NGHIN CU CC YU T NH HNG N BN MU CA VI

TRONG QU TRNH GIT, L (I)

Trn Th Kim Phng*, Nguyn Th Phng Tho**, Nguyn Th Tuyt Trinh***
TM TT
Hin tng vi khng gi c mu sc nhum hay in hoa nh ban u thng xy ra trong
qu trnh gia cng sn xut v s dng. Bi bo trnh by nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t
cng ngh git, l (i) n bn mu ca vi sn xut t si pha gia cotton v polyester. l
cc yu t trong khu git: nhit nc git v s ln git; cc yu t ti khu hon tt l: nhit
l, thi gian l, lc p. Nghin cu nhm mc ch tm ra mi lin h gia cc yu t trong qu
trnh git, l nh hng n bn mu sn phm ng thi a ra nhng thng s git, l ti u
m bo bn mu ca vi.
ANALYZING FACTORS OF FABRIC WASHING AND IRONING, AFFECTING TO THE
COLORFASTNESS
SUMMARY
The phenomenon of discolorment of dyed or printing fabric as the original usually happens as
processing and using. The article shows the study of simultaneous affect of technological factors of
the colorfastness to wash and iron of blended fabrics which are produced from cotton and
polyester. The factors of washing: temperature of washing water and times of washing; The factors
of ironing: ironing temperature, ironing time, pressure. Learning to find relationships of the factors
in washing and ironing, affecting the colorfastness of fabric and giving the best parameter to
ensure colorfastness.
Key words: colorfastness, factors of washing, factors of ironing.
1. T VN
Mu sc khng quyt nh ton b cht
lng sn phm nhng l thng tin u tin gi
n khch hng. V vy, trong qu trnh gia
cng v s dng hng ha, lm th no mu
sc ca chng vn gi c gi tr ban u lun
c cc nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng quan
tm c bit, nht l trong giai on ton cu
ha mang tnh cnh tranh gay gt nh hin nay.
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng gp phi cc
s c v s thay i mu sc do nhng tc nhn
xung quanh nh: git, l, c xt, m hi, nh
sng, thi tit c lin quan n cc yu t
cng ngh sn xut vi nh: vt liu dt, ha
cht v quy trnh gia cng dt nhum. H cng
*

a ra nhng gii php khc phc tm thi

hin tng trn nh: tin hnh cm mu, chm
mu v nu x l khng c th xem nh vi
cha t cht lng. Tuy nhin, cha c nhng
nghin cu i su vo nhng nguyn nhn c
th gy ra hin tng lm thay i mu sc.
Hin nay ti Vit Nam, s lng ti
nghin cu v lnh vc bn mu ca vi
khng nhiu v ch kha cnh nh gi bn
mu nh hng do khu nhum v d nh
nghin cu nh gi bn mu ca vi nhum
t chit xut ht nho... ch cha nghin cu nh
hng ca khu may. Trong khi ngnh may mc
ang pht trin em li mt ngun ngoi t ln.

NCS, Khoa Cng ngh May thi trang, Trng i hc Cng nghip TPHCM
KS, TT K thut Tng hp hng nghip Ninh Phc, Ninh Thun
***
KS, Khoa Cng ngh May v Thi trang, Trng i hc S phm K thut TPHCM
**

32

Tp ch i hc Cng nghip

Chnh v vy, nghin cu mt s yu t ca

qu trnh git, l ti khu hon tt nh hng
n bn mu ca vi nhm tm ra phng n
git, l ti u gp phn duy tr v m bo cht
lng mu sc ca sn phm l mt trong nhng
phng n tt nht gp phn nng cao cht
lng sn phm may mc. ng thi a ra quy
lut nh hng ca cc yu t git, l n
bn mu ca vi.
2. NI DUNG THC HIN
2.1. nh ngha bn mu
bn mu l kh nng gi mu ca vt
liu dt may khi c nhum hoc in hoa,
chu tc dng c, l, ha gn vi iu kin sn
xut v s dng.
bn mu ca vi c nh gi thng
qua gi tr E ( sai lch mu sc o theo ta
CIELAB) sau khi chu tc ng ca cc yu
t nh: git, l, c xt, m hi, nh sng, thi
tit, so vi mu vi gc ban u. Nu gi tr E
cng ln th vi c bn mu cng km v
ngc li [1], [2], [3].
2.2. i tng nghin cu
Vi nghin cu: chn hai loi vi si pha
c dt t cotton v polyester vi t l thnh
phn khc nhau. y l loi vi c s dng
ph bin v sn xut ti Vit Nam.
Mu vi 1: 65% Polyester, 35% Cotton;
kiu dt vn im; khi lng 134,6 g/m2.

