Great Minds of the Western Intellectual TraditionGreat Minds of the Western Intellectual Tradition Producer Andress Bagster conten Manger Dare tlt Content Supervisor Phil Burnharn Content Sopervsar Robert Coen ‘Audio Editor ery Gace Wie editor Sa Rodrigue Jeremy Adams, Ph.D. Professor of Misr. Souter Meta University Jeremy a Quesay Adan ws brn in New Oren in 1933, Helis is undergrad nd gradu Sgr rom Harvard (A.B, 1955, AM. 196, PRD. 1967. 1h was Assistant then Associate, Profesor of History at Yale eo 1966501974 and since 197, has been Profesor of History at Sout Mains University in Dali, Texas. He fa ao ah vil es tthe Dominican College and Lovo University in New Orcas a well any ferms in SM. overseas poprans st Univers Calpe, Oxford Pa Toledo; a Madrid he last the of which he ht ete), He is pid sa etre wie ontop dea anciet,ad aileai: Profesor ‘Adams's plications clade Pater of Meal Sci (tence al 1960) The "Ppuis” of Apne and Jeon’ A Shady the Parse Sense 1 Comaniy Wee, 197 wir oe Natal Cate Bask Awad for Schtarsi.197 «waitin snd sbi ein of Regine Perms nd Mai Véroniue Clas Jaa of rc: Her Story (St Maris 199) and Condemned io Repeat Ia cliabration wth Wick lino a Gavin Hab, Viking Penguin, 198). He as so writen narrows ates on the royal ‘biorphes an general hseriograpy of Abt Super of Saint Dei Ih Spanish intl elt rng the Vege period (412-711) Isorogapy o chivalry, he sroctre of univers, he cata Ristoy hi ‘ative Leas andar abject, He cen engaged in wring ‘eabook onthe major wadiions of Western clio. ‘Profesor Adams as won nanktous wad for teaching a wel a scholar, Incl the DaforsFoundato’sHatison fa (1972) the De Vane and Perne Meal om he Yale and SMU. chapten of Pi Beta Kopp td several oustanding teacher citations.Philip Cary, Ph.D. Dito ofthe Piloophy Pron, Easter College Pip Cary is Dietorof the Philosophy Progra at Ese Colle 5 wel Scholar in Residence tthe Templeton Honors Cslege a ser Coie in Se. Davids, Peonyrania. Ne ecelvd his undergradt tang i pony ‘Washington Univerty (MO) and earl his master's depce aod PRD. is ‘ipo at Yale Univer, where be tulle under Protessor Googe Lindbeck "He hs previously taught a Yale Univer the Unversity of Harton, and the Univeraty of Comedia. He was the George Enis Pot Doctoral Fellow a Vino Univer, where he tpt in Villanova mtoaly sce Coe ‘unui program Profesor Cary hs publi Sever scholars oo ‘Augie, the doce of he Teal an erperson kolo. His back ‘Augustine's Isetion of the Iner Sel 8 dc wo be published by Oxford University Pre ia 2000 Profesor Cary placed the popu Teaching Company cour “Auguste: Pilospter td Sain” Dennis G. Dalton, Ph.D. ‘Aun Whivey lin Professor af Polis Science ‘Barard Coleg, Columbia University Denis Dlon recive a PhD. degre in Plc! Though rom the Univesity ‘of Landon in 1965 eine he aay of Bard Colle, Cambio Unive a 1969, where he scien Presa of Pia Scene, He as ‘aug plicl her therefor hit yeas, an hisses nde wide ange ‘of pilose anata modern, Wesem a Asa, om Pato Masi, Later King is paral are of research ithe hough sd sds of “Mats Gani ache as ght ed stad in Sut Asa for several ous, His pubcaton inode Maha Gandhi: Nowlent Power ia Acton (NY: Columbia University Press 1983), and Mahatma Gandhi Selected Politcal Wotings Gianoli, IN: Hache Publiting 1997) He ithe recipient of he Emly Grepory Award for Disigusbed Teaching, anda Senior Fulbright ‘Scholarship wo Nepal in 198495. He has recorded severatenues for THe ‘Teschng Company, begining With Power over People” in 1990 290 Te eg Company Lined Mae *Louis Markos, Ph.D. Assit Profesor of lish, Howson Bap Universty ‘Lowi Maron resi is B.A. Els and istry frm Colgate Uvesiy (amin, NY) and his MLA. nd PD in Engl fo he University of “Metin (Ann Aor, MI). Wile ste University of Michigan, be specie ini metic pocty his israton war on Wordsworth tnd the ines At Host Bap University (where has tue ice 1991) te les cores inal eof ese are, wel asin Vitoran poetry and prose seventeenth centr poet ni oe, tology pi and im. Professor Makossa member of Phi Beta Kappa an his woo teaching awards both he Univesity of Michigan and Heuston Baptist Univers. In 1938, he tra sled ote an NEH Sumer Insite on Vis ned In aio to presenting several papers t ly conferences, De. Markos has become 3 popular spear in Houston, Texas, where has peso five ete a the oscum of Prning Hist Lycum (eon in, wo on ate Gree) "hee ecu sees lathe Hoason Pac Liar. clon fin for [cue Leaing Unlimited, a clon the Odie for een cet, ad a etre on Homer nd theo adton fora seniors pou Although a deve otssor who wos closely wih his stems D-Mass also dete 10 the concep th professor as public eda. He Rm believes tht ‘owed mas nx be walled up in the rade at Hel an emsbsistcaly Alkseminated to al wh have ears aes He as ecaly fished pag 4 Sees of wet four estes ca era) theory ete “es Plato Postoveisn: Understanding the Escoe of Lieu ad the ole of he ‘hor Dr. Marks tesa Howson, Texas, wit is wile, Doms ion, Aleta is nage Sey. . {S20 Te Tenis Comp Uni Pep Darren M. Staloff, Ph.D. Asssun Professor of History City Calpe of New York Dane Sa seco his A.B. from Columbia Calg in 1983, his MLA a 1985, MP 1986 and his PD in 1991, al fro ColubaUniverty He served asa Post-Doctoral elo a he Inst for Early American His ad CCaltre in Wiansbar, Vig, om 