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Nhung Van de Vat Ly Dang Luu y Tranh Sai Lam Hieu Sai Ban Chat Mon Vat Ly - Thuvienvatly.com.2f031.41485
Nhung Van de Vat Ly Dang Luu y Tranh Sai Lam Hieu Sai Ban Chat Mon Vat Ly - Thuvienvatly.com.2f031.41485
NHNG VN VT L NG LU
PHN I: DAO NG C
Vn 1: Phn bit vn tc tc ; gia tc ln gia tc; vn tc trung bnh tc
trung bnh.
Vn tc c th m hoc dng nn vn tc max l A (qua v tr cn bng v i theo chiu
dng), vn tc min l A (i qua v tr cn bng v i theo chiu m).
Tc lun khng m nn tc max l A ( v tr cn bng), tc min l 0 ( bin).
2
2
Gia tc c th dng hoc m nn gia tc max l A ( bin m), gia tc min l A (
bin dng).
2
ln gia tc lun khng m nn ln gia tc max l A ( hai bin), ln gia tc
min l 0 ( v tr cn bng).
x
Vn tc trung bnh bng di chia cho thi gian: v
.
t
s
Tc trung bnh bng qung ng i c chia cho thi gian: v
.
t
Vn 2: Mt s vn cn lu
cng k ca l xo khng ph thuc khi lng m ca vt nng m ch ph thuc cc yu
t bn trong l xo nh cht lm l xo,
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khng ph thuc vo khi lng vt nng m (nu n dao
ng trong mi trng chn khng hay khng kh (c b qua lc cn mi trng),). Th
nhng khi n c tch in v t trong in trng th chu k ca n li ph thuc m bi
F
v gia tc m in trng gy ra l a , m mt khc gia tc hiu dng ca vt g ' li ph
m
thuc vo a (tt nhin nu n khng c tch in m t trong in trng th cng
chng ph thuc m).
Trong mt bi ton tm mi quan h gia cc i lng cng nh cc bi ton lin quan
n s thay i ca cc i lng, ta cn phi vn dng trit cc mi quan h nh
l T 2
m T 2
(i vi con lc n),
1 (i vi con lc l xo), 1
2
T
g
k
T2
Tm li l v sm pha hn x l
; a sm pha hn v l .
2
2
2
v
+) Gia tc hng tm ca vt: aht . Gia tc tip tuyn ca vt: att g .
l
Khi ni n gia tc ca vt nng chnh l ni n thnh phn hp lc ca gia tc tip tuyn
v gia tc hng tm a aht att , nn n c ln l a aht2 att2 .
Chnh iu ny nn khi vt b tr bin (v = 0, lc aht 0 ) thnh phn lc hng tm b
trit tiu nn ti hai v tr bin, gia tc ca vt tip tuyn vi qu o chuyn ng.
+) Lc ko v l thnh phn trng lc vung gc vi dy treo: F mg sin mg .
+) Cng thc c lp tng t nh dao ng iu ha: S02 s 2
v2
s2
v 2l
.
g
v2
.
Chia hai v ca cng thc trn cho l ta c
gl
Con lc n dao ng trn xe trt xung mt phng nghing hp vi sn mt gc th
chu gia tc trng trng hiu dng l g ' g cos ; xe chuyn ng vi gia tc l gsin.
Trong khi con lc n dao ng, nu dy b t th chuyn ng sau ca n s l chuyn
ng ca vt v nm hoc ri t do, c th:
+) Nu lc dy b t tc ca vt bng 0 (tc v tr bin) th vt ri t do.
+) Nu lc dy b t vn tc ca vt nm ngang (tc v tr cn bng) th vt chuyn ng
b nm ngang.
+) Nu lc dy b t vn tc ca vt chch gc nm ngang th vt chuyn ng b nm xin.
Vn 4: Cng thc tnh vn tc cc bi ton va chm
m m2 v1 2m2v2
Vn tc sau khi va chm n hi trc din: v1 ' 1
.
m1 m2
Hai vt c khi lng bng nhau m va chm vi nhau th chng trao i vn tc cho nhau.
m v m2v2
Vn tc sau khi va chm mm trc din: V 1 1
.
m1 m2
(cc gi tr vn tc v1, v2, V, v1 ' trn phi ly l gi tr i s ch khng phi ln).
Vn 5: Mt s iu kin vt dao ng iu ha
2
02
+ Vi si dy mt u c nh, mt u t do: l 2n 1
.
