Heat Transfer: YEAR 2012 One Mark MCQ 7.1

CHAPTER 7
HEAT TRANSFER
YEAR 2012
MCQ 7.1
For an opaque surface, the absorptivity (), transmissivity () and reflectivity

() are related by the equation :
(A) + =
(B) + + = 0
(C) + = 1
MCQ 7.2
ONE MARK
(D) + = 0
Which one of the following configurations has the highest fin effectiveness ?
(A) Thin, closely spaced fins
(B) Thin, widely spaced fins
(C) Thick, widely spaced fins
(D) Thick, closely spaced fins
YEAR 2012
MCQ 7.3
MCQ 7.4
TWO MARKS
Consider two infinitely long thin concentric tubes of circular cross section as
shown in the figure. If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the inner and outer
tubes respectively, then the view factor F22 is give by
(A) b D2 l 1
D1
(B) zero
(C) b D1 l
D2
(D) 1 b D1 l
D2
Water (c p = 4.18 kJ/kgK) at 80cC enters a counter flow heat exchanger

with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. Air (c p = 1 kJ/kgK) enters at 30cC with a
mass flow rate of 2.09 kg/s. If the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is 0.8,
the LMTD (in cC) is
(A) 40
(B) 20
(C) 10
(D) 5
GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Published by: NODIA and COMPANY
Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 304
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
YEAR 2011
MCQ 7.5
In a condenser of a power plant, the steam condenses at a temperatures of

60c C . The cooling water enters at 30c C and leaves at 45c C . The logarithmic
mean temperature difference (LMTD) of the condenser is
(B) 21.6c C
(A) 16.2c C
(C) 30c C
MCQ 7.6
ONE MARK
(D) 37.5c C
A pipe of 25 mm outer diameter carries steam. The heat transfer coefficient

between the cylinder and surroundings is 5 W/m2 K . It is proposed to reduce
the heat loss from the pipe by adding insulation having a thermal conductivity
of 0.05 W/m K. Which one of the following statements is TRUE ?
(A) The outer radius of the pipe is equal to the critical radius.
(B) The outer radius of the pipe is less than the critical radius.
(C) Adding the insulation will reduce the heat loss.
(D) Adding the insulation will increases the heat loss.
YEAR 2011
MCQ 7.7
TWO MARKS
A spherical steel ball of 12 mm diameter is initially at 1000 K. It is slowly

cooled in surrounding of 300 K. The heat transfer coefficient between the
steel ball and the surrounding is 5 W/m2 K . The thermal conductivity of
steel is 20 W/mK. The temperature difference between the centre and the
surface of the steel ball is
(A) large because conduction resistance is far higher than the convective
resistance.
(B) large because conduction resistance is far less than the convective
resistance.
(C) small because conduction resistance is far higher than the convective
resistance.
(D) small because conduction resistance is far less than the convective
resistance.
MCQ 7.8
The ratios of the laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness to thermal

boundary layer thickness of flows of two fluids P and Q on a flat plate are
1/2 and 2 respectively. The Reynolds number based on the plate length for
both the flows is 10 4 . The Prandtl and Nusselt numbers for P are 1/8 and
35 respectively. The Prandtl and Nusselt numbers for Q are respectively
(A) 8 and 140
(B) 8 and 70
(C) 4 and 40
(D) 4 and 35

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 305
YEAR 2010
MCQ 7.9
TWO MARKS
A fin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The thermal conductivity of

fin material is 400 Wm1 K1 . One end of the fin is maintained at 130c C and
its remaining surface is exposed to ambient air at 30c C. If the convective
heat transfer coefficient is 40 Wm2 K1 , the heat loss (in W) from the fin is
(A) 0.08
(B) 5.0
(C) 7.0
(D) 7.8
YEAR 2009
MCQ 7.10
ONE MARK
A coolant fluid at 30cC flows over a heated flat plate maintained at constant
temperature of 100cC . The boundary layer temperature distribution at a
given location on the plate may be approximated as T = 30 + 70 exp ( y)
where y (in m) is the distance normal to the plate and T is in c C . If thermal
conductivity of the fluid is 1.0 W/mK, the local convective heat transfer
coefficient (in W/m2 K ) at that location will be
(A) 0.2
(B) 1
(C) 5
(D) 10
YEAR 2009
MCQ 7.11
TWO MARKS
In a parallel flow heat exchanger operating under steady state, the heat
capacity rates (product of specific heat at constant pressure and mass flow
rate) of the hot and cold fluid are equal. The hot fluid, flowing at 1 kg/s
with c p = 4 kJ/kg K , enters the heat exchanger at 102c C while the cold
fluid has an inlet temperature of 15c C . The overall heat transfer coefficient
for the heat exchanger is estimated to be 1 kW/m2 K and the corresponding
heat transfer surface area is 5 m2 . Neglect heat transfer between the heat
exchanger and the ambient. The heat exchanger is characterized by the
following relations:
2 = exp ( 2 NTU)
The exit temperature (in c C ) for the cold fluid is
(A) 45
(B) 55
(C) 65
MCQ 7.12
(D) 75
Consider steady-state conduction across the thickness in a plane composite

wall (as shown in the figure) exposed to convection conditions on both sides.

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 306
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
Given : hi = 20 W/m2 K , ho = 50 W/m2 K;, T3,i = 20c C ; T3,o = 2cC ,

k1 = 20 W/mK ; k2 = 50 W/mK ; L1 = 0.30 m and L2 = 0.15 m .
Assuming negligible contact resistance between the wall surfaces, the
interface temperature, T (in c C ), of the two walls will be
(B) 2.75
(A) 0.50
(C) 3.75
(D) 4.50
Common Data For Q.13 and Q.14

Radiative heat transfer is intended between the inner surfaces of two very
large isothermal parallel metal plates. While the upper plate (designated as
plate 1) is a black surface and is the warmer one being maintained at 727cC
, the lower plate (plate 2) is a diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity of
0.7 and is kept at 227cC .
Assume that the surfaces are sufficiently large to form a two-surface enclosure
and steady-state conditions to exits. Stefan-Boltzmann constant is given as
5.67 # 108 W/m2 K 4
MCQ 7.13
The irradiation (in kW/m2 ) for the plate (plate 1) is

(A) 2.5
(B) 3.6
(C) 17.0
MCQ 7.14
(D) 19.5
If plate 1 is also diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity value of 0.8, the
net radiation heat exchange (in kW/m2 ) between plate 1 and plate 2 is
(A) 17.0
(B) 19.5
(C) 23.0
(D) 31.7
YEAR 2008
MCQ 7.15
ONE MARK
For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following fluid properties are known
Viscosity = 0.001Pa-s;
Specific heat at constant pressure = 1 kJ/kg.K ;
Thermal conductivity = 1W/m K
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 307
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on the

plate is 1 mm. The thermal boundary layer thickness at the same location is
(A) 0.001 mm
(B) 0.01 mm
(C) 1 mm
(D) 1000 mm
YEAR 2008
MCQ 7.16
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a counter flow

heat exchanger is 20c C . The cold fluid enters at 20c C and the hot fluid
enters at 100c C . Mass flow rate of the cold fluid is twice that of the hot
fluid. Specific heat at constant pressure of the hot fluid is twice that of the
cold fluid. The exit temperature of the cold fluid
(B) is 60c C
(A) is 40c C
(C) is 80c C
MCQ 7.17
MCQ 7.18
TWO MARKS
(D) cannot be determined
For the three-dimensional object shown in the figure below, five faces are
insulated. The sixth face (PQRS), which is not insulated, interacts thermally
with the ambient, with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2 K
. The ambient temperature is 30c C . Heat is uniformly generated inside the
object at the rate of 100 W/m3 . Assuming the face PQRS to be at uniform
temperature, its steady state temperature is
(A) 10c C
(B) 20c C
(C) 30c C
(D) 40c C
A hollow enclosure is formed between two infinitely long concentric cylinders

of radii 1 m and 2 m, respectively. Radiative heat exchange takes place
between the inner surface of the larger cylinder (surface-2) and the outer
surface of the smaller cylinder (surface-1). The radiating surfaces are diffuse
and the medium in the enclosure is non-participating. The fraction of the
thermal radiation leaving the larger surface and striking itself is