1991-1953 He has receiedmomeross fellowship and nwa ncloing the Riad ed Eer shape fom City Coleg of NewYork 1997 He as published nanerows papers and revs ‘be subject of east Aercan sory, aad hi ok he Mating of a ‘american Tnking Cas: nlecral and Iteligentsa Partin ‘Massachuseas wes pushed in 1998 by Oxon Universty Pres He curren working on aistory of snellecain he Ameran Revolution nd "he polis of Enighennes. He bs protuced ter courses for The Teaching Company, inlaing Grr ‘Minds ofthe Western electua Tradton (in cllborsionwith Dt Michael Sgr): The Sarh fora Meaning Pas Phicuophis, Theo and Ierpretaton of Hanan History si The History of the United States in ‘olatraion it D- Lois Maran Dr Janes Sesto), cm ne Ting Cp Li Pat “‘Table of Contents Great Minds of the Western Intellectual Tradition Part | Classical Origins Toco. The Pre Socratic Pysice and Mctphyi ‘The Sophiss und Soci See nn Pato—Metphicn. Psio—Poiis . PtP ‘Arittle—Metepics. rites. ‘islets. Roman Elesicia-—Cero an Polptis Roman Sepicism—Sexts Emprcs. Biographical Notes nnn 18 2 x0 8 38 43 1 Great Minds of the Western Intellectual Tradition Scope: Mins of he Westen laelectl Traton”i comprehensive sey ‘ofthe iory of Wetem hogy frm it cris ncaa Gece the [eset The mater presented through acne exaati he etal loca he discourse of Wester poopy preset ugh the ‘hough of ical fgres. The cour not only reset he boa rang of knob poxtons aril bu aun ean the rants {ewer vaio gems and dcines a thy develop ove tine lony with he ‘ean: between hoe doctrines od te le til stings, Key pilosophical doctrines are explsined in thst conte tug the developed acca to thei om tera ont youn. The ‘Wise aon sa lend of two otek tat ae carrie ofthe ancien ies tha generated than Aken an eral, West cen a Pulosophial nailer ident reigsion, mystic extn. and dogma, Serprlise-—alog wih sch sumption ac the ay all sa ti Sip of God, luna derive om lrslem. Ate the hy of ai, aris an emipaton.Atbeas tained highs kindof man development it acheved excellence in every department of human asia, and th rtoaism af Wester cute nt is unprecedered control over "ature, sa peel elect i Westen sop Jena spp the mths ofthe West a i cao boly ext tens pis he eis nd ‘eitrcal prt, whch ants the Promeean nd pap Fston sty ‘of Wesem toast “The gn of pilsopy ia the West has ben characterize hy two basses of ise One se of se concerned wth the eavironment in which 8d ‘arches and ou elation ot etapa epistemology), The ober sti ‘oncemed with th ne of haan epee ces, soa opel ‘hwy, and eisai), Alou hse sues Rae cen constancy, the wigs they are ierogted orth particular omlaton that ae devi ‘es tam vary dramatically ove tne, Yt vation ly pry ‘anon entire lobia epoch tn be character the basi shred ‘ppoacis wo omalaton of ane qesat despite a leo of ifleet Solaions. This serie of tures offers an overview of the Western “radon. Whee i te blomorpinm ni etdaemonism ofthe casi wi, ‘he idesmof te Chis ae, rhe ces othe Elgicmet, Crest Minds examine bat the shard pressppostion and apprectes of pth, aswell as the ifret postions t which various hnker aed fo thee Stored approothes. Te omer a hipped in edt es each histor sctow an ar thn examined i the specie docs na losopers in susequetetres. The cour ls comprise of sven sone sce.‘The frst seston, Casi Origins, examines the evi of piosopy athe (Greco Roman worl, Pilosphicspculaton this period was characterized by "hlonerpicappch to metaphor of feing sed on orm a ue ada tdiemons tic he moral goed i inh by Promotion fama happiness and ley) The inte etres on fhe Pre Socratic sn phism the wage forthe emergence ofthe fll Siw ‘pcultions of Pato and Aro, who together compre rash bal be ecu inthis secon These wo fg toh share yeah aermonic oietaion bute diterge anata inthe ways they deploy ‘ta erenaton Plo eas aides” or otro ation a Wester ‘Plsophy, whl his ests is hracterzed bythe natalie an itm a ish an theron two ii The fia ee Secures examine how the Romans handed ts pecs inlet eras Alu bdly oil, Roman sonic sys was marked y tendons snp snd spate” he tema howe the pet ‘Aeian and thas eke accesible ad leva wo ager eds ‘lence Both Soca ed Epicurean demons he Raman propensity 0 ‘earch forthe til and personal impos of metphycel nt pstemolopcal postions ‘The second ston, The Cvisian Age, witness the wansformation of losopy rma mothe serch or explanations to pra ques for ‘meaning nd understanding info by profound eis Ltrs Fourteen {nd Fite on he Het contin wo post cassie! Wester opt ‘amine he two rt sss aed or hart bythe Penta. These Issos ar the mcaphyscl and insomprebensible gal berwea the profane ‘worl of man andthe aed el fhe divin (ae cel by ana of| ‘eins fat o exsetl courage) and he stra dimension troduced by ‘he coven eaten of Goan i chosen people cron ainear tine re by Alvin providence. The nest volte examin hw theese te ‘eimerreted in the foundational texts ofthe Chistian aon Lect Nineten toh Twenty af devoted othe devsopaeat of tea ne socalled Milde Ages dring which ie plsophicly sophisistd ‘tesla tied io recone the fndamenta rath of Cristian elton ith the teoecal sis an pproacies of else pilowophy The final ce Tec represent soo Crisian evel aan the etemiare ols {usu argumentative concerts ht a characterized schol, vv that ould ake the form of quiescent mystic, pricped