.

):(Hasidim-

hesed
"
"
.1

2

.3

.2

:Hasmonaeans

.4
.3

:Sanhedrin

.5
.4

:Mishnah

200
6

1 Julian Morgenstern, The HSIDIM-WHO WERE THEY?, Hebrew Union College

Annual, 38 1967, p 59-73.
. 2 13 : 7 42 : 2 2 1 6 : 14
3 Ibid.
4 Jonathan A. Goldstein, Hasmonaeans: the dynasty of God's resistor's, Harvard
Theological Review, 68 no 1 Jan 1975, p 53-58.
5 Howard Clark Kee, Central authority in Second-Temple Judaism and subsequently:
from synedrion to Sanhedrin, Journal of Biblical Literature, 95 no 1 Mar 1976, p 5978.
6 Jacob Neusner, Form and meaning in Mishnah, Journal of the American Academy
of Religion, 45 no 1 Mar 1977, p 27-54.


.7
.5

:Kittim

.
.6

:Masada

8
960 .
.7

:Tosefta

300

.9
.8

:Tannaim

.10
.9

:Amoraim

200
500 .11
.10

:Tanach

7 Mayer I. Gruber, The Mishnah as oral Torah: a reconsideration, Journal for the
Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period, 15 1984, p 112-122.
8 Bernard Heller, Masada and the Talmud, Tradition, 10 no 2 Wint 1968, p 31-34.
9 David W. Chapman, The Tosefta: translated from the Hebrew, with a new
introduction, Presbyterion, 33 no 1 Spr 2007, p 50.
10 Joseph R. Narot, The Tannaim as rabbinic counselors, The Reconstructionist, 22
no 7 May 18 1956, p 25-28.

 T
N CH
.12

11 Judith R. Baskin, The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Camridge University

Press. P. 77.
12 Wikipedia.