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 308
MCQ 7.19
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
(A) 0.25
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.75
(D) 1
Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in

the figure below. The normal temperature gradients over surfaces P and
Q can be considered to be uniform. The temperature gradient 2T/2x at
surface Q is equal to 10 K/m. Surfaces P and Q are maintained at constant
temperature as shown in the figure, while the remaining part of the boundary
is insulated. The body has a constant thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/mK.
The values of 2T and 2T at surface P are
2x
2y
(A) 2T
2x
(B) 2T
2x
(C) 2T
2x
(D) 2T
2x
= 20 K/m, 2T = 0 K/m
2y
= 0 K/m, 2T = 10 K/m
2y
= 10 K/m, 2T = 10 K/m
2y
= 0 K/m, 2T = 20 K/m
2y
YEAR 2007
MCQ 7.20
TWO MARKS
The temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer over a

heated isothermal flat plate is given by
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 309
T Tw = 3 y 1 y 3 ,
T3 Tw 2 b t l 2 b t l
where Tw and T3 are the temperature of plate and free stream respectively,
and y is the normal distance measured from the plate. The local Nusselt
number based on the thermal boundary layer thickness t is given by
(A) 1.33
(B) 1.50
(C) 2.0
MCQ 7.21
In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60c C and cold fluid
leaves at 30c C . Mass flow rate of the fluid is 1 kg/s and that of the cold
fluid is 2 kg/s. Specific heat of the hot fluid is 10 kJ/kgK and that of the
cold fluid is 5 kJ/kgK. The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for
the heat exchanger in cC is
(A) 15
(B) 30
(C) 35
MCQ 7.22
(D) 4.64
(D) 45
The average heat transfer co-efficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended
in still air can be determined from observations of the change in plate
temperature with time as it cools. Assume the plate temperature to be
uniform at any instant of time and radiation heat exchange with the
surroundings negligible. The ambient temperature is 25c C , the plat has a
total surface area of 0.1 m2 and a mass of 4 kg. The specific heat of the plate
material is 2.5 kJ/kgK. The convective heat transfer co-efficient in W/m2 K ,
at the instant when the plate temperature is 225c C and the change in plate
temperature with time dT/dt = 0.02 K/s , is
(A) 200
(B) 20
(C) 15
(D) 10

Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow in a plate of 20 mm thickness
with a uniform heat generation of 80 MW/m3 . The left and right faces are
kept at constant temperatures of 160c C and 120c C respectively. The plate
has a constant thermal conductivity of 200 W/mK.
MCQ 7.23
The location of maximum temperature within the plate from its left face is
(A) 15 mm
(B) 10 mm
(C) 5 mm
MCQ 7.24
(D) 0 mm
The maximum temperature within the plate in cC is

(A) 160
(B) 165
(C) 200
(D) 250

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 310
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
YEAR 2006
MCQ 7.25
ONE MARK
In a composite slab, the temperature at the interface (Tinter ) between two

material is equal to the average of the temperature at the two ends. Assuming
steady one-dimensional heat conduction, which of the following statements
is true about the respective thermal conductivities ?
(A) 2k1 = k2
(B) k1 = k2
(C) 2k1 = 3k2
(D) k1 = 2k2
YEAR 2006
MCQ 7.26
TWO MARKS
A 100 W electric bulb was switched on in a 2.5 m # 3 m # 3 m size thermally

insulated room having a temperature of 20cC . The room temperature at the
end of 24 hours will be
(A) 321cC
(B) 341cC
(C) 450cC
MCQ 7.27
(D) 470cC
A thin layer of water in a field is formed after a farmer has watered it. The
ambient air conditions are : temperature 20cC and relative humidity 5%. An
extract of steam tables is given below.
Temp(c C)
15 10 5
Saturation Pressure (kPa) 0.10
0.01
0.26 0.40 0.61
10
15
20
0.87 1.23 1.71 2.34
Neglecting the heat transfer between the water and the ground, the water
temperature in the field after phase equilibrium is reached equals
(A) 10.3cC
(B) 10.3c C
(C) 14.5c C
MCQ 7.28
(D) 14.5c C
With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat

loss to surrounding due to
(A) convection increase, while that the due to conduction decreases
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 311
(B) convection decrease, while that due to conduction increases

(C) convection and conduction decreases
(D) convection and conduction increases
YEAR 2005
MCQ 7.29
MCQ 7.30
ONE MARK
In a case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant

properties, T is the temperature at position x , at time t . Then 2T is
2t
proportional to
(A) T
x
(B) 2T
2x
2
(C) 2T
2x2t
(D) 2T2
2x
The following figure was generated from experimental data relating spectral
black body emissive power to wavelength at three temperature T1, T2 and
T3 (T1 > T2 > T3).
The conclusion is that the measurements are

(A) correct because the maxima in Eb show the correct trend
(B) correct because Plancks law is satisfied
(C) wrong because the Stefan Boltzmann law is not satisfied
(D) wrong because Wiens displacement law is not satisfied
YEAR 2005
MCQ 7.31
TWO MARKS
Heat flows through a composite slab, as shown below. The depth of the slab
is 1 m. The k values are in W/mK. The overall thermal resistance in K/W
is
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 312
MCQ 7.32
HEAT TRANSFER
(A) 17.2
(B) 21.9
(C) 28.6
(D) 39.2
A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is dropped into an oil

bath whose temperature is 300 K. The thermal conductivity of copper is
400 W/mK, its density 9000 kg/m3 and its specific heat 385 J/kgK. If the
heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2 K and lumped analysis is assumed to
be valid, the rate of fall of the temperature of the ball at the beginning of
cooling will be, in K/s,
(A) 8.7
(B) 13.9
(C) 17.3
MCQ 7.33
(D) 27.7
A solid cylinder (surface 2) is located at the centre of a hollow sphere

(surface 1). The diameter of the sphere is 1 m, while the cylinder has a
diameter and length of 0.5 m each. The radiation configuration factor F11 is
(A) 0.375
(B) 0.625
(C) 0.75
MCQ 7.34
CHAP 7
(D) 1
Hot oil is cooled from 80 to 50cC in an oil cooler which uses air as the
coolant. The air temperature rises from 30 to 40cC . The designer uses a
LMTD value of 26cC . The type of heat exchange is
(A) parallel flow
(B) double pipe
(C) counter flow
(D) cross flow

An uninsulated air conditioning duct of rectangular cross section 1 m # 0.5 m
, carrying air at 20c C with a velocity of 10 m/s, is exposed to an ambient
of 30c C . Neglect the effect of duct construction material. For air in the
range of 20 30cC , data are as follows; thermal conductivity = 0.025 W/mK
; viscosity = 18 Pas , Prandtl number = 0.73 ; density = 1.2 kg/m3 . The
laminar flow Nusselt number is 3.4 for constant wall temperature conditions
and for turbulent flow, Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.33
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
MCQ 7.35
HEAT TRANSFER
The Reynolds number for the flow is