reermatn, | ‘ares confesonal police ltrs ectires expe the bs esion Inherent nmedieval Cristy between Jones rence a seFabepten ‘othe one ha nd Greco Roman barns on te oer Seton the explores te period frm th Resisance to the onset of he Elnaeat nthe il ate seventeenth cenay. This pech as Caractere by section span the schol tele nko, Paral objectionable wee the role of Chinon uot and gma Speculative hough wel a conception ofthe roe sd power pilosopy Ut relepte tt the andouid f thlon. Lares Twenty Sik ough “Twety Eight fru on Renastnce hiner who comers he seit of medieval scolsicingiry wih he ich endiion of classical pecan and ‘eitconciouly embrace th liter ver the fers seu of farther ng ‘Thi iberatn fom he inletanl tyranny of receive aon ca to Inpel conc nth est estes ale, Bacon, and Deca ll seek to rood he ugumens dct she evidences of atures sl ‘ent reson, This eecton of anal uty (bth nla and oli) nvr of prely rational an “new med” cdr neo he ‘etal ms ofthe "ode." Not surely quickly generated ciel ‘sponte fs om, th the fom sep Baye) and ism (Pascal The fina ete on Neston Serves a tanston rom the tile logmatc ations (and mae of he rest seventh cent post Cresins othe les systematic nd ape empl erento Sees) of theeigtenth cea. ‘Naturally, he Enihenment isthe focus of he oth setion Leses Tiny igh droaphForty-One oe meant tly down he cuties ery “nora pve Locke's crows Ue ivocon of teva coated Mh tha Hates ad wed black of able wera hs wily Infestation of mpc vet of baie for he understanding of subsequent hikers, sich as Vico and Metesguiey. Laces Fon Two trough Fon Hight examine he conversa ides of he "Enlgenret bhi the epic hs- wordy an shockingly eligi thought of Divi Hue (and tes entey, is vod ent nd elm onsequefst Adam Sith andthe dowesght host of ach res of he Eighteen as the Anglican Bishop George Berkeley andthe eto Ronni of en Jnoges Row, Seton ve, The Age of Meloy, marked by is cect a the rod and dvese range of tues covered Yet, thes leurs offer a underyng ny ch centered on tet fom he metaphyseal pla othe srl and social an in oe aes, he pesonl)- Tis eto ms the ‘ge of ology aap in wth mere “ner vero oneal ean, Practical comsidratons was ely wo be dime as een, bscucts, fn “pian.” Ap of ects ca Kant extn the Lisbeth er tnd theoretical of he algeria. Kans Copemican evolution ta ‘eshte sandpoa serve both pre Elphenment pimisn a sctiic onieac fromthe sepicinm of Hane nd pve ralonlipgmii rus fo fs the wotionalconcers af Cestan metaphye, despt fe obvious “pagan” ts of ie-Ealightearent tog. Kats hgh woud sippy he mera fom which istencentrywanscendentalis and dels woald te conse Lectures Fly Two trou Fy oral del wih he pots ‘line proper relation between ence, stan history, td poli ay. Frm Bus carol mer soil fltion othe somsrvaiveLecture One Introduction Daren Stat PhD. Scope: Philosply can be described as historical discipline subject to ange ‘overtime. The re Sorat epoch represen he ith of Western ‘lsopical speculation inthe geste Greek dspore. The class ‘Greek pilosopbers (Socrates, Pato, and Anstl) ew on the pre State alton —es wall 20 nthe’ wechingy to comes the ist fal own philosophical ster, pclae of Plato Sand Aris. The Helen and Roman words ered these csi cries and incorporated them nother om pilosophic especies, Outline ‘Whats pitsopy? Plosopy can be character ina vray of mays, |A. Phlsophy canbe defined she onl prs of ths conceived ners fo perennil questions 1." Mepis oonoiogy sth stay being othe ait nate 2. ies the ody of he nate ofthe goo ie an goo sel |X Asti eamines the nate ofthe beni an sendin Sart and nt 44 psternogyetamines he quston of kava. [5 Phisophy of minor psychology, examiaes the workings of he soul ind analyzing func apd chasis. 6 Natural ptesophy ofr ational scout he saul woe (Gath organi nd nogai) witha ye rational explanation 1B Philosphy canbe described as aisricl dpe subject change 1. Diferent pcs ae concerned with iret ses In adion, losopie questions tha prove table often eas oon lsopical. The philosophy of Galleo and Newton ster Become {he foundation of pays, 2 Diferent eps ame ses een. 5X Philwopy and ts practitonersacapy diferent coral and sci sols i diferent pcan, eran mae C.Paiosophy sao what its same inp the “love of widom” ‘The pre Sorat pach ress the inh of West pilosopicl speciation in he pater Grek dspora. [AL The fi ps of pe Soca togpht was devoted to nderstacng ‘het Wot ore we of Obj 1 The oni oop to understand the mata wordy edacing ts soapy to ite uber of nies: ear, a, ate 22 The Pythaporens sought wo reduce mata elites mahal obec highiing te ways in which mabe ps ws msl our expense. 