Acquaintance Rape On College Campuses

Running head: AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES
Acquaintance Rape on College Campuses: A Critical Review

University of Alabama
Abstract
AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

The goal of this paper is to examine and analyze acquaintance rape on college campuses. This
paper will discuss the following: acquaintance rape, where it happens, when it happens, factors
that put a person at risk for victimization, the profile of a typical perpetrator is, methods used to
incapacitate victims and theories that may explain why acquaintance rapes occur. Many young
women are being victimized on college campuses, and by analyzing the attacks that have
occurred policy makers will be able to develop policies that may prevent future victimizations.
Acquaintance Rape on College Campuses: A Critical Review

The problem of acquaintance rapes on college campuses is an imperative issue because
of the great psychological stress that rape causes victims. Yet offenders often do not feel that they
did anything wrong. According to a study on college women who were sexually victimized, 90
percent of the victims knew their offender. Two-thirds of the victims between the ages 18 and 29
reported having a former relationship with their offender (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). Many
victims drop out of college and are not able to lead productive lives after the incident. In one
study, 34 percent of women who were surveyed by researchers had been forced into sex by a
husband or sexual partner (Basile & Saltzman, 2002). This research shows that acquaintance rape
is a common, dangerous occurrence.
There are numerous reasons as to why acquaintance rapes occur. Alcohol, drugs,
psychological reasons, and peer pressure are some of the many factors that have been linked to
acquaintance rape. The occurrence of acquaintance rape on college campuses can be explained
through elements of script theory, alcohol myopia theory, and routine activities theory. Script
theory argues that rules for social conduct are learned become deeply entrenched. The traditional
script involves a more dominant role for men and a passive role for women. (Turchik, Probst,
Irvin, Chau, & Gidycz, 2010).
Alcohol myopia theory (AMT) is a theory that links the consumption of alcohol to rape.
According to Griffin, Umstattd, and Usdan (2010), alcohol myopia theory proposes that a
persons capability to understand and distinguish the difference in signs and indications
decreases as the person consumes alcohol. There are two types of cues that a person processes
when deciding whether or not to make a precarious decision. Impelling cues are the urges a
person wants instantaneously, and inhibiting cues help screen the irregular behavior and help a
person act normally. Alcohol myopia takes place when the impelling and inhibiting cues
contradict with one another, also called inhibition response conflict (IRC). When this happens
AMT presumes that the effects of alcohol will make people act in an intense and excessive
manner. This simply means that a person under the influence of alcohol has a greater chance of
behaving in a way that they would normally not behave in. The alcohol impairs their thinking
and their ability to make rational decisions (Griffin et al., 2010). Depending on the consumption
of alcohol, AMT can help explain victims actions as well as the offenders actions.
Routine activities theory asserts that in order for a crime to occur a motivated offender
must encounter a suitable target that is not well guarded (Cohen & Felson, 1979). This theory is a
general theory of crime and can be used in the explanation of acquaintance rape on college
campuses, although it is not a theory that focuses solely on the victim. Typically proponents of
the routine activities theory have focused their research on the last two elements of the theory,
the suitable target and the lack of guardianship of the target. Researchers assume that the
offender who commits the crime is motivated due to age or even gender. The theory intends to
focus on what motivates the offender, and it does not accept that a persons age or gender equates
to motivation. There are factors that may increase a persons motivation to commit an
acquaintance rape.
A problem with the traditional view of Routine Activates theory is that crimes are often
blamed on the victim and not on the perpetrator (Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2009). One of the
worst ordeals a rape victim can experience is being blamed for the attack. Many rape victims are
accused of acting in a way that causes them to be raped. By only studying the victims of rape in
an indirect way the scientific community is perpetuating the idea that the victim is to blame.
What makes someone a suitable target and how can we increase guardianship are questions that
many researchers have studied. Few have asked what motivates an offender. With the aim of
truly understanding acquaintance rape it is imperative to examine not only the victim, but the
perpetrator as well.
In order to explain acquaintance rape on college campuses elements from alcohol myopia
theory, as well as elements from script theory must be combined with routine activities theory.
These theories offer insight into what may motivate someone to commit an acquaintance rape,
and they may explicate why certain people become victims.
Literature Review