(A) 444
(C) 4.44 # 10
MCQ 7.36
PAGE 313
(B) 890
(D) 5.33 # 105
The heat transfer per meter length of the duct, in watts is

(A) 3.8
(B) 5.3
(C) 89
(D) 769
YEAR 2004
MCQ 7.37
ONE MARK
One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with
heat generation at the rate of q can be written as
q
(A) 1 2 br2T l + = 1 2T
r 2r 2r
2t
k
2
q
(C) 2T2 + = 1 2T
2t
k
2r
q
(B) 12 2 br22T l + = 1 2T
2t
k
r 2r 2r
2
q
(D) 22 (rT) + = 1 2T
2t
k
2r
YEAR 2004
MCQ 7.38
A stainless steel tube ^ks = 19 W/m Kh of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD is insulated

with 3 cm thick asbestos ^ka = 0.2 W/m Kh. If the temperature difference
between the innermost and outermost surfaces is 600c C , the heat transfer
rate per unit length is
(A) 0.94 W/m
(B) 9.44 W/m
(C) 944.72 W/m
MCQ 7.39
(D) 9447.21 W/m
A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter 0.706 mm is to be used

for the measurement of temperature of a gas stream. The convective heat
transfer co-efficient on the bead surface is 400 W/m2 K . Thermo-physical
properties of thermocouple material are k = 20 W/mK , c = 400 J/kg K and
= 8500 kg/m3 . If the thermocouple initially at 30cC is placed in a hot
stream of 300cC , then time taken by the bead to reach 298cC , is
(A) 2.35 s
(B) 4.9 s
(C) 14.7 s
MCQ 7.40
TWO MARKS
(D) 29.4 s
In a condenser, water enters at 30cC and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The
condensing steam is at a temperature of 120cC and cooling water leaves the
condenser at 80cC . Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kgK. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2 K , then heat transfer area is
(B) 7.07 m2
(A) 0.707 m2
(C) 70.7 m2
(D) 141.4 m2

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 314
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
YEAR 2003
MCQ 7.41
ONE MARK
A plate having 10 cm2 area each side is hanging in the middle of a room
of 100 m2 total surface area. The plate temperature and emissivity are
respectively 800 K and 0.6. The temperature and emissivity values for the
surfaces of the room are 300 K and 0.3 respectively. Boltzmanns constant
= 5.67 # 108 W/m2 K 4 . The total heat loss from the two surfaces of the
plate is
(A) 13.66 W
(B) 27.32 W
(C) 27.87 W
(D) 13.66 MW
YEAR 2003
MCQ 7.42
In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity
= 2 kJ/kgK , mass flow rate = 5 kg/s , inlet temperature = 150cC , outlet
temperature = 100cC . For the cold fluid, heat capacity = 4 kJ/kgK , mass
flow rate = 10 kg/s , inlet temperature = 20cC . Neglecting heat transfer to
the surroundings, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in cC is
(A) 7.5
(B) 32.5
(C) 45.5
MCQ 7.43
TWO MARKS
(D) 70.0
Consider a laminar boundary layer over a heated flat plate. The free stream
velocity is U3 . At some distance x from the leading edge the velocity
boundary layer thickness is v and the thermal boundary layer thickness is
T . If the Prandtl number is greater than 1, then
(B) T > v
(A) v > T
(C) v . T + (U3 x) 1/2
(D) v . T + x1/2

Heat is being transferred by convection from water at 48c C to a glass
plate whose surface that is exposed to the water is at 40c C . The thermal
conductivity of water is 0.6 W/mK and the thermal conductivity of glass is
1.2 W/mK. The spatial gradient of temperature in the water at the waterglass interface is dT/dy = 1 # 10 4 K/m .

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 315
MCQ 7.44
The value of the temperature gradient in the glass at the water-glass interface
in K/m is
(A) 2 # 10 4
(B) 0.0
(C) 0.5 # 10 4
(D) 2 # 10 4
MCQ 7.45
The heat transfer coefficient h in W/m2 K is

(A) 0.0
(B) 4.8
(C) 6
(D) 750
YEAR 2002
MCQ 7.46
ONE MARK
For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, the Log
mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) is
(A) greater for parallel flow heat exchanger than for counter flow heat
exchanger
(B) greater for counter flow heat exchanger than for parallel flow heat
exchanger
(C) same for both parallel and counter flow heat exchangers
(D) dependent on the properties of the fluids.
YEAR 2001
MCQ 7.47
MCQ 7.48
ONE MARK
For the circular tube of equal length and diameter shown below, the view
factor F13 is 0.17. The view factor F12 in this case will be
(A) 0.17
(B) 0.21
(C) 0.79
(D) 0.83
In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of (a) pure

iron, (b) liquid water, (c) saturated water vapour and (d) aluminum can be
arranged as
(A) abcd
(B) bcad
(C) dabc
(D) dcba
**********

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 316
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
SOLUTION
SOL 7.1
Option (C) is correct.

The sum of the absorbed, reflected and transmitted radiation be equal to
++ = 1
= Absorpivity, = Reflectivity , = Transmissivity
For an opaque surfaces such as solids and liquids
= 0,
+ = 1
Thus,
SOL 7.2
Option (A) is correct.

The performance of the fins is judged on the basis of the enhancement in
heat transfer area relative to the no fin case. The fin effectiveness
fin = Heat transfer rate from the fin of base area
Heat transfer rate from the surface area
When determining the rate of heat transfer from a finned surface, we must
consider the unfinned portion of the surface as well as the fins and number
of fins.
Thin and closed spaced fin configuration, the unfinned portion of surface is
reduced and number of fins is increased. Hence the fin effectiveness will be
maximum for thin and closely spaced fins.
SOL 7.3
Option (D) is correct.

According to the reciprocity relation.
Which yields
A1 F12 = A2 F21
F21 = A1 # F12 = D1 L # 1 = b D1 l
D 2 L
D2
A2
F11 = 0 since no radiation leaving surface 1 and strikes 1

F12 = 1, since all radiation leaving surface 1 and strikes 2
The view factor F22 is determined by applying summation rule to surface 2,
F21 + F22 = 1
Thus
SOL 7.4
F22 = 1 F21 = 1 b D1 l
D2

o h = 0.5 kg/ sec , m
oc = 2.09 kg/ sec., = 0.8
Given : th1 = 80cC , tc1 = 30cC , m

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 317
Capacity rate for hot fluid
So,
Ch = 4.18 # 0.5 = 2.09 kJ/Ksec.