3 Tera nd Pamenies rsd the problem of hanged contin. I approaching these question in an abs ely. ye eto mtg B‘Tesecnt paseo re Sorat hou eed an aml fhe ‘human werd othe ord of ube 1. "Both Herc andthe Pythagoras fered ei dotnes, hough of radcaly diferent aur " 2, The Soph ereset he til own engage with he problems of plies, tics, and man sociable. The nas ‘as empiri an reals the bss fo sobseqaet oso. ‘The casi Greek pilsopbers (Socrates, Pato, and Arise) ew on te peo Socrtictralions—ar wel a one aoe’ teachings —to const the is fl bows phlosphicl sem, pacar hose of Plo an A. The grat breaitrugh of Socrass was the evelopment fica ‘ional, 1 Soc rue teil wah ws ble and demote, ‘mach ik the rh ot. 2 Socrates taht th hal us wee ot ony ain but also ‘3 Socrates tpt tht al peopl act on the ass of ties: Tok the god is do te fond” 3B. Plato, Sora’ tet, inject is teacher’ ethical tonal nto “aoveracing pilosoptical sues 1. "Piao'smetaptysies addrexed he problem of change us by Neri an the lets Hs doctie of fom dived eal jt ino theists or ese ates Tams) an ‘serial content Ih way Plo oflered he fst dat ‘ool ore that here anor res Beye th of ee and appearance, 2 Phio' chica and pita ocies re ifomed by his adoption ‘ofthe ec aos of Sorts Ths, Pat's oll‘hough i prescipve rer thn descriptive asthe source for the abcquect dealt aditon a pli speclation, 2. Plo’ pyc dewe cn hs etphysi, nhs bated on {dats of ou oan by rer cnzen), Pato fret Saale th psyche or ound into tee dst aus or actions the rata, he pried and he apetve oughly ‘marae othe Iter mental sctre pop y Fre Iiteicned sme of ts cena octins on eli rods 1. Arte rected the metaphyseal eparation of frm an conten ‘Spuing tat forms exist only te paripston in ata things Aristotle he problem of change with his octrne of enlehy. Tis doctrine ld Wt mtr objets have stra ds "potenti" toward whch hey ted For Aristotle, te so {lcm of ou, The int fom the Pre Acta Gd, the fre mover who atop he chi of eng 2 ‘Ade lo eile he consasios of Plt’ pola nd ‘ical plilosply on realise pounds IV. The Hellenic sd Roman wold inherited thee clas acns and Jncerpraed he to thi ove plosiphic perspectives |A. The Stois an Epicurean edo gve meaning and dieton wo cial pinta without esr raion moog, B. Gero ike Ptbis, practiced a pkopbicl ecetcsm, whereby he Selcvely dew on diferent elemens of diferent popes © ‘rast his own wove. . Stepism energed as result of he prison of metaphysical md lsopbial doce athe te Hellenic ra. Essential Reading: ‘erand Rossel rdction tthe Problems of Philosphy (New Yor 1959), Supplementary Reading: ‘Frederick CopesonS.1,A History of Philoophy, Book, Vol. pp 1-12 (New Yor 1985) Questions to Consider: 1. How did Pao's metaphysis shape the development of West snot? 2 What was the bai of Arter of Patni pitosophy? " 200 Te Tang Cp nie Pamerg Aste, Pat's tetas the overall approach Fh mentor Lecture Two “The Pre-Socratics—Physics and Metaphysics Lou Matos, PRD, Scope: In this etre, we ites the exciting bi of plow in the speclatons and sysems ofthe pre Soeratis, We shal explore ho ‘hese pllsopicl oes shied the fca of lees thought ftom lige quetons of “wh” and"why” fo ete qoestons of ‘eit ath” aad by so ding, che ofan ongoing dilopve ‘at sl coins 210 eat se st we sal comer be ‘Mens of he Milesan pci a he Phegen ote he ia oil of ll hing Secon, we sale ow Herald he es ruc respectively that he ne tr of ely seals hanger) or anchanging being (oni) an ow ter de Faced oct ofthe plsopy come Outline ‘he pre Socratic ae wo med because they pes Socies etronsopaly a bec hy li dona plop rework hat Socrates a le, Plt an Aso both developed a cour, |A. The pee Sortie arise from the est ote i th ‘Tey did at ike Socrates cll Athens hero: hy al ft, from he loin coat (Asa Minoan, ater, fromthe casts of aly and Sit 1 This peograpbia fc itl, becawe it pls he pre Socaie long major rade rues, ths exposing Hem a lth of fein ides and ats 2 Geography wae priclry ingot for he oder of pr ‘Socrates, Anaxinundet, Anais), ive the Tenant of Niet 13. Petaps these thee men were inspied by rowing up the ‘utng mart of Mics, whee eer concelabe ips ‘sie was advocate o seach fr answer ht were mare las ess ue call ao “To uie their search, hey fomulae ew et of pesto 1. Prevoasly, Grech pots subs Hesiod, stomped acon for ‘he prose sate ofa nd mature by wang he rin ad 2, TaTheogony, Hesiod presents how 8 al byte oases 2 explain why things are as they are andy what vine apc) they ‘ame i bing3. TheNiesian “physicists” (rom pus he Grek word for mtr) ‘eet his super egos entation wit ts questions of “hy anh nfo fs more atric and scent preach 44 Theirinerest was ot in who created the wor bat wha the savers was male of, oe bat how ng ae ino Being ant [Altjoush he pre Socrates mere not reveal angio, Go tthe gods ly wo sigicat len het tera str, ‘The re Sorat view was ule Geis a the epi Goa othe Gospel af oa nthe begining was the Logos, ‘These lsophrs posite hath vgn fal fe sal” (ante even ods do ext te ar sch outs of ‘hs pam stuf isa, ate othe ves ll lined the re Sotaes ae arabe wae ours of colton, ‘Allthe pre Sarat shared conto el ht he seri bulling ocks a if re composed of andr exessed ugh or element 1. These fou elements an scendig ere, eth ater fir 2. Armand hese elements, the Gress posted ong seri of quae pis: ht and od ry a os, rae and Sens, a Ah dark, ad 9 0, 3. Theft wo pais were often det ke othe ements cents cold and dry, wae scold and is ar ht and mo ft ish and dy. “The Misia andthe Pythagorean sought fo os in pip (Grek arch) a sole, oigary saan that cold ant forthe oo A. Ths, with om ll anit account of the Nr of sence nd manly bi ws een cer of be mar wa He atratel oreo an eclipam S85 BCE, measured the Prams, ni comeed he market on olive pss by predicting & [ane ove eo, 2 Allough he ame he echnigues for these dads ro Eee, ‘Thales niga a hat he booed sedge tht in Ey racial intr and pit in ees at were abst and 3 Tate same way. Pythagoras, ing tat the Egyptians sed