4
Hai ngun kt hp l hai ngun dao ng c cng tn s v c lch pha khng i theo
thi gian. Hai sng do hai ngun kt hp to ra gi l hai sng kt hp.
iu kin c hin tng giao thoa: hai sng phi xut pht t hai ngun dao ng cng
tn s, cng phng dao ng v lch pha khng i theo thi gian.
Hin tng sng gp vt cn th i lch khi phng truyn thng ca sng v i vng qua
vt cn gi l hin tng nhiu x ca sng.
* Ch cn pht hin c hin tng giao thoa hoc hin tng nhiu x th c th khng nh l
qu trnh sng.
P
P
(ngun m
S 4 R 2
ng hng). Do cng sut ca ngun khng thay i trong qu trnh truyn m nn vi hai
I M RN2
2
2
m M, N bt k th PM PN I M RM I N RN
2 .
I N RM
Sng dng trn dy n hi to bi m thoa in c gn nam chm in, vi dng in
xoay chiu c tn s f th sng dng s dao ng vi tn s f ' 2f .
4 k 4 .9.109
in dung C t l thun vi , S; v ch t l nghch vi d.
2
7 N S
+) L 4 .10 .
trong l t thm, N l s vng dy ca ng, S l tit din ca
l
ng dy v l l chiu di ca dy dn. Nh vy L ch t l nghch vi chiu di l; t l thun
2
vi bnh phng N . Vi cht st t th 1 nn t li st t vo lng ng dy L tng.
7
=0 .
Trong bi ton t xoay ta thng biu din C0 v C theo mt i lng c th no . C
th p dng vi bi ton sau:
V d: Mt mch dao ng gm mt cun cm thun c t cm xc nh v mt t in l t
xoay, c in dung thay i c theo quy lut hm s bc nht ca gc xoay ca bn linh ng.
o
o
Khi = 0 , tn s dao ng ring ca mch l 3 MHz. Khi = 120 , tn s dao ng ring ca mch
l 1 MHz. mch ny c tn s dao ng ring bng 1,5 MHz th bng
o
o
o
o
A. 90 .
B. 30 .
C. 45 .
D. 60 .
Gii: Do f t l nghch vi C 2 nn ta c cc quan h sau:
Theo bi ra: 0 Cmin 3 MHz .
Do quan h nn: 1 MHz 9Cmin v 1,5 MHz 4Cmin .
o
Cmin
.
15
Cmin
45o .
15
p2
U cos
l
nn gim in tr cn phi tng tit din
S
tn km khng thc t.
+ Cch 2: Tng in p U ni pht in c s dng rng ri nh my bin p.
Trong bi tp hay l thuyt cn ch ch hiu dng v ch cc i.
Vn 2: Cc cng thc cng sut, bi ton cc tr
2L
sau).
+ cng sut c hai gi tr bng nhau ti hai gi tr C1, C2:
Lc ny Z L
ZC1 ZC2
2
1
1
2
.
C1 C2 CP
R 2 Z L2
U
Z
+ UC max: ZCm
U Cm
R 2 Z L2 U 1 L
ZL
R
R
(k hiu Cm cho d nh). Lc ny th URL vung pha vi U nn cng ko
theo mt kh l t lin h t ci tam gic vung m ra:
2
U C2 U RL
U 2 U 2 U L2 U R2
1 1 1
U 2 U 2
U2
RL
R
U 2 U U U
C
L
C
U 2 U U U
L
C
L
R
M li c Z th t l vi U (do cng I) nn cc cng thc trn li c bin iu tng t:
2
ZC2 Z RL
Z 2 Z 2 Z L2 R 2
1 1 1
R2 Z 2
Z2
RL
Z 2 Z Z Z
C
L
C
R2 Z Z Z
C
L
L
R 2 ZC2
U
Z
U Lm
R 2 ZC2 U 1 C (k hiu Cm cho d
+ UL max: Z Lm
ZC
R
R
nh). Lc ny th URC vung pha vi U (v ta li suy ra mt ng quan h, dng tnh ton)
1
1
2
bnh phng nh C12 , C22 , L12 , L22 v cc quan h c cha tch nh C1C2 C02 ,... m ch chn
2C1C2
cc cng thc c lin quan n tng, tng nghch o hay hoc dng C0
.
C1 C2
Thay i (cng l thay i f do chng t l thun vi nhau):
10
4
5
2 ln, tc l Zsau =
Im
2
2 R.
2R Z L1 ZC1 R .