Cc = 1 # 2.09 = 2.09 kJ/K sec.
Ch = Cc
(t t ) C
Qo
Effectiveness = o
= h1 h1 h
(th1 tc1) Cc
Q max
0.8 = 80 th2
80 30
80 th2 = 40
th2 = 40cC
From energy balance,
or,
Ch (th1 th1) = Cc (tc 2 tc1)

80 40 = tc2 30
tc2 = 70cC
Now LMTD
...(i)
m = 1 2
ln
1 = th1 tc 2 = 80 70 = 10cC
2 = th 2 tc1 = 40 30 = 10cC
...(ii)
1 = 2
So LMTD is undefined
1 = x & = x
Let
1
2
2
Put in equation (i), so
(x 1)
m = lim x2 2 = lim 2
x"1
x"1
ln x
ln x2
2
It is a : 0 D form, applying L-Hospital rule
0
(1 0)
m = lim 2
= lim x2
1
x"1
x"1
x
From equation (ii)
m = 2 = 1
m = 1 = th1 tc 2 = 80 70 = 10cC
1

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 318
SOL 7.5
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
Option (B) is correct.
Given : th1 = th2 = 60c C , tc1 = 30c C , tc2 = 45c C

From diagram, we have
And
Now LMTD,
SOL 7.6
1 = th1 tc1 = 60 30 = 30c C

2 = th2 tc2 = 60 45 = 15c C
m = 1 2 = 30 15 = 21.6c C
ln b 30 l
ln b 1 l
15
2

Given : d 0 = 25 mm = 0.025 m , r0 = 0.025 = 0.0125 m , h = 5 W/m2 K ,
2
k = 0.05 W/mK
Hence, Critical radius of insulation for the pipe is given by,

rc = k = 0.05 = 0.01 m
5
h
...(i)
rc < r0 or r0 > rc
So, from equation (i) option a and b is incorrect. The critical radius is less
than the outer radius of the pipe and adding the insulation will not increase
the heat loss. Hence the correct statement is adding the insulation will
reduce the heat loss.
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 319
SOL 7.7

Given : D = 12 mm = 12 # 103 m , h = 5 W/m2 K , k = 20 W/m K
3
For spherical ball, = 12 # 10 = 2 # 103 m
6
4 R 3
volume
= 3 2 =D
l =
6
surface area
4R
The non-dimensional factor (hl/k) is called Biot Number. It gives an
indication of the ratio of internal (conduction) resistance to the surface
(convection) resistance.
A small value of Bi implies that the system has a small conduction resistance
i.e., relatively small temperature gradient or the existence of a practically
uniform temperature within the system.
3
Biot Number,
Bi = hl = 5 # 2 # 10 = 0.0005
20
k
Since, Value of Biot Number is very less. Hence, conduction resistance is
much less than convection resistance.
SOL 7.8

H
H
1
Given :
b Th l = 2 and b Th l = 2
P
Q
Here,
And
H "Thickness of laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer

Th "Thickness of thermal boundary layer
(Re) P = (Re)Q = 10 4
(Pr) P = 1
8
(Nu) P = 35
For thermal boundary layer prandtl Number is given by, (For fluid Q)
(Pr)Q1/3 = b H l = 2
Th Q
(Pr)Q = (2) 3 = 8
For laminar boundary layer on flat plate, relation between Reynolds Number,
Prandtl Number and Nusselt Number is given by,
Nu = hl = (Re) 1/2 (Pr) 1/3
k
Since, Reynolds Number is same for both P and Q .
So,
(Pr) 1P/3
(Nu) P
=
(Nu)Q
(Pr)Q1/3
(Pr)Q1/3
(8) 1/3
2
(Nu)Q =
=
35
(
Nu
)
#
P
1/3 # (35) =
1/3
1
/
2#
(1/8)
(Pr) P
= 140

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 320
SOL 7.9
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7

Given, d = 5 mm = 0.005 m , l = 100 mm = 0.1 m , k = 400 W/m K
T0 = 130c C , Ta = 30c C , h = 40 W/m2 K
Heat loss by the fin is given by,
...(i)
Q fin = mkAc (T0 Ta) tanh (ml)
p
Perimeter
=
= d = 4 = 4
d2 d
0.005
Ac
Cross sectional Area
4
p
...(ii)
= 800
Ac
p
40
And
m = hb l =
800 = 80
400 #
k Ac
From equation(i),
Q fin = 80 # 400 # # (0.005) 2 (130 30) # tanh ( 80 # 0.1)
4
= 8.944 # 400 # 1.96 # 105 # 100 # tanh (0.8944)
= 7.012 # 0.7135 - 5 W
SOL 7.10

Given : T1 = 30c C , T2 = 100c C , k = 1.0 W/mK ,
T = 30 + 70 exp ( y)
...(i)
Under steady state conditions,

Heat transfer by conduction= Heat transfer by convection
A " Area of plate
kA dT = hAT
dy
kA d (30 + 70ey) = hAT
dy
Solving above equation, we get
kA ( 70ey) = hAT
At the surface of plate, y = 0
Hence
70kA = hAT
h = 70kA = 70k = 70 # 1 = 1 W/m2 K
AT
T
(100 30)
SOL 7.11

Given :
o h = 1 kg/ sec , c ph = 4 kJ/kg K , th1 = 102c C , tc1 = 15c C
Coh = Coc , m
U = 1 kW/m2 K , A = 5 m2
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 321
The figure shown below is for parallel flow.
o h c ph = 4 kJ/sK
Coh = m
The heat exchanger is characterized by the following relation,
1 exp ( 2NTU)
=
2
For parallel flow heat exchanger effectiveness is given by
1 exp [ NTU (1 + C)]
=
1+C
Comparing equation (i) and equation (ii), we get capacity ratio
C = Cc = C min = 1
Ch
C max
..(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
Applying energy balance for a parallel flow

Ch (th1 th2) = Cc (tc2 tc1)
Cc = th1 th2 = 1
tc2 tc1
Ch
From equation(iii)
th1 th2 = tc2 tc1

Number of transfer units is given by,
NTU = UA = 1 # 5 = 1.25
4
C min
1 exp ( 2 # 1.25)
Effectiveness,
=
= 1 0.0820 = 0.46
2
2
Maximum possible heat transfer is,
Q max = C min (th1 tc1)
= 4 # 6(273 + 102) (273 + 15)@ = 348 kW
But Actual Heat transfer is,
And
Qa = Q max = 0.46 # 348 = 160 kW

Qa = Cc (tc2 tc1)
160 = 4 (tc2 15)
tc2 = 40 + 15 = 55c C

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 322
SOL 7.12
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
The equivalent resistance diagram for the given system is,
Req = 1 + L1 + L2 + 1
h i A k1 A k 2 A h 0 A
Req # A = 1 + L1 + L2 + 1 = 1 + 0.3 + 0.15 + 1
20 20
50
50
h i k1 k 2 h 0
= 0.05 + 0.015 + 0.003 + 0.02 = 0.088 m2 K/W
Q
Heat flux,
q = = T
Q = T
A AReq
R
Under steady state condition,
k (T T ) k2 (T T2)
...(i)
q = T3i T3o = hi (T3i T1) = 1 1
=
L1
L2
AReq
20 ( 2)
...(ii)
= T3i T3o =
= 250 W/m2
0.088
AReq
From equation(i)
= T3i T1 = 20 T1
1
1
20
hi
250 = 20 (20 T1)
& T1 = 20 12.5 = 7.5c C
12.5 = 20 T1
Again from equation(i),
k (T T)
q = 1 1
L1
250 = 20 (7.5 T)
0.3
3.75 = 7.5 T
& T = 3.75c C
Alternative :
Under steady state conditions,
Heat flow from I to interface wall = Heat flow from interface wall to O
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 323
(T3, i T)
(T T3,o)
=
L2 + 1
1 + L1
h i A k1 A
k2 A h0 A
T3, i T
T T3, o
=
L2 + 1
1 + L1
h i k1
k2 ho
(20 T)
T ( 2)
=
1 + 0.3
0.15 + 1
20 20
50
50
(20 T) T + 2
=
1. 3
1.15
50
20
(20 T) = 2.826 (T + 2) = 2.826T + 5.652
T = 14.348 = 3.75c C
3.826
SOL 7.13
Given : b = 5.67 # 108 W/m2 K 4 , T2 = (227 + 273) K = 500 K

T1 = (727 + 273) K = 1000 K
Let,
" The absorptivity of the gray surface
E1 " The radiant energy of black surface
E2 " The radiant energy of gray surface
Now, Plate 1 emits radiant energy E1 which strikes the plate 2. From it a
part E1 absorbed by the plate 2 and the remainder (E1 E1) is reflected
back to the plate 1. On reaching plate 1, all the part of this energy is
absorbed by the plate 1, because the absorptivity of plate 1 is equal to one
(it is a black surface).
Irradiation denotes the total radiant energy incident upon a surface per unit
time per unit area.
Energy leaving from the plate 2 is,
...(i)
E = E2 + (1 ) E1
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 324
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
Hence, E2 is the energy emitted by plate 2.