he ‘i of 345 6 dtemine, practical, if an angle was 90 degrees, omer thiskowiedge ino he absractsceii psopical Pythagorean here: non sight angle he que of te yperse equal tothe sm ofthe gure of thee 0 44 Tula his een anata he nat of he iver, ‘Thales proposed atthe st picipl oi al ings ter. ‘Thales theft pooper, ot ects echo water te vii ofl igs bu because, 30 ding he aed ath at ‘orgies hat tha ergn could be deteine though ‘heratin Hs ppl Ansymander dil Thales eter by poshing the oiin tact, ato water butt something Soper and me psa than he four coment 1. Troe the element (sy, wate) ants pyc quis (old tnd moist) wert daar, weal limi bh he ther ‘ements (cat nd fie) and he coresponding and opposing ‘gies head 2, This original "Something Anaximander calle th nimi (or Soules a sot of cosmic spout of wich he or element (and alo nae) spare, Anainenes, the tid Misi 0k step achwad from ‘Amaia 1 Thales post ae st pipe wa ia fc 1 This pitsophialcientie apse, however, surely due othe st ht his el terest was ot thw gurtion at i the how” queso, 2 Therea connbuton of Ansstenes ws oer an explanation, ot or wha te sure ws bu fr how al te lems cul be evra ut Fi 13 Hecalealed at, by an yp proces known a8 raefaton, ir ‘came ie an tht ty te opposing proves of condensation. transformed down rm nnd clon wae arth 0 4 Hip soggest tat Anainenes wood have done heer sick wi wae ass Hs pepe teease wer ot ony sis ‘eewen thes “lemens (ee, nar tea ba ali ex as ee bans ld hud) Pythagoras, ao he school tare ered a more elaborate, ‘quasi solo tte probleo rg als uber. 1 Nong hat a det elsiosp exits between manera tos she hamonis of mani. Phar reasoned ht jos 35 ‘nsbers ener msi so are they the very sul al pater of 2 nds, fi wash fh ht al he ue word st gy ‘numeral order, Pythagoras wool fe inden peat espa Jogi to seconde hs conspircy te” view of numbers3 Forexample slough Pythagoras observed nine heaven spheres, he sceifiealy posted ateath (te “couse earth) hammoiz the beavers with he Pythagorean’ near-worsip ofthe amber en 44 Pythigoras believed thatthe numerical sd movers of ese spheres produced evenly sic ha ould te hear aly bythe inate who ha pure his bod mind and oa Pyagoras eed ht th soul ast ad a, wi he Soul scievel nner karnony or atement othe peer ammo ofthe coos wold rt teat ina eres of {6 Pythagorean has ha profound pact on pilowphy, lion, ad slence: paved te Way for Plato's heres othe tanemiraton ofthe soul the Mil Age oso with rmerlog, a Galileo's lain tht uh she “lane ofthe IL, Oat ofthe ery specutons of Pythagorsad the Miles roe a ead ‘guest: the re ature of eat singular opal for changing? A. Hensel ascribe tothe later, arsing that ll a isin constant 1. Hercius possessed one of thet, os eipmatic ites of the ancient work All his speculations were ecard in ype ‘phorsms hat hve infoenced uch ders 8 Blake, Nite, Sil is tsi coy i clear arses expres in is wel now saying: you an never sep inthe se rive tice, The only constant inthe univer change el. A perpetual yet Justice theft socal an poli! vite, concerned ot mail withthe est sate of tend soa bat ah te Best State of society. ‘There is however, vie of justice the ae ja men and ‘women who do te it (Le he js ing [3 Far Aria, justice erry cenred wth ow gods are subd Society (sribatve asc Rouhy the eas hat fever sell pet what he deserves or" cach ise"). 1. Pci wisdom oe of he nee vrs (conta th receding, which were mora virtues nthe tse, vines ‘tetra ta fi). Pret wisdom sally the oposite of someone beng “Spi or oh the aly el sere fh term, Pret wisdom 3 habit of pod jadement, wit which mo ‘te vies ate possi Good jap reid oid the ‘peat in price 44. Theold aston for thse was "pada." bt uforuatly that word has changed meaning so tha i awe ely inetizet prs of eters. [5 By const Aston paca! widom (pratene™in the ‘ginal ese} may lead ourgeons people wok hei ive in atle—teligety at tp or ray (Tink of Tor Hanks inSaving Pree Rian) 6 Pri wisdom the lf mking the ih jadgmentin areal stuns. (Because al stations are parle ad tiga, ue followings isin ee) Ashe ston shies Prope pied ot one cat jt aply ae, cate no le {pps the dar fo of station ti) tt too many seus apply and one has odie mt by caleuating bat sitive” mar a asta player decides wheter © 1, Hence te standard of adgmeat fr pica sian tay perl, but "Wht woul the good persen,heperson wih Practical wid, decile wo do” le jadgng god ete od wer of Eli te prope jas, othe grammar book, 1, Oy enough—for ws oders—the opie Arte peste mote ‘on inhis wes on ebics fndshp. What ds rend ave odo ‘ih mora ite? [A. Why dese vnuous penton ned fries? 1. "Noone woud choose wo be wthout nds (Le, happiness reuis 22 True fiemip is alton vine and strates vie23. Ths.avruous ie wil inevitably be a with ews | Africa icone who wishes and des wht s pod for sie, tne who wines his rend next dive, a amber does th ter chien an god person dos ith his om SITE 8) From this en comes the anos formulas ied ia second self ‘rather alter eri at) 6 Chey human tng ey matress an poli nia (Gone whose tre st ve with her), caine" one woah ‘Some the whole wird on ondton of ing sane" (9, Polis this) isthe oseraching scenes of the hua god 1. But polis ese on hic, besa is pein concer 10 ke ls tht il for wats tes. 2 Imoter wor for Arse, oles al sou legslating torality—ao so chy ling people he pt hing odo as by tetpng ho to bea the ight of people ie, vows ponte. 