Mu vi 2: 40% Polyester, 60% Cotton;

kiu dt vn im; khi lng 132,4 g/m2.

Thit b nghin cu: S dng my git

Whirpool, bn i ES-94A ca hng Silver Star,
thit b o nhit CVHM-H13, my o mu
quang ph Gretag Macbeth Color Eye 2180UV.
2.3. iu kin th nghim
Cc mu c ct vi kch thc 10 x 4
(cm) vi cng canh si, c iu ha mu th
t nht 24 gi trong iu kin phng th nghim
(trong mi trng m 65% 2% v nhit
20oC 2oC). S lng mu th nghim: 10 mu
/ 1 phng n v 1 mu gc so snh nh gi
bn mu. Lng bt git c c nh trong
tt c cc phng n git mu th nghim.
2.4. nh hng ca cc yu t trong qu
trnh git, l n bn mu ca vi
Trong nghin cu, tin hnh chn
phng php quy hoch thc nghim nhm xc
nh tng quan gia cc yu t n bn
mu ca vi.
2.4.1.Nghin cu cc yu t trong qu trnh
git n bn mu ca vi
Cc yu t nghin cu: nhit nc git
( C) - X1, s ln git (ln) - X2. S phng n th
nghim l 5. Cc phng n ca quy hoch thc
nghim, ma trn th nghim v kt qu nghin
cu ca vi V1 c th hin trong bng 1 v
ca vi V2 c th hin trong bng 2.
o

Bng 1: Phng n th nghim git ca vi V1

Phng
n th
nghim
1
2
3
4
5

Ma
trn
th
nghim
+
+
0

+
+
0

Nhit

(oC)
X1
30
50
30
50
40

S
ln
git
(ln)
X2
1
1
3
3
2

Kt qu o: Gi tr Y1 (E): sai lch mu

1
1.05
1.28
1.42
1.42
1.32

2
1.10
1.30
1.51
1.53
1.34

3
1.05
1.39
1.36
1.51
1.51

4
1.12
1.28
1.60
1.42
1.32

5
1.19
1.33
1.66
1.51
1.37

6
1.15
1.37
1.61
1.46
1.51

7
1.20
1.35
1.63
1.53
1.28

8
1.21
1.39
1.57
1.53
1.50

9
1.22
1.31
1.59
1.60
1.52

10
1.05
1.26
1.47
1.53
1.44

TB
1.13
1.33
1.54
1.50
1.41

33

Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n bn mu ca vi

Bng 2: Phng n th nghim git ca vi V2

Phng
n th
nghim
1
2
3
4
5

Ma
trn
th
nghim
+
+
0

+
+
0

Nhit

(oC)

S
ln
git
(ln)

X1
30
50
30
50
40

X2
1
1
3
3
2

Kt qu o: Gi tr Y2 (E): sai lch mu

1
1.27
1.51
1.67
1.66
1.52

2
1.34
1.55
1.76
1.67
1.53

3
1.22
1.40
1.74
1.61
1.55

Phn tch hi quy:

T cc kt qu nghin cu c x l trn
phn mm GENEME, xc nh phng
trnh hi quy cho hai loi vi V1, V2 ln lc l
Y1, Y2 : (vi Y = E)
Y1 = 1,383 + 0,0385.X1 + 0,146.X2 - 0,0579.X1.X2

(1)

Y2 = 1,538 + 0,0475.X1 + 0,143.X2 - 0,0797.X1.X2

(2)

Phn tch nh hng ring r ca tng

yu t n bn mu ca hai loi vi:

T phng trnh (1) v (2) cho thy cc h s
trong hai phng trnh gn tng ng nhau,
trong 2 yu t th yu t s ln git c nh
hng n bn mu nhiu hn (vi V1: b2 =
0,146 > b1 = 0,0385; vi V2: b2 = 0,143 > b1 =
0,0475). Ta thy, h s b1 > 0 X1 < 0
Y1,Y2 gim. Tc l khi gim nhit nc git
th gi tr Y1,Y2 s gim hay bn mu ca vi
tng. Tng t, h s b2 > 0 X2 < 0 Y1,Y2
gim. Tc l khi gim s ln git th gi tr
bn mu (Y1,Y2) s gim hay bn mu ca
vi tng.
Qua tnh ton cho thy, i vi vi V1: khi
nhit nc git gim i 1 th gi tr Y1
gim i 0,14% hay bn mu ca vi tng ln
0,14%. Khi gim s ln git i mt ln (mt chu
k) th gi tr Y1 gim i 5,28% hay bn mu
ca vi tng 5,28%; i vi vi V2: khi nhit
nc git gim i 1 th gi tr Y2 gim i

34

4
1.34
1.52
1.66
1.48
1.54

5
1.30
1.43
1.71
1.66
1.55

6
1.24
1.51
1.67
1.60
1.57

7
1.34
1.40
1.72
1.75
1.59

8
1.29
1.68
1.74
1.7
1.60

9
1.18
1.59
1.67
1.66
1.56

10
1.17
1.51
1.81
1.58
1.62

TB
1.27
1.51
1.75
1.64
1.56

0,15% hay bn mu ca vi tng ln 0,15%.

Khi gim s ln git i mt ln (mt chu k) th
gi tr Y2 gim i 4,65% hay bn mu ca
vi tng 4.65%.
Phn tch nh hng tng tc ca hai

yu t n bn mu ca hai loi vi:

T phng trnh (1) v (2) nhn thy h s
b12 < 0 X1 < 0 v X2 < 0 hoc X1 > 0 v X2 >
0 Y1,Y2 gim. M theo nh phn tch trn th
ta c nu nhit nc git gim th gi tr
Y1,Y2 gim, cng nh nu gim s ln git th
gi tr Y1,Y2 cng gim.
Nh vy, gi tr Y1,Y2 nh nht th X1 <
0 v X2 < 0. Ngha l khi gim ng thi c hai
yu t nhit nc git v s ln git th
bn mu ca vi sau git t gi tr ti u nht.
Theo gi tr Y1,Y2 trung bnh trong bng 2
v 3 th ta c: Thng s git ti u i vi hai
loi vi c xc nh: x1 = 30 (oC), x2 = 1 (ln).
So snh nh hng ca nhit nc

git v s ln git n bn mu vi
V1, V2:
nh hng ca nhit nc git v s ln
git n sai lch mu ca hai loi vi V1 v
V2 th hin qua hnh 1.

Tp ch i hc Cng nghip

Hnh 1. Biu so snh sai lch mu trung bnh sau git ca hai loi vi V1 v V2
Qua th ta nhn thy cng phng n th
nghim nhng gi tr sai lch mu trung bnh
Y1(TB) ca vi V1 nh hn gi tr sai lch
mu trung bnh Y2(TB) ca vi V2 v t l gi
tr sai lch mu ca mu vi V1 v mu vi
V2 l 15,6%. Ngha l cng iu kin git nh
nhau th vi V1 c bn mu git cao hn vi
V2 hay vi no c t l thnh phn cotton thp
hn s c bn mu git cao hn vi c t l
thnh phn cotton cao hn.

2.4.2. Nghin cu cc yu t trong qu trnh

l n bn mu ca vi
Cc yu t nghin cu gm: nhit l (oC) X1[T], thi gian l (giy) - X2[t], lc p (kgf) X3.[P]. S phng n th nghim l 9 cho mi
loi vi. Mi phng n c tin hnh th
nghim lp li 10 ln cho mi loi vi.
Cc phng n th nghim, ma trn th
nghim v kt qu th nghim ca mu vi V1
v V2 c th hin trong bng 3.