E2 = b T 24 = 0.7 # 5.67 # 108 # (500) 4
E = b T 4
= 0.7 # 5.67 # 108 # 625 # 108 = 2480.625 W/m2
And fraction of energy reflected from surface 2 is,
= (1 ) E1 = (1 ) T 14
= 5.67 # 108 (1 0.7) # (1000) 4 = 17010 W/m2
Now, Total energy incident upon plate 1 is,
E = E2 + (1 ) E1 = 2480.625 + 17010
= 19490.625 W/m2 = 19.49 kW/m2 , 19.5 kW/m2
SOL 7.14

Given : 2 = 0.8 , 1 = 0.7
As both the plates are gray, the net heat flow from plate 1 to plate 2 per
unit time is given by,
1 2
1
Q12 =
(T 4 T 24) =
(T 4 T 24)
1 + 2 1 2 b 1
1 + 1 1 b 1
2 1
1
=
5.67 # 108 [(1000) 4 (500) 4]
1 + 1 1#
0. 8 0. 7
= 1 # 5.67 # 9375 = 31640.625 W/m2
1.68
- 31.7 kW/m2
SOL 7.15

Given : = 0.001 Pa s , c p = 1 kJ/kg K , k = 1 W/m K
The prandtl Number is given by,
3
c
Pr = p = 0.001 # 1 # 10 = 1
1
k
= hydrodynamic bondary layer thickness = (Pr) 1/3
And
Thermal boundary layer thickness
t
Given,
= 1m
= (1) 1/3 = 1
t
= t = 1 mm
Hence, thermal boundary layer thickness at same location is 1 mm.
SOL 7.16

The T L curve shows the counter flow.

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 325
Given : m = 20c C , tc1 = 20c C , th1 = 100c C

oc
oh & m
oc = 2m
=2
m
o
mh
c
c ph = 2c pc & ph = 2
c pc
Energy balance for counter flow is,
Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gain by cold fluid
o h c ph (th1 th2) = m
oc c pc (tc2 tc1)
m
...(i)
...(ii)
oc
c ph
(t t ) = m
o h (tc2 tc1)
c pc h1 h2
m
2 (th1 th2) = 2 (tc2 tc1)
th1 tc2 = th2 tc1
...(iii)
1 = 2
And
...(iv)
m = 1 2
ln b 1 l
2
Substituting the equation (iii) in equation (iv), we get undetermined form.
1 = x ,
Let
...(v)
& 1 = 2 x
2
Substitute 1 in equation(iv),
(x 1)
...(vi)
m = lim 2 x 2 = lim 2
x"1
x"1
ln
x
2x
ln b
2 l
0
: 0 D form, So we apply L-Hospital rule,
(1 0)
m = lim 2
= lim x 2
1
x"1
x"1
x
From equation(iii)
m = 2 = 1
Now we have to find exit temperature of cold fluid (tc2),
So,
m = 1 = th1 tc2
tc2 = th1 m = 100 20 = 80c C
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 326
SOL 7.17
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7

Given : h = 10 W/m2 K , Ti = 30c C , qg = 100 W/m3
Five faces of the object are insulated, So no heat transfer or heat generation
by these five faces. Only sixth face (PQRS) interacts with the surrounding
and generates heat.
Hence, Heat generated throughout the volume
Q = Rate of heat Generated # Volume of object
= 100 # (1 # 2 # 2) = 400 W
And heat transfer by convection is given by
Q = hA (Tf Ti)
400 = 10 # (2 # 2) (Tf 30)
Tf = 30 + 10 = 40c C
SOL 7.18

Given : D1 = 1 m , D2 = 2 m
Hence, the small cylindrical surface (surface 1) cannot see itself and the
radiation emitted by this surface strikes on the enclosing surface 2. From the
conservation principal (summation rule).
For surface 1,
F12 + F11 = 1
F11 = 0
...(i)
F12 = 1
From the reciprocity theorem
A1 F12 = A2 F21
F21 = A1 = D1 L = D1 = 1 = 0.5
D2 2
A 2 D 2 L
and from the conservation principal, for surface 2, we have
F21 + F22 = 1
F22 = 1 F21 = 1 0.5 = 0.5
So, the fraction of the thermal radiation leaves the larger surface and striking
itself is F22 = 0.5 .
SOL 7.19

Given : b2T l = 10 K/m , (T ) P = (T)Q , (k) P = (k)Q = 0.1 W/mK
2x Q
Direction of heat flow is always normal to surface of constant temperature.
So, for surface P ,
2T = 0
2x
Because, Q = kA (2T/2x) and 2T is the temperature difference for a short
perpendicular distance dx . Let width of both the bodies are unity.
From the law of energy conservation,
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 327
Heat rate at P = Heat rate at Q

0.1 # 1 # c2T m = 0.1 # 2 # b2T l
2y P
2x Q
Because for P heat flow in y direction and for Q heat flow in x direction
2T
0.1 # 2 # 10 = 20 K/m
c2y m =
0.1
P
SOL 7.20

The region beyond the thermal entrance region in which the dimensionless
temperature profile expressed as b T Tw l remains unchanged is called
T3 Tw
thermally fully developed region.
Nusselt Number is given by,
...(i)
Nu = hL = c2T m
k
2yl at yl = 0
y
Here,
T = T Tw and yl =
T3 Tw
2t
y
y 3
So,
= 2 : 3 yl 1 (yl) 3D
Nu = 2 ; 3 b l 1 b l E
2
2
2
2y 2
2yl
t
t
yl = 0
yl = 0
2
y
= ;3 3 b l E
= 3 = 1.5
2 2 t yl = 0
2
SOL 7.21

The counter flow arrangement of the fluid shown below :
o h = 1 kg/ sec , ch = 10 kJ/kg K

Given: for hot fluid : th1 = 60c C , m
oc = 2 kg/ sec , cc = 5 kJ/kg K
And for cold fluid : tc2 = 30c C , m
Heat capacity of Hot fluid,
o h ch = 1 # 10 = 10 kJ/k. sec
Ch = m
And heat capacity of cold fluid,
oc cc = 2 # 5 = 10 kJ/k sec
Cc = m
By energy balance for the counter flow
o h ch (th1 th2) = m
oc cc (tc2 tc1)
m
Ch (th1 th2) = Cc (tc2 tc1)
th1 tc2 = th2 tc1
ISBN: 9788192276250
Ch = Cc
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 328
HEAT TRANSFER
LMTD,
Let,
1 = 2
m = 1 2
ln b 1 l
2
1 = x
2
CHAP 7
...(i)
1 is equal to 2 and m is undetermined
1 = x 2
Substituting 1 in equation (i), we get,
(x 1)
m = lim x 2 2 = lim 2
x " 1 ln (x)
x"1
ln (x)
0
b 0 l form , So we apply L-hospital rule,
m = lim 2 # 1 = lim x 2
1
x"1
x"1
x
m = 2 = 1 & 1 = th1 tc2 = 60 30 = 30c C
SOL 7.22