3. Th ocson person thr than atta ait rather tan piu actos) charset of te aplent ec of wit sential Reding ‘iste, Nicomachean Eis Supplementary Reading: Rony, say om Avo’ s hes (Behe: 1980), Qvesins to Consider: 1. Do yu think thre sth hing the gal ora e—s pal we hve sly because we ate hua and not Because we choos 0 have ‘Sbjectve goal of atas mtr? 2 What st do you ink, that makes semeone 3 pod pero? And nw te silosopical question: hy this goo? Lecture Ten Stoicism and Epicureanism Seope: This cure disses wo pilsopicl uals tht mera rm the lepcyof Plt and Asem tine of clr pli s lary change. Eicurecism wt the mre elit ofthe wo: Som ‘ta mire realy adaptable the need of erry peoples 0 Tradional Rona vale. Afr a aodaton oe hah of Epics hate we ke a bee ok ahs mo fos Roman follower, Lott. We ten encounter Zao, he founder of Stn, tou ltr Rona Sis te sce getemen Cicero and Seneca the lave Epictetus, a the pilnoper king Mars Als, sho ued wih esol vie as emperor fourteen ict eas evental ying itis tug om buboni plu Outline 1. Epicureanism and Sicism aoe in Aen inthe fou century BCE. as removable response othe sop contin o tat ity formes the teat of apparel invincible coniea (nde aogat ih empietat waals the word capil of pileup pecan |A. By SOR CE Aten al been wie dee in major, consequence. laden ont 1 By 400 BCE, afer geeratn ons exhting wa (gery ‘town asthe Peloponnesian Wa) Athens a oe ees thelist Spar, its omer aly agains the Persian Enpir 2 Then. in 38 BCE, Athens and ities ha tal defeat by he lage and expanding Kingdom of Macedonia, le by is hereditary “ing Pip IL Alough Pili allowed Aton to retain ite Independence ot of hs pet for tcl peeminenss, [Ahead to ace a saber poston vied his a RE of more poet ste. A. Phlips som Alexander th Get eased hag emp a Southesstre Europe, wester Ai and norte Nr, wih ‘woke up afer he desth in 323 BCE nt tee very large poll tpi the day of the Aes sed cyst wan clay ove, B. When the Romans bout the easter Mesteraean Basin under heir ‘nperi cool they eahasistaly adoped bth Epos and Swi,1, Fpictainm ew ou of hse evens ia Athens [A Thischoo of pilose was named fori founder, Epcos (341 {HO ACE apalitic weer un an Akeian teen of elevted social A. AmodeteEpcurcanisn may wel hve became heave ulonply ofthe Renn Epes uppercase 1. Epica rg book waa dscason of mare, bat pines deal sation mee he primary cones ofthese founded. 2 ellowing the ih century pilosopher emoesins, Epicuas sahrents (uch as Chase's Frain Locretremined avorite ‘ealing for gerne ofthe eigen emu Fagen. Many ofits tenets nee sted and eve by he Utara hlosophers of the cipheeth and neteenbceaunes ‘apa thcworl is ral and cron of ators tat, ML, Stim aos cial spose to Epicucani—n to Shepiiom, Price eveything byte infitly rable cobation. Each vote contemporary pesoptieal overt ann being amped atl Rees dsoves nil athe |A. Zen (3207-2507 BCE) whe founder of Sti, His "shaatok Seat he ody: erin aff in any ee. 13. Fpncuns nas nt helt elev tha ee were gods ng- lived being of such Gt refinement ht haan es Could 44 Haman hanes tbe fod, herfr, nhs ie. To achieve is tpieaneecomineaded witha rom pubic Pato ttould have bee ord; Atlee), em seal ile, om dei for feo for material jets. sch 8 ‘Sodio sitne withdrawal aria ne mph Fd ‘masa plese and iin psi |& pcan cleats doctrines append o ais, clivated mn ‘ud women of wold led by fame compete ya, picasa occ wee found nm Hellenistic (ad, te, Rona) cies hr adheres reste nes ice (Eptol rms Epic el who care wo be seen asa vor of 46, Ness 0 ay many Epicor sete fra es ascetic version ‘tthe aus dn, oaing ive fied inlet nd ‘esl plese and avoiding pois as far spose nthe ate Roman pre, on foun th hind of Ecc t ‘despre in American cate td. Lassi (99-$5 BCE) was the leading Roman Epicurean thinker and 1. Tareas surviving wok lo (sok) date poem. De rerum natura (On the natre of hing) devine loi! vcablay forth atin anguage—e wrk ‘Sipe by Latex contemporary Cie (#4 BCE 2. Ent pts and o some et eerprets Epica ‘clei, holga aa teal docine His appeal the Innate pons fort itied by ignorance an the ‘Shage soci of lgion, dd not coir alo 5 aero ‘ales, bo abd ste fot comet Some Bink een ‘Ragusa wa lene by Lacan ‘nemame fom he Sow Pole (Paid Poh nh ar bic meting) in Aten, where Zeno tng in a seis of wasted, ‘Socratikedlogues He casa tached Jominat Schools of ‘ought confronting thm nh mor nd log parone 1. Although in is personal syle Zeno adoewed a et Socrates he sed the Epcireans assumption at realy as ese ‘itera. Zeno wre of para 2 Neverelesr, Zeno and hi followers mee coil pinay wo Fading wel answers tothe everyday moral problems eiry people Instead ofthe ee Epicurean oar the Sts propose {heel of apes, redo rm sifering or pasion ches by siptine: nits svi consequences, es anything Dut Saat 4. The tis nse on day one's community a flow men eno wea Repub only fame ee) ore aia (9 ‘uch es pina) than Pat's In tat sony wor, Ze00 ‘cared hat al wt recognize the spark of divine, nal eso ethin themslves must schol the way of ral re tat ‘stron of po. Any prof es om sumo hat must be proved nm. 2 Hecate condct f human if nates complete suspension of jndgmen posite, Crea developed nda of robb that lon uo ct nthe word ARowph we can never Stasi rth noo meton ees ath we shuld keep ine |. The Spi ent to aan: there any nd vie rides, how can we expan fr example, such appre fits {spaconos shaker He wae epi ric of Se eas sch 2 sual lw. Cicero (106-4 BCE} approved especialy of his Skepclctgue 1V, The mt compete and ms daby ni of Septic eachers “sts a medial decor wn extn Emp Sex Empicus robabl led around CE/AD 20, He practices tice at Rome: theo hs ook vive, writen in Gres The cite Enrica was piven hi because he bebved hat the Clos we can corso a een of ah experience empei a Gree Any scene bad on reason ot loi moto ead ‘dl teste expeience is ar stestee fo probabty. 