Bng 3: Phng n th nghim, ma trn th nghim v kt qu th nghim l ca vi V1 v V2

Phng
n th
nghim
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Gi tr m ha
X1

X2

X3

+
+
+
+
0

+
+
+
+
0

+
+
+
+
0

Gi tr sai lch
mu trung bnh

Gi tr t nhin
x1
( C)
160
200
160
200
160
200
160
200
180
o

x2
(giy)
10
10
20
20
10
10
20
20
15

x3
( kg)
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,7
2,7
2,7
2,7
2,5

YTB(1)
(UE)
0.42
1.012
0.607
1.208
0.415
1.022
0.62
1.273
0.851

YTB(2)
(UE)
0.543
1.095
0.629
1.271
0.578
1.139
0.732
1.335
0.999

35

Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n bn mu ca vi

Trong :
YTB(1): Gi tr sai lch mu trung bnh
gia mu vi gc 1 vi mu vi 1 sau khi l
YTB(2): Gi tr sai lch mu trung bnh
gia mu vi gc 2 vi mu vi 2 sau khi l
Phn tch hi quy:

T cc kt qu nghin cu c x l trn
phn mm GENEME, xc nh phng
trnh hi quy ca hai mu vi V1 v V2 ln lc
l Y1,Y2:
Y1 = 0,829 + 0,305X1 + 0,099X2 + 0,0154X3 +
(3)
0,0119X1X2 + 0,00325X1X3 + 0,004X2X3
Y2 = 0,924 + 0,294X1 + 0,0765X2 + 0,0307X3 +
0,0165X1 X2 - 0,00375X1 X3 + 0,011X2X3 (4)
Phn tch nh hng ca tng yu t n

bn mu ca vi:
T phng trnh (3) v (4) cho thy, trong 3
yu t th yu t nhit l c nh hng ln
nht n bn mu ca vi (vi V1: b1 =
0,305; vi V2: b1= 0,294), sau l thi gian l
(vi V1: b2 = 0,099; vi V2: b2 = 0,0765). Lc
p nh hng t nht (vi V1: b1 = 0.0154; vi
V2: b1 = 0.0307).
Qua phn tch v tnh ton kt qu thc
nghim cho thy, i vi vi V1: khi gim nhit
xung 1oC th mc nh hng ca nhit
l n bn mu vi gim xung 0,92%
ngha l bn mu tng ln 0,92% so vi gi
tr ca phng n ti tm. Khi gim thi gian l
xung 1 giy th mc nh hng ca thi
gian n bn mu vi gim xung 1,194%
ngha l bn mu vi tng ln 1,194% so vi
gi tr ca phng n ti tm. i vi vi V2:
khi gim nhit xung 1oC th mc nh
hng ca nhit l n bn mu vi gim
xung 0,80% ngha l bn mu tng ln
0,80% so vi gi tr ca phng n ti tm. Khi
gim thi gian l xung 1 giy th mc nh
hng ca thi gian n bn mu vi gim
xung 0,83% ngha l bn mu vi tng ln
0,83% so vi gi tr ca phng n ti tm.
36

Phn tch nh hng rng buc ca cc

cp yu t:
Mi quan h rng buc gia gia nhit
l (X1) v thi gian l (X2) nh hng n
bn mu vi.

T phng trnh (3) v (4), ta nhn thy h

s tng tc b12 > 0. Vy mun tng gi tr
bn mu ngha l mun Y gim th cc gi tr
X1.X2 < 0 X2 < 0 v X1 > 0 hoc X2 > 0 v X1
< 0 Y gim. Nhng do b1 > b2 nn chn X2 >
0 v X1 < 0 th bn mu sn phm s cao hn
trng hp X2 < 0 hoc X1 > 0. Tc l khi tng
thi gian l v gim nhit l th bn mu
vi tng.
Mi quan h rng buc gia nhit l
(X1) v lc p (X3) c nh hng n bn
mu vi.

T phng trnh (3) v (4), nhn thy h s

tng tc b13 = 0,00325. Gi tr ny rt nh c
th b qua. Vy mi quan h rng buc gia
nhit l v lc p nh hng n bn mu
vi khng ng k, c th b qua yu t ny.
Mi quan h rng buc gia thi gian l

(X2) v lc p (X3) c nh hng n bn

mu vi.
T phng trnh (3) v (4), ta nhn thy h
s tng tc b23 > 0. Vy mun tng gi tr
bn mu ngha l mun Y gim th cc gi tr
X2.X3 < 0 X3 < 0 v X2 > 0 hoc X3 > 0 v X2
< 0 Y gim. Mt khc, theo phn tch mi
quan h rng buc gia X1 v X2 ta chn
c X1 < 0 v X2 > 0 chn X2 > 0 v X3 < 0.
Tc l khi tng thi gian l v gim lc p th
bn mu vi tng.
Xc nh cc thng s ti u:

T nhng phn tch trn, xc nh bn

mu ca vi tng khi cc yu t nghin cu nm
trong vng ti u sau: X1 < 0, X2 > 0, X3 < 0

X1 < 0
x1 chn trong khong T0
t 160oC n 180oC

Tp ch i hc Cng nghip

X2 > 0

15 giy n 20 giy

x2 chn trong khong t t

X3 < 0

2,3 kg n 2,5 kg

x3 chn trong khong P t

sau: H s chnh lch ca ba yu t vi gi tr

trung bnh l:
Nhit l: X1 = (180 - 160) / 2 = 10oC
Thi gian l: X2 = (20 - 15) / 2 = 2,5 giy

Tin hnh xc nh cc thng s ti u nm

trong vng ny bng cch lm thm mt s
phng n th nghim. Khong cch gia cc
im th nghim c xc nh bng cng thc

Lc p: X3 = (2,5 2,3) / 2 = 0,1 kg

Cc phng n th nghim tm im ti

u, kt qu th nghim l ca vi V1 v V2 ln
lt c th hin trong bng 4 v 5.

Bng 4: Phng n th nghim tm im ti u, kt qu th nghim l ca mu vi V1

Phng
n th
nghim

Gi tr sai lch
mu trung bnh

Gi tr t nhin
x1

x2

x3

YTB(1)

(oC)

(giy)

( kg)

(UE)

10

170

17,5

2,4

0.671

11

160

20

2,3

0,607

Bng 5: Phng n th nghim tm im ti u, kt qu th nghim l ca mu vi V2

Phng
n th
nghim

Gi tr sai lch
mu trung bnh

Gi tr t nhin
x1

x2

x3

YTB(1)

(oC)

(giy)

( kg)

(UE)

10

170

17,5

2,4

0.650

11

160

20

2,3

0,629

Theo bng 4 v 5 th phng n 11 chnh l

phng n 3 bng 3 l phng n ti u nht.
Theo gi tr Y trung bnh bng 3 th ta nhn
thy: phng n 1 v phng n 5 c sai lch
mu nh nht. mu vi V1: YTB(1) = 0,42; YTB(5)
= 0,415; mu vi V2: YTB(1) = 0,543; YTB(5) =
0,578. Gi tr YTB phng n 1 v 5 ch chnh
lch 0.005 i vi vi V1 v 0.035 i vi vi
V2, chnh lch ny rt thp ta c th xem hai

phng n ny c gi tr tng ng nhau t

y l hai phng n ti u nhng theo quan st
thc t bng mt thng th mu vi th nghim
sau khi l xong ca phng n 1 (T : 160oC; t:
10 giy; P: 2,3 kg) v phng n 5 (T : 160oC; t:
10 giy; P: 2,7 kg) ch p ng c yu cu v
mu sc vi khng thay i nhng khng m
bo yu cu l phng vi. Ngha l mu vi cha
c l phng vi cc thng s cng ngh trn.
Vi phng n 3 tuy YTB(3)= 0,607 (mu vi
37

Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n bn mu ca vi

V1) v YTB(3)= 0,629 (mu vi V2) cao hn so

vi phng n 1 v 5 l 0,187 (mu vi V1) v
0,086 (mu vi V2) nhng chnh lnh ny
khng ln, vn m bo vi c l phng theo
yu cu. Do , ta chn phng n 3 l phng
n ti u v n p ng c yu cu ca vic
nghin cu l tm ra nhng phng n ti u
nhm gim ti a hin tng khng bn mu
ca vi nhng vn phi m bo vi c l
phng v khng b bin dng.

Vy qua phn tch kt qu th nghim ca

mu vi V1 v V2 th phng n 3 l phng n
ti u c th p dng trong sn xut vi cc
thng s cng ngh l: Nhit l (T): 160oC,
thi gian l (t): 20 giy, lc p (P): 2,3 kg.
So snh nh hng ca cc yu t l n

bn mu hai loi vi V1 v V2
T bng 3 ta v c biu so snh gi tr
sai lch mu sau l gia mu vi V1, V2.