Given : T1 = 25c C = (273 + 25) = 298 K , A = 0.1 m2 , m = 4 kg ,
c = 2.5 kJ/kg K
h = ? , T2 = 225c C = 273 + 225 = 498 K
Temperature Gradient, dT = 0.02 K/s
dt
Here negative sign shows that plate temperature decreases with the time.
From the given condition,
Heat transfer by convection to the plate = Rate of change of internal energy
hA (T2 T1) = mc dT
dt
h =
SOL 7.23
mc
dT = 4 # 2.5 # 103
( 0.02) = 10 W/m2 K
#
dt
0.1 (498 298) #
A (T2 T1)
Let the location of maximum temperature occurs at the distance x from the
left face. We know that steady state heat flow equation in one dimension
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 329
with a uniform heat generation is given by,

22 T + qg = 0
k
2x2
Here qg = Heat generated per unit volume and per unit time,
Given : qg = 80 MW/m2 = 80 # 106 W/m2 , k = 200 W/m K
Substituting the value of qg and k in equation (i), we get
22 T + 80 # 106 = 0
200
2x2
22 T + 4 105 = 0
#
2x 2
Integrating the above equation,
2T + 4 105 x + c = 0
#
#
1
2x
Again integrating, we get
2
T + 4 # 105 # x + c1 x + c2 = 0
2
Applying boundary conditions on equation (iii), we get
(1) At x = 0 , T = 160c C
160 + c2 = 0
c2 = 160
(2) At x = 20 mm = 0.020 m , T = 120c C
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)
(0.020) 2
120 + 4 # 10 #
+ c1 # 0.020 + ( 160) = 0
2
5
120 + 80 + 0.020c1 160 = 0

0.020c1 + 40 = 0
c1 = 40 = 2000
0.020
c2 = 160
...(v)
To obtain the location of maximum temperature, applying maxima-minima

principle and put dT = 0 in equation (ii), we get
dx
0 + 4 # 105 x + ( 2000) = 0
x = 2000 5 = 500 # 105 = 5 # 103 m = 5 mm
4 # 10
SOL 7.24
c1 = 2000

From the previous part of the question, at x = 5 mm temperature is
maximum.
So, put x = 5 mm = 5 # 103 m in equation(iii), we get
(5 103) 2
+ ( 2000) # 5 # 103 + ( 160) = 0
T + 4 # 105 # #
2
T + 5 # 106 # 106 10 160 = 0
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 330
HEAT TRANSFER
T + 5 170 = 0
SOL 7.25
CHAP 7
& T = 165c C

Tinter = T1 + T2
2
Heat transfer will be same for both the ends
k A (T Tinter )
k A (T T2)
So,
Q = 1 1 1
= 2 2 inter
Q = kA dT
2b
b
dx
There is no variation in the horizontal direction. Therefore, we consider
portion of equal depth and height of the slab, since it is representative of
the entire wall.
So,
A1 = A2 and Tinter = T1 + T2
2
k1 ;T1 bT1 + T2 lE
2
So, we get
= k2 :T1 + T2 T2D
2
2
k1 :2T1 T1 T2 D = 2k2 :T1 + T2 2T2 D
2
2
Given :
k 1 [T T ] = k [T T ]
2
1
2
2
2 1
k1 = 2k2
SOL 7.26

Given : P = 100 W , = 2.5 # 3 # 3 = 22.5 m3 , Ti = 20c C
Now Heat generated by the bulb in 24 hours,
Q = 100 # 24 # 60 # 60 = 8.64 MJ
Volume of the room remains constant.
Heat dissipated, Q = mcv dT = cv (Tf Ti)
Where,
Tf = Final temperature of room
= Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3
cv of air = 0.717 kJ/kg K
Substitute the value of Q from equation (i), we get
8640000 = 1.2 # 22.5 # 0.717 # 103 (Tf 20)
8640 = 1.2 # 22.5 # 0.717 (Tf 20)
(Tf 20) = 446.30
Tf = 446.30 + 20 = 466.30c C - 470c C
SOL 7.27

Given : Relation humidity = 5% at temperature 20c C
Relative humidity,
ISBN: 9788192276250
...(i)
m = v
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 331
Actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air

mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated
air at same temperature & pressure
p
= mv = v = 0.05
ms
ps
=
...(i)
Where,
pv = Partial pressure of vapor at 20c C
From given table at T = 20cC , ps = 2.34 kPa
From equation (i),
pv = 0.05 # ps = 0.05 # 2.34 = 0.117 kPa
Phase equilibrium means, ps = pv
The temperature at which pv becomes saturated pressure can be found by
interpolation of values from table, for ps = 0.10 to ps = 0.26
10 ( 15)
T = 15 + ;
(0.117 0.10)
0.26 0.10 E
= 15 + 5 # 0.017 = 14.47 - 14.5c C
0.16
SOL 7.28

The variation of heat transfer with the outer radius of the insulation r2 ,
when r1 < rcr
The rate of heat transfer from the insulated pipe to the surrounding air can
be expressed as
T1 T3
Qo = T1 T3 =
r
Rins + Rconv.
2
ln a k
r1
1
+
2Lk
h (2r2 L)
The value of r2 at which Qo reaches a maximum is determined from the
dQo
requirement that
= 0 . By solving this we get,
dr2
...(i)
rcr, pipe = k
h
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 332
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
From equation (i), we easily see that by increasing the thickness of insulation,
the value of thermal conductivity increases and heat loss by the conduction
also increases.
But by increasing the thickness of insulation, the convection heat transfer
co-efficient decreases and heat loss by the convection also decreases. These
both cases are limited for the critical thickness of insulation.
SOL 7.29

The general heat equation in cartesian co-ordinates,
22T + 22T + 22T = 1 2T
2t
2x2 2y2 2z2
For one dimensional heat conduction,
22T = 1 2T = c p 2T
= k = Thermal Diffusitivity
c p
2t
k 2t
2x2
For constant properties of medium,
2T \ 22T
2t
2x2
SOL 7.30
Given : T1 > T2 > T3

From, Wiens displacement law,
max T = 0.0029 mK = Cnstant
max \ 1
T
If T increase, then m decrease. But according the figure, when T increases,
then m also increases. So, the Wiens law is not satisfied.
SOL 7.31

Assumptions :
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 333
(1) Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time.
(2) Heat transfer can be approximated as being one-dimensional since it is
predominantly in the x -direction.
(3) Thermal conductivities are constant.
(4) Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Analysis :
There is no variation in the horizontal direction. Therefore, we consider a 1
m deep and 1 m high portion of the slab, since it representative of the entire
wall.
Assuming any cross-section of the slab normal to the x direction to be
isothermal, the thermal resistance network for the slab is shown in the
figure.
0. 5
R1 = L1 =
= 25 K/W
k1 A1 0.02 (1 # 1)
0.25
R2 = L2 =
= 5 K/W
k2 A2 0.10 # (1 # 0.5)
0.25
R3 = L3 =
= 12.5 K/W
k 3 A 3 0.04 # (1 # 0.5)
Resistance R2 and R 3 are in parallel. So the equivalent resistance Req will be
1 = 1 + 1
Req
R2 R3
1 = R3 + R2
Req
R2 R 3
Req = R2 R 3 = 5 # 12.5 = 3.6 K/W
5 + 12.5
R2 + R 3
Resistance R1 and Req are in series. So total Resistance will be
R = R1 + Req = 25 + 3.6 = 28.6 K/W
SOL 7.32

Given : D = 5 mm = 0.005 m , Ti = 500 K , Ta = 300 K , k = 400 W/mK ,
= 9000 kg/m3 , c = 385 J/kg K , h = 250 W/m2 K ,
Given that lumped analysis is assumed to be valid.
T Ta = exp hAt = exp ht
So,
...(i)
c c m
c lc m
Ti Ta
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 334
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
4 R 3
Volume
of
ball
= 3 2
l = =
l=
A
Surface Area
A
4 R
l = R = D = 0.005 = 1 m
3
6
6
1200
On substituting the value of l and other parameters in equation. (i),
250 # t
T 300 = exp
c 9000 # 1 385 m
500 300
1200
T = 300 + 200 # e0.08658t
On differentiating the above equation w.r.t. t ,
dT = 200 ( 0.08658) e0.08658t
#
#
dt
Rate of fall of temperature of the ball at the beginning of cooling is (at beginning
t = 0)
dT
b dt l
t=0
= 200 # ( 0.08658) # 1 = 17.316 K/sec
Negative sign shows fall of temperature.