1 Sox's Otic of Pyrhntm deicates the fis of shee Ios to pseting he eae for Shep the oer two, Senta stacks ote schools of hog which he als "Soma 2. Sento’ sco book beaks down dopa lap by tater ae than sch to sts spony eed by Toot py sceace, by ets. nthe st a of his ook hears oe lope wi particular force. [3 Ini thr bok, Apa! he Profesor, Sextus cities eases of gamma hen seen, tet stood ms This eg sory encouraging abl he vale of ton tact! 1V. The comes edly rased by Skeptic i io cal ny ‘Logi always care bound, despite trenooas lors on he pa of Asus al test ce i of sch assumptions: hen, ogi so ‘lieny eae tod for acening th What cn we rt? Prac expences he Sheps’ ase e080 Te Thing Cop i i. Focminy cers, lcs who wereitree in ence hoped thatthe scenic Inq of psa ue cold beam sulicerty ‘pili could be orbs gue wcertude estes probability 1. From th vew came th esl tnoden fon wo eatin epic “see mato 2, Tiscat of mind hd reat infsece on he sete revolution of the sevetent etry and contin ale! he ate of Taber Slence he presen day. Ts is thecore of the emtermporary disput beeen ceaons and elation ‘A. Unfonanatly staring with ht very moverct buman experience hs ees ving hard ine af i forthe as four centri Maer Selence as sown hat eo oar experince sacar, Why hae tpinci ecm sich a ative matlab tthe ner West 4. Ope could arse ta te decmstrctionns othe Ite tere eotry te the epics four ape ta represent a ti, of fourty or even fth-tcin of he Pn radon Supplementary Reading: ‘Beran Russel, Wisdom of th We Mlle” (Doubly, 1959), ‘Giorgio Santillan and Ear il, The Development of Raina and Empiricism (Chcag: 194), anes Kern Filewan. Foundation of Empiiciam The He: Marin Nit, 1962) Questions to Consider: |. seasonal loc are isin ide ete ease diferent people exon difreny why fava exper ete guide ‘ena? 22. Experience as haa harden the seletieeslaton, which showed tat ite of ur expences accra (ep the sun des not ie 0 the ea of leat and set tothe wes). Why hs “empire | ‘chan atactve mental aio fe mde Western tly? 3 Could any elpioa—ancea pagan fens or Chine acetal to epileptic How?Glossary _Asthte: The sty ofthe nature fhe afl and ts embodineat in both ‘ate and works a. Allegory of he Cave: mame piven by scholars to pail import pasa rom Pato’ Repu took 7 Anamtess:Reollon. Apa: redo rom paths a suing Ave GK, “besioing. gn Aree: vite oe exclece Anarast: A condtion of disciplined wir arial ites (Aristotle: Corape, asic, tener, practical wisdom. Contemplation: rom Gs wor for bebo” his ahem in Plant Arce or te ac alta vsn of cing the Fors ‘ly fokng thom with und’ ee ut avin therm nar Soomledgeor meni. Medal wis coast he contemplate ite of Ins payer (wc eas to vison Go) a he ace He fog nd ‘ter st a tgs (ete god fo ghd). Distributive justice Giving peopl that wich hey deserve. T eck his own aia: his ter as many sophie meanings, bat with ear 10 Pa it refer specially to soley dan the thse hah uma se consists intwo dsinet pas, he teri ody abd the non-natrineoral su empiric: Wht experience shows ws actly Woks in consent manner Entec: Holds ht atl objets havent ends or atl potenti toad which they tend if aa interpre Epistemology: Examines the question ofowiedge. Atma characte ‘eat ofr snc, a rational nur a endeavors wer ceria foreach pinta Lancs of abi enc: or hat an hive many meanings he tee af he exgnal Grek term's teing bain Phonic and Asean age ypc ete wih rom, Form: fr Plo the exer sence of ings separ fom this worl (> fale idea: or Ais he essence oa mater ig (locale "rate" ‘tlc isiuparabe fa he thing-emboded ini 0 speak. Hence for Pato the Form or essence fa re ess septa ysl anes, wile for Arse doesnot this: The say ofthe ure of tego he tr of gd il Eamon Happiness, sce. Hedonist: pilnpher who thinks the goa human lie iso feet gos Hslomorphism: The elation of form cert to mtr of conn es ral Grek word meaning "smething sen Pho west mean semhing ee nit te mins ese-ene th equa of Form (ga Pinar ann Cristian Pao ee ge laste nth divine Md. escresinodoced te meer iio aking abou seas as loging wie ‘he hams in. Inte: inthe Pitot and Arion aon hs fro he bigest fenton fhe ul ts nderstoning of Fon i Grek “ukrans not,t the ver cognate tthe non nll” no). Intl: ajesivedespaing the ot of thing hich persed bythe intl (sesle" eins the oti perceived hy the sts). Metaphyses: The study of tein. The sy ofthe itm nate and sire of theunvere Natural philosophy: Arempts to fer a aoa cout of te natal wo beh organic and organ Priosophy: Literal, te love of wish (GK, phil pha. Th on rit of tats which re pecved ae ansers 0 eral snd eal fusions also, historical yo rable protien as hese poems ome tract hey ease tobe philosophical