While it has been reported that 1 in 4 college women experience an incident of sexual
assault (Benson, Charleon, & Goodhart, 1992), a study of 314 college females found that up to
13% of college women have experienced rape, with approximately 75% of these being
acquaintance rape (Lawyer, Resnick, Bakanic, Burkett, & Kilpatric, 2010). The aim of this
research is to examine acquaintance rape on college campuses. An acquaintance rape is a sexual
assault committed by someone that the victim is familiar and/or associated with. Acquaintance
rape is also known as date rape and is common on college campuses (Benson et al., 1992).
While acquaintance rape is more common than stranger rape, it is not reacted to as
strongly as stranger rape. These rapes are often underreported, with some statistics reporting
only 5% of victims disclosing attacks to the authorities (Simpson, 2003). Information from other
studies found that the number of victims who report attacks to authorities to be as low as 1 out of
every 100 victims (Benson et al., 1992). While these discrepancies may be due to differences in
sampling and or survey methods, the data from official records such as the National Criminal
Justice Reverence Service (NCJRS) are generally not as reliable as self-reported data. This may
suggest the one percent estimate to be an accurate representation.
Risk Factors
The typical victim of an acquaintance rape is a female between the ages of 16 and 24 who
drinks regularly, and has been the victim of a previous sexual assault (Benson et al., 1992). All
three of these factors place a woman at a greater risk for victimization. Women of these ages are
often in a transitional period. New experiences including more time with their peers and less
time with their parents (Lawyer et al., 2010), lead to decreases in the amount of outside
protection and supervision for young women. Due to their lack of life experiences, it has also
been proposed that young women are more vulnerable to acquaintance rape than older women.
Societal roles may also have an impact on the reaction of these young women toward sexually
aggressive men, and the victim may even feel responsible for the attack (Benson et al., 1992).
Both location and time of day are important factors with this type of assault. Thirtyseven percent of acquaintance rapes occur between 6 p.m. and midnight, while 50% occur after
midnight; this leaves only 12% of acquaintance rapes occurring between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.
These attacks often take place in the victims home or a friend of the victims home, where
alcohol consumption is taking place (Simpson, 2003).
Women who consume alcohol on a regular basis are at a higher risk for acquaintance rape
than women who do not consume alcohol regularly. These women are more likely to find a man,
who they otherwise may not be attracted to, attractive when they are drinking (Griffin et al.,
2010). Women who are drinking are also more likely to find themselves in unsafe situations with
a man they may have only recently met. A womens intoxication level may also lead to a
misinterpretation of her attackers actions or commands. An attacker may coerce a women into a
vulnerable situation and if the women is intoxicated she may not properly realize the severity of
the situation (Benson et al., 2007).
More specific than simple alcohol consumption, binge drinking is an even greater risk
factor for acquaintance rape. Binge drinking (consuming more than 4 drinks in a single drinking
occasion/sitting) has become very common among female college students. A survey of 469
female students showed 48% reported participating in binge drinking within the past 90 days
(Testa, Hoffman, & Livingston, 2010). Women who binge drink often place themselves in
dangerous situations such as those described above. Because of this, a woman who has been
binge drinking is at a higher risk of becoming a victim of acquaintance rape than those who do
not binge drink (McCauley, Calhoun & Gidycz, 2010).
The occurrence of a previous sexual assault may be the greatest indicator of future
acquaintance rape. The correlation between women with a past sexual assault and women who
experienced an acquaintance rape is significant. In a study with a sample of 469 college females
with an average age of 18, 70.2% of those who experienced acquaintance rape were victims of a
previous acquaintance rape (Testa et al., 2010). This study had a large sample size but only
included college freshmen. Due to the lack of experience living away from home for freshmen,
it is possible that the percentage of rape victims could be lower for upperclassmen. Lawyer et al.
(2010) reported that 93 college females experienced a total of 165 sexual assaults. This indicates
that many women are experiencing repeated sexual assault. These studies found that previous
sexual assault is the one of the best predictors for acquaintance rape (Lawyer et al., 2010; Testa
et al., 2010).
Offender Profile and Methods
The typical man who commits an acquaintance rape is a white male under the age of 25
who consumes alcohol regularly and is sexually aggressive. Young men are often more
aggressive than older men and may lack sexual self-control (Benson et al., 1992). As with
women, mens judgment is also impaired by alcohol. While under the influence of alcohol men
are more likely to misinterpret a womans verbal and physical clues as apposed to an unimpaired