SOL 7.33
Option (C ) is correct.
Given : d1 = 1 m , d2 = 0.5 m , L = 0.5 m

The cylinder surface cannot see itself and the radiation emitted by this
surface falls on the enclosing sphere. So, from the conservation principle
(summation rule) for surface 2,
F21 + F22 = 1
F21 = 1
From the reciprocity theorem,
F22 = 0
A1 F12 = A2 F21
F12 = A2 # F21 = A2
A1
A1
...(ii)
For sphere, F11 + F12 = 1

F11 = 1 F12
From equation (ii) and (iii), we get
...(iii)

ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 335
F11 = 1 A2 = 1 2r22l = 1 2r22l

A1
d 1
d1
# 0.5 = 1 1 = 0.75
= 1 2 # 0.250
4
12
SOL 7.34

The figure shown below are of parallel flow and counter flow respectively.
For parallel flow,

th1 = 80cC , th2 = 50cC , tc1 = 30cC , tc2 = 40cC
(t t ) (th2 tc2)
mp = 1 2 = h1 c1
ln b th1 tc1 l
ln b 1 l
th2 tc2
2
Where, mp denotes the LMTD for parallel flow.
(80 30) (50 40)
mp =
= 40 = 24.85c C
50
ln (5)
ln b l
10
For counter flow arrangement
th1 = 80cC , th2 = 50cC , tc1 = 40cC , tc2 = 30cC
Where, mc denotes the LMTD for counter flow.
(t t ) (th2 tc1)
mc = 1 2 = h1 c2
1
ln b th1 tc2 l
ln b l
th2 tc1
2
(80 30) (50 40)
=
= 40 = 28.85cC
50
ln (5)
ln b l
10
Now for defining the type of flow, we use the correction factor.
...(i)
m = Fmc = Fmp
Where F = correction factor, which depends on the geometry of the heat
exchanger and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the of the hot and cold
streams.
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 336
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
F < 1, for cross flow and F = 1, for counter and parallel flow
So, From equation (i),
F = m = 26 = 0.90 < 1
mc 28.85
and also
F = m = 26 = 1.04 > 1
mp 24.85
So, cross flow in better for this problem.
SOL 7.35

Given : A duct of rectangular cross section. For which sides are
a = 1 m and b = 0.5 m
T1 = 30cC , T2 = 20cC , V = 10 m/ sec , k = 0.025 W/m K
Viscosity = 18 Pas , Pr = 0.73 , = 1.2 kg/m3 , Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.33
Hence, For a rectangular conduit of sides a and b,
Hydraulic diameter,
DH = 4A
p
Where, A is the flow cross sectional area and p the wetted perimeter
DH = 4ab = 2ab
2 (a + b) (a + b)
= 2 # 1 # 0.5 = 1 = 0.666 m
1.5
(1 + 0.5)
VDH
Reynolds Number,
Re =
= 1.2 # 10 # 06.666 = 4.44 # 105

18 # 10
SOL 7.36

From the first part of the question,
Re = 4.44 # 105
Which is greater than 3 # 105 . So, flow is turbulent flow.
Therefore,
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.33
hL = 0.023 4.44 105 0.8 (0.73) 0.33
#
^
h #
k
= 0.023 # 32954 # 0.9013 = 683.133
h = 683.133 # k
L
= 683.133 # 0.025 = 25.64 W/m2 K
0.666
DH = L = 0.666 m
Total Area,
A = 2 (a + b) L = 2 (1 + 0.5) L = 3L
Heat transfer by convection is given by,
Q = hA (T1 T2)
ISBN: 9788192276250
Nu = hL
k
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 337
= 25.64 # 3L # [(273 + 30) (273 + 20)]

Heat transfer per meter length of the duct is given by
Q
= 25.64 # 3 # 10 = 769.2 W - 769 W
L
SOL 7.37

The one dimensional time dependent heat conduction equation can be
written more compactly as a simple equation,
1 2 rn 2T + q = c 2T
...(i)
k 2t
rn 2r : 2r D k
n = 0 , For rectangular coordinates
n = 1, For cylindrical coordinates
n = 2 , For spherical coordinates
Further, while using rectangular coordinates it is customary to replace the
r -variable by the x -variable.
For sphere, substitute r = 2 in equation (i)
1 2 r22T + q = c 2T
k 2t
r22r : 2r D k
1 2 r22T + q = 1 2T
= k = thermal diffusivity
c
2t
r22r : 2r D k
Where,
SOL 7.38
Let Length of the tube = l

Given : r1 = d1 = 2/2 cm = 1 cm , r2 = 5 cm = 2.5 cm
2
2
Radius of asbestos surface,
r3 = d2 + 3 = 2.5 + 3 = 5.5 cm
2
ks = 19 W/mK , ka = 0.2 W/mK
And
T1 T2 = 600c C
From the given diagram heat is transferred from r1 to r2 and from r2 to r3 .
So Equivalent thermal resistance,
loge (r2 /r1)
For hollow cylinder Rt =
R = 1 ln a r2 k + 1 ln a r3 k
r1
r2
2kl
2ks l
2ka l
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 338
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
R # l = 1 ln a r2 k + 1 ln a r3 k
r1
r2
2 k s
2ka
1
1
=
ln 2.5 +
ln 5.5
2 # 3.14 # 19 b 1 l 2 # 3.14 # 0.2 b 2.5 l
= 0.916 + 0.788 = 0.00767 + 0.627
119.32 1.256
= 0.635 mK/W
...(i)
Heat transfer per unit length,

Q = T1 T2 = 600 = 944.88 - 944.72 W/m
(R # l) 0.635
SOL 7.39

Given : h = 400 W/m2 K , k = 20 W/mK , c = 400 J/kg K , = 8500 kg/m3
Ti = 30c C , D = 0.706 mm , Ta = 300c C , T = 298c C
Biot Number,
..(i)
Bi = hl
k
4 R 3
1 D 3
Volume
3
And
=
= 6 2
l =
Surface Area
4R2
D
3
= D = 0.706 # 10 = 1.176 # 104 m
6
6
From equation (i), we have
4
Bi = hl = 400 # 1.176 # 10 = 0.0023
20
k
Bi < 0.1
The value of Biot Number is less than one. So the lumped parameter solution
for transient conduction can be conveniently stated as
T Ta = ec hAt
=l
ht
c m = e c cl m
Ti Ta
A
400t
298 300 = exp
b 8500 400 1.176 104 l
30 300
#
#
#
2 = et
270
2 = et
270
Take natural logarithm both sides, we get
ln b 2 l = t " t = 4.90 sec
270
SOL 7.40

o = 1500 kg/hr = 1500 kg/ sec = 0.4167 kg/ sec
Given : tc1 = 30cC , dm = m
3600
dt
th2 = th1 = 120c C , tc2 tc2 = 80cC , cw = 4.187 kJ/kg K , U = 2000 W/m2 K .
Figure for condensation is given below :
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
PAGE 339
Hence,
1 = th1 tc1 = 120 30 = 90c C
And
2 = th2 tc2 = 120 80 = 40c C
So, Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is,
m = 1 2 = 90 9040 = 61.66c C
ln ^ 40 h
ln _ i
Energy transferred is given by,
o w T = UAm
Q = mc
o
A = mcw T = 0.4167 # 4.187 # 1000 # 50 = 0.707 m2
2000 # 61.66
Um
1
SOL 7.41

