Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WWW - Fime.uanl - MX Homepage DSM DOCS PROYECTOS Transient Vibrations Report
WWW - Fime.uanl - MX Homepage DSM DOCS PROYECTOS Transient Vibrations Report
D.F. LEDEZMA
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
x2
x2
X1(t)
Fig. 1.- Single spring-mass system, subjected to impulsive excitations. (a) Force F(t), (b)
Ground displacement, (c) Ground acceleration.
The differential equation governing the motion of the systems shown in figure
1, are:
m x = kx + F (t )
m x = k [x u (t )]
m x + x (t ) = k x
or
mx
F (t )
+x=
k
k
or
mx
+ x = u (t )
k
or
m x
m u (t )
+x =
k
k
(1)
(2)
(3)
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
m
v + v = (t )
k
(4)
Where v is the response of the system, and the excitation, both functions of
time. However, sometimes it is necessary to express excitation and response
using more specific notations. The alternate forms of excitation and response
are given in table 1(1).
Excitation (t)
Force
F (t )
k
Ground displacement
u (t )
Response v(t)
Absolute displacement
Absolute displacement
Relative displacement
Ground acceleration
u (t )
n2
Ground acceleration
u (t )
Ground velocity
u (t )
Absolute acceleration
Absolute velocity
nth derivative of
nth derivative of
n
ground displacement
d u
(t )
dt n
absolute displacement
dnx
dt n
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
t
c
(t ) =
c
[0 t ]
[ t ]
(5)
m
T
= 1+
sin
c
(6)
(t ) = 2
t
1-cos
[ 0 t ]
[ t ]
(7)
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
m
1
= 1+
cos
2
2
c
( 4 T ) 1 T
(7)
a) Cycloidal front.
c 2 t
2 t
-sin
(t ) = 2
[ 0 t ]
[ t ]
m
1
= 1+
sin
c
(1 2 T 2 ) T
(8)
(9)
a
b
c
Figure 3.- Time response curves and excitation functions for (a) constant slope front, (b)versed sine
front and (c)cycloidal front.
Symmetrical pulses.
A pulselike excitation is a more complex function, being equivalent to the
superposition of two or more successive step functions. Consider three single
symmetrical pulses; rectangular, half sine and versed sine. The excitation
functions and time response equations are given by the following equations (1).
Residual response factors are set in brackets.
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
a) Rectangular
( t ) = p
= p (1 cos (nt ) )
[0 t ]
(10)
( t ) = 0
t
= p 2sin sin n t
T
2
[ t ]
(11)
[0 t ]
(12)
[ t ]
(13)
t
( t ) = p sin
p
t T
=
sin sin nt
1 T 2 4 2 2
( t ) = 0
(T ) cos ( T )
sin n t
= p
2
2
2
T 4 1
c) Versed sine
2 t
( t ) = 1 cos
2
2
= p 2 1 + cos 2 t cos t
( n )
1 2 T 2 T 2 T 2
( t ) = 0
sin ( T )
sin n t
= p
2
2
1
T
[0 t ]
[ t ]
Time response curves and excitation functions are shown in fig. 5, for different
values of the ratio T .
(14)
(15)
ISVR
Ratio
D.F. LEDEZMA
Rectangular
Half sine
Versed sine
1/4
1/2
3/2
5/2
Figure 5.- Time response curves for several symmetrical pulses; rectangular, half sine, and
versed sine, for different values of T
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
2.0
m/c
1.5
Constant Slope
Versed Sine
Cycloidal
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Ratio /T
Figure 5.- Maximax response spectrum for three step functions; constant slope, versed sine,
and cycloidal.
From the analysis of these graphs we can observe that the extreme values of
the ratio of maximum response to step height m c are 1 and 2. When the
ratio of step rise time to natural period T tends to 0, m c tends to its
maximum of 2, and when T approaches infinity, the step is no longer a
dynamic excitation, in consequence the inertia forces of the system tends to
zero, and m c approaches the lower value of 1(1).
It is clear that for certain values of T , the ratio m c is equal to 1. The
lowest value of T for which m c =1, are: constant slope, 1.0; versed sine,
1.5; cycloidal, 2.0 (1).
Response spectra for symmetrical pulses (rectangular, half-sine and versed
sine) are shown in fig. 6. A further analysis of these plots and the time
response curves (Fig. 5) reveals that for values of T less than (this is the
case of short duration pulses), the shape of the pulse is of less importance in
determining the maximum value of the response, but, in contrast, if T is
larger than , the shape may be of great significance.
The maximum value of the residual response amplitude for the shapes
discussed is often a good approximation to maximum of maximax response, and
they occur at values of T not greatly different from each other (1).
The residual response amplitude generally has zero values for certain finite
values of T (1).
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
Ratio /
2.0
1.5
Residual response
Maximax response
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Ratio /T
(a)
Response spectrum for half sine pulse
Single degree of freedom, undamped
2.5
Ratio m/
2.0
1.5
Maximax response
Residual response
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Ratio /T
(b)
Response spectrum for versed sine pulse
SIngle degree of freedom undamped
2.5
Ratio /
2.0
Residual response
Maximax response
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Ratio /T
(b)
Figure 6.- Shock response spectrum for maximax and residual amplitude for three symmetrical
pulses; (a)rectangular, (b)half sine. (c)versed sine.
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
or
n2
v+
v+ v = ( t )
Figure 6 shows a response spectrum for a single degree of freedom system with
viscous damping, subjected to a half sine pulse excitation (1).
Figure 6. Maximax response spectrum for a single degree of freedom system with viscous
damping under subjected to a half sine pulse excitation, for various values of damping ratio(1).
ISVR
D.F. LEDEZMA
From the shock response spectrum and time responses for step functions, it is
clear that the maximax response occurs always after the excitation has
reached its maximum. On the other hand, for pulse functions, the response
depends upon the ratio between the duration of the pulse and the natural
period of the system. Or, in other words, if the pulse is of short duration, the
shape of the pulse has not importance (for T less than 1/2), and the
maximax occurs after the excitation has ceased. In contrast, when the pulse is
long, the shape plays an important role, and maximax response can occur
during the pulse, and after it has ceased. For some values of T , residual
response its zero.
The inclusion of viscous damping in the system causes a decrease in the
maximax response. Most of the work has been carried out considering only
viscous damping. Further research can be done in investigating the behavior of
the system when the damping is structural.
3. REFERENCES.
1. Harris and Creede: Shock and vibration handbook, 1996.
2. Ayre, R. S.: Engineering vibrations, 1958
3. Timoshenko S, Young D H, Weaver W.: Vibration problems in engineering,
1974
4. Snowdon J C.: Vibration and shock in damped mechanical systems, 1968
5. Morrow: Shock and vibration engineering, 1963