivalent ofa week's wage toa Roman epnay “The only way for Carthage to pay tha Jet was develop a mpi Spain Forging that empire bocae the work ofthe wealthy Barc amily (02004 Te Teaching Company Limi Paraesip ? i 1. The major ofthe Cahaginin soliers were mercenaries crite foe Affi Spain ant elsewhere. They wete dled to ‘professional amy by Carthaginian gener 22 General Hale Basa landed in southern Spain in 237 0.c and stalished wit would bese the capital the Carthaginian pire at New Cartage, ‘3. Hania was suceeded by his sone a Hasdrubal and isso Hannibal. These thre men ui cectvely an empire Spain thot comraiting the Craginan government any cen aniston: instead hey eb on es of patna. 44 InCathage, unlike Rome the military and he government were Kept separa. The generals were not lest and were sbjet to the scr o the Senate Generals en, however hol comand Fora number of years ste Buch generals dl 5, The Barid generals marred eran women and comented persona ies wth Celberin cles. The Buc anil developed & ewer falances that tied the bes othe intro othe ‘Carhaginanadministation at New Cartage 6 Inthis way tbe Carthaginians were ale ofl a mersnary amy of afanry and cavalry and expt the mineral wealth Spi ‘Their involvement in he mining wade ultimately enabled the Carthaginians op of tee ndemntis, 77 noel, Rome's weatment atthe end of th Firs Panic Woe ‘pushed Carthage ino te busines of empire bling and enabled her take on Rome again nthe Second Punic War TIL. The Second Punic War hd profound consequences fr the harbrian peoples of Spin A. tthe stat ofthe war, whom Hannibal invade Italy one ofthe consls ‘signed o defeat him was Publis Comelvs Sip, He was the fatber OF Scipio Aficanus, who eventually dees Hanna B._ When tay was invade. Seipio recalled hi llow consul, who was ade toward Cartage to return ad oppose Haba in aly, while Scio sent hs on ay to Spin ‘©. That Roman sry lined in Spain under the leaersip of Sino’: bother, Gnaeus, who deleted the Spanish let tthe Bate of he Evo, He et up ase at Tarraco ani began o wage wart reduce the power of Carthage ia Spin. 'D. Publius Scipio ealzed ha the oly way Hannibal could be enforced ‘in aly woe withthe support othe Colona empire in Spain The Roman entrace in Spain the, was ditt hy the satay ofthe Second Pune Wat, nth ay though to Romanization of Spin. En Spain the Romans quickly found that heir tlt ations were taxed. Spun Was o distant fom Rome Ha the anual lected ‘agsrats simply id not hve tne wo accomplish anything year ‘notice, ‘When the consulship of Publius Commelis was up at Rome, he was sent o Spain o join is baer athe two eld a proconsalar ‘peru By propagation thei Fgh to command aries ws stn each ear, nd they served sir poner. Farther, the Romans found towns on he sores of Spas with hich they could make teas but beyond tes owns was ‘ariety futferent peoples, especialy Celiberian bes, who had ‘sind military ethos frm serving inthe Carhapnin aio, ‘Publis atid Gnacus found that the oly way they could win the war ‘would beta cement ration ith the fons 10 provide supplies. ‘nd contact de Celuberan ude, who would provide are numbers of soldiers 4. Theo beotes essentially ran the warn Spina a private enterprise and when they wer killin separate ations in 21) 1h, Pls Corel Sep th younger (Africans) was Senin to open the oensive. iene, Seipio Africans was in is early 20 and was hoking the power of procosul He proved tobe a charismatic and brian several Lt 209 8c, he wok New Cathe with a combined naval and and salt and wow ove the Celerins 2 Although the Spas referred to Scipio as king.” be never pose teat othe Roman onstition Scipio did achieve primary in Roman pois, Me returned Rome n 2068 and was elected coma The ge 29 oF 30 ‘The Romans lard hat taking on Spin would he far moe cule forthe nstuions than he ever imagined. The diversity of the region woul also make conto extemelyeiicul. 