1
1
?
1 2
2 LC R 2C 2
+ Thay i UC t cc i: Cm
.
2 L2C 2
2
2
2
+ Khi c hai gi tr 1, 2 lm cho UC bng nhau: 1 2 2Cm (*)
2
.
2 LC R 2C 2
1
1
2
+ Khi c hai gi tr 1, 2 lm cho UL bng nhau: 2 2 2
+ Thay i UL t cc i: Lm
Lm
(**)
Ni chung cng thc lin h cha lun cha bnh phng v cng dng vi lin h
ULmax, UCmax tng ng (so snh cng thc (*) vi cng thc (1); (**) vi (2)).
Thay i R
U2
R1 R2
P
+ c hai gi tr R1, R2 m lc mch c cng cng sut P th:
R R Z Z 2
C
1 2 L
Vn 3: Cc cng thc lin quan n my pht in xoay chiu v ng c in.
My pht in xoay chiu
11
pc ch
th gii tm ngay c I.
D
Ti mt im, qung ng sng truyn n cng ngn pha ca sng truyn n cng
ln.
H vn trn mn lch v sng no c pha tr hn.
Mi nh sng n sc c mt mu v tn s xc nh ch bc sng ca n khng xc
nh. Mu khng thay i khi i qua cc mi trng trong sut khc nhau.
Chit sut ca mi trng c hng s in mi t thm l n .
B
Trong mt mi trng, bc sng v chit sut c quan h: n A 2 (vi A, B l hng s
nh ngha
Ngun pht
c im
ng dng
rt xa (mt u
im ca php
phn tch quang
ph).
Xc nh thnh
phn cu to ca
cc nguyn t c
trong hp cht.
Tia t ngoi
Tia X
Bc x in t khng nhn Sng in t c bc
thy, c bc sng ngn hn sng ngn t 10 11 10 8
bc sng ca nh sng tm.
m.
9
: 10 m 0,38 m.
Cc vt c nhit trn ng catt c np thm i
0
m cc.
2000 C.
13
Tnh
cht,
tc
dng
ng
dng
Tc dng ni bt l
tc dng nhit.
Tc dng ln knh nh
hng ngoi (gy phn
ng ha hc).
C th bin iu nh
sng in t cao tn.
C th gy ra hin
tng quang in trong
cho mt s cht bn dn.
Tc dng ni bt l kh
nng m xuyn mnh.
Tc dng mnh ln knh
nh, lm ion ha cht kh.
C tc dng lm pht
quang nhiu cht.
C tc dng gy ra hin
tng quang in hu
ht kim loi.
C tc dng sinh l
mnh: hy dit t bo, dit
vi khun,
Sy kh, si m.
S dng trong b iu
khin t xa.
Chp nh hng ngoi.
Trong qun s ng
dng lm ng dm hng
ngoi, quay phim ban
m,
14
i
2k 1 i2 5 5t
(iu kin l phn s 1 dng ti gin phi l l/l. Nu l l/chn
2n 1 i1 3 3t
i2
2k 1 5t
(t phi l) thay li vo biu thc tnh ta x.
2n 1 3t
mv 2 mv02
W
eU AK .
2
2
+ Mt khc nu UAK < 0 th electron b gim tc. Li c hai trng hp:
TH1: U h U AK 0 th electron b gim tc v vn n c n ant v gy c dng
mv 2 mv02
e U AK .
quang in. Lc ny ng nng ca n khi n c ant l W
2
2
TH2: U AK U h th electron b gim tc v 0 trc khi n c ant ri quay tr li catt
khng c dng quang in.
Lu trong bi cn phi phn bit r UAK v UKA (khc nhau hon ton: U AK U KA ).
V s ph thuc ca cc i lng:
+ Gii hn quang in 0 ch ph thuc vo bn cht kim loi ch khng ph thuc cc yu
t bn ngoi nh chm sng kch thch, hiu in th UAK
+ Gi tr hiu in th hm Uh (lu rng Uh dng) v vn tc cc i ca electron khi va
mv02
A eU h chng ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng kch
bt ra khi catt: hf A
2
thch, bn cht kim loi v chng khng ph thuc cng chm sng kch thch.
+ Vn tc ca electron khi n ant ca t bo quang in hay ng tia X ph thuc vn tc
ban u ca n khi bt khi catt (tc l ph thuc , bn cht kim loi), hiu in th UAK,
v n cng khng ph thuc cng chm sng kch thch.