Philosophy of ming psychology): The stay fhe works the Solin Phas: Gk, “ata Prysis: For Aisle, he cence of movement Platonic form: The unchanging ese or fof things ahs wok Payee: So ie Psgeoogy in ference ancient lop, his tex means piel ‘heist th atic of the soul wtih pce in Grek. Reducto adabsurdume: reo of schig pilosopiclposions by exposing tet ate abuts. Sophia: GK. “wisSubstance: ky tern Aristo taps, meaning hig ot epee on tier tgs or ieee (bore cetacean te" oes "rowan nex her igs suchas hoses “Teleolog: the Grek ord lo, ening “endo hs tea termdeseries Avisos ton tht lata an ews ova ome propa endo pare ‘Virtue he ey en ia ance tics (spec Aste. Gack word ‘soe ror meaning "celles" a Arde una vue ago seat of he tool at Cy ited ary Biographical Not Anasimanderof Mies 610-5415 BCE). The fint Gres pilose ttre howe we ac ay ea Hell ht he tia ey the prion” the Bouin, tes, eerste, a eral sounding “Ansar wen tend Tales in perceiving hah imate ater of he rivers mist he independ ofthe tet and fom of pacar kd oF -Anaximenes of Miletus (fc 546 BCE). The unoe member of the Mietan ‘choo and probably Arima’ pupil He hel that one pia sobsiance— Sie produtesal the oes either hough aefaton or condensation. He ‘ter the first phys ascot in Wester pion of pra abet 'maifetions of ore rary substance. Aritote (384-322 BCP). om in Sapir n ot Gres the son of 'icomachs, a physician inthe Macedbian cout. Arsote sted at Pa's ‘Acaemy in Athen btwenn 367 and 347 CE. Fr 342 ut 339, he red the your ir the Macedonian hone, er ron as Alvar the Gre ‘Aris ter rtumedto hens wherein 35, he opened is cho he {yeeum He paged in wide ranging ell pura wien Aes, esting or wring physics, metaphysics, lop, logy ols ‘beer ante ats An srg ln an Macedonian setimes lowing ‘Nerne's enhin 32 oreo Arse oe to Calls i Ets, here he ‘edn 322, Cicero (106-43 BCE, Roman ao, looper sl policed [esonal xe seve inthe Roman Senate and war biter opponent of ais (Cos and Mire Antony. Among bis eet ste phlsopic! werk, foe orton, anak on oratory. ad personal tsa eva an enormous Snot aboot ace Romani Demers of Abder (c460-. 37 KC). Ang wih Leupp. the {ander felsic, Darras el tht mt realy const of sora indvisle amperes, oi, and unchanging uni. These stom re {neem mation and combine invari ways oor al eral hn. Heracitw of Ephesus (fer 80 BCE) Held hat ings govern al tings ands semchow acne with re, which preeminent ng te for ‘leat Heracia principally remembered forthe dine he "0X" of sings. Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CF} Roman engrar ofthe tesco cetary [AD Sn pilompher, nator of The Masons te ws apd age Sevenee by sul th Roman riper Antonis Pas od maid ‘Antonin’ duper, Fain, Maren Beare emer on his nce’ death in 1 and vont shared ale with is adepive Boe cis Azle Ves, Marcon spent mich ois ine defending teenie ait Briton, Parassx Germans ty the evs Romans oe arrans He wrote The Meditations wil commanding Roma oops nah of te Date He ‘bed the patra pmen tigated some fhe mon juss spit Sve, placed the scanty nd elle ote Empire ere sow. He ‘eveiness peace Christa, ering th they would weak he Bape Parmenies of lea (515 BCE). Pobbly he most important pre Socratic Pllowpber, he elt what el st be engeersted mpeihble, ngsbl, ete and medals. Plato (28 — 38 CE) ws bo of diigo in ance ‘eb Scr exec accel fi an teaser and fen. Pao"s you wat ‘So spent unde the sdow ofthe gent cl war etecen Ae sl Spar at Ctl i 401 BCE withthe al deta of he Tonner, Patan ti a ‘met onthe weakness of Alan deetcy andthe need for ne poli fysem, the mesioccy sugested in his key text The Republic Both Plo ad ‘Aste spent the eral formative yeas of thet youhfl elec evelopent (ages 18-2) wih inspite teachers of pisophy Pato wih Socrates and Arcot with Psa msl’ for fll 20 year, fom 367-87 BCE). As we have noted, Pos study with Socrates ened inte tasma of Socrates executn by Aileiandemocras. Ars, who eves funded ‘ns ova School a Aes (called the Lyceum, sex w Palos Academy), could serve his acer lead Hong a poet eas a ceate ad esa Figure. anoter poo for Arse tht the plnal ie of Greece was not guile a desperate and deplorable es Plo prayed it Potybius (203-120 BCE). A Gre historia ad exponen of Thucyddean Iori reset wk, chaning the rie of Roe nthe comet of vera Pythagoras (bc 570 BCE) Founder of qusiligious soci in Corns ‘outer fal He apt he dot of encima sn ld he emo Seats Empires he comy AD). A Grek Sep koe, mea car, ad stern ile ws oppined oslo rts bt wa proponent fof Pyntonsi "aspen of alpen” whose pion anticipated may of ‘he posta dspts of the seventh sad epeenth cern Socrates (469-39 BCE}, Late it-centuy Ahein sopra teacher ot Plato. ais youth epotbly practic sion lpr. Soca fought 2 opie fr Aten dring the Peloponesian Wa. Famous for is view tht "he texan ie nt worth ving Secraes combned sepa nd og ‘ns esol psu of wor. His ecg of qostoning othe pat of ‘he consequences of stamens ten eared asthe “daca or Soca method, Socraes was ed foun gully, nl executed fr erupting {he pul of A wt Bleving inthe alo he cy. “Thales of Miletus (8S BCE). Theft Grek serch forthe ite btnce of hing, wc he eed with water, ‘eno of Citi (, 334, 262 BCE) Founder of Sticisn. Aer tig roms ‘Cynicism o Socratic pilosopy. he raul developed the metaphysis, epiemolgy. and ec ha compose the Sto system.