1. The Celberian wes ware tough warirs, andthe himerands ‘yond the Mterancan zone om the southern ct were sted with wel-forfid Ctibesian and Theiss. The ‘ountyide of Spin woul pose lopsical problems of “impsging that mae northerly Took ike a eakevalk. 2, Thevcty in Spin. which hal begun as a effet beak Carthaginian power o protect aly, sad Rome wih ses jor overseas hasharian province, Rome aso sa hati had © ‘ayn Spin hocause ofthe region's mineral wealth ‘A. Tho lessons of esiltingbatbavian fos that the Romans had learned in Cisapine Gaul could othe applied the Teran peninsula Rome would ve come to ems wih he act tha it tras no longer a republican cit-sfte Bt « Medieranean power With bow of new demands al espomnibilits, Readings: Gurchin, L.A. Roman Spain: Conquest and Asin Goldsworthy, A. The Pe Wars Questions to Consider: 1. How did Pasi colonists elowed by imperial Cahags transform the ‘ulzations ia Spain? How dhe Buel family forge a Carthaginian onder in Spain? 2 Why was th eof Spin so daunting tothe Roman Republic? What were the dangers to the consttation? In what ays dd Rome ave to Forge new Plies and iastitions i the conta of Spain? 0204 The Tete Compaty Lined et 0 Lecture Eight ‘The Roman Conquest of Spain ‘Scope: In ne war against Carthage, Spanish owns and Cetberian tribes had i seomalleiane oP. Cemelis Scipio Aficanus tater than othe Senate and people of Rome. With Sepi’s depart n 200 8, Rome faced a daunting ask n governing het Spanish allies Celeian ‘wor ofthe Mess, denied employment ia Carthages mercenary ‘emis raid the two pew Roman roves. Hispana Cio and ‘Unerior (Nearer and Farther Spa) For25 yeas, Roman commanders ‘waged comly wars agin! his determine fe, Rome ook poi, fiscal, and mltary measures to meet his css notably the extension of | smal commands by prorogation wo enable procosuls to dic toatier ‘vars and govern provinces. In THD-178 BC he proconsol Tiberias ‘Sempron Grass established make owns and veteran colonies ‘and seared pac fortwo devas, In 153 BC the eles Celoians ‘gain chllenged Rome. They wee joined bythe Numantnes of the Ile Bro andthe aitanan,sarig from oppressive eign re Treaty move year offing erst unl the tramp of Sepio Acris in 133. In scaring the Iberian penis, Rome pid the gh price a politica agitation ver the draft—the fist step i the fat Roman Revolution, Outline ‘This lecture Hnoks at the Roman conquest of Spin fom 1971 133 BC. period in whih he Romans were foro to face up the commitments they took om by defeating the Cartapinians in Spin [Ac Wernst Ke in mind hat the Roman expnsion in he 81 contri [Cw sil Mediterranean haseds nother words, Roman anaes were sent o Spain by sea, an the Roms depended on the coastal ees of the eran penis to spy and equip hese aris Between 206 and 196 8. the Romans impose conta over thsi Spanish possessions the nro very lovely. They sen ot agate but hey ante dodge the responsibly of initring the se. (Clough the Romans in he Late Republic ole fought wars Simultaneously they were moe focused onthe pacification of Cisalpine Gla this tme than dey were with control othe Tsien pens, Wi he ssinilation of northern aly inthe 190s 8 the Romans shied thir anton Spain, {197 Rc the Roman Senate divided Spain nw two provinces Hispania ‘Cerio an Hispania Uiterior, that is, Nearer and Farther Spain Father ‘Spain comprised the southern coast around New Carthage, and Neare Spin svn the Bho valley |A.- From 179... on the Romans found themselves sad wih tough ‘war against the Cetera rites. These weaned and well

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