GII THIU H THNG X L NC THI CNG NGH AAO & MBR

1. Gii thiu
Pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi - mi trng l mc tiu hng ti ca hu ht cc quc gia
hin nay. Vi s pht trin kinh t mnh m trong nhng nm qua nhng Vit Nam cha c cc
bin php bo v mi trng ng n, do gy ra sc p ln i vi mi trng. Tnh trng
nhim khng kh, nc mt, nc ngm cc thnh ph ln, cc khu cng nghip ang ngy cng
trm trng, gy tc ng xu n cnh quan mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
Lng nc thi ngy mt tng ln ang l mi e da nghim trng i vi mi trng. Nc
thi cha hm lng cc cht nhim cao nh: COD, BOD, NH 4+, NO3-, PO43-, tng Coliform, cc
kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, As, nu khng c cc bin php hu hiu x l s gy nhim
ngun nc mt, theo thi gian s nh hng, lm nhim t v ngun nc ngm. Do ,
m bo s pht trin kinh t i i vi bo v mi trng th cc phng php x l nc thi
cng c nghin cu v pht trin. Cc phng php x l nc thi hin nay c chia thnh:
-

Phng php c hc: c s dng tch cc tp cht khng ha tan v mt phn cc cht
dng keo ra khi nc thi. Cc cng trnh x l c hc bao gm: thit b chn rc, nghin rc,
b iu ha, b lng, lc, vt du m,

Phng php ha l: c b sung thm ha cht t ngoi vo, bao gm phng php keo t to
bng, trung ha, tuyn ni, hp th, hp ph, trao i ion, oxi ha kh, phng php in ha,

Phng php sinh hc: s dng cc vi sinh vt c sn trong nc thi hoc b sung thm cc
chng, ging vi sinh vt nng cao hiu sut x l nc thi. Cc phng php sinh hc c th
c duy tr trong cc iu kin ym kh (khng c oxy), thiu kh v hiu kh (b sung thm oxy t
ngoi vo)
Hin nay, vic kt hp cc phng php x l mt cch khoa hc gip mang li hiu qu cao
trong x l nc thi, gim chi ph u t, vn hnh
2. Cng ngh AAO & MBR
AAO & MBR l cng ngh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc kt hp vi qu trnh lc
mng tch sinh khi, cn l lng. Trong :

AAO l s kt hp nhiu qu trnh x l nhim hu c bng vi sinh vt trong cc iu kin ym

kh(anaerobic), thiu kh (anoxic) v hiu kh (oxic), nh m cc cht nhim hu c trong nc
thi c x l trit hn.

MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) l k thut tch sinh khi vi khun bng mng vi lc vi kch
thc mng dao ng t 0,1 0,4m.
Cng ngh AAO & MBR bao gm hai qu trnh chnh xy ra trong mt b phn ng l:

Phn hu sinh hc cc cht hu c bng bn hot tnh, qu trnh nitrat ha, kh nitrat v loi b
photpho nh s kt hp gia cc b ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh

thut

tch

sinh

khi

vi

khun

bng

mng

vi

lc

(micro-flitration).

Trong b duy tr h bn sinh trng l lng, cc phn ng din ra ti y ging nh cc qu trnh

sinh hc thng thng khc, nc sau x l c tch bn bng h lc mng vi kch thc mng
khong 0,1 - 0,4 m. Mng y cn ng vai tr nh mt gi th cho vi sinh vt dnh bm to nn
cc lp mng vi sinh vt dy, lm tng b mt tip xc pha, tng cng kh nng phn hu sinh
hc.
MBR l cng ngh tin tin c ng dng thnh cng trn th gii trong lnh vc x l nc
thi t nhng nm 1980, hin nay Vit Nam cng ang tip cn, nghin cu ng dng cng
ngh

ny.