+ Cng dng quang in bo ha ch ph thuc s electron n ant trong mt n v
thi gian ph thuc cng chm sng kch thch (c th l t l thun).
Tr kim loi kim v mt s loi kim loi kim th c gii hn quang in trong min nh
sng nhn thy, cc kim loi khc thng c gii hn kim loi trong min t ngoi.
Quang in tr c th thay th c t bo quang in. Khi cha c nh sng chiu vo,
trong quang in tr tn ti mt dng in nh gi l dng ti.
Ni rng quang in tr c gi tr in tr ph thuc vo nhit sai.
Pin quang in l ngun in bin i trc tip quang nng thnh in nng. Cu to pin
quang in: lp p mng lp n dy cng hai in cc. Sut in ng pin quang in
thng c gi tr t 0,5 V 0,8 V. C pin quang in v quang in tr u hot ng da
trn hin tng quang in trong nn hay nhm ln, v vy cn phn bit hai dng c ny.
Cha tm c phtn ng yn mnh no ni phtn ng yn sai.
Vn 2: Cc vn l thuyt v mu nguyn t Bo
Mu nguyn t Bo da trn mu nguyn t Rdpho, ch khc l Bo c b sung thm
hai gii thuyt tin v trng thi dng v tin v s hp th hoc bc x nng lng.
+ Trng thi dng l trng thi nguyn t c th tn ti. Khi trng thi dng, nguyn t
khng bc x. Nguyn t hir trng thi dng c nng lng thp nht (l E1, ng vi qu
o K) l trng thi c bn. Khi chuyn ln cc mc nng lng cao hn th gi l trng thi
kch thch ( qu o L ng vi E2 trng thi kch thch th nht; qu o M ng vi E3
trng thi kch thch th 2). Trong bi lm cn thn nhm gia trng thi kch thch th
n vi nng lng En.
16
0
in th cc i ca qu cu t c lp c chiu sng bi chm sng c th gy ra hin
mv02
mv02
eU max
tng quang in cho qu cu: U max
.
2e
2
Lu rng khi dng ring r hai bc x 1 v 2 th qu cu c in th cc i tng ng
l V1 v V2 (vi V1 > V2) th khi dng c hai bc x trn, hiu in th cc i ca qu cu s
l V1 (do V1 > V2 nn vi hiu in th V1 th cc electron do 2 lm bt ra quay tr li
qu cu).
Chuyn ng ca electron trong t trng u B (ch dng phng thn, trong chng trnh
gim ti lp 11 gim ti Mc II. Chuyn ng ca ht in tch trong t trng u).
+ Nu v B th lc Lorenx chnh l lc hng tm lm electron chuyn ng trn u vi
mv
v2
bn knh qu o tha mn: f Lorenxo Fht evB me . R e .
R
eB
+ Nu v xin gc vi B th qu o l ng xon c c bn knh nh trn.
+ Nu v cng phng B th lc Lorenx tc dng ln electron bng 0, tc l electron
chuyn ng thng u ra khi t trng.
Dng bi mi: Mt ngun sng c cng sut 2,4 W, pht ra nh sng c bc sng 0,6 m ta u
theo mi hng. Hy xc nh khong cch xa nht ngi ta cn trng thy c ngun sng ny.
Bit rng mt cn cm nhn c nh sng khi c t nht 100 phtn lt vo mt mi giy. Coi
ng knh con ngi khong 4 mm.
A. 470 km.
B. 274 km.
C. 220 m.
D. 269 km.
hc
Gii: Tng nng lng nh nht ca cc phtn lt vo mt l W 100.
(J).
rcn2
100
R 269 km .
xa nht l: I . Mt khc ta li c I
S
4 R 2 4 R 2
4 R 2
rcn2
0
+ Phng x : Bn cht ca tia phng x l ht electron m ( e1 ) b lch v pha bn
19
ln 2
.
T
phng x: H N phng x ph thuc vo bn cht cht phng x v lng
cht phng x.
nh lut bo ton nng lng trong phn ng ht nhn: E K A K B KC K D .
K l ng nng tng ng ca cc ht.
nh lut bo ton ng lng: mA vA mB vB mC vC mD vD
Thng th nu l phn ng bn ph ht nhn th c mt ht B ng yn nn:
Lng cht cn li sau thi gian t: N N0
mA v A mC vC mD vD mA v A
mC vC mD vD
20