male. Some male offenders may also have the false impression that, because they know their
victim, their actions are not considered rape (Benson et al., 1992). One study found that 35% of
men surveyed admitted they would commit rape if they believed they would not get caught
(Benson et al., 1992). Unfortunately there have not been many studies on men who commit
acquaintance rape; this makes it difficult to have a complete offender profile.
Many acquaintance rapes occur while the victim is incapacitated. The most common way
a victim becomes incapacitated is by voluntary alcohol consumption. Although alcohol
intoxication is the most common route, offenders will often use date rape drugs. A date rape
drug is any substance unknowingly taken by the victim that causes them to become incoherent or
less aware of their actions. Common date rape drugs are: MDMD (ecstasy), GHB, Ketamine,
and Rohypnol. All of these have tranquilizer-like effects and make it easier for a person
influenced by these substances to be victimized (Lawyer et al., 2010).
Theories
There are several theories linked to acquaintance rape. Alcohol myopia and routine
activities theory are two of these. Alcohol myopia theory posits that while persons are under the
influence of alcohol they are more likely to follow pleasurable impulses and be less aware of
signals from dangerous ones (Griffin et al., 2010). Some people who have committed
acquaintance rape report having never raped anyone while not under the influence of alcohol.
The high incidence of acquaintance rape on college campuses is likely related to the high rate of
alcohol consumption on college campuses. A study that tested alcohol myopia theory by
comparing the results of previous studies found that women are more likely to engage in risky
sexual behavior while drinking (Griffin et al., 2010). Although alcohol myopia theory seems to
have some empirical support, more examination of alcohols affect on a persons cognitive
response to external stimuli is needed (Griffin et al., 2010).
Cass (2007) found results that conflicted with alcohol myopia theory. The results of the
study found that alcohol consumption was not the main risk factor in a womans likelihood of
being a victim of sexual assault; rather the greatest factor was a close proximity to a motivated
offender. This idea is expressed in routine activities theory. Routine activities theory states that
crime occurs when a person, who is motivated to commit a crime, encounters an attractive target
who is not well protected (Cohen & Felson, 1979). Routine activities theory has been linked to
campus acquaintance rape in a study conducted in Canada (Schwartz, DeKeseredy, Tait, & Alvi,
2001). It is one of the few studies about campus acquaintance rape that focused on offenders as
well as victims. Canadian studies generally found higher incidences of assaults on campus, so
there is the possibility of the results differing for American males and the study not being
applicable to American acquaintance rape.
With all the conflicting findings about Campus acquaintance rape it is imperative that
more research be done. Studies should focus on both the victim and the offender. It may also be
necessary to test other theories as well, such as script theory that posits that societal roles are
learned behavior (Turchik et al., 2010).
Methods
The goal of our research is to examine acquaintance rape on college campuses. We
hypothesize that one factor that motivates men to commit acquaintance rape is the social script
which instills in them the idea of a dominant male and a submissive female. We also hypothesize
that consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting, or heavy episodic drinking (HED), will
contribute to a man being less able to recognize when a woman rejects his sexual advances. This
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HED also helps motivate him to commit an acquaintance rape. The number of acquaintance
rapes by college males is the dependent variable we are aiming to examine. The independent
variables that we posit will affect this dependent variable are the college males HED and his
social script. Thus, we hypothesize that, on college campuses, a males social script, in
combination with heavy episodic drinking, enables him to become a motivated offender and will
contribute to the likelihood that he is the offender in an acquaintance rape.
The sampling goal of our project is to represent the population of the higher education
male students in the United States. In order to achieve this goal we will use multi-stage cluster
sampling to gather our sample of males in higher education. We will contact the colleges and
universities by phone informing them our studys intentions and asking them for their
participation. Of the colleges and universities agreeing to participate, we will randomly select
ten of them from each of the four major geographical regions of the county (i.e., West, Midwest,
Northeast, and South). This will allow us to prevent any discrepancies that may arise from
regional differences. Within the selected colleges and universities we will exclude any colleges
and universities consisting of a primary gender or race. Also we will exclude the following types
of schools from our study: private schools, military schools, and schools with an enrollment of
less than 5,000. Excluding these types of schools from our study will ensure more accurate
representation of the population higher education students. This will enable us to have a total of
40 colleges and universities from which to gather our sample population. We will then ask the
selected colleges and universities for a list of the e-mail addresses of their student populations.
From these list we will randomly select 1,000 undergraduate male students from each school
who we will then send a preliminary email, one week in advance, informing them of the
intentions of our research. The questionnaire surveys will then be emailed to the students along
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with a privacy disclosure assuring them of their confidentiality. The surveys will be completely
voluntary with no incentive to participate. We are hoping to achieve a response rate of 50 to 75
percent and this will allow us to have anywhere from 20 to 30 thousand participants in our study.
Our questionnaire survey will consist of quantifiable research questions and statements
that will operationalize if, on college campuses, a males social roles script in combination with
heavy episodic drinking will contribute to the likelihood that he is the offender in an
acquaintance rape. Our survey will be a self-report questionnaire relying on the honesty of the
participant. We will use close-ended questions with the answer responses being assigned numeric
values, which will allow us to quantify our data and determine if our variables correlate.
Although extraneous variable such as dishonest answer choices are a threat to the validity of our
study, self-report surveys are the best method available for exploring the male offender in
acquaintance rapes.
Our questionnaire survey will begin with statements in which the respondents will choose
how much he agrees or disagrees with the statements, with the answer choices in the form of a
Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Use of a Likert scale will allow our
respondents answers choice to be quantified and our variables correlation with one another
easily tested. Lastly, our survey will conclude with demographic questions (i.e., age, race,
classification, organization affiliation, and finances), which will allow us to see what kind of
roles, if any, these moderating variables have in the occurrence of acquaintance rape.
Questions 1-3 of our questionnaire are aimed at operationalizing elements of the
respondents male social script with emphasis on his familys finances. The idea here is that the
higher amount of agreement to the importance of the fathers role in his familys finances, the
more dominant the respondents idea of a male social role will be. Questions 4-7 more fully
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operationalize the respondents social script, with higher amounts of agreement directly
reflecting his idea of a dominant role for males and passive one for females, conversely high
amounts of disagreement would reveal the respondents idea of male and female social roles as
being more neutral. Questions 8 and 9 are focused on the respondents social script as well,
however they are more directly related to the respondents script of male and female sexual roles.
Again, with the idea being that the father will pass on a more dominate role for men in sexual
activities and more passive role for females. While if the mother is the one to inform the
respondent, a more neutral male role may be passed along to him. Additionally, questions 10 and
11 will further operationalize this variable by emphasizing how much importance the respondent,
and the respondents friends, place on having multiple sexual partners, with more importance
associating with a more sexually aggressive role for males and less importance associating with a
less sexually aggressive or neutral male role.
Question 12 operationalizes our independent variable of heavy episodic drinking by
asking the respondent if they often actually participate in HED and questions 13-15 focus on
how the respondents behavior and attitudes towards women are affected by their HED. The
remainder of the survey is utilized in testing our dependent variable, the actual occurrences of
acquaintance rape, and these questions are borrowed and modified from a modified version of
the Sexual Experience Survey (Lawyer et al., 2010).
Questions 16-23 asks the respondents to admit whether or not they have performed
anything from inebriated sex acts with an willing participant to fully conscious sexual
intercourse with an unwilling participant. Each of the questions is repeated with an emphasis on
if the respondent was under the influence of alcohol or not. This will allow us to quantify how
many of our instances of acquaintance rape involve an intoxicated offender. Each of the six
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questions is also a contingency question with an answer choice of agree or strongly agree
prompting the respondent to go into further detail about the incident in question. Close-ended
questions are then given that provide information about the incident such as the amount of time
the responded and the victim were acquainted and the events leading up to the incident.
The respondents feelings about the incident are also tested. These contingency questions
will allow us to have a more accurate representation of each individual attempted, or achieved,
instance of acquaintance rape. Although these final question are in the form of close-ended
questions, in each of the questions, except for the question regarding the length of time the
respondent knew the victim, we allow for a response of other along with a space for the
respondent to write in his answer. This allows for the respondent to provide an accurate response
to our questions, provided that the supplied answer choices do not accurately portray the
circumstances in question.
Conclusion
Through this research we expect to find that men have learned to be dominant through
the social script. The survey we have developed will allow us to access to what extent the social
script influences our participants. We will be able to determine if acquaintance rape offenders
are highly influenced by the social script using our 3-question scale.
This research is important, but in order to completely validate our findings more research
into the social script aspect of our hypothesis will be necessary. Our findings may only be
generalized to public university men. In order to find out if the social script influences all men
research of men who are not in college and are not in the college age range in necessary.
If our research supports our hypothesis, implementation of social education classes that
teach men that woman are to be treated as equals maybe necessary in schools. It is necessary to
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teach from an early age that one sex is neither dominant of subordinate to the opposite sex.
Programs that use information from this study may prevent future incidences of acquaintance
rapes.
We also expect to find that men who consume more than five drinks in one sitting, heavy
episodic drinking (HED), are less able to recognize when a women rejects his sexual advances.
We expect this lack of recognition to contributes to the likely hood that a man will commit an
acquaintance rape. We predict that the HED will be found to motivate men to commit an
acquaintance rape.
In order to validate our findings more research into HED will need to be conducted. Our
research is limited to public university students and in order to generalize it to the rest of society
the research will need to be repeated with subjects who are not attending a university. It is our
assumption that HED affects men who do not attend public universities in the same way in
affects men who do attend public universities, but they are not included in our sample.
If our hypothesis is supported, programs that teach alcohol education may need to include
an extensive section on HED related acquaintance rape. The implementation of more alcohol
education may be necessary as well. HED has been a significant predictor of not only who was a
victim of acquaintance rape, but also who committed acquaintance rape. In order to reduce the
number of acquaintance rapes on college campuses education about HED is crucial.
We will inform the government if we find support for our hypotheses. We will also send
a copy of our results to all public college campuses. We will inform them that social script and
HED influence acquaintance rape significantly. We will explain that educations about societal
roles as well as HED are necessary on college campuses.
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In order for people to receive an adequate education it is crucial that college campuses
are safe. The high numbers of acquaintance rape are not acceptable. Many women are assaulted
every year and in order to protect these women we must educate men who are potential
predators. They must be taught that women are not their subordinates and that they are more
dangerous when they participate in HED.
References
Basile, K.C., and L.E. Saltzman. Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and
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recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2002.
Benson, B. J., Gohm, C. L., & Gross, A. M. (2007). College women and sexual assault: The role
of sex-related alcohol expectancies. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 341-351.
Benson, D., Charlton, C., & Goodhart, F. (1992). Acquaintance rape on campus: A literature
review. Journal of American College Health, 40(4), 157-165.
Cass, A. I. (2007). Routine activities and sexual assault: An analysis of individual - and schoollevel factors. Violence and Victims, 22(3), 350-366.
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity
approach. American Sociological Review, 44(8), 588-608.
Fisher, B.S., F.T. Cullen, and M.G. Turner. The sexual victimization of college women.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics and National
Institute of Justice, 2000, NCJ 182369.
Griffin, J. A., Umstattd, M. R., & Usdan, S. L. (2010). Alcohol use and high-risk sexual
behavior among collegiate women: A review of research on alcohol myopia theory.
Journal of American College Health, 58(6), 523-532.
Lawyer, S., Resnick, H., Bakanic, V., Burkett, T., & Kilpatrick, D. (2010). Forcible, drugfacilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women.
Journal of American College Health, 58(5), 453-460.
Masser, B., Lee, K., & McKimmie, B. (2009). Bad woman, bad victim? disentangling the effects
of victim stereotypicality, gender stereotypicality and benevolent sexism on acquaintance
rape victim blame. Sex Roles, 62(7/8), 494-504.
McCauley, J. L., Calhoun, K. S., & Gidycz, C. A. (2010). Binge drinking and rape: A prospective
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examination of college women with a history of previous sexual victimization. Journal of

Interpersonal Violence, 25(9), 1655-1668.
Schwartz, M. D., DeKeseredy, W. S., Tait, D., & Alvi, S. (2001). Male peer support and a
feminist routine activities theory: Understanding sexual assault on the college campus.
Justice Quarterly, 18(3), 623-650.
Simpson, R. (2003). Acquaintance rape of college students. Problem-Orienting Guides for
Police Problem Guides Series, 17, 1-45.
Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Livingston, J. A. (2010). Alcohol and sexual risk behaviors as
mediators of the sexual victimization-revictimization relationship. Journal of Consulting
and Clinal Psychology, 78(2), 249-259.
Turchik, J., Probst, D., Irvin, C., Chau, M., & Gidycz, C. (2010). Prediction of sexual assault
experiences in college women based on rape scripts: a prospective analysis. Psychology
of Violence, 1, 76-83.
You participation in this survey is greatly appreciated. Any information provided by you during
this survey will remain confidential. Participation in the survey is completely voluntary. If, at
any time during the survey, you decide that you no longer wish to participate you may simply
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close your browser window. If you have any questions about your rights in participating in this
research study, you may contact us by email.
Please select how much you agree with each of the following statements.
1. It is important to my father that my father be the main financial provider.

Strongly agree
Agree
Neither agree or disagree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
2. It is important to my mother that my father be the main financial provider.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
3. It is important to me that my father be the main financial provider.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
4. I would be upset if my future spouse does not take, what I consider, an adequate amount of
time off from work after our child(s) birth.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
5. I would be upset if my future spouse chooses a career over being a stay-at-home mom.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
6. I am more likely to be the pursuer in a sexual relationship
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
7. I do not want a woman to be the pursuer in a sexual relationship.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
8. My father is the one who I had the sex-talk with.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
9. My mother is the one who I had the sex-talk with.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
10. It is important to me to have sex with multiple women.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
11. My friends encourage me to have sex with multiple women.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
19
20
12. I often consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
13. After consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks I feel that women find me more attractive.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
14. After consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks I am more likely to touch women in a sexual
manner than if I had not consumed 5 or more drinks.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
15. I am more likely to think a woman is being receptive to my sexual advances after consuming
5 or more alcoholic drinks than when I have not consumed 5 or more alcohol it drinks.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
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16. I have had sex acts (vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse or penetration by objects other than the
penis) with someone when they did NOT want to when I was under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
If you agreed or strongly agreed to the previous question, please answer the following:
How long had you and the other person known each other?
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
Where did the event take place?
My residence
The other persons residence
An acquaintances of mines residence
An acquaintances of the other persons residence
Hotel/motel or other short-term rental property
Outdoor setting
Other___________
Where were you and the other person mainly at in the time leading up to the event that occurred?
(multiple responses are acceptable)
On a date
At a school sanctioned event (e.g., dance, concert, sporting event)
At a non-school sanctioned event (e.g., house party, carnival, concert)
At a Bar
At my residence
At the other persons residence
Other_____________
How would you characterize the event that took place?
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other_________
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17. I have had sex acts (vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse or penetration by objects other than the
penis) with someone when they did NOT when I was NOT under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
At my residence
Other_____________
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
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Rape
Other_____________
18. I have had attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of person, attempted to insert penis) with
someone when they did NOT want to but intercourse did NOT happen when I was under the
influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
At my residence
Other_____________
Having a good time
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Not a big deal

Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other_____________
19. I have had attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of person, attempted to insert penis) with
someone when they did NOT want to but intercourse did NOT happen when I was NOT under
the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
At my residence
Other_____________

Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other_____________
20. I have had sexual intercourse with someone when they were passed out from alcohol and I
was under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
25
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
At my residence
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Other_____________
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other_____________
21. I have had sexual intercourse with someone when they were passed out from alcohol when I
was NOT under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
27
At my residence
Other______________
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other______________
22. I have had sexual intercourse with someone when they were NOT passed out from alcohol
when they did NOT want to and I was under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
28

At a Bar
At my residence
Other______________
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other______________
23. I have had sexual intercourse with someone when they were NOT passed out from alcohol
when they did NOT want to and I was NOT under the influence of alcohol.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months or less
1 year or less
3 years or less
Longer than 3 years
My residence
Outdoor setting
Other___________
On a date
At a Bar
At my residence
Other______________
Having a good time
Not a big deal
Mistake
Attempted rape
Rape
Other______________
Age
18-19
20-22
23-25
26-27
28 or older
Race
White
Black or African American
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish Origin
Asian
Native American or Pacific Islander
Two or more races
Some other race__________
Student Classification
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Student Organizations (multiple responses are acceptable)

Greek Fraternity
Honor Society
Intermural Sports Team
29
Religious Club
Academic Club
None
Other__________
How is your tuition paid for? (multiple responses are acceptable)

Scholarship
Grants
Loans
Parents
Personal Expenses
Other__________
Where do you receive your spending money? (multiple responses are acceptable)
Work-Study
Part-time job other than work study
Full-time job
Parents
Stipend
Loan or Grant Refunds
Other__________
30
31

Acquaintance Rape On College Campuses

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Acquaintance Rape On College Campuses

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Running head: AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Acquaintance Rape on College Campuses: A Critical Review

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Acquaintance Rape on College Campuses: A Critical Review

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

examination of college women with a history of previous sexual victimization. Journal of

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

1. It is important to my father that my father be the main financial provider.

2. It is important to my mother that my father be the main financial provider.

3. It is important to me that my father be the main financial provider.

6. I am more likely to be the pursuer in a sexual relationship

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

7. I do not want a woman to be the pursuer in a sexual relationship.

8. My father is the one who I had the sex-talk with.

9. My mother is the one who I had the sex-talk with.

10. It is important to me to have sex with multiple women.

11. My friends encourage me to have sex with multiple women.

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

12. I often consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Not a big deal

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

How would you characterize the event that took place?

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

At a non-school sanctioned event (e.g., house party, carnival, concert)

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Student Organizations (multiple responses are acceptable)

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

How is your tuition paid for? (multiple responses are acceptable)

AQUAINTANCE RAPE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

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