1.60
1.40

1.34
1.27

1.27
1.21

1.20

1.14

1.10

1.02

1.01

1.00

1.00
0.85

0.80
0.60

0.73
0.63
0.61

0.54

0.62

0.58

0.42

mu vi 1
mu vi 2

0.42

0.40
0.20
0.00
1

Hnh 2: Biu so snh gi tr sai lch mu trung bnh sau l ca mu vi V1 v V2

T biu so snh gi tr sai lch mu
trung bnh ca mu vi V1 v V2 c th hin
hnh 2, ta nhn xt thy: Cng mt phng n
th nghim th mu vi V1 c gi tr sai lch
mu trung bnh gia mu gc vi mu sau khi l
thp hn gi tr sai lch mu trung bnh gia
mu gc vi mu sau khi l mu vi V2.
Nh vy, trong cng iu kin l nh nhau
th mu vi V1 s bn mu hn mu vi V2 v t
l gi tr sai lch mu ca mu vi V1 v
mu vi V2 l 9,9%. Hay ni cch khc, vi si
pha cha nhiu thnh phn polyester hn cotton
th s bn mu hn vi si pha cha t thnh
phn polyester hn cotton.
3. KT LUN
Tin hnh nghin cu thc nghim bn

mu ca vi khi chu tc ng ca cc yu t
cng ngh git, l vi hai loi vi si pha c
thnh phn si khc nhau (65% PES, 35%
Cotton & 40% PES, 60% Cotton). Cc mu vi
38

ny c sn xut trong nc, l nguyn liu

ang c s dng kh ph bin ti cc x
nghip may.
bn mu ca vi ti khu git v l
ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau. Bng
phng php quy hoch thc nghim xc
nh c nh hng ca cc thng s gia cng
git, l n bn mu ca vi.
nh hng ca tng yu t cng ngh

git, l n bn mu ca vi: Khi gim cc

yu t nhit l, thi gian l, lc p bn l,
nhit nc git v s ln git th bn mu
ca vi tng.
nh hng rng buc gia nhit l v

thi gian l c th hin: khi gim nhit hay

thi gian l b hn ch trong phm vi nht nh,
th hin qua mi quan h khi tng nhit l,
cn gim thi gian l v ngc li gim nhit
l th cn tng thi gian l.

Tp ch i hc Cng nghip

nh hng rng buc gia nhit nc

git v s ln git n bn mu ca vi: khi

gim ng thi nhit nc git v s ln git
th bn mu ca vi sau git l ti u.
T nhng phn tch trn ta rt ra kt lun:

Khi tin hnh gia cng git, l vi cc sn phm

c sn xut t hai loi vi trn ta nn chn
ch : nhit l: 160oC, thi gian l: 20 giy,
lc p: 2,3 kg; nhit nc git: 30oC, s ln
git: 1 (ln) th vi s bn mu hn nhng vn
m bo sn phm c git sch, l phng v
khng b bin dng.
Nghin cu so snh mc bn mu khi

git, l ca hai mu vi (V1: 65% PES, 35%

Cotton & V2: 40% PES, 60% Cotton) rt ra
kt lun sau: Trong cng mt iu kin th
nghim, mu vi V1 c bn mu cao hn
mu vi V2. Hay ni cch khc, vi no c t l

thnh phn cotton cao hn s c bn mu

git, l thp hn vi c t l thnh phn cotton
thp hn.
Nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t

cng ngh git, l hon tt nh hng n

bn mu ca vi, gp phn nghin cu nh
hng ca cc yu t n bn mu ca vi
trong qu trnh gia cng sn xut; t nng
cao cht lng sn phm trc khi n tay
khch hng v lm cho sn phm hp dn th
hiu khch hng hn. Trn c s nghin cu,
cc x nghip c th ng dng cc iu kin cho
khu git, l sn phm hon tt lm t loi vi
cotton v polyester, c th dn m rng hng
nghin cu trn nhiu yu t nh hng n
bn mu ca vi cho nhiu loi vi khc nhau
p dng rng ri trong cc x nghip may.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]

Cao Hu Trng, Hong Th Lnh (2002), Ha hc thuc nhum, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v

K thut.

[2]

AATCC Technical manual, V. 81, 2006.

[3]

TCVN 4536-88 Vt liu dt - Phng php xc nh bn mu Quy nh chung.

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