Kt hp cng ngh AAO vi MBR l mt hng x l nc thi mi, cho hiu qu cao v thn
thin vi mi trng. So vi cc cng ngh x l sinh hc truyn thng th cng ngh AAO & MBR
c nhiu u im vt tri c th nh:
STT
1

Cng ngh AAO&MBR

u im

Kch thc l mng l 0,1 0,4 m, mng - Tit kim din tch
MBR c th tch cc cht rn l lng, ht keo,
vi khun, mt s virus v cc phn t hu c - Khng cn xy dng b lng
kch thc ln
- Khng cn xy dng b kh trng
- Ch tiu SS, vi sinh, Clo d lun t
tiu chun

Nc sau x l mng MBR c cht lng tt - C th ti s dng nc thi: gii

(SS<5 mg/l), BOD5 v COD thp
nhit, ti cy, ra ng, ra toilet

Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn (2,5 -5 gi) - Th tch b xy dng nh

so vi cng ngh bn hot tnh thng thng
- Tit kim din tch
(> 6 gi)

Nng vi sinh trong b sinh hc cao

- Bn sinh ra t

5 - 8 g/l (thng thng ch khong 2 - 3 g/l)

- Chi ph x l bn gim

Thi gian lu bn di (50 ngy so vi thng

thng ch khong 10 - 15 ngy)
5

Qu trnh vn hnh mang tnh t ng ho - H thng hot ng an ton v cht

cao
lng nc sau x l n nh
- t nhn cng vn hnh

S dng cc cm module mng MBR ht - Khi nng cng sut th ch cn lp t

nc sau x l
thm module mng MBR m khng
cn phi xy thm b x l
Cng ngh AAO & MBR c ng dng x l nc thi bnh vin, nc thi sinh hot

ti cc khu th, cc nh hng, khch sn v nc thi cng nghip ca cc nh my sn xut

bia, ru, nh my gch, Nc thi u ra t h thng AAO & MBR t tiu chun x thi ca
Tiu chun v quy chun Vit Nam nh:
TCVN 7382: 2004 - Cht lng nc - Nc thi bnh vin - Tiu chun thi
QCVN 14: 2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi sinh hot,
MBR l vit tt cm t Membrane Bio-Reactor (B lc sinh hc bng mng), c th nh ngha
tng qut l h thng x l vi sinh ca nc thi bng cng ngh lc mng.
Chng t hiu qu rt cao c kim chng trong vic kh c thnh phn v c ln hu c
cng nh vi sinh vt trong nc thi.
MBR c th c ng dng vi b lc k kh hay hiu kh.

Vic ng dng MBR - kt hp gia cng ngh lc mng v b lc sinh hc nh l mt cng on

trong quy trnh x l nc thi c th thay th (trong vi trng hp) cho vai tr tch cn ca b
lng bc hai v b lc nc u vo, do vy c th lc b b lng bc hai v vn hnh vi
nng MLSS cao hn.

S dy chuyn cng ngh vi MBR:

S kiu t ngp v kiu t ngoi ca mun mng MBR:

Thng s k thut mng model MBR-1000:

Vt liu ch to
dy mao dn
ng knh b mao dn
ng knh khe mao dn
thm kh
xp
Chu lc ko dn
Cng lc thit k
Din tch mun
p lc vn hnh
Cng sut

: Polypropylene
: 40 ~ 50 m
: 450 m
: 0.01 ~ 0.2 m
: 7.0 x 10-2 cm3/cm2 S cmHg
: 40 ~ 50%
: 120,000 kPa
: 6 ~ 9 L/m2/h
: 8 m2/mun
: -10 ~ -30 kPa
: 1.0 ~ 1.2 m3/ngy

Kch thc b lc v cch thc lp ghp hp khi mun mng MBR:

Tc l, c 4 mun c ghp thnh 1 blc, 10 blc ghp thnh 1 khi, 10 khi lp trong 1 b lc.
Kch thc mun MBR, blc, khi:

Phn kch thc b lc : W = 4000 mm; L = 7000 mm; D = 3500 mm; f = 3000 mm
Phn kch thc mun MBR : a = 400 mm; b = 100 mm; c = 800 mm; d = 1100 mm
Mng MBR c thit k theo mun lp ghp hp khi rt d bo tr v nng cp sau ny:

Hnh 1: Hnh v phi cnh ca module h thng x l

Hnh 2: Module ni gm b sinh hc kt hp mng MBR

Hnh 3: B Oxic kt hp mng MBR

Hnh 4: B tr module mng MBR trong b cha