Given, for plate :
A1 = 10 cm2 = 10 # (102) 2 m2 = 103 m2 , T1 = 800 K , 1 = 0.6
For Room : A2 = 100 m2 , T2 = 300 K , 2 = 0.3 and = 5.67 # 108 W/m2 K 4
Total heat loss from one surface of the plate is given by,
Eb1 Eb2
(Q12) =
(1 1)
(1 2)
+ 1 +
A1 1
A1 F12
A2 2
If small body is enclosed by a large enclosure, then F12 = 1 and from Stefans
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 340
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
Boltzman law Eb = T 4 . So we get

5.67 # 108 [(800) 4 (300) 4]
(T 14 T 24)
(Q12) =
=
1 1 + 1 + 1 2
1 0.6 + 1 + 1 0.3
A1 1
A1
A2 2
103 # 0.6 103 100 # 0.3
22.765 # 103
= 13.66 W
666.66 + 1000 + 0.0233
Q12 is the heat loss by one surface of the plate. So, heat loss from the two
surfaces is given by,
=
Qnet = 2 # Q12 = 2 # 13.66 = 27.32 W

SOL 7.42
In counter flow, hot fluid enters at the point 1 and exits at the point 2 or
cold fluid enter at the point 2 and exit at the point 1.
Given : for hot fluid,
ch = 2 kJ/kg K , mh = 5 kg/ sec , th1 = 150c C , th2 = 100c C
and for cold fluid,
cc = 4 kJ/kg K , mc = 10 kg/ sec , tc2 = 20c C , tc1 = ?
From the energy balance,
Heat transferred by the hot fluid = Heat gain by the cold fluid
o h ch (th1 th2) = m
oc cc (tc1 tc2)
m
5 # 2 # 103 (150 100) = 10 # 4 # 103 (tc1 20)
10 4 # 50 = 4 # 10 4 (tc1 20)
tc1 = 130 = 32.5c C
4
Hence, outlet temperature of the cold fluid,
tc1 = 32.5c C
SOL 7.43

The non-dimensional Prandtl Number for thermal boundary layer is,
v = (Pr) 1/3
T
(i)
When Pr = 1
v = T
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
CHAP 7
HEAT TRANSFER
(ii)
When Pr > 1
(iii) When Pr < 1
So for Pr > 1, v > T
SOL 7.44
PAGE 341
v > T
v < T

Given for water : Tw = 48c C , kw = 0.6 W/mK
And for glass : Tg = 40c C , kg = 1.2 W/mK
Spatial gradient
dT
4
c dy m = 1 # 10 K/m
w
Heat transfer takes place between the water and glass interface by the
conduction and convection. Heat flux would be same for water and glass
interface. So, applying the conduction equation for water and glass interface.
dT
Q kA dx
dT
dT
kw c
= kg c
q= =
= k dT
dy mw
dy mg
dx
A
A
kw dT
dT
0.6
4
4
c dy m = kg c dy m = 1.2 # 10 = 0.5 # 10 K/m
g
w
SOL 7.45

From the equation of convection,
...(i)
Heat flux,
q = h [Tw Tg]
Where, h = Heat transfer coefficient
First find q ,
q = kw c dT m = kg c dT m = 0.6 # 10 4 = 6000 W/m2
dy w
dy g
Now from equation (i),
q
h =
= 6000 = 6000 = 750 W/m2 K
8
Tw Tg
48 40
SOL 7.46
Given : (A) For counter flow th1 = tC1 , th2 = tC 2

LMTD , mc = 1 2
ln 1
2
ISBN: 9788192276250
www.gatehelp.com
PAGE 342
HEAT TRANSFER
CHAP 7
(t t ) (th2 th1)
2 (th1 th2)
(th1 tC2) (th2 tC1)
= h1 h2
=
ln :th1 th2 D
ln :th1 th2 D
ln :th1 tC2 D
t h2 t h1
t h2 t h1
th2 tC1
(B) For parallel flow given : th1 = tC 2 , th 2 = tC 1
mc =
mp
LMTD , mp = 1 2
ln b 1 l
2
(t t ) (th2 th1)
2 (th1 th2)
(t t ) (th2 tC2)
...(ii)
= h1 h2
=
= h1 C1
t
t
t
t
ln : h1 h2 D
ln :th1 th2 D
ln : h1 C1 D
t h2 t h1
t h2 t h1
th2 tC2
From equation (i) and (ii), we get

mc = mp
SOL 7.47

Given :
F13 = 0.17
Applying summation rule :
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1
The flat surface cannot see itself.
So,
F11 = 0
This gives,
F12 = 1 F11 F13 = 1 0 0.17 = 0.83
SOL 7.48
...(i)

S. No.
Materials
Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)
1.
Aluminum
237
2.
Pure Iron
80.2
3.
Liquid Water
0.607
4.
Saturated Water Vapour 0.026
**********

ISBN: 9788192276250

Heat Transfer: YEAR 2012 One Mark MCQ 7.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heat Transfer: YEAR 2012 One Mark MCQ 7.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 7

For an opaque surface, the absorptivity (), transmissivity () and reflectivity

(D) Thick, closely spaced fins

Water (c p = 4.18 kJ/kgK) at 80cC enters a counter flow heat exchanger

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

In a condenser of a power plant, the steam condenses at a temperatures of

A pipe of 25 mm outer diameter carries steam. The heat transfer coefficient

A spherical steel ball of 12 mm diameter is initially at 1000 K. It is slowly

The ratios of the laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness to thermal

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

A fin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The thermal conductivity of

Consider steady-state conduction across the thickness in a plane composite

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

Given : hi = 20 W/m2 K , ho = 50 W/m2 K;, T3,i = 20c C ; T3,o = 2cC ,

Common Data For Q.13 and Q.14

The irradiation (in kW/m2 ) for the plate (plate 1) is

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on the

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a counter flow

(D) cannot be determined

A hollow enclosure is formed between two infinitely long concentric cylinders

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in

The temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer over a

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

Common Data For Q.23 and Q.24

The maximum temperature within the plate in cC is

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

In a composite slab, the temperature at the interface (Tinter ) between two

(C) 2k1 = 3k2

A 100 W electric bulb was switched on in a 2.5 m # 3 m # 3 m size thermally

Saturation Pressure (kPa) 0.10

0.26 0.40 0.61

0.87 1.23 1.71 2.34

With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

(B) convection decrease, while that due to conduction increases

In a case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant

The conclusion is that the measurements are

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is dropped into an oil

A solid cylinder (surface 2) is located at the centre of a hollow sphere

(D) cross flow

Common Data For Q.35 and Q.36

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

The Reynolds number for the flow is

The heat transfer per meter length of the duct, in watts is

A stainless steel tube ^ks = 19 W/m Kh of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD is insulated

(D) 9447.21 W/m

A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter 0.706 mm is to be used

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

Common Data For Q.44 and Q.45

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering

Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in

The heat transfer coefficient h in W/m2 K is

In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of (a) pure

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering