Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CN Che Bien KTN&KDH - NTMHien PDF
CN Che Bien KTN&KDH - NTMHien PDF
Li Gii thiu
T thng 12 nm 1998 Nh my x l kh Dinh C, nh my x l kh
u tin ca nc ta chnh thc i vo hot ng, cung cp LPG phc v
cho cng nghip v dn dng. Cc d n Kh in m s I Vng Tu,
d n Kh in m s II C Mau v ang trin khai thc hin,
nhm s dng c hiu qu ngun nguyn liu kh thin nhin v kh ng
hnh ca t nc. Trc s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip du kh ni
chung v ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin kh ni ring, nhu cu o to k
s v k thut vin hng nm ngy cng tng.
Cun Cng ngh ch bin kh thin nhin v kh ng hnh c bin
son nhm mc ch gii thiu cho cc k s, k thut vin v sinh vin
chuyn ngnh Cng ngh Ho du v kh nhng kin thc c bn v cc
phng php tnh ton hn hp cc hydrocacbon t C 1 n C 10 , H 2 O, CO 2 ,
H 2 S, ... cc cu t chnh trong thnh phn kh t nhin v kh ng hnh,
phc v cho vic tnh ton thit k cc qu trnh cng ngh x l kh. ng
thi cun sch cng cp n mt s qu trnh cng ngh chuyn ho kh
t nhin v kh ng hnh thnh cc hp cht ch yu s dng lm nguyn
liu cho cng ngh tng hp hu c - ho du.
Cun sch c chia lm ba phn:
Phn I: Thnh phn v tnh cht ca kh t nhin v kh ng hnh.
Trong phn ny gii thiu thnh phn, tnh cht v phng php tnh ton
cc i lng nhit ng ca hn hp kh t nhin v kh ng hnh. Trong
mi chng u c cc bi ton v d p dng lm sng t l thuyt, cng
c cc kin thc c bn. Tc gi cng a vo trong phn ny cc th
thc nghim rt cn thit cho vic tnh ton thit k cng ngh.
Phn II: Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn ch bin kh, bao gm cc
cng ngh lm sch kh khi cc tp cht (tch bi, lm ngt kh, sy kh) v
cc qu trnh cng ngh ch bin hin ang c s dng ph bin. l
Mc lc
Li gii thiu
Phn I
11
Chng I
Gii thiu v kh t nhin v kh ng hnh
13
13
15
17
19
19
21
24
27
31
40
51
55
55
5
III.2. Cc i lng ti hn
58
72
73
Chng IV
Tnh cht ca h hydrocacbon v nc
77
IV.1. Hm m ca kh
77
77
92
93
94
97
Phn II
113
113
116
127
Chng VI
Ch bin kh bng phng php ngng t
131
132
143
147
Chng VII
Ch bin kh bng phng php hp th
VII.1. S nguyn l cng ngh ch bin kh bng phng php hp th
155
155
162
166
Chng VIII
Ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct
176
Chng IX
Phm vi ng dng ca cc qu trnh ch bin kh
181
Phn III
185
Chng X
Oxy ho ghp i metan
187
187
192
Chng XI
Cc cng ngh chuyn ho metan thnh kh tng hp
194
XI.1. C ch qu trnh
194
195
202
204
Chng XII
Cng ngh tng hp metanol
206
206
209
Chng XIII
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac
223
223
227
Chng XIV
Cng ngh tng hp axetylen
233
233
257
259
263
242
288
i
i
Tha s acentric
T trng
H s hiu chnh i vi kh chua
H s fugat ca cu t i
H s hot ca cu t i
ai
Hot ca cu t i
C3
fi
Fugat ca cu t i
fi
fi
fi
fw
Fugat ca hi nc
gi
Khi lng ca cu t i
Hng s tc ca phn ng
KP
Ki
K r-k
Hng s cn bng rn - kh
Mi
ni
S mol cu t i
Pc
p sut ti hn
Pc
P ci
p sut ti hn ca cu t i
P qt
p sut quy t
Pr
p sut rt gn
Pr
Nhit tuyt i, K
Tc
Nhit ti hn
Tc
T ci
Nhit ti hn ca cu t i
Tr
Nhit rt gn
Tr
vi
Vc
Th tch ti hn
Vc
V ci
Th tch ti hn ca cu t i
Vi
Th tch ca cu t i
Vr
Th tch rt gn
Vr
Hm m ca hn hp kh chua
W1
Hm m ca CO 2
W2
Hm m ca H 2 S
W hc
xi
xi
xw
yw
H s chu nn
Cc ch vit tt
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Kh ng hnh ho lng
Kh t nhin ho lng
Kh t nhin nn
10
phn I
11
12
Chng I
Gii thiu v kh t nhin v kh ng hnh
Bch H
(l 09)
Rng (l 09)
ng hnh
Rng ng
(l 09)
Ruby
(l 01)
Kh t do
76,82
11,87
5,98
1,04
0,32
0,50
1,00
84,77
7,22
3,46
1,70
1,30
76,54
6,89
8,25
0,78
0,50
77,62
10,04
5,94
2,83
0,97
0,33
0,42
78.02
10,67
6,70
1,74
0,38
0,60
0,07
Lan Ty
(06-1)
Lan
(06-1)
88,5
4,3
2,4
0,6
1,4
0,3
1,9
10,0
93,9
2,3
0,5
0,1
0,2
1,6
1,2
Cha o
77,25
9,49
3,38
1,34
0,48
4,50
81,00
5,20
2,8
1,50
4,70
0,11
4,40
89,44
3,80
1,48
0,71
0,54
0,15
3.88
PM3
Metan C 1
77,91
89,65
89,42
Etan C 2
6,86
2,74
4,26
Propan C 3
4,09
0,40
2,38
Butan C 4
1,98
0,17
1,12
Condensat C 5 +
0,42
0,05
0,32
N2
0,80
2,14
0,34
CO 2
7,86
4,38
1,88
H2S
24 ppm
14
UNOCAL
L Ty Nam
Chng II
Cc tnh cht ca kh t nhin v kh ng hnh
II.1. Phng trnh trng thi ca cc hydrocacbon
Cc tnh cht vt l ca kh t nhin v kh ng hnh ph thuc vo
cc thng s ca hn hp v thnh phn ho hc ca n. Thnh phn ca h
nhiu cu t c th biu din bng nng theo khi lng (x i ), theo mol
(x i ), hoc theo th tch (v i ). Nh vy nu g i l khi lng ca cu t th i
trong hn hp th nng phn khi lng ca cu t i s c biu din
bng biu thc sau:
x i = g i
gi
(II.1)
x i = ni
ni
(II.2)
Vi
(II.3)
PV = nRT
(II.4)
(II.5)
P = RT + ( B 0 RT A 0 C 0 / T 2 ). 2 + ( bRT a ). 3
+ a 6 + ( c 3 / T 2 ).(1 + 2 ) e
(II.6)
P =
RT
a
0, 5
vb
T v(v + b)
(II.7)
P =
RT
a( T )
vb
v(v + b) + b(v b)
(II.8)
= logP r 1
(II.9)
trong :
P r = P*/P c
(II.10)
P* l p sut hi T = 0,7 T c ; P c l p sut ti hn; T c l nhit ti hn.
Tha s c s dng ph bin nh mt cng c hiu chnh s sai
lch trong phng trnh trng thi kh thc.
Ngi ta cn a ra thng s hiu chnh z v phng trnh trng thi c
dng n gin:
PV = zRT
(II.11)
( P).( MW )
zRT
(II.12)
Rn
Rn
+
Lng
Lng
Lng
+ Hi
p sut
Hi
Rn + Hi
Th tch
Hnh II.1. Gin P V T ca h mt cu t
21
nhng c bit quan trng l min HCI. Ngi ta c th biu din trn h hai
trc to P T hoc P V. Tt c cc min hai pha u vung gc vi trc
nhit nn s l cc ng cong trong to P T nh trn hnh II.2.
p sut
Hi qu nhit hoc
kh
Lng
Rn
Hi
im ba
nhit
Hnh II.2. Gin P T ca h mt cu t
im C l im ti hn ng vi nhit ti hn TC v p sut ti hn P C . Ti
im ny, cc tnh cht ca lng v hi tr thnh ng nht. i vi n
cht, im ti hn c th c nh ngha l im m pha trn n, pha lng
khng th tn ti nh mt pha c lp. Ni cch khc, pha trn im ti hn
kh khng th b ho lng bng cch nn p sut cao. Pha trn im C h
c m t nh pha lng cht (dense fluid) khc vi pha hi v lng thng
thng (liquid).
ng HC thng c gi l ng p sut hi. Cng c khi c gi
l ng cong im sng, v ng cong im bt ca n cht. Xem xt
qu trnh chuyn pha ng p trn hnh II.2. T "m" n "n" h trng thi
rn. H hon ton trng thi lng trong khong o - b. Ti "b", h trng
thi lng bxo ho. Bt k s cung cp nng lng s lm lng ho thnh hi
nhit v p sut khng i. Ti "d", h trng thi hi bxo ho. Tip
tc tng nhit s nhn c hi qu nhit.
Ti cc gi tr p sut v nhit trn ng HC h c th tn ti hon
ton trng thi lng bxo ho hoc hi bxo ho hoc hn hp lng hi. iu
kin h tn ti trng thi pha no ph thuc vo mc nng lng
p sut v nhit xc nh.
Hnh vung "bfghd" trn hnh II.2 m t tnh cht pha quan trng khc
c xc minh bng thc nghim. Gi s trong bnh cha c ca s c
y mt cht lng no . t bnh cha ti iu kin ca im b v chiu
vo ca s cho d quan st. Tng p sut nhit khng i (nn ng
nhit), i t "b" ti "f" nh sng s b m i. Ti mt im no (tng t
nh khi chng ta nhy mt) nh sng hon ton bin mt. Khi ny, trong
bnh cha c mt ci g ging nh hi nhng khng to bt nh vn
thng thy. Ti "f" pha trn im ti hn C, h tn ti trng thi pha
th t, trng thi pha c bit khng th m t nh cc gic quan, thng
c gi l pha lng cht (dense fluid) khc vi pha lng thng thng
(liquid). Tuy nhin pha lng ny cng c th chy thnh dng v c s
dng nh kh v lng thng thng. Pha lng ti "f" trng ging nh kh
nhng tnh cht li khc vi kh thng thng bn phi ng HC v pha
di P C : n c t trng ln hn kh nhng chu nn cao hn lng thng
thng.
T "f" c th thc hin qu trnh ng p ti "g", gim p ng nhit ti
"h" v sau ng p ti "d". Nh vy x chuyn t lng bxo ho sang hi
bxo ho m khng c s chuyn pha no c. C th i thng t "b" n "d"
23
bng cch thm nng lng vo cht lng p sut khng i. Khi ny trong
bnh cha s thy cc bt kh to thnh. Tip tc b sung nng lng lng s
chuyn thnh hi hon ton, khng c s thay i nhit khi i t "b"
(lng bxo ho) ti "d" (hi bxo ho).
T im nhit ti hn t c trn trc nhit (hnh II.1) i ti im ti
hn C, tc l x tip xc vi ng bao pha HCI. Cc ng nhit nm
gia cc ng cong HC v CI bn trong ng bao pha tng ng vi p
sut khng i, l c trng c bn ca gin pha h 1 cu t. ng
cong p sut hi ca cc hydrocacbon nh c a ra trn hnh III.1 v
III.2. l cc ng cong HC trn hnh II.2.
II.3. Gin pha h nhiu cu t
p sut
im bt
im sng
Nhit
Hnh II.3. Gin pha in hnh h nhiu cu t
trnh ngng t. Tip tc gim p sut, lng lng hnh thnh nhiu hn, v c
s i hng ca cc ng t l lng - hi (quality lines - cc ng nt t
trn hnh II.3). Min suy bin (retrograde region) c to bi cc im thay
i dc ca cc ng ny. Trong min suy bin, s ngng t lng xy ra
khi gim p sut hoc tng nhit (ngc vi s ngng t thng thng).
Tip tc gim p sut, ra khi min suy bin, i t D ti E, lng lng gim
dn cho ti khi t im sng (im E). Pha di im E khng cn trng
thi lng, ch cn trang thi hi.
p sut
p sut
Nhit
Hnh II.4. nh hng ca thnh phn n ng
bao pha ca h bc hai etan - propan
Nhit
Hnh II.5. V tr qu tch ti hn ca
mt s h bc hai
25
p sut
Nhit
a) CO2
p sut
p sut
Nhit
b) H2S
Nhit
c) N 2
26
(II.13)
V, yi
F, Ci
L, xi
27
Pyi
Pixi
Py i = P i x i
trong : P i l p sut hi ring phn ca cu t i no ti p sut P v
nhit T ca thp tch.
T ta c:
K i = P i /P
(II.14)
(II.15)
TL = TK
(II.16)
L = K
(II.17)
fiL = fiK
(II.18)
aiL = aiK
(II.19)
yi
f0
= iL0
x i f iK
(II.20)
0
vi f iL0 l fugat ca cu t tinh khit trng thi lng; f iK
l fugat ca cu
0
f i K = f iK
. yi
fiL = fiK
0
f iL0 . x i = f i K = f iK
. yi
Do :
Ki =
yi
f0
= iL0
x i f iK
H s fugat ca hn hp bng:
= f i / P.C i
(II.21)
(II.22)
= a i / c i = f i / (c.f i *)
(II.23)
H s hot :
trong f i * l fugat ca cu t i trng thi lng iu kin tiu chun;
c l nng dung dch.
Khi hng s cn bng ca h kh thc:
29
Ki = iL / iK
(II.24)
Ki = iL f i* / iKP
hoc:
Ki = iL vi / ik
(II.25)
(II.26)
RT
dP
P
T,P,n j i
(II.27)
hoc
ln =
l
RT
P
RT
dV lnZ
V
n T,V, n j
(II.28)
30
RT
a
0 ,5
vb
T v(v b)
(II.7)
b = b iyi
(II.29)
b i = 0,0867 RT c i / P c i
(II.30)
d = di yi
d i = A i + B i (T c i / T 1) + C i (T c i / T 1)
(II.31)
2
(II.32)
vi A i , B i , C i l h s ca cc cu t ring bit.
Mt trong cc thng s trng thi a c thay th bng thng s d, trong
d ph thuc vo nhit rt gn. Thng s d cn l hm ca thnh phn
hn hp. Cc gi tr ca n nhn c t x l cc s liu thc nghim xc
nh cn bng lng hi v entanpi ca h.
31
RT bd
RT
vb
v(v + d )
(II.33)
ln i =
bi m
b dm
m
ln( z m ) d i ln1 + i
b( z m )
z b( z + m )
(II.34)
(II.35)
32
Cu t
Ai
Bi
Ci
4,934
8,00
1,5
4,934
7,39
0,3
Etan
4,934
8,30
Propan
4,934
8,82
izo-Butan
4,934
9,30
n-Butan
4,934
9,35
izo-Pentan
4,934
9,40
n-Pentan
4,934
9,50
n-Hexan
4,934
10,00
n-Heptan
4,934
10,50
n-Octan
4,934
11,00
n-Nonan
4,934
11,20
n-Decan
4,934
11,60
CO 2
3,500
6,80
H2S
4,260
6,50
(II.36)
TC N
TC N
1
2
2
(II.37)
d Ni = Ai + Bi
1 + B i
2
T
T
2
Gi tr A i , B i , C i i vi h bc 2 ca nit vi cc hydrocacbon, CO 2 v
H 2 S xem bng II.2.
nit
metan
etan
propan
izo-butan
n-butan
izo-pentan
n-pentan
n-hexan
n-heptan
n-octan
n-nonan
n-decan
CO 2
H2S
Ai
Bi
Ci
4,934
7,66
1,95
4,350
7,30
2,960
5,38
1,33
2,030
3,14
1,790
2,71
1,300
2,10
1,100
1,80
1,000
1,60
1,000
1,60
1,000
1,60
1,000
1,60
1,000
1,60
1,000
1,60
2,960
5,38
1,33
2,030
3,14
33
(II.38)
(II.39)
zc
Nhit ti hn p sut ti hn
0
psi
MPa
EMR
Tha s
acentric
16,043
30,070
44,097
58,124
58,124
72,151
72,151
86,178
100,205
114,232
128,259
142,286
156,302
170,338
0,29
0,29
0,28
0,28
0,27
0,27
0,27
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,25
0,25
0,24
0,24
343
550
666
734
765
829
845
913
972
1024
1070
1112
1150
1185
191
305
370
408
425
460
470
507
540
569
595
618
639
658
666
707
617
528
551
491
489
437
397
361
332
305
285
264
4,60
4,88
4,25
3,65
3,80
3,39
3,37
3,01
2,74
2,49
2,29
2,10
1,97
1,82
14,19
24,37
34,63
44,74
44,24
55,30
55,27
65,58
75,88
86,19
96,53
106,86
117,17
127,50
0,0104
0,0979
0,1522
0,1852
0,1995
0,2280
0,2514
0,2994
0,3494
0,3977
0,4445
0,4898
0,5350
0,5620
28,016
44,010
34,076
32,000
2,016
18,015
0,29
0,28
0,28
0,29
0,30
0,235
227
548
672
278
60
1165
126
304
373
155
33
647
493
1071
1300
731
188
3199
3,40
7,38
8,96
5,04
1,30
22,06
9,71
14,44
20,28
8,69
4,23
0,0372
0,2667
0,0948
0,0216
0,2202
0,3443
(II.40)
lnf i
c 5 Pri
c
c Pr
= c1 + 22 + 33 i + c 4 +
Tri
Tri
Tri Tri
Pr2i
+
T5
ri
c7
c8 Pri
c10 c11 Pri
+ c6 +
+ 2 5 + c9 +
+ 2 2 (N i 1) 2
Tri Tr
Tri
Tri
Tri Tri
i
trong : N i =
(II.41)
Mi yi ;
Mi
Ki =
iL f i*L
(II.42)
iK P
36
N2
c1
0,1827448
c2
0,5567094
c3
CH 4
Hydrocacbon C 2 n C 10
0,06557467
0,4567890
0,2533226
0,7364150
0,1628858
0,07441288
0,09020270
c4
0,3695996
0,06095239
0,04647840
c5
0,5736230
0,04814230
c6
0,2494726
0,01650733
0,7589850
c7
1,395258
1,233154
1,341610
c8
0,9883554
0,7383944
c9
0,2979147
0,6241929
c 10
2,302971
3,262881
c 11
4,256129
4,255619
0,001388500
0,0004026500
0,8807840
1,276069
0,5362179
Fugat ca cu t tinh khit trong pha lng trng thi tiu chun f i*L
c xc nh theo phng trnh:
ln i = a0 +
i = Tr =
a1
(II.43)
a5 i + a 6 i2
+ a 2 i + a3 i2 + a 4 i3
T
Tci .yi
i l tha s acentric ca cu t i ;
a 0 ... a 6 l cc tha s ca phng trnh. Gi tr ca a 0 ... a 4 c a ra
trong bng II.5. Gi tr a 5 , a 6 , i c a ra trong bng II.6.
Bng II.5. Bng gi tr cc h s a 0 ... a 4
a0
a1
a2
a3
a4
ln (C 2 ... C 10 )
10,6147
3,46229
0,678062
0,968095
6,52897
7,08812
7,39448
ln (1) (C 2 ... C 10 )
23,3047
22,7035
5,36108
(0)
a5
935
559
650
510
394
394
326
326
272
233
213
185
166
a6
475
209
328
240
152
152
117
117
90,6
65,5
62,8
49,2
40,6
0,105
0,152
0,192
0,200
0,206
0,252
0,298
0,349
0,392
0,450
0,479
37
a N 2 C i . x i
i vi nit:
i =2
(II.44)
xi
i =2
N
a C1 C i . x i
i vi metan:
i =3
(II.45)
xi
i =3
*L
i =1
i =1
ln kL = (bk bi ) x i2 + 2 (bk bi ) x i S i
(II.46)
trong :
Si =
i<k
i>k
ln CL1
N
bC 1 C i . x i
= i =3 N
xi
i =3
ln NL 2
N
bN 2 C i . x i
= i=2 N
xi
i =2
2
N
1 x i
i = 3
2
N
1 x i
i = 2
(II.47)
(II.48)
aN -C
2 i
bN2-Ci
aC -C
1 i
bC1-Ci
bi
Nit
Metan
Etan
Propan
izo-Butan
n-Butan
izo-Pentan
n-Pentan
n-Hexan
n-Heptan
n-Octan
n-Nonan
n-Decan
0
0,60
1,60
2,00
2,50
2,50
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,15
2,15
2,15
0
0,60
1,00
1,00
0,95
0,95
0,85
0,85
0,72
0,60
0,50
0,35
0,20
0
0
0,45
0,65
0,66
0,72
0,74
0,80
0,85
0,89
0,93
0,89
0,85
0
0
0,45
0,47
0,48
0,44
0,40
0,35
0,31
0,36
0,40
0,25
0,21
0
0
0,45
0,54
0,63
0,63
0,68
0,68
0,73
0,77
0,79
0,81
0,82
Ki =
f iL x i
f iK x i
(II.49)
39
T
j
(1 k ij )
(1 k ij ) 5 +
3(d 2 d i )1/3
+
T
3.(d 2 d i )1/3 3 5
d
(a 2 + )( 2 i )1/3 +
+
T
5
T
2
1/2
2
1/3
3(b bi ) RT 3(a a i )
2
3.( a 2 a i )1/3 +
5
2
T2
2
2c 1/3 2 i
.T 2
1/ 2
1 2 4
2
2
1 exp( )1 + +
2
(II.50)
Khi tnh ton bng tay xc nh hng s cn bng pha, ngi ta thng
s dng cc phng php gin . Trong thc t tnh ton hng s cn bng pha
ca h hydrocacbon t C1 n C10 v N2 , ph bin nht l s dng cc phng
php NGPA (Natural Gas Processors Association)v phng php Neyrey.
II.6.1. Xc nh hng s cn bng pha theo phng php NGPA
Nhit khng i
1
K
p sut
Hnh II.1. Hng s cn bng K cc nhit v p sut khc nhau
y
K= x
p sut, psi
Hnh II.2. Hng s cn bng pha ca metan P qt = 800 psi (5,5 MPa)
42
x icb = 1 + e ( Ki
i
1)
=1
(II.51)
x i M i Tci
Tc2 = i =2N
(II.52)
x i Mi
i =2
N
x i Mi Pci
Pc2 = i =2N
(II.53)
x i M i
i =2
44
p sut, psi
Nhit ti hn ca
cu t gi - nng
Nhit , 0 F
Hnh II.3. Gin xc nh p sut quy t ca h hydrocacbon
p sut, psi
46
Nhit 0 F
p sut lm vic ca h
2,0
1,0
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,06
0,04
0,02
Decan
Nonan
Octan
Heptan
Hexan
0,002
izo-Pentan
n-Pentan
0,005
0,004
Metan 0 o F
50
100
Etylen
Etan
Propylen
Propan
izo-Butan
n-Butan
0,01
400
300
100
Thng s S
48
12
10
Nhit si, 0 F
4
100
2
200
0,001
Myers v Lenoir
7,0
NGPA
8,5
Rzaca
9,3
Winn
10,0
Neyrey
7,8
Cu t
Ci
CH 4
0,8745
C2H6
0,0586
C3H8
0,0372
n-C 4 H 10
0,0212
n-C 5 H 12
0,0085
1,0000
Ci
=1
i =1 1 + e( K i 1)
xi =
i =1
49
xi
Mi
xiMi
Tci
xiMiTci
Pci
xiMiPci
CH 4
0,2635
C2H6
0,1199
30
3,60
90,3
325,08
C3H8
0,2321
44
10,21
106,6
n-C 4 H 10
0,2480
58
14,39
n-C 5 H 12
0,1365
72
9,83
1,0000
707
2545,2
2109,39
614,3
6272,0
306,0
4403,34
549,5
7878,53
386,0
3794,38
486,3
4780,33
38,03
10632,19
21476,06
50
(II.54)
Cu t
xi
CO 2
1,25
1,50
1,880
H2S
0,50
0,41
0,210
C1
21,36
3,48
74,330
Tnh lp vi cc gi tr T c
chn sao cho K i x i = 1 (hoc 100).
Trong bi v d ny nhit ng l
T = 14 0 C (7 0 F). Kt qu tnh ton vi
gi tr T ng cho trong bng.
C2
36,78
0,58
21,330
C3
10,21
0,16
1,630
i-C 4
6,38
0,063
0,400
n-C 4
9,84
0,043
0,420
i-C 5
2,63
0,017
0,040
n-C 5
4,01
0,012
0,048
C6
3,90
0,0036
0,014
C7+
3,14
0,00033
0,001
Ki
Kixi
100,30
51
II.7.2. Xc nh im sng
(II.55)
V d II.3.
Xc nh im sng ca hn hp
c thnh phn cho trong bng 4 MPa
(580 psi). Coi phn on C 7+ c tnh
cht tng t C 8 .
Tnh lp vi cc gi tr T c
chn sao cho y i / K i = 1 (hoc 100).
Trong bi v d ny nhit ng l
T = 153 0 C (307,4 0 F). Kt qu tnh
ton vi gi tr T ng cho trong
bng.
Cu t
CO 2
H2S
C1
C2
C3
i-C 4
n-C 4
i-C 5
n-C 5
C6
C7+
yi
1,25
0,50
21,36
36,78
10,21
6,38
9,84
2,63
4,01
3,90
3,14
Ki
4,83
2,38
6,36
2,84
1,57
1,02
0,86
0,55
0,49
0,28
0,097
y i /K i =x i
0,26
0,21
3,36
12,95
6,50
6,25
11,44
4,78
8,18
13,93
32,37
100,23
52
(II.56)
(II.57)
Ci
;
L + V Ki
xi =
yi =
Ci
V + (L K i )
(II.58)
Ci
x = L +V K
Ci
y = V + (L K ) = 1
=1 ;
(II.59)
Bng phng php lp, chn cc gi tr L hoc V sao cho cc biu thc
trn l ng.
Mt khc, c th vit y i x i = 0
Ci (K i 1)
=0
i 1) + 1
y x = V (K
i
(II.60)
Biu thc (II.60) l biu thc tng qut nht thng c s dng trong
lp trnh tnh ton trn my vi tnh.
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
1) Tm K gi tr p sut v nhit ca h hai pha (iu kin ca thp
tch).
2) Chn V hoc L.
3) Tnh cc biu thc (II.59) hoc (II.60).
4) Nu biu thc tho mxn, th php tnh hon thnh.
Nu cha ng th lp li t bc 2 n bc 4.
5) Tnh thnh phn phn mol trong pha lng x i v trong pha hi y i .
6) Tnh s mol ca cu t i (c k hiu l Y i ) trong V mol pha hi.
Tnh s mol ca cu t i (c k hiu l X i ) trong L mol pha lng.
53
V d II.4.
Tnh thnh phn v lng mol pha lng, pha hi ca thp tch 4 MPa
(580 psi) v 100 0 C (212 0 F). Thnh phn nguyn liu C i cho theo phn trm
mol, ngha l C i = 100.
Trc ht xc nh K i ca cc cu t trong h. Cc gi tr nhn c
in vo ct K i (ct th 3 trong bng)
Trong bc 2, chn V (hoc L). Tnh cc s hng trong cc biu thc
(II.59) hoc (II.60). Php tnh lp c thc hin cho n khi cc biu thc
(II.59) hoc (II.60) c tho mxn. Trong v d ny, gi tr ng ca
V = 0,770. Kt qu tnh c ghi trong bng II.10.
Bng II.10. Kt qu tnh ton ca v d II.4.
Cu t
Ci
Ki
yi xi
xi
yi
Yi
CO 2
1,25
4,050
1,139
0,373
1,512
0,086
1,164
H2S
0,50
1,740
0,236
0,319
0,554
0,073
0,427
C1
21,36
5,950
21,974
4,439
26,413
1,021
20,338
C2
36,78
2,160
22,535
19,427
41,962
4,468
32,311
C3
10,21
1,030
0,299
9,979
10,279
2,295
7,915
i-C 4
6,38
0,600
3,688
9,220
5,532
2,282
4,260
n-C 4
9,84
0,490
8,264
16,203
7,940
3,727
6,114
i-C 5
2,63
0,280
4,250
5,903
1,653
1,358
1,273
n-C 5
4,01
0,240
7,348
9,668
2,320
2,224
1,786
C6
3,90
0,120
10,646
12,098
1,452
2,783
1,118
C7+
3,14
0,031
11,987
12,370
0,383
2,845
0,295
0,000
100,000
100,000
23,000
77,000
100,00
Yi = yiV ;
X i = xi L .
54
Xi
Chng III
thng s nhit ng ca cc hydrocacbon
ring bit v hn hp ca chng
Khi tnh ton nhit ng hc ca qu trnh ch bin kh, ngi ta thng
s dng cc i lng nhit ng sau: p sut, nhit , chu nn, th tch
ring, trng lng ring, entanpi, entropi, nhit dung, dn nhit, nht.
Trong chng ny s xem xt tnh cht nhit ng ca cc hydrocacbon
ring bit v hn hp ca chng, v trnh by mt s phng php xc nh
cc tnh cht . p sut, th tch, nhit v h s chu nn thng nm
trong phng trnh trng thi. Nhiu tnh cht ca cc hydrocacbon c xc
nh trn c s l thuyt trng thi tng hp, v vy cn phi bit cc thng
s ti hn ca cc cu t v hn hp ca chng.
III.1. Nhit si v p sut hi bo ho
Nhit si ca hydrocacbon t C 1 n C 10 H c xc nh bng thc
nghim, s liu a ra trong bng III.1.
Nhit si ca cc hydrocacbon parafin tinh khit t C 1 n C 20 iu
kin tiu chun c th tnh chnh xc n 1 K theo phng trnh:
(III.1)
1
)
Th
(III.2)
trong : P h = P bh /P c
56
Bng III.1. Cc tnh cht ho l ca hydrocacbon v N 2 , CO 2 , H 2 S
Cu t
Metan
Etan
Propan
Butan
izo-Butan
Pentan
izo-Pentan
Hexan
Heptan
Octan
Nonan
Decan
Nit
Cacbondioxit
Hydrosunfua
Cng
thc
CH 4
C2H6
C3H8
C 4 H 10
C 4 H 10
C 5 H 12
C 5 H 12
C 6 H 14
C 7 H 16
C 8 H 18
C 9 H 20
C 10 H 22
N2
CO 2
H2S
Khi
lng
phn t
16,043
30,070
44,097
58,124
58,124
72,151
72,151
86,178
100,205
114,232
128,259
142,286
28,010
44,010
34,080
Nhit si
0
Cc thng s ti hn
Nhit
C
p sut,
MPa
-82,60
32,28
96,67
152,01
134,98
196,50
187,24
234,20
267,00
295,61
321,41
344,4
149,89
31,05
100,4
190,55
305,43
369,82
425,16
408,13
469,65
460,39
507,35
540,15
568,76
594,56
617,5
126,26
304,20
373,6
4,61
4,88
4,25
3,80
3,65
3,37
3,38
3,01
2,74
2,49
2,29
2,10
3,40
7,38
9,01
K
0
161,49
88,63
42,07
0,50
11,73
36,074
27,852
68,740
98,427
125,665
150,798
174,112
195,798
78,477
60,341
111,66
184,52
231,08
272,65
261,42
309,074
301,00
341,89
371,577
398,815
423,948
447,272
77,352
194,673
212,809
0,288
0,285
0,281
0,274
0,283
0,262
0,270
0,264
0,263
0,259
0,254
0,247
0,2916
0,274
0,283
p sut, kPa
Nhit , 0C
p sut, kPa
Nhit , 0C
57
III.2 Cc i lng ti hn
391,7(n 1)
2,645 + (n 1) 0,785
+ 190,7
(III.3)
Pc =
49,51
7,977 + n1,2
(III.4)
(III.5)
b m = x i bi
i
trong :
a m , b m l thng s a , b ca hn hp;
a i , a j l thng s a , b ca cu t i v j ;
58
Nh vy cc thng s a m v b m ca hn hp c xc nh trn c s cc
thng s a v b ca cc cu t tinh khit. Vi cc phng trnh trng thi ni
trn, nh lut hn hp l tng ca cc cp bc 2. V d hn hp bn cu t
s gm c 6 cp bc 2...
Thng s tng tc bc hai k ij khng phi l thng s l thuyt m l
thng s thc nghim c s dng hiu chnh trong cc phng trnh
trng thi.
Cc gi tr ti hn tm c t cc nh lut hn hp khng phi l cc
gi tr thc, m l cc gi tr gi ti hn, thng c k hiu l T c v P c .
Nh vy gi tr gi ti hn khng phi l mt im trn ng cong cn bng
pha, n ch l thng s tng quan s dng khi nim trng thi tng hp.
Trng thi tng hp l trng thi c cng cc thng s rt gn (hnh III.3).
1000
0,1000
100
Metan
Propan
10
1
-200
p sut rt gn, P r
1,0000
p sut, kPa
10000
-150
-100
-50
50
Metan
0,0100
T
TC
Pr
P
PC
Propan
0,0010
0,0001
0,20
100
Tr
0,40
Nhit , C
0,60
0,80
1,00
Nhit rt gn, T
a)
b)
Tc = Tci .c i
i
T
;
Tc
Pr =
P
Pc
(III.6)
nh lut Kay cng c th p dng tnh khi lng phn t hiu dng
ca hn hp.
V d III.1
yi
H Anh
Pc
Pc
Tc
H mt
T c
Pc
Pc
MW
Tc
T c
MW
MW
N2
0,0046
493
2,3 227
126
0,6 28,016
0,13
CO2
0,0030 1071
3,2 548
304
0,9 44,010
0,13
H2S
373
53,6 34,076
4,90
C1
0,8414
191
160,7 16,043
13,50
C2
0,0059
707
305
1,8 30,070
0,18
4,2 550
C3
0,0008
617
0,5 666
izo-C4
0,0003
528
0,2 734
0,5 4,25
0,2 3,65
0,1 765
0,2 3,80
n-C4
0,0002
551
1,0000
758
392
370
0,3 44,097
0,04
408
0,1 58,124
0,02
425
0,1 58,124
0,01
5,23
218
MW = 18,900
Pr =
13,94
= 2,67
5,23
Tr =
331
= 1,52
218
2021
595
= 2,67
Tr =
= 1,52
758
392
T gin h s chu nn Katz (hnh III.5) c z = 0,8.
H Anh:
Pr =
60
H s chu nn z
H s chu nn z
a)
p sut gi - rt gn
b)
61
p sut gi - rt gn
p sut gi - rt gn Pr
H s chu nn z
Nhit
gi - rt gn Tr
p sut gi - rt gn Pr
62
( MW ).( P )
zRT
13,94 18,90
= 120 kg/m 3 .
0,8 0,00831 331
V d III.2
p dng cc phng php tnh h s chu nn z ca kh c cha H 2 S v
CO 2 .
Tc = Tc 0,556
Pc =
H Anh:
Pc Tc
Tc + B(1 B ) 0,556
Tc = Tc
Pc =
Pc Tc
Tc + B(1 B )
63
(III.7)
% CO 2
% H2S
64
H mt:
Pc =
5,23 206,3
= 4,92 MPa
218 + 0,1438 0,8562 21 0,056
T c = 392 21 = 371 0 R
H Anh:
758 371
= 713 psi
392 + 0,1438 0,8562 21
t : Pr = 2,8 v Tr = 331/206,3 = 1,6, do z = 0,83.
Pc =
13,94 18,90
= 115 kg/m 3 .
0,83 0,00831 331
V d III.3
k =
18,90
= 0,65
28,97
H Anh:
Pr =
P 13,95
=
= 3,02
Pc 4,62
Tr =
T 331
=
= 1,59
Tc 208
Pr =
P 2021
=
= 3,02
Pc 670
Tr =
T 595
=
= 1,59
Tc 375
65
Pc'
Pc'
psi
MPa
Tc'
Tc'
13,94 18,90
= 116 kg/m 3
0,825 0,00831 331
66
khng tng qut. V d biu Katz p dng tt khi tnh ton vi kh ngt
(nh khi tnh ton thit k ng ng dn kh ngt chng hn), nhng li
km ph hp vi kh c cha lng nh H2 S, CO2 v N 2 . Bng III.3 di y
a ra cc s liu so snh kt qu tnh h s z vi hn hp kh c thnh phn
nh trong cc v d trn khi c thm cc h s hiu chnh.
Bng III.3. So snh cc kt qu tnh z
Cc phng php tnh
Katz
0,80
Katz vi h s
0,83
th P c , T c
0,825
0,83
0,85
0,81
(III.8)
vi chnh xc 0,5% trong khong gi tr Pr = 0,35 ... 1,5 ; Tr = 1,2 ... 1,8.
Cn ni chung thc t thng tnh ton theo cc gin ph thuc ca z
vo cc i lng rt gn H nu trn.
T trng ca cc hydrocacbon t C 1 n C 10 p sut kh quyn c
a ra trn cc gin tng ng trong khong nhit thp (hnh III.8) v
trong khong nhit cao (hnh III.9). Gi tr to tng ng vi cc
hydrocacbon trn hnh III.9 c cho trong bng III.4.
T trng ca kh nn c tnh theo phng trnh:
x i Mi
d=
( x i vi ) + vm
(III.9)
67
Metyl xyclohexan
T trng, kg/m 3
Nhit , 0 C
n-Nonan
3-Etyl pentan
n-Octan
2,2,4-Trimetyl pentan
n-Heptan
Hecxen-1
n-Hexan
Penten-1
2-Metyl butan Pentan
2,2-Dimetyl propan Buten-1
n-Butan
2-Metyl propan
Propylen
Propan
Etylen
Etan
Metan
n -Pentan
izo -Pentan
n -Hexan
n -Heptan
n -Octan
n -Nonan
n -Decan
Cc to (hnh III.8)
x
2,19
2,07
2,33
2,45
2,65
2,74
2,80
0,61
0,43
1,53
2,27
2,89
3,36
3,73
Khong nhit , 0 C
Hnh III.8
90 ...
50 ...
90 ...
90 ...
50 ...
50 ...
0
10
0
0
0
0
Hnh III.9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
30
20
60
90
120
120
140
68
T trng, kg/cm 3
Nhit , 0 C
T trng
T C hoc T C
420
70
T C hoc T C
T trng
420
71
Tsmol = Tsi x i
i =1
Ts klg = Tsi x i
i =1
420 = 420i .x i
vi n -alcan:
420i = 0,8513
1,31
n + 0,82
vi n -alken:
420i = 0,8513
1,1465
n + 0,44
= lgPr 1
(III.10)
*
= i .c i
(III.11)
A Tb1/3
(III.12)
A = 1,22
T (K)
H Anh:
A=1
T ( o R)
73
=
o
141,5
131,5 + o API
API =
141,5
131,5
(g/cm 3 )
74
C
0
Nhit si
Thng s Watson K
T trng, 0 API
75
T trng tng i
0,90
Du parafinic
0,85
LNG
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,65
0
100
200
300
400
76
Chng IV
Tnh cht ca h hydrocacbon v nc
IV.1. Hm m ca kh
Kh t nhin v kh ng hnh khai thc t cc m di lng t lun
b o ho hi nc. Hm lng hi nc c trong hn hp kh ph thuc vo
p sut, nhit v thnh phn kh. Ti mi gi tr p sut v nhit c th
xc nh c hm lng m ti a ca kh. Hm m tng ng vi trng
thi kh b o ho hi nc c gi l hm m cn bng hay cn gi l m
cn bng.
biu din hm lng hi nc c trong kh, ngi ta s dng hai khi
nim: m tuyt i v m tng i. m tuyt i l lng hi nc
c trong mt n v th tch hoc mt n v khi lng kh (c biu din
bng g/m 3 kh hoc g/kg kh). m tng i l t s gia khi lng hi
nc c trong kh v khi lng hi nc ti a c th c trong kh iu
kin b o ho (biu din theo phn trm hoc phn n v). Nu gim nhit
kh b o ho hi nc cn p sut khng i, th mt phn hi nc b
ngng t. Nhit ti hi nc c trong kh bt u ngng t c gi l
im sng ca kh m ti p sut cho.
Hm m ca kh ph thuc vo p sut, nhit ca h v thnh phn
hn hp kh. C nhiu phng php xc nh hm m ca kh, trong cc
phng php sau ph bin:
S dng quan h gia p sut ring phn v thnh phn lng hi.
S dng cc ng cong thc nghim ph thuc ca hm m vo nhit
v p sut.
Hiu chnh cc ng cong trn khi c mt ca H 2 S, CO 2 , N 2 .
S dng phng trnh trng thi PVT.
IV.2. Cc phng php xc nh hm m ca kh
IV.2.1. S dng quan h gia p sut ring phn v thnh phn lng hi
Trong trng hp p sut ca h thp, ti 400 kPa, hn hp kh c th
coi l kh l tng, khi c th p dng nh lut Raoult i vi nc:
77
P.y w = P h . x w
(IV.1)
im sng, 0 C
79
im sng, 0 F
80
IV.2.3. Hm m ca kh chua
C mt vi phng php xc nh hm m ca kh c cha H 2 S v CO 2 .
Trong s c hai phng php hiu chnh vi hn hp kh c hm lng
CO 2 v H 2 S cao, kt qu nhn c c chnh xc tng i cao ph hp
vi thc t, c s dng ph bin.
a. Phng php th nht coi hn hp kh b o ho hi nc, hm m ca
hn hp kh l tng ca hm m ca kh ngt, hm m ca CO 2 v hm m
ca H 2 S. Hm m ca kh chua c tnh theo biu thc sau:
W = y.W hc + y 1 .W 1 + y 2 .W 2
(IV.2)
trong : W l hm m ca hn hp kh chua;
W hc l hm m ca kh ngt xc nh t th IV.1a, b;
W 1 l hm m ca CO 2 xc nh t th IV.2;
W 2 l hm m ca H 2 S xc nh t th IV.3;
y = 1 y1 y2.
y 1 l phn mol CO 2 ;
y 2 l phn mol H 2 S.
RT
a
0, 5
v b T v.(v + b)
(IV.3)
82
p sut, MPa
p sut, psia
p sut, MPa
p sut, psia
83
Hnh IV.3. Hm m ca H 2 S trong hn hp kh t nhin bo ho hi nc
Hm m, kg H 2 O /10 6 m 3 kh
Nhit , 0 C
Hm m, lbs H 2 O /MMscf kh
Hnh IV.4a. Hm m ca CO 2
Nhit , 0 F
Hnh IV.4b. Hm m ca CO 2
84
Hm m, kg H 2 O /10 6 m 3 kh
Nhit , 0 C
Hm m, lbs H 2 O /MMscf kh
Hnh IV.5a. Hm m ca H 2 S
Hnh IV.5b. Hm m ca H 2 S
Nhit , 0 F
85
Hm m, lbs H 2 O /MMscf kh
Hm m, lbs H 2 O /MMscf kh
86
Hm m ca hn hp
kh t nhin
Cc cu t trong pha kh
100% CH 4
10% H 2 S, 90% CH 4
20% H 2 S, 80% CH 4
30% H 2 S, 70% CH 4
40% H 2 S, 60% CH 4
Nhit , 0 F
Hm m ca hn hp
kh t nhin
Cc cu t trong pha kh
100% CH 4
10% H 2 S, 90% CH 4
20% H 2 S, 80% CH 4
30% H 2 S, 70% CH 4
40% H 2 S, 60% CH 4
Nhit , 0 F
f w0 / Pw0
fw / P
P0
w
0,0049
(IV.4)
87
trong :
p sut, psi
88
f w , psia
f w , MPa
p sut, MPa
p sut, psia
89
Cc gi tr thp
p sut rt gn P r
90
Xc nh fugat ca hi nc f H 2 O gi tr T v P ca h t th ph
f
(IV.5)
y = k w
f
trong : y l phn mol ca hi nc;
Z xc nh bng phng php EMR m khng c xc nh bng
cc phng php khc.
Kt qu tnh ton bng cc phng php khc nhau s cho cc gi tr hm
m khc nhau. V vy, thit k thit b dehydrat nn s dng gi tr ln nht.
Ngi ta c th nh gi m hoc b o ho tng i ca kh trc
khi a vo thit b dehydrat.
V d IV.1.
Tnh hm m ca kh b o ho hi nc p sut
1100 psi v nhit 120 0 F. Thnh phn hn hp kh
cho trong bng bn. Cho bit gi tr Z tnh theo
phng php EMR Z = 0,79 ; P c = 867 psi ; T c =
436 0 R.
C1
0,8414
C2
0,0059
C3
0,0008
i-C 4
0,0003
n-C 4
0,0002
1,0000
91
1100
= 1,27 ;
867
Tr =
580
= 1,33
436
92
Hm m, lbm/MMsdf
Lng khng n nh
Hydrat ho
Nhit , 0 F
93
Cu trc I
14-hedron
12-hedron
Cu trc II
o
5A
10 000
10
15
5000
20
25
30
70
50
Metan
3000
20
10
1000
700
500
7,0
5,0
CO 2
300
200
3,0
Etan
2,0
H2S
100
70
50
1,0
0,7
0,5
Propan
0,3
30
0,2
20
10
1-Butan
n-Butan
30
40
0,1
50
60
Nhit , O F
70
80
90
96
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
2000
1,0
p sut , MPa
Hydrat
0,5
ng p sut hi
ca propan
Propan
lng
+
Nc
Nc
Hydrat + Nc
Hi + Nc
0,1
-20
Hi + Nc
-15
-10
-5
0
Nhit , O C
10
( y i /K r k )
=1
(IV.6)
97
Metan
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
V d IV.3
Cu t
98
y1
10 0 C (50 0 F)
K r-k
y /K r-k
N2
0,094
khng xc nh
CH 4
0,784
2,04
0,384
C2H6
0,060
0,82
0,073
C3H8
0,036
0,12
0,300
izo-C 4 H 10
0,005
0,047
0,106
n-C 4 H 10
0,019
0,21
0,090
CO 2
0,002
2,9
0,001
1,000
0,954
Phng php ca Katz trn khng tnh n nh hng ca cc hydrocacbon nng t C 5 tr ln.
Trong phng php Trekell - Campbell, cc tc gi coi metan l thnh
phn chnh, sau hiu chnh nh hng ca cc hydrocacbon t C 2 n C 4
cc p sut khc nhau theo cc th thc nghim trn cc hnh IV.21a
n IV.21g.
Trn hnh IV.22 l nh hng ca cc dng khng to thnh hydrat (t
C 5 H 12 tr ln), s hiu chnh chnh lch nhit p dng theo biu thc sau:
y C 5+
1 y C1 y C 5+
.100%
(IV.7)
V d IV.4
T, 0C
y1 , %
6,9 MPa
13,8 MPa
CH 4
88,36
9,5
15,36
C2H6
6,82
2,9
2,2
C3H8
2,54
4,6
3,2
i-C 4 H 10
0,38
1,3
0,8
n-C 4 H 10
0,89
0,2
C 5+
1,01
1,2
0,08
100,00
17,3
21,48
yC
5+
1 y C1 y C 5 +
100% = 9,5%
100
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
0
101
102
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
K VS
K
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , o F
K r-k
Nhit , o C
Hnh IV.19. Gi tr K V S ca CO 2
Nhit , o F
K r-k
Nhit , o C
Hnh IV.20. Gi tr K V S ca H 2 S
103
9,5 0 C
(49,1 0 F)
104
15,36 0 C
(59,65 0 F)
105
18,64 0 C
(65,55 0 F)
106
20,97 0 C
(69,75 0 F)
107
22,78 0 C
(73,00 0 F)
108
24,22 0 C
(75,60 0 F)
109
110
phn II
111
112
Chng V
chun b kh ch bin
Kh t nhin v kh ng hnh l nhng nguyn liu rt c gi tr sn
xut nhin liu v nguyn liu cho tng hp ho du. Cc sn phm chnh
ca qu trnh ch bin cc kh l: xng kh, kh ho lng v cc kh kh,
cc hydrocacbon: propan, izo-butan, n-butan, pentan. Ch bin kh t nhin
v kh ng hnh c thc hin cc nh my t ngay ti x nghip khai
thc, ch bin kh t nhin v kh ng hnh.
Ti cc gin khoan, du m t cc ging khoan c chuyn n cc
gin p sut cao, trung bnh v thp. Ti c s thay i p sut, kh ho
tan thot ra khi du m v c dn n nh my ch bin kh. Du m
c chuyn n thng cha, ti lng tch nc khi du, sau a
sang n nh tc l tch cc cu t nh: etan, propan, butan v mt phn
pentan. Du H n nh c dn n nh my ch bin du, cn kh tch ra
t cng on n nh cng c dng lm nguyn liu cho cc nh my ch
bin kh.
Kh sau khi khai thc ngoi cc cu t chnh l cc hydrocacbon parafin
cn cha cc tp cht nh: bi, hi nc, kh tr, CO 2 , H 2 S v cc hp cht
hu c ca S. Trc khi a vo ch bin, kh cn phi qua cng on chun
b, ti tin hnh loi b cc tp cht k trn bng cc qu trnh tch bi,
tch hi nc v cc kh axit.
V.1. Lm sch kh khi cc tp cht c hc
Lm sch kh t nhin khi cc tp cht c hc c thc hin ch yu
nh cc thit b c hc. Ngi ta phn bit thnh hai nhm cc phng php
lm sch: kh v t. lm sch kh ngi ta s dng cc thit b tch bi:
xyclon, lng bi v lc in. Hot ng ca xyclon da vo nguyn l s
dng lc ly tm, xut hin khi dng kh c cha bi c thi vi tc cao
theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh thit b v sau theo ng xoy trn c
(hnh V.1). Bi vng ra khi dng kh do lc ly tm ri xung thng cha,
cn dng kh H sch bi c dn ra theo ng dn tm xyclon.
113
II
(V.1)
2
3
G1
G G2
100 = 0
100
G0
G0
(V.2)
114
d 2 ( 1 2 )
g
18
(V.3)
4
1
2
II
5
II
III
IV
3
1. V thit b;
2. Li phn phi;
3. Thng cha;
4. Phu thu kh;
5. Phu rt lng;
I. Kh c cha bi;
II. Kh sch i ra;
III. Du sch;
IV. Du c cha bi.
EG
DEG
TEG
PG
62,07
106,12
150,18
76,09
1,116
1,118
1,125
1,034
197,3
244,8
278,3
188,2
13
7,2
60
164
206
165
164
206
nht 20 C, cP
20,9
35,7
47,8
56,0
2,35
2,09
2,20
2,47
20
20
Nhit ti sinh, C
0
Nhit , 0 C
DEG so vi TEG v PG c
u im l ho tan hydrocacbon thp, kh nng to bt
km. p sut cao ngi ta hay
dng DEG v c chn lc
cao. ho tan ca kh t nhin
Nng dung dch, % khi lng
trong TEG cao hn 25 n 30%
so vi DEG. TEG c p sut hi
Hnh V.3. Nhit ng c ca cc
thp hn DEG nn mt mt trong
dung dch glycol c nng khc nhau
qu trnh lm vic t hn. PG c
hai ng phn 1,2-propylen glycol
v 1,3-propylen glycol. ng phn 1,2-propylen dng lm cht hp th sy
kh tt hn ng phn 1,3-propylen glycol. Gi thnh 1,2-propylen glycol r
hn DEG v TEG, nhit ng c rt thp (60 0 C), cho php s dng ti
cc vng gi lnh. Trong qu trnh sy kh, mt mt glycol khong 0,25 ...
0,75 lt trn 1000 lt cht lng ngng t, do s ho tan ca glycol trong pha
ngng t ph thuc vo thnh phn kh a vo sy.
Trn hnh V.4 biu din s ph thuc nhit im sng ca kh vo
nng dung dch DEG, TEG v nhit tip xc. T cc gin thy rng
dung dch DEG nng 95% khi tip xc vi kh nhit 20 0 C c kh
nng gim nhit im sng ca kh ti 5 0 C, cn dung dch 98% cng
nhit c kh nng gim im sng ti 13 0 C. Nh vy, nng dung
dch glycol cng cao, mc sy kh cng cao, tc l kh sau khi sy c
im sng cng thp.
118
40
0
50
60
40
70
80
20
90
95
98
20
0 10
99
99,5
10
99,7
99,8
99,9
99,95
99,97
20
50
99,7
99,85
99,96
10
98
10
40
99,5
60
29
20
30
99
40
95
96
97
90
30
Nhit im sng 0 C
Nhit im sng, 0 C
60
60
30
50
10
20 30
40
50
60
70
80
Nhit tip xc C
a)
b)
h im sng T, 0 C
1000
600
200
100
60
20
10
6
2
1
0.6
0,2
0.1
-20-10 0
75
85
98
90
99 100
95
Nhit , 0 C
h im sng, 0 C
h nhit im sng
50
99,5% kl TEG
cn ph thuc vo lu lng ti
99
dung dch glycol. th trn
98
40
hnh V.6 m t nh hng ca
lu lng ti dung dch TEG
96
vi cc nng khc nhau n
30
h nhit im sng ca
25
45
65
85
Mt ti, lt/kg nc
kh a vo sy. T th thy
Hnh V.6. S ph thuc h im sng
rng, khi gim nng TEG
ca kh vo mt ti dung dch TEG
(tc l lng nc trong thp
hp th tng ln) nh hng ca
lu lng nc ti dung dch cht hp th n T gim i. Trong thc t
thng s dng mt ti 10 ... 35 lt TEG cho 1 kg hi m tch khi kh.
Trn hnh V.7 l th p sut hi bHo ho ca dung dch nc DEG v
TEG c nng khc nhau. Nh cc th ny c th xc nh c nhit
si ca dung dch glycol cc p sut khc nhau. p sut 760 mmHg,
nhit si ca dung dch 98% DEG l 182 0 C, p sut 300 mmHg nhit
si ca dung dch l 146 0 C. n hit bt u phn hu ca DEG l 164 0 C.
V vy ti sinh DEG cn phi thc hin p sut thp di p sut kh
quyn (thp nh hp th cn lm vic iu kin chn khng). Trong khi
TEG bt u phn hu 206 0 C, v vy c th ti sinh TEG nhit cao
hn nhit ti sinh i vi DEG v khng cn chn khng.
1000
600
200
100
60
20
10
6
75
85
95
98
100
2
1
0.6
0,2
0.1
-20-10 0
Nhit , 0 C
120
6
3
V
2
6
5
III
IV
4
Silicagel
122
Oxit nhm
hot tnh
Boxit
hot tnh
Zeolit
4A v 5A
3,25
0,8 ... 0,86
1,6
0,24
7,0
177 ... 315
3,4
0,8 ... 0,83
1,6 ... 2,0
0,24
4 ... 6
> 177
4 ... 7
4 ... 6
9 ... 12
Silicagel
Oxit nhm hot tnh
Zeolit (ry phn t)
60 0 C (76 0 F)
73 0 C (100 0 F)
90 0 C (130 0 F)
4
5
IV
I
2
- van m
- van ng
7
III
II
XI
K
M 100 X I
(V.4)
124
trong :
Biu thc (V.5) trn l dng n gin biu din mi quan h nhit
ng hc gia gim nhit to hydrat d v nng cht c ch X I . Tuy
nhin, biu thc trn cho kt qu ph hp vi cc s liu thc nghim nhn
c khi nng dung dch metanol ti 25% khi lng v etylenglycol ti
50 ... 60% khi lng.
Trn thc t khng c s liu tnh ton ph hp cho tt c cc h bi v
khi tnh ton cha k n cc thng s khc tc ng n nh cc i lng
ng hc, hnh dng thit b, v tr v cch thc a cht c ch vo.
Nu nng metanol ti 50% th dng phng trnh sau chnh xc hn:
d = A ln(1 x m )
(V.6)
mI = m w
XI
X0 XI
(II.7)
125
EG
DEG
32
62
106
0,8
1,11
1,12
kg/m 3
800
1110
1120
49,7
69,4
69,6
lb/ft
p sut, MPa
20
18 0 C
10
16
13
5
4
3
10
7
2
1
10
4
4
15
20
25
30
35
kg CH 3 OH trong 10 6 m 3 kh (100 kPa, 15 0 C)
40
128
(HOCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ) 2 CO 3
2HOCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 + H 2 S
(HOCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ) 2 S
1
10
V
IV
11
III
3
9
7
5
VII
III
V
2
VI
4
V
V
Hnh V.12. S lm sch kh bng dung dch etanolamin v etylen glycol
1. Thp hp th; 2. Thp nh hp th; 3,4. Thit b un si y thp;
I. Kh vo; II. Kh sch; III. Dung dch MEA; IV. Dung dch DEG;
V. Nc; VI. Kh axit (H 2 S, CO 2 )
Chng VI
ch bin kh bng phng php ngng t
Ph ng php ngng t kh nhit thp 25 0 C ... 35 0 C, p sut cao
3,0 ... 4,0 MPa c coi l phng php c hiu qu v kinh t hn c ch
bin kh t nhin v kh ng hnh.
131
11
III
1 2
I
8
9
10
12
14
12
2
1
13
10
11
8
9
III
lnh ring, lng tc nhn lnh, nhit hn hp trc van tit lu, khi
lng phn t ca tc nhn lnh, nng lng tiu tn trn my nn v trn
ton b chu trnh.
VI.1.4. S NNT mt bc nhn C 2 c chu trnh lm lnh bng
propan v etan
15
12
IV
11
1
4
2 3
10
7
13
16
14
9
III
Hnh VI.4. S NNT mt bc c chu trnh lm lnh ngoi bng propan v etan nhn C2
1,4,10. Cc thp tch; 2. My nn; 3. Thit b lm mt bng khng kh ; 5. Bloc sy; 6,8. Trao
i nhit; 7,12,15. Bay hi propan; 9. Bay hi etan; 11. Thp tch metan; 13,16. Hi lu; 14.
Thp tch etan; I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Kh kh. III. Cc hydrocacbon nng; IV. Etan sn phm.
138
140
VIII
1
C2
7
10
C3
C2
11
12
17
14
16
15
23
19
20
13
16
34
33
22
21
40
36
26
24
35
29
28
II
II
I
V
37
30
31
25
41
39
32
27
38
V
V
I
VII
141
1
2
6
5
12
I
4
11
7
10
14
III
C1
25,7
45,9
C2
22,5
21,2
C3
25,4
14,6
izo-C 4
6,2
3,1
C4
12,3
6,0
C5
4,9
2,0
CO 2
0,5
5,1
N2
2,5
0,3
20
1,239
S mt bc
S nhiu bc
23,3
68,3
90,2
93,25
92,1
14,1
53,6
70,0
91,8
90,5
15.429.095
7.452.860
7.976.235
12.139.000
13.817.100
8.039.040
5.778.060
10.884.000
II
3
5
I
4
III
144
II
3
10
1
III
IV
7
4
6
I
III
146
147
12
II
11
13
I
10
III
148
15
II
1
16
9
14 17
18
4
6
10
9
19
13
III
11
12
149
1,12. Cc my nn; 2,13. Cc thit b trao i nhit khng kh; 3,4,7,8,9,11. B phn
trao i nhit; 5,15. Cc b phn bay hi propan; 6,10. Cc thp tch nhit thp;
14. Thp tch etan; 16. Hi lu; 17. Bm; 18. B phn gia nhit; 19,20. B phn
tit lu; I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Kh kh; III. Phn on hydrocacbon nng.
II
12
13
1
I
14
16
11
17
5
10
15
III
1,3,5. B phn bay hi propan; 2,4,9,14. B phn trao i nhit; 6,8. Trao i
nhit khng kh; 7,12. My nn; 10,11. Thp tch; 13. Tuabin gin n kh;
15. B phn tit lu; 16. Thp tch etan; 17. B phn gia nhit.
I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Kh kh; III. Phn on hydrocacbon nng.
151
15
14
13
10
9
4
I
11
7
1
12
II
152
154
Chng VII
ch bin kh bng phng php hp th
Qu trnh hp th vt l c s dng trong cng ngh x l kh loi
hi nc, CO 2 v H 2 S. Trong chng V (phn II) 4 cp n qu trnh sy
kh bng glycol v qu trnh lm ngt kh bng monoetanolamin. Trong
chng ny s nghin cu qu trnh ch bin kh bng phng php hp th.
Phng php hp th tch kh t nhin v kh ng hnh da trn c s
hai qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: hp th v nh hp th. Bn cht vt l
ca qu trnh l s cn bng gia dng kh v lng do s khuch tn cht t
pha ny sang pha khc. Khi t cn bng bn ng lc, s khuch tn c
xc nh bng hiu s p sut ring phn ca cu t b tch ra trong pha kh
v pha lng. Nu p sut ring phn ca cu t trong pha kh ln hn trong
pha lng th xy ra qu trnh hp th (hp th kh bi cht lng), v ngc
li, nu p sut ring phn ca cu t b tch ra trong pha kh nh hn
trong pha lng th xy ra qu trnh nh hp th (thot kh ra khi cht lng).
i vi cc tnh ton thc t, ng lc ca qu trnh hp th c biu th
chnh xc hn khng ch qua p sut ring phn m cn qua nng ca cc
cu t tng ng.
Ti cc nh my ch bin kh, qu trnh hp th v nh hp th c
thc hin trong cc thp hp th v cc thp chng luyn c cu to kiu
thp a hoc thp m, cht hp th c dng y l cc phn on
benzin, keroxen hoc hn hp ca chng.
VII.1. S nguyn l cng ngh ch bin kh bng
phng php hp th
Ngoi cc cng on chung thng c bt k nh my ch bin kh
no nh cng on tch, nn v sy kh, s hp th cn c thm cng
on hp th v nh hp th. Ti cng on hp th cc cu t tng ng
(etan, propan...) c tch ra khi kh. Cng on tch etan hoc tch metan
khi cht hp th 4 b4o ho. Ti cng on nh hp th, cht hp th b4o
ha 4 c tch metan hoc etan (tu theo yu cu nh trc) s c tch
tip hn hp cc hydrocacbon nng (C 2 hoc C 3 ) v kh nng hp th ca
cht hp th c ti sinh li. Tu theo thnh phn ca nguyn liu vo
155
VII
8
2
6
VI
1
5
I
III
IV
10
4
VII
158
II
III
1
C3
IV
C4
5
6
7
4
5
1
6
9
0
10
x, mol/mol cht hp th
a)
10
C5
S th t ca a
S th t ca a
15
20
25
30
0
Nhit , C
b)
III
C3
VI
4
C3
VII
VIII
VIII
a)
b)
VI
II
VII
IV
II
6
3
C3
8
3
VII
C3
6
4
IV
VI
II
V
VI
VI
II
9
2
VIII
c)
161
3
a)
2
I
b)
3
c)
VN+1 Y
1
VN+1 Y2
V Y L
y
K n = n = N +1 n n
x n Vn L0 X n
(VII.1)
Nu a ( n 1) v ( n + 1) l cc a pha
trn v pha di a th n th i vi cu t no
s c cn bng sau:
L0
Y Y
Y Yn +1
= n +1 1 = n
VN +1 X n X 0 X n 1 X n
L0 X1
N1
L0 X0
L0 XN1
VN+1 YN+1 N
L0 XN
Hnh VII.5. S v k
hiu cc dng vt cht
trong thp hp th du
(VII.2)
Yn +1 Y1 A n +1 A
=
= Ea
Yn +1 Y0 A n +1 1
(VII.4)
Gin Kremcer (hnh VII.6) biu din biu thc (VII.4): trc tung
biu din h s tch E a , trc honh biu din thng s hp th A (hoc thng
s nh hp th S), cc ch s trn cc ng cong ch s a l thuyt n.
163
164
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5 0,6
6 7 8 9 10
15
20
1.00
0.95
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.85
0,80
0,80
0.75
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
0.60
0.60
0,55
0,55
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
S m+1
1
T
1
A
n+1
H s E a =
A n+1 A
; E =
s
S m+1
ST
T
1.00
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0,30
0,30
0.25
0.25
S a l thuyt n
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5 0,6
0,05
5
6 7 8 9 10
15
20
V d VII.1
A=
29,6
= 0,091
3,25 100
V d i vi metan:
Yn +1 Y1 90,6 Y1
=
= 0,091
Yn +1 Y0 90,6 0
Y 1 = 82,36.
Cn lu , trong bi ton ny cho bit du ti sinh hon ton, ngha l
165
K.V
L
khi h s ti sinh:
Ym +1 Y1 S Tm +1 S T
= m +1
= Es
X m +1 Y0
ST 1
Bng VII.1.
Cu t
Y N+1
Ea
Y1
XN
C1
90,6
3,25
0,091
0,091
82,38
8,24
C2
4,3
0,90
0,329
0,329
2,89
1,41
C3
3,2
0,37
0,80
0,75
0,80
2,40
izo-C 4
0,5
0,21
1,41
0,96
0,02
0,48
n-C 4
1,0
0,17
1,74
0,985
0,015
0,985
C6
0,4
0,035
8,46
1,00
0,00
0,40
86,085
13,915
100,0
166
168
VI
IV
16
V
B
17
XIII
VII
VI
9
12
XV
4
7
5
11
A
XI
3
19
15
VIII
IV
2
14
VI
I
1
13
XII
III
II
18
10
XI
X
XVI
XIV
XVI
170
VIII
6
10
VI
X
XV
15
IX
18
VII
XI
11
XIV
19
XII
16
VIII
II
12
20
21
III
IV
13
XIII
XII
VIII
VIII
17
14
XV
Hnh VII.8. S cng ngh thit b HNT ca nh my ch bin kh ti thnh ph Elvin - M
1,8,12,13. Thit b trao i nhit; 3,7,15. Cc thp tch; 2,4,6,10,14,17,19. Thit b bay hi propan; 5. Thp hp th;
9. Thp bc hi - tch; 11. Thp hp th-bc hi; 16. Thp nh hp th; 18. Thit b lm lnh bng khng kh; 20. Hi lu; 21. L;
I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Kh kh ca thp hp th sau cng on bo ho cht hp th ti sinh; III. Dung dch etylen glycol;
IV. Etylen glycol t do; V. Cht hp th bo ho; VI, IX. Kh kh; VII, XI. Cht hp th bo ho hydrocacbon nh;
VIII - Cht hp th ti sinh; X. Kh kh ca thp hp th-bc hi sau cng on bo ho cht hp th ti sinh; XII. Cht hp
th bo ho tch metan; XIII. Cht hp th bo ho mt phn; XIV. Kh; XV. Phn on hydrocacbon nng C 2 .
172
18
20
7
10
VI VI
19
IV
6
III
III
2
11
III
XIV
XII
12
IX
XIII
13
3 4
II
VI
VI
21
22
14
VIII
9
X
VII
17
16
XIII
15
VI
IX
XIV
Hnh VII.9. S cng ngh HNT ca nh my ch bin kh ti thnh ph Nhiznevartovsk - CHLB Nga
1,2,3,9,13,14,15,16. Thit b trao i nhit; 5,6,11. Cc thp tch; 4,7,10. Thit b bay hi propan; 8. Thp hp th; 12. Thp hp th bc hi; 21. Thp nh hp th; 17,18,20. Thit b lm lnh bng khng kh; 19. Hi lu; 22. Thit b un si y thp; I. Kh nguyn
liu; II. Kh kh sau khi bo ho hydrocacbon nh cho cht hp th ti sinh; III. Dung dch etylen glycol; IV,XII. Cht hp th ti
sinh bo ho hydrocacbon nh; V,XI. Kh kh; VI. Cht hp th ti sinh; VII. Cht hp th bo ho; VIII. Kh; IX. Condensat; X. Etylen
glycol t do; XIII. Cht hp th bo ho tch etan; XIV. Phn on hydrocacbon nng C 3 .
Nhit , C
Kh nguyn liu (dng VIII)
Cht hp th ti sinh (dng IV)
Kh kh (dng V)
Cht hp th b4o ho (dng VII)
p sut, MPa
Lu lng cht hp th, kg/m 3 kh
ng knh thp hp th, mm
S lng a van
Khong cc gia cc a, mm
Chiu cao thp hp th, mm
23
23
15
10,5
3,4
1
2.600
30
600
27.700
Thp hp th - bc hi 12
0
Nhit , C
Kh nguyn liu (dng VII)
30
173
23
136
1,8
1.400/2.400*
40
600
36.600
Thp nh hp th 21
0
Nhit , C
- Kh nguyn liu (dng XIII)
192
- nh thp
78
- Hi lu (dng XIV)
50
- y thp
310
Nhit sn phm, 0 C
- Ti u vo thit b un si 22
286
- Ti u ra thit b un si 22
310
p sut, MPa
1,4
Ch s hi lu
1,2
ng knh thp, mm
2.600/3.600*
S lng a van
41
Khong cc gia cc a, mm
600
Chiu cao thp hp th, mm
38.300
* Ghi ch: T s l ng knh phn trn, mu s l ng knh phn
di ca thp.
Cn bng vt cht ca cng ngh HNT trn hnh VII.9 c trnh by
theo s di y:
I
My nn
ti 4,0 MPa
Cc phn on
hydrocacbon
nng
174
IX
Thp tch
3,6 MPa
25 0 C
II
Thp nh hp th
X
1,4 MPa
0
t nh = 45 C
VII
t y =209 0 C
Thp hp th
3,5 MPa
23 0 C
III
VI
Tch etan t
cht hp th v
condensat
1,8 MPa
t nh = 25 0 C
t y =107 0 C
IV
My nn
ti 5,5 MPa
VIII
ng ng
dn kh chnh
II
III
IV
CH 4
60,78
77,10
10,02
92,10
87,14
C2H6
8,52
8,76
7,77
6,89
11,12
C3H8
16,03
10,19
34,29
1,01
1,74
izo-C 4 H 10
3,42
1,32
9,96
n-C 4 H 10
7,04
2,17
22,19
izo-C 5 H 12
1,72
0,24
6,33
n-C 5 H 12
1,89
0,20
7,14
C 6 H 14
0,60
0,02
2,40
C 7 H 16
Tng s, kg/h
113.351,40
Thnh phn
VI
485.849,10
27.602,30
67.366,2
VII
VIII
IX
79.586,80
X
CH 4
6,58
59,78
0,01
C2H6
4,20
0,78
34,45
2,21
C3H8
11,80
15,69
5,77
45,17
izo-C 4 H 10
1,65
3,63
10,32
n-C 4 H 10
2,72
7,47
21,23
0,02
izo-C 5 H 12
0,30
1,83
5,09
0,06
n-C 5 H 12
0,26
2,01
5,44
0,15
C 6 H 14
2,17
2,65
3,53
2,18
C 7 H 16
70,32
65,95
97,59
37.527,00
692.976,00
Tng s, kg/h
68.500,80
106.824,50
12.218,60
175
Chng VIII
ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct
C1 C2 C3
C1 C2
V
C2 C3
VI
II
2
II
2
I
1
III
III
IV
IV
II
IV
I
6
VI
III
Hnh VIII.3. S CNT c hai ng a nguyn liu vo thp
1. Trao i nhit; 2. Thit b bay hi propan; 3. Thit b tch ba pha; 4. Bm; 5. Thp
chng; 6. Thit b un nng y thp; I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Kh kh; III. Phn on cc
hydrocacbon nng; IV. Dietylen glycol 75%; V. Dietylen glycol 98...99%; VI. Cht ti nhit.
S lm vic ca nh my nh sau:
Nn kh n
p sut
MPa
Hydrocacbon nng
178
ng ng
dn kh
5
3
IV
I
1
4
III
S CNT mt
u vo
S CNT hai
u vo
Kh nng tch C 3 , %
76,0
66,3
73,1
Kh nng tch C 3 , %
83,2
79,2
82,3
52,5
39,2
39,2
46,0
34,4
35,6
780,18
174,35
179,17
30,5
24,2
23,2
180
Chng IX
Phm vi ng dng ca cc qu trnh ch bin kh
Ch s thu nhp c nh T
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
-0,5
200
400
Hm lng C 3
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
182
Ch s chi ph tng i C
2,5
1,1
2
1,0
0,9
200
400
Hm lng C 3
S cng ngh
C2
C3
C4
0,4
0,9
0,97
0,6 0,8
0,95
0,99
0,6 0,8
0,95
0,99
0,6 0,8
0,95
0,99
vo thp tch metan theo cc dng khc nhau. Trong tuabin kh thng c
gi4n n t 5,0 ... 2,8 MPa. Trong cng on lm lnh propan v lm lnh
dng ngc chiu, kh c lm lnh n 62 0 C, cn trong tuabin kh c
lm lnh n 87 0 C.
Nh 4 ni phn trn, khi ch bin kh rt bo (hm lng C 3 vo
khong 600 g/m3 v cao hn), vi mc ch nhn C3 s dng qu trnh chng
ct nhit thp c hai ng a nguyn liu vo thp l thch hp hn c.
184
phn III
chuyn ho kh t nhin
v kh ng hnh
185
186
Chng X
Oxy ho ghp i Metan
187
Bng X.1. Phn loi cc nhm xc tc cho phn ng oxy ho ghp i metan
Nhm xc tc
V d
Li/MgO
Tm hot ng
[M +O ]
OS
Na + /CaO
Oxit h Lantan
La 2 O 3
O2 hoc O 2
Sm 2 O 3
2
M 2 CO 3 /Oxit baz
Na 2 CO 3 /MgO
Na 2 CO 3 /CeO 2
BaO/CaO
O2
PbO/MgO
O2
NaMnO 4 /MgO
O2
O2
2
2
Na 2 CO 3 /Mg 6 MnO 8+
Monophasic oxit
BaPbO 3 , LiNiO 2
LiCa 2 Bi 3 O 4 Cl 6
O
O
C2H6 + H2O
(1)
2CH 4 + O 2
C 2 H 4 + 2H 2 O
(2)
CH 4 + 2O 2
CO 2 + 2H 2 O
(3)
C 2 H 6 + 3,5O 2
2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
(4)
CO + 0,5O 2
CO 2
(5)
C2H4 + H2
(6)
C2H4 + H2O
(7)
2CO + 2H 2 O
(8)
C2H6
C 2 H 6 + 0,5O 2
C 2 H 4 + 2O 2
C2H6
C2H4
CH4
CO
CO2
189
CH 4
O2 H
Xc tc
+ CH3*
CH 3 *
O2
H
C2H5*
CH2O
O2
+ CH3*
C3H8
CO
O2
C2H6
C2H4
H
+ CH3
C3H7*
H
O2
Xc tc
CO2
+ CH3*
C3H6
+ CH3*
600
400
200
25
50
75
100
chn lc C 2
191
ng mao qun c nh
Hnh X.4. S thit b phn ng xc tc tng c nh
Khng kh
193
Chng XI
Cc cng ngh chuyn ho Metan
thnh kh tng hp
XI.1. C ch qu trnh
Qu trnh chuyn ho kh t nhin thnh kh tng hp i hi nhng
iu kin rt nghim ngt. Tu theo mc ch s dng kh tng hp tng
hp cc sn phm c th m iu chnh t l cc cu t chnh ca hn hp
kh tng hp cho ph hp. Bng XI.1 a ra cc t l cu t thch hp cho
mt vi qu trnh tng hp c bn.
Bng XI.1. T l mol cu t thch hp cho mt s qu trnh c bn
T l mol cc cu t
Tng hp
H2
CO
N2
NH 3
CH 3 OH
Fischer - Tropsch
Oxo
CO + 3H 2 206,8 kJ/mol
CO 2 + 4H 2 166,3 kJ/mol
CO 2 + H 2 + 40,5 kJ/mol
CO + 2H 2 + 35,7 kJ/mol
Thit b chuyn ho
Tch S
Kh t nhin
Kh tng hp
Kh thi
Nhin liu
Khng kh
Hnh XI.1. S cng ngh chuyn ho kh t nhin bng hi nc
195
thit cho qu trnh phn ng. Nhit c khng ch trong khong 750 ...
900 0 C ph thuc vo mc ch s dng kh tng hp.
Nhit thp s dng khi s chuyn ho ca metan khng cn gii hn,
v d nh kh tng hp c s dng tng hp NH 3 . Trong trng hp ny
p sut yu cu 3,5 ... 4 MPa. Nhit cao hn p dng khi s chuyn
ho metan cn phi khng ch gii hn. Khi ny p sut i hi thp hn,
1,8 ... 2 MPa.
Kh tng hp sau khi c lm lnh ngng t hi nc d, c nn
n p sut cn thit. V d tng hp metanol cn nn ti p sut 8 ... 10
MPa. Cng on ny cn tiu tn nng lng. Vi nh my 2500 tn
metanol/ngy, cng on nn cn 30 ... 35 MW. Ti nh my ny s ng
phn ng cn ti khong 600 ... 1000 ng, v nh vy rt tn km. Tuy
nhin, qu trnh chuyn ho bng hi nc khng cn ti oxy do khng
cn n nh my sn xut oxy.
Hpng Haldor Topsoe (an Mch) s dng cng ngh chuyn ho bng
hi nc sn xut kh tng hp phc v cho cng ngh tng hp metanol
v tng hp amoniac (hnh XI.2).
CO 2
Hi nc
Kh t nhin
2
1
Kh thi
Nhin liu
Kh tng hp
Hnh XI.2. S cng ngh chuyn ho bng hi nc ca hng Haldor Topsoe
196
Kh tng hp
Tch S
197
Hi nc
Kh tng hp
Hnh XI.4. S cng ngh chuyn ho c xc tc
O2
Hi nc
Kh t nhin
CO 2 tun hon
(khng bt buc)
1
3
2
CO thnh phm
Kh tng hp
6
H 2 thnh phm
Nguyn liu sau khi gia nhit s b ti thit b gia nhit 1 c loi b
cc hp cht cha lu hunh ti thit b 2, sau trn hn hp vi hi nc
v CO 2 tun hon (nu cn). Hn hp kh c a vo thit b chuyn ho 3
cha xc tc. Ban u hn hp kh c t chy ti bung t pha trn
ca thit b. Phn ng oxy ho mt phn xy ra ti vng chy, sau qua lp
xc tc tip tc chuyn ho bng hi nc. Hn hp kh tng hp i ra khi
thit b ATR c nhit khong 1000 0 C ... 1100 0 C, sau khi lm ngui ti
thit b trao i nhit 4 c tch CO 2 ti thit b tch 5. Hn hp kh tng
hp thnh phm nhn c bao gm CO v H 2 c th dng lm nguyn liu
cho sn xut mt s hp cht ho hc nh metanol v cc ru cao hn,
cng c th a i x l tip (thng l phn tch nhit thp) ti thit b
tch 6 nhn c tng cu t ring bit CO v H 2 c tinh khit cao.
CO 2 nhn c t thit b tch 5 c th cho tun hon li iu chnh
t l H 2 /CO trong hn hp kh tng hp thnh phm. Nu s dng nguyn
liu l kh t nhin, t l H 2 /CO nm trong khong t 2,7 (nu khng tun
hon CO 2 ) n 1,6 (nu tun hon ton b CO 2 ).
Trong cng ngh ny khng th s dng khng kh lm tc nhn oxy
ho ban u v N 2 s lm gim tinh khit ca kh thnh phm. Cng ngh
ny s c gi tr cao v mt kinh t nu nh oxy c sn vi gi r.
Trn hnh XI.6 l s cng ngh chuyn ho t nhit bng hi nc
ca hpng Haldor Topsoe.
199
200
CO 2 tun hon
Hi nc
Sn xut
hi nc
Kh t nhin
Kh tng hp
3
4
Condensat
Oxy
Nc
Hnh XI.6. Cng ngh chuyn ho t nhit bng hi nc ca hng Haldor Topsoe
1. Thit b gia nhit; 2. Thp tch S; 3. Thit b chuyn ho ATR;
4. Thit b trao i nhit; 5. Thit b tch CO 2 .
Thit b
phn ng
s cp
Oxy
Thit b phn
ng th cp
Kh tng hp
Hnh XI.7. S cng ngh qu trnh t hp
201
CO 2 + H 2
Kh t nhin
+ Hi nc
Kh tng
hp
Oxy
Hnh XI.8. S cng ngh
qu trnh UHDE
203
Oxy
Kh t nhin
+ hi nc
Thit b
phn ng
s cp
Thit b
phn ng
th cp
Kh tng hp
Hnh XI.9. S cng ngh qu trnh GHR ca ICI
32
31,6
30,6
30
29-30
530
460
280
270300
CO 2 .10 3 , MTPY*
380
375
355
290
250270
Gi tng i
100
95
85-95
80-85
7080
O2, m
205
Chng XII
Cng ngh tng hp Metanol
Metanol, cn gi l metyl alcol hoc cacbinol hoc ru g, c cng
thc ha hc l CH 3 OH, khi lng phn t 32,042. Metanol l ru n
gin nht trong d0y ng ng cc ru no n chc. Ln u tin vo nm
1661, Robert Boyle 0 thu c metanol sau khi ct gim g bng sa vi.
Sut trong khong t 1830 ti 1923, l phng php quan trng nht
sn xut metanol. Nm 1857 Berthelot cng 0 tng hp c metanol bng
cch x phng ha metyl clorua. Ti khong nm 1923 metanol 0 c sn
xut bng phng php tng hp t CO v H 2 . Qu trnh ny 0 dn dn thay
th phng php chng t g v cho ti ngy nay l phng php ch yu
sn xut metanol trong cng nghip
Metanol l mt trong nhng nguyn liu v dung mi quan trng
nht cho cng nghip ha hc. Metanol cn c coi l nhin liu l tng
trong lnh vc nng lng v chy hon ton v khng gy nhim mi trng.
XII.1. Cng ngh tng hp metanol trc tip t metan
XII.1.1. Tng hp metanol bng cch oxy ho trc tip metan
Trc tip tng hp metanol v formaldehyt bng cch oxy ho khng
hon ton metan l mt vn rt kh khn, bi v cc sn phm l metanol
v formaldehyt d b oxy ho hn metan. V vy thi gian tip xc cn phi
rt ngn, vo khong vi giy.
Phn ng oxy ho metan xy ra theo c ch chui gc. Cc phn ng c
th xy ra trn b mt xc tc hoc trong pha hi:
CH 3 + O
CH 3 O
CH 3 O
CH 3 O + CH 4
(1)
HCHO + H
(2)
CH 3 OH + CH 3
(3)
H
2 6
= 1,59; k C
H
3 8
= 12,17
Cc gc t do CH 3 v O b hp ph trn b mt xc tc c th to
206
2HCHO
(4)
0
207
208
Kh tun hon
Kh lm nhin liu
Nc
My nn
Hydrocarbon
kh
Axetaldehyt
Thp
hp th
Gia nhit
L
oxy ha
1
2
3
4
Lm lnh
Khng kh
hoc oxy
Thp
phn ly
My nn
Thp c c
formaldehyt
Cc thp phn ly v
tinh ch sn phm
Phn nng
Formaldehyt 37%
Nc
Hnh XII.1 . Tng hp metanol bng phng php oxy ha trc tip hydrocacbon
1. Axeton; 2. Metanol; 3. Ru izo-propylic; 4. Ru n-propylic; 5. Ru butylic.
218
Nc
Hi nc
Oxy
Hi nc p sut cao
5
Kh t nhin
Kh thi
Chng ct 6
4
7
8
1
8
8
2
Nc
Nhin liu
Kh tun hon
Hnh XII.3. S cng ngh tng hp metanol p sut thp ca hng Haldor Topsoe
9
Trao i
nhit nc
Metanol
CH 3 OH
CO 2 + 3H 2
CO + H 2 O
(3)
f CH OH
3
K1 =
f CO . f H22
CH OH
3
=
CO . H2 2
PCH OH
3
PCO . PH22
= K .K P
1
1
f CO . f H 2O CO . H 2O PCO .PH 2O
K3 =
=
= K 3 . K P3
f CO2 . f H 2 CO2 . H 2 PCO2 . PH 2
209
chuyn ho CO
chuyn ho CO 2
5 MPa
10 MPa
30 MPa
5 MPa
10 MPa
30 MPa
200
96,3
99,0
99,9
28,6
83,0
99,5
250
73,0
90,6
99,0
14,4
45,1
92,4
300
25,4
60,7
92,8
14,1
22,3
71,0
350
2,3
16,7
71,9
9,8
23,1
50,0
400
12,8
7,3
34,1
27,7
29,3
40,0
C n H 2n+1 OH + (n 1)H 2 O
C n H 2n 2 + nH 2 O
CH 3 COOR
Al 2 O 3
CH 3 OCH 3 + H 2 O
211
212
Cc cu t
Hm lng, % s nguyn t
IFP
Cu
25 80
Zn
10 50
Al
4 25
Cu
65 75
Zn
18 23
Sud Chemie
Al
Shell
Cu
Zn
oxit t him
ICI
Cu
Zn
Al
BASF
Cu
Zn
Al
Du Pont
Cu
Zn
Al
United Catalyst
Cu
Zn
Al
Haldor Topsoe
Cu
Zn
Cr
8 12
71
24
5
61
30
9
65 75
20 30
5 10
50
19
31
62
21
17
37
15
48
214
Hi nc
1
Nc
6
Kh mi
a vo
Kh
tun hon
Kh sch
3
4
Metanol th
218
Nc
Hi nc
Oxy
Hi nc p sut cao
5
Kh t nhin
Kh thi
Chng ct 6
4
7
8
1
8
8
2
Nc
Nhin liu
Kh tun hon
9
Trao i
nhit nc
Metanol
Hnh XII.3. S cng ngh tng hp metanol p sut thp ca hng Haldor Topsoe
220
Khng kh
Reforming
Kh t nhin
ng khi
My nn
1
Bm
Hi nc
Condensat
Nc
4
Nc si
Chng ct
Hnh XII.4. S cng ngh tng hp metanol p sut thp ca hng ICI Katalco
222
Oxy
Kh t nhin
Nc si
Thit b chuyn ho
t nhit
Nhin liu
Nc t qu trnh chng ct
Thit b un si li
Khng kh
Kh sch
Hi nc chy tuabin
My nn kh
Hi nc
Hnh XII.5. S cng ngh tng hp metanol p sut thp ca hng Lurgi
Metanol th
a sang
chng ct
XII.2.4.3. Cng ngh ca h1ng Lurgi Oil Gas Chemie GmbH (c)
221
222
Oxy
Kh t nhin
Nc si
Thit b chuyn ho
t nhit
Nhin liu
Nc t qu trnh chng ct
Thit b un si li
Khng kh
Kh sch
Hi nc chy tuabin
My nn kh
Hi nc
Hnh XII.5. S cng ngh tng hp metanol p sut thp ca hng Lurgi
Metanol th
a sang
chng ct
Chng XIII
Cng ngh tng hp amoniac
Hu nh tt c amoniac trn th gii c sn xut bng phn ng ca
nit v hydro c xc tc. V hu ht hydro dng tng hp amoniac c
sn xut bng qu trnh reforming hi nc cc hydrocacbon ( dng lng v
kh) hoc than . Ngun cung cp nit ch yu t qu trnh ha lng khng
kh hoc c th nhn c nit t qu trnh ch bin kh t nhin v kh
ng hnh.
XIII.1. C s ho l ca qu trnh tng hp amoniac
Phng trnh phn ng c bn ca qu trnh tng hp amoniac:
N 2 + 3H 2
2
PNH
PN 2 PH3
Kf =
f NH
3
1/2
f N
3/2
f H
NH3
PNH
3
1/2
3/2
1/2
H3/2 P P
N2
2
N
H
2
K =
NH3
N1 / 2 H3 / 2
2
KP =
PNH
3
1/ 2
PN
3/ 2
PH
2074,18
+ 2,4943 lg T + .T 1,8564 10 7 T 2 + I
T
308 K P
P
ya + 10 4 = 0
840,6 459 10 5
Q = 9157 + 0,545 +
+
P + 5,35T + 2,52 10 4 T 2 16,69 10 6 T 3
3
T
T
224
Nng NH 3 , %
Trong cng nghip, thng tin hnh phn ng trong khong nhit t
300 0 C n 400 0 C.
100
200
500
300
80
400
600
700
60
Nhit , 0 C
40
800
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
p sut, MPa
r
n N0 2 =
n0
1+ r
n0
1+ r
1
n0
n0
1+ r 2
3H 2
r
n0
1+ r
3
r
n0 n0
2
1+ r
2NH 3
Tng s mol
n0
na
n0 + na
n0
n0 na
225
t ta c s mol NH 3 bng:
na =
n0 . y a
1 + ya
y N2
n0
1
na
n0
na
1
1
= 1+ r 2
=
n0 n a
1 + r n0 n a 2 n0 na
=
tng t:
y H2 =
na
1
1 +
1+ r
n0 na
1
1
y a =
(1 + ya ) 1 ya
1+ r
2
2
r
(1 + ya ) 3 ya
1+ r
2
ya
KP =
(r + 3) y 1 (r 1) y
r
1
a
a
1+ r
2r
2
ya*, %
100 MPa
50
40
60 MPa
30
30 MPa
20
10 MPa
10
0
1
226
C nhiu ngun nguyn liu khc nhau c s dng cho qu trnh tng
hp amoniac nh than, du nng naphta, kh t nhin, kh ng hnh. Vi
cc nguyn liu khc nhau, chi ph u t c bn v tiu tn nng lng cho
mt nh my sn xut amoniac 1000 tn/ngy c a ra trong bng so
snh di y (nu ly s liu cho kh t nhin l n v).
Bng XIII.1. So snh sn xut amoniac t cc nguyn liu khc nhau
Kh t nhin
Naphta
Du nng
Than
u t c bn
1,00
1,18
1,50
2,00
1,00
1,05
1,11
1,45
CO + 3H 2
1
O2
CO + 2H 2
2
2) Loi b CO v CO 2 v chng gy ng c xc tc. Ngi ta thc hin
vic loi CO bng cch: u tin chuyn CO thnh CO 2 bng hi nc theo
phn ng:
CO + H 2 O
CO 2 + H 2
CH 4 +
2NH 3 + Q
10 ... 15 MPa;
25 ... 50 MPa;
60 ... 100 MPa.
228
Kh nguyn liu
Kh nguyn liu
Kh thi
Kh nguyn liu
Kh thi
b)
NH 3
NH 3
NH 3
Kh thi
2
a)
Kh nguyn liu
4
Kh thi
c)
2
NH 3
3
d)
CH 4 + H 2 O
CO 2 + 4H 2 O
CH 4 + 2H 2 O
O 2 + 2H 2
2H 2 O
Tch lu hunh
Reforming
Chuyn ho
CO2
Hi nc
CO2
chuyn ho
Kh t nhin
Khng kh
Kh thi
Sn phm
NH3
Metanol th
Tng hp amoniac
Metan ho
Tng hp metanol
231
Hnh XIII.4. S cng ngh tng hp ng thi NH 3 v CH 3 OH ca hng Haldor Topsoe (an Mch)
232
Chng XIV
cng ngh tng hp axetylen
Axetylen c sn xut t hai ngun nguyn liu chnh l cacbua canxi
v hydrocacbon ( dng rn, lng hoc kh). Hin nay M v cc nc Chu
u sn xut axetylen t hydrocacbon; cn Italia, Nht Bn, Nam Phi, n
axetylen c sn xut t cacbua canxi.
Sn xut axetylen t hydrocacbon l qu trnh c pht trin t nhng
nm 50 ca th k trc. Trong cng ngh ny hydrocacbon b nhit phn
nhit cao (ti 1100 ... 1500 0 C) trong iu kin on nhit v thi gian
phn ng rt ngn (t 0,005 n 0,02 giy). Sau sn phm c nhanh
chng lm lnh h nhit xung nhm hn ch cc phn ng phn hu
axetylen.
XIV.1. C s ho l ca qu trnh phn hu Hydrocacbon sn xut axetylen
XIV.1.1. C s nhit ng hc ca qu trnh nhit phn hydrocacbon
Qu trnh phn hu hydrocacbon nhit cao thnh axetylen bao gm
nhiu phn ng thun nghch. Vi nguyn liu l hydrocacbon nh (kh t
nhin v kh ng hnh), qu trnh nhit phn c th c cc phn ng sau:
2CH 4
2CH 4
C2H6
C2H6
C3H8
C3H8
C3H8
C 4 H 10
C 4 H 10
C 4 H 10
C2H4
C3H6
C 2 H 2 + 3H 2
C 2 H 4 + 2H 2
C2H4 + H2
C 2 H 2 + 2H 2
C 2 H 4 + CH 4
C3H6 + H2
1,5CH 2 + 2,5H 2
C2H4 + C2H6
C4H8 + H2
2C 2 H 2 + 3H 2
C2H2 + H2
1,5C 2 H 2 + 1,5H 2
233
G f ,kJ/mol
100
80
60
C 2H 4
C 3H 6
40
C 3H 6
n-C4H10
20
0
CH4
C 2H 6
C (rn) , H 2 (kh)
20
40
300
500 700
234
Axetylen, % th tch
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0 1100
1200
1400
1600
Nhit , K
1800
2000
Hnh XIV.2. ng cong cn bng ca phn ng nhit phn metan ph thuc vo nhit
2C (R) + H 2(K) ;
C + 2H 2
C2H6
2C + 3H 2
C2H4
2C + 2H 2
C2H2
2C + H 2
XIV.1.2. C ch ca qu trnh
Qu trnh nhit phn hydrocacbon nhit cao xy ra theo cc phn
ng thun nghch sau:
2CH 4
C 2 H 2 + 3H 2
C2H6
C 2 H 2 + 2H 2
CH 2 + H 2
CH 2 + CH 4
C2H6
C2H6
C2H4 + H2
C2H4
C2H2 + H2
C2H2
2C + H 2
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy s to thnh axetylen tin hnh
qua giai on trung gian to thnh CH 3 , CH 2 , CH. Qu trnh phn hu
metan c c ch chui gc nh sau:
CH 4
2H
2 CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
2 CH 2
2H
2H2
CH 2 =CH 2
2H
2H2
2 CH
CHCH
Cc gc CH c th trng hp:
n(CH)
C n H 2n
n(CH)
C n H n-m + 0,5mH 2
dc
= k.C1 hay
dr
ln
C1
= k.( 2 1 )
C2
Nu nhit phn etan 650 ... 700 0 C v thi gian tip xc ln hn 0,25
giy th ch yu nhn c hydro, metan v sn phm lng. Khi nhit cao
hn (800 ... 900 0 C) s to ra etylen l chnh v mt lng rt nh axetylen.
Bt u t 1000 0 C, axetylen tr thnh cu t chnh, cn etylen khng c
hoc c vi lng khng ng k. Phng trnh tc phn hu etan nh sau:
dC C 2 H 6
= k.CC 2 H6
dT
Gi tr hng s tc k cc nhit khc nhau xem bng di y:
Hng s tc
1,74
0,50
0,13
7800
9550
5850
237
dC C 3 H 8
dT
= K .CC 3H8
63,300
2,3 RT
C 2 H 4 + CH 4
C3H8
C3H6 + H2
238
chuyn ho, %
100
75
50
25
0
1200
1400
0,2
0,1
0,005
1600
Nhit phn ng , 0 C
0,004
C = C0 .e (k1 + k 2 )
239
k1
C0 .k1
1
( C0 C )
=
1 e (k1 + k 2 )
2
k1 + k 2 2(k1 + k 2 )
dC
= k3 .C
d
t :
C =
C0 .k1
1 e (k1 + k 2 ) C k 3
2(k1 + k 2 )
k1
2C"
=
.e k 3
C0 C k1 + k 2
khi = 0 th = 100%.
nhit t 1200 n 1500 0 C, tc phn hu axetylen nh hn ng
k so vi tc to thnh n v chnh l yu t ng hc c bn cho php
nhn axetylen. T s gia tc to thnh v phn hu axetylen c th iu
chnh c bng cch thay i p sut. Khi gim p sut, t s ny tng ln,
c th khi gim p sut t 0,197 xung 0,039 atm t s tc to thnh v
phn hu axetylen tng ln 3 ln. Cc qu trnh nhit phn metan n axetylen c
th xem nh tp hp cc phn ng phn hu metan, etan, etylen, v axetylen.
2CH 4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
C2H6 + H2 ;
C2H4 + H2 ;
C2H2 + H2 ;
2C + H 2
k 1 = 4,5.10 13 .e 91000/RT
13
k 2 = 9.10 .e
(2)
40/RT
(3)
3000/RT
(4)
k 3 = 2,57.10 .e
6
(1)
69/RT
k 4 = 1,7.10 .e
240
lgk
5
4
3
k2
2
k1
k4
k3
2500
2000 1800
1500
1250
1000
tOC
C 2 H 2 + 3H 2
C2H2
2C + H 2
C, % 100
75
50
25
0
, mili giy
k1
.e k1 e k 4
k 4 k1
241
max =
1
e rln ( /r 1) e ln ( /r 1)
1 r
op =
lnr
(r 1)k
2CO + 3H 2
C 2 H 2 + 3H 2
C2H6
C 2 H 2 + 2H 2
2C 3 H 8
C 4 H 10
Nguyn liu km hiu qu nht l hydrocacbon thm, khi phn hu, lng
axetylen nhn c khng ng k m li to nhiu cc, nha.
Thnh phn ca nguyn liu xc nh nhit v p sut ca qu trnh.
Khi lng phn t ca hydrocacbon nguyn liu cng ln, bn nhit
cng thp nn nhit phn ng thch hp cng gim xung.
Metan nhit phn nhit cao nht, thng l hn 1400 0 C v thi gian
lu ca n trong vng phn ng nh nht (nh hn 0,01 giy). Qu trnh
chuyn ho metan p sut d t 0,1 n 0,2 atm xy ra ti su phn hu
l 30% v nng axetylen trong kh t c vo khong 10% theo th tch.
Etan l nguyn liu tin li sn xut axetylen. Nu nhit phn nhit
va phi, n l nguyn liu tt nht nhn etylen, nhit cao hiu
sut axetylen t nguyn liu l etan cng rt ln. Vi iu kin qu trnh
thc hin nhit 1400 0 C v p sut 0,065 atm, thi gian tip xc 0,05
giy, hiu sut axetylen t cc i 17% th tch.
Propan v butan cng nh cc parafin nng hn cng c s dng
sn xut axetylen, ng thi nhn etylen v cc olefin khc. Ngoi ra ngi
ta c th dng c xng hay phn on keroxen lm nguyn liu. Khi tng
t trng ca nguyn liu, hiu sut tng cng cc hydrocacbon khng no
(axetylen, etylen...) c tng nhng hiu sut nha v cc cng tng ln
ng k.
Trong qu trnh nhit phn, ch nhit l yu t c bn xc nh hiu
sut cc sn phm. iu khin ch nhit, ngn nga s to mui
cacbon v to nha trong l phn ng, ngi ta thng pha thm hi nc
vo. nh gi hiu sut axetylen trong qu trnh nhit phn, ngi ta
dng hai i lng: chuyn ho tng cng (cn gi l h s nhit phn
tng cng) v chuyn ho n axetylen (cn gi l h s nhit phn hu
ch) c nh ngha nh sau:
Q=
X =
S mol axetylen
Tng s mol nguy n liu
cho cc loi nguyn liu hydrocacbon khc nhau. Vi nguyn liu l hydrocacbon dng kh, ch c th s dng qu trnh mt giai on cho h quang
tip xc trc tip vi dng kh. Cn vi nguyn liu lng hoc rn, c th s
dng qu trnh mt giai on hoc hai giai on. u tin hydro c t
nng trong l t, sau nguyn liu lng hoc rn c phun vo dng
plasma hydro.
Hnh XIV.6 m t hai kiu l h quang. Trong c hai qu trnh nhit
phn c to thnh hydro nn c hai qu trnh mt giai on v hai giai
on, h quang chy trong mi trng hydro.
Ngun in
Nguyn liu
Ngun in
Catt
Catt
Lp cch in
Lp cch in
Bung trn
H quang in
Hydro
Bung trn
Ant
Plasma hydro
ti s b
ti
Ant
Nguyn liu
ti
245
92,3%
1,4%
0,5%
Butan
Nit
0,4%
5,4%
14,5
0,4
0,6
0,1
0,01
0,04
0,9
0,02
0,02
Metan
Etan
Propan
Benzen
Toluen
Hydro
Oxit cacbon
Nit
16,3
0,03
0,02
0,3
0,02
63,46
0,6
2,7
30
20
10
0
20
C2H2
15
C2H4
10
SER
5
CH 4
C2H6
C3H8
40
SER kWh/kg C 2 H 2
50
C 4 H 10
C2H2
75
CH 4
50
C2H4
H2
25
0
25
50
75
C3H6
100
125
150
-1 -1
Tc ti propan, kg MW h
247
Kh tun hon
Axetylen sch
2
Hi nc p sut
cao (20 bar)
Du ra kh
Hi nc
p sut thp
Kh nguyn liu
3
Du cha mui
cacbon
Du cn
Naphta
nhit phn
Du un nng
dung mi
249
Oxy
Hydrocacbon
Bung trn
B tng lt
Bung khuch tn
L t
Nc hoc du
lm ngui vo
Bung phn ng
Vng ng
Bung lm ngui
Co cn
nh k
Kh sn phm
Tho nc hoc
du lm ngui
Trong dy chuyn cng ngh, nh nht nhng quan trng nht l l phn
ng. Cu to ca n gn ging nhau cho hai qu trnh lm ngui nhanh bng
nc v bng du. Trn hnh XIV.10 m t l phn ng ca BASF.
Ti nh thit b, tc nhn phn ng q c gia nhit s b (i vi
metan khong 600 0 C) c trn hn hp tht nhanh vi oxy ti bung trn.
Khi hn hp phn ng c a vo bung phn ng, s bt la xy ra trong
khong thi gian vi mili giy tu thuc vo nguyn liu hydrocacbon v
qu trnh gia nhit s b. Cc hydrocacbon cao hn s c gia nhit s b
nhit thp hn so vi metan. trnh s thi ngc li ca hn hp kh
250
gia bung trn v tng phn ng, ngi ta s dng thit b khuch tn l
mt ng ni t bung trn ti l t. V thnh ng nhn v lun lun c
dng kh u n i qua cc l nh ca l t nn thc t khng xy ra s
chuyn ng ngc li ca hn hp kh. L t gm nhng tm thp c
lm ngui bng nc v c rt nhiu khe nh hn hp kh i qua. Tc
dng kh lun lun ln hn tc lan truyn ngn la v vy ngn la bn
di l t khng th t ngc tr li thit b khuch tn. Pha di l t
c ng ng b sung thm oxy cho hn hp phn ng. Trong iu kin
khng thun li ngn la c th xut hin pha trn l t. Trong trng hp
ny phi ngt ngay dng oxy v thi nit vo. Nit dp tt s chy kch n
trc khi gy ra s c cho thit b.
Hn hp kh c nhit cao trong vng phn ng trong khong thi
gian vi mili giy, sau s i qua vng ti, ti c phun nc hoc du
lm mt tc thi n nhit 80 0 C (i vi nc) hoc 200 ... 250 0 C (i vi
du). Tc nhn dng ti hn hp sau phn ng c dn vo t h
thng gm ba ng vng t ngay pha di tng phn ng.
Hnh XIV.11 v XIV.12 m t cc s cng ngh sn xut axetylen
bng phng php nhit phn oxy ho khng hon ton s dng qu trnh
ti bng nc v ti bng du.
Kh sau phn ng n my nn (30 0 C)
Mui cacbon
sang l t
db
90 0 C
3
1
1
Nc cha mui
5
Mui sang l t
251
Kh sau phn ng
n my nn (30 0 C)
BTX
Vng thm
ngng t cao
100 C
110 0 C
180 - 220 C
1
1
O2
CH 4
Du cn
Trao i nhit
khng kh
140 0 C
150 0 C
Qu trnh
phn ly kh
4
200 - 260 0 C
500 0 C
253
VI
VII
V
10
VIII
IX
10
IV
4
11
Hi
nc
II
III
11
Nc
XII
XI
Hnh XIV.13. S cng on tch axetylen ca hng BASF, cng on hp th bng N-metyl pyrolidon (NMP)
1. My nn; 2. Thp hp th s b; 3. Thp nh hp th axetylen; 4. Thp hp th chnh; 5. Thp nh hp th; 6. Thp chn
khng; 7. Thp tch chn khng; 8. Thp ra; 9. Thp ngng t; 10. Bm chn khng; 11. Thit b lm lnh bng nc.
255
I. Kh nhit phn; II. NMP; III. Kh tng hp; IV. Kh tun hon; V. Kh pha long; VI. Kh tng hp; VII. Axetylen; VIII. ng ng
ca axetylen a sang l t; IX. Nc si; X. T thp lm lnh bng khng kh hoc nc; XI. n thng cha; XII. i ti sinh.
256
Ph lc
257
cacbon dioxit
cacbon dioxit
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , C
259
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
260
Hydrosunfua
Hydrosunfua
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , C
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
Nit
Nit
Nhit ,
0
C
261
p sut, MPa
Nhit ,
0
F
p sut, psi
262
Metan
Metan
Nhit , 0 C
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
Etan
Etan
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
263
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
264
Propan
Propan
Nhit , 0 F
0
Nhit , C
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
izo-butan
izo-butan
Nhit , 0 C
Nhit , 0 F
265
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
266
n-Butan
n-Butan
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
izo-Pentan
izo-Pentan
Nhit , 0 C
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
267
n-Pentan
n-Pentan
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
268
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, psi
n-hexan
n-hexan
Nhit , 0 C
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
269
n-heptan
n-heptan
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
270
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, psi
n-octan
n-octan
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
271
n-Nonan
n-Nonan
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
272
Nhit , 0 F
p sut, psi
n-Decan
n-Decan
Nhit , 0 F
Nhit , 0 C
p sut, MPa
p sut, psi
273
274
o
ti trng 1
Du thi
p lc y
Trng
cn bng
o
ti trng 2
Vng m
Du vo
TucBin gin n kh
Kh
bo v
iu khin
p lc y
p k trng
cn bng
My nn kh
Nhit si ca nc
Nhit nng chy ca nc
Khng trong thang Farenheit
Khng tuyt i
(1)
100
0
17,8
273,15
80
0
14,2
218,56
212
32
0
459,76
373,15
273,15
255,4
0
9
n o C = n + 32 o F = (n + 273,15) K
4
i o R thnh o C:
noR =
5
(n 491,76)oC
9
i o F thnh o C , o R v K:
5
5
n o F = (n 32) o C = (n + 459,76)oR = (n 32) + 273,15 K
9
9
o
o
i K thnh C v F:
9
n K = (n 273,15) o C = (n 273,15 ) + 32 o F
5
(1)
275
276
Choc oF
2
Choc oF
Choc oF
10
-273,16 -459,69
-19,44
-3
26,6
28,9
84
183,2
432,2
-267,78
-450
-18,89
-2
28,4
29,4
85
185,0
-262,22
-440
-18,33
-1
30,2
30,0
86
186,8
-256,67
-430
-17,8
32,0
30,6
87
-251,11
-420
-17,2
33,8
31,1
88
-245,56
-410
-16,7
35,6
31,7
-240,00
-400
-16,1
37,4
-234,44
-390
-15,6
39,2
-228,89
-380
-15,0
-223,33
-370
-14,4
-217,78
-360
-13,9
-212,22
-350
-206,67
-340
-201,11
Choc oF
11
Choc oF
12
13
14
15
810
1.490,0
915,6
1.680
3.056,0
437,8
820
1.508,0
921,1
1,690
3.074,0
443,3
830
1.526,0
926,7
1.700
3.092,0
188,6
448,9
840
1.544,0
932,2
1.710
3.110,0
190,4
454,4
850
1.562,0
937,8
1.720
3.128,0
89
192,2
460,0
860
1.580,0
943,3
1.730
3.146,0
32,2
90
194,0
465,6
870
1.598,0
948,9
1.740
3.164,0
32,8
91
195,8
471,1
880
1.616,0
954,4
1.750
3.182,0
41,0
33,3
92
197,6
476,7
890
1.634,0
960,0
1.760
3.200,0
42,8
33,9
93
199,4
482,2
900
1.652,0
965,6
1.770
3.218,0
44,6
34,4
94
201,2
487,8
910
1.670,0
971,1
1.780
3.236,0
-13,3
46,4
35,0
95
203,0
493,3
920
1.688,0
976,7
1.790
3.254,0
-12,8
48,2
35,6
96
204,8
498,9
930
1.706,0
982,2
1.800
3.272,0
-330
-12,2
10
50,0
36,1
97
206,6
504,4
940
1.724,0
987,8
1.810
3.290,0
-195,58
-320
-11,7
11
51,8
36,7
98
208,4
510,0
950
1.742,0
993,3
1.820
3.308,0
-190,00
-310
-11,1
12
53,6
37,2
99
210,2
515,6
960
1.760,0
998,9
1.830
3.326,0
-184,44
-300
-10,6
13
55,4
37,8
100
212,0
521,1
970
1.778,0
1.004,4
1.840
3.344,0
-178,89
-290
-10,0
14
57,2
43,3
110
230,0
526,7
980
1.796,0
1.010,0
1.850
3.362,0
-173,33
-280
-9,44
15
59,0
48,9
120
248,0
532,2
990
1.814,0
1.015,6
1.860
3.380,0
-169,53
-273,16 -459,7
-8,89
16
60,8
54,4
130
266,0
537,8
1.000
1.832,0
1.021,1
1.870
3.398,0
-168,89
-272
-8,33
17
62,6
60,0
140
284,0
543,3
1,010
1.850,0
1.026,7
1.880
3.416,0
-457,6
Choc oF
Choc oF
Choc oF
Choc oF
Choc oF
277
10
11
12
13
14
15
-167,78
-270
-454,0
-7,78
18
64,4
65,6
150
302,0
548,9
1.020
1.868,0
1.032,2
1.890
3.434,0
-162,22
-260
-436,0
-7,22
19
66,2
71,1
160
320,0
554,4
1.030
1.886,0
1.037,8
1.900
3.452,0
-156,67
-250
-418,0
-6,67
20
68,0
76,7
170
338,0
560,0
1.040
1.904,0
1.043,3
1.910
3.470,0
-151,11
-240
-400,0
-6,11
21
69,8
82,2
180
358,0
565,6
1.050
1.922,0
1.048,9
1.920
3.488,0
-145,56
-230
-382,0
-5,56
22
71,6
87,8
190
374,0
571,1
1,060
1.940,0
1.054,4
1.930
3.506,0
-140,00
-220
-364,0
-5,00
23
73,4
93,3
200
392,0
576,7
1.070
1.958,0
1.060,0
1.940
3.524,0
-134,44
-210
-346,0
-4,44
24
75,2
98,9
210
410,0
582,2
1.080
1.976,0
1.065,6
1.950
3.542,0
-128,89
-200
-328,0
-3,89
25
77,0
104,4
220
428,0
587,8
1.090
1.994,0
1.071,1
1.960
3.560,0
-123,33
-190
-310,0
-3,33
26
78,8
110,0
230
446,0
593,3
1.100
2.012,0
1.076,7
1.970
3.578,0
-117,78
-180
-292,0
-2,78
27
80,6
115,6
240
464,0
598,9
1.110
2.030,0
1.082,2
1.980
3,596,0
-112,22
-170
-274,0
-2,22
28
82,4
121,1
250
482,0
604,4
1.120
2.048,0
1.087,8
1.990
3.614,0
-106,67
-160
-256,0
-1,67
29
84,2
126,7
260
500,0
610,0
1.130
2.066,0
1.093,3
2.000
3.632,0
-101,11
-150
-238,0
-1,11
30
86,0
132,2
270
518,0
615,6
1.140
2.084,0
1.098,9
2.010
3.650,0
-95,56
-140
-220,0
-0,56
31
87,8
137,8
280
536,0
621,1
1.150
2.102,0
1.104,4
2.020
3.668,0
-90,00
-130
-202,0
32
89,6
143,3
290
554,0
626,7
1.160
2.120,0
1.110,0
2.030
3.686,0
-84,44
-120
-184,0
0,56
33
91,4
148,9
300
572,0
632,2
1.170
2.138,0
1.115,6
2.040
3.704,0
-78,89
-110
-166,0
1,11
34
93,2
154,4
310
590,0
637,8
1.180
2.156,0
1.121,1
2.050
3.722,0
-73,33
-100
-148,0
1,67
35
95,0
160,0
320
608,0
643,3
1.190
2.174,0
1.126,7
2.060
3.740,0
-70,56
-95
-139,0
3,33
36
96,8
165,6
330
626,0
648,9
1.200
2.192,0
1.132,2
2.070
3.758,0
-67,78
-90
-130,0
2,78
37
98,6
171,1
340
644,0
654,4
1.210
2.210,0
1.137,8
2.080
3.776,0
-65,00
-85
-121,0
3,33
38
100,4
176,7
350
662,0
660,0
1.220
2.228,0
1.143,3
2.090
3.794,0
278
1
-62,22
-59,45
-58,67
-53,89
-51,11
-48,34
-45,56
-42,78
-40,00
-39,45
-38,89
-38,34
-37,78
-37,23
-36,67
-36,12
-35,56
-35,00
-34,44
-33,89
-33,33
-32,78
Choc oF
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-112,0
-103,0
-94,0
-85,0
-76,0
-67,0
-58,0
-49,0
-40,0
-38,2
-36,4
-34,6
-32,8
-31,0
-29,2
-27,4
-25,6
-23,8
-22,0
-20,2
-18,4
-16,6
4
3,89
4,44
5,00
5,56
6,11
6,67
7,22
7,78
8,33
8,89
9,44
10,0
10,6
11,1
11,7
12,2
12,8
13,3
13,9
14,4
15,0
15,6
Choc oF
Choc oF
Choc oF
Choc oF
10
11
12
13
14
15
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
102,2
104,0
105,8
107,6
109,4
111,2
113,0
114,8
116,6
118,4
120,2
122,0
123,8
125,6
127,4
129,2
131,0
132,8
134,6
136,4
138,2
140,0
182,2
187,8
193,3
198,9
204,4
210,0
215,6
221,1
226,7
232,2
237,8
243,3
248,9
254,4
260,0
265,6
271,1
276,7
282,2
287,8
293,3
298,9
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
680,0
698,0
716,0
734,0
752,0
770,0
788,0
806,0
824,6
842,0
860,0
878,0
896,0
914,0
932,0
950,0
968,0
986,0
1.004,0
1.022,0
1.040,0
1.058,0
665,6
671,1
676,7
682,2
687,8
693,3
698,9
704,4
710,0
715,6
721,1
726,7
732,2
737,8
743,3
748,9
754,4
760,0
765,6
771,1
776,7
782,2
1,230
1.240
1.250
1.260
1.270
1.280
1.290
1.300
1.310
1.320
1.330
1.340
1.350
1.360
1.370
1.380
1.390
1.400
1.410
1.420
1.430
1.440
2.246,0
2.264,0
2.282,0
2.300,0
2.318,0
2.336,0
2.354,0
2.372,0
2.390,0
2.408,0
2.426,0
2.444,0
2.462,0
2.480,0
2.498,0
2.516,0
2.534,0
2.552,0
2.570,0
2.588,0
2.606,0
2.624,0
1.148,9
1.154,4
1.160,0
1.165,6
1.171,1
1.176,7
1.182,2
1.187,8
1.193,3
1.198,9
1.204,4
1.210,0
1.215,6
1.221,1
1.226,7
1.232,2
1.237,8
1.243,3
1.248,9
1.254,4
1.260,0
1.265,6
2.100
2.110
2.120
2.130
2.140
2.150
2.160
2.170
2.180
2.190
2.200
2.210
2.220
2.230
2.240
2.250
2.260
2.270
2.280
2.290
2.300
2.310
3.812,0
3.830,0
3.848,0
3.866,0
3.884,0
3.902,0
3.920,0
3.938,0
3.956,0
3.974,0
3.992,0
4.010,0
4.028,0
4.046,0
4.064,0
4.082,0
4.100,0
4.118,0
4.136,0
4.154,0
4.172,0
4.190,0
279
-32,22
-31,67
-31,11
-30,56
-30,00
-29,45
-28,89
-28,34
-27,78
-27,23
-26,67
-26,12
-25,56
-25,00
-24,44
-23,89
-23,33
-22,78
-22,22
-21,67
-21,11
-20,56
-20,00
Choc oF
Choc oF
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-14,8
-13,0
-11,2
-9,4
-7,6
-5,8
-4,0
-2,2
-0,4
1,4
3,2
5,0
6,8
8,6
10,4
12,2
14,0
15,8
17,6
19,4
21,2
23,0
24,8
16,1
16,7
17,2
17,8
18,3
18,9
19,4
20,0
20,6
21,1
21,7
22,2
22,8
23,3
23,9
24,4
25,0
25,6
26,1
26,7
27,2
27,8
28,3
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
141,8
143,6
145,4
147,2
149,0
150,8
152,6
154,4
156,2
158,0
159,8
161,6
163,4
165,2
167,0
168,8
170,6
172,4
174,2
176,0
177,8
179,6
181,4
7
304,4
310,0
315,6
321,1
326,7
332,2
337,8
343,3
348,9
354,4
360,0
365,6
371,1
376,7
382,2
387,8
393,3
398,9
404,4
410,0
415,6
421,1
426,7
Choc oF
10
11
12
13
14
15
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
1.076,0
1.094,0
1.112,0
1.130,0
1.148,0
1.166,0
1.184,0
1.202,0
1.220,0
1.238,0
1.256,0
1.274,0
1.292,0
1.310,0
1.328,0
1.346,0
1.384,0
1.382,0
1.400,0
1.418,0
1.436,0
1.454,0
1.472,0
787,8
793,3
798,9
804,4
810,0
815,6
821,1
826,7
832,2
837,8
843,3
848,9
854,4
860,0
865,6
871,1
876,7
882,2
887,6
893,3
898,9
904,4
910,0
1.450
1.460
1.470
1.480
1.490
1.500
1.510
1.520
1.530
1.540
1.560
1.560
1.570
1.580
1.590
1.600
1.610
1.620
1.630
1.640
1.650
1.660
1.670
2.642,0
2.660,0
2.678,0
2.696,0
2.714,0
2.732,0
2.750,0
2.768,0
2.786,0
2.804,0
2.822,0
2.840,0
2.858,0
2.876,0
2.894,0
2.912,0
2.930,0
2.948,0
2.966,0
2.984,0
3.002,0
3.020,0
3.038,0
1.271,1
1.276,7
1.282,2
1.287,8
1.293,3
1.298,9
1.304,4
1.310,0
1.343,3
1.371,1
1.398,9
1.426,7
1.454,4
1.482,2
1.510,0
1.537,8
1.565,1
1.593,3
1.621,1
1.648,9
2.320
2.330
2.340
2.350
2.360
2.370
2.380
2.390
2.450
2.500
2.550
2.600
2.650
2.700
2.750
2.800
2.850
2.900
2.950
3.000
4.208,0
4.226,0
4.244,0
4.262,0
4.280,0
4.298,0
4.316,0
4.334,0
4.442,0
4.532,0
4.622,0
4.712,0
4.802,0
4.892,0
4.982,0
5.072,0
5.162,0
5.252,0
5.342,0
5.432,0
Choc oF
Choc oF
n v lc v khi lng
Dyn (dyn)
1 g.cm/s 2
10 5
0,101972
101,972
10 5
1,01972.10 6
1,01972.10 3
980,665
1000
980,665
0,001
9,80665
0,980665.10
Kilgam lc (kG)
1 kg.9,80665 m/s 2
Gam lc (G)
1 g.9,80665 m/s 2
n v cng
Kiljun
(kJ)
Ec
(ec)
Kilgam lc
mt (kG.m)
Oat gi
(Wh)
Kiloat gi
(kWh)
Calo
(cal)
0,001
1,02.10 1
1
10 10
102.10 3
2,78.10 4
2,78.10 1
2,78.10 11
2,72.10 3
2,78.10 7
2,78.10 4
2,78.10 14
2,72.10 6
0,239
1000
10 7
10 10
239
2,39.10 8
1
1000
0,001
860
860.10 3
1,162.10 3
1,162.10 6
10
9,81
3,6.10 3
3,6.10
4,186
280
9,81.10 3
3,6
3,6.10 3
102
9,81. 10 7
3,6.10
10
3,6.10
13
4,186.10 3 1,182.10 7
1
367
367.10
0,127
2,344
Ghi ch:
1. Khi dYn n t th tch V 1 n th tch V 2 ti mt p sut p khng i, thc hin
mt cng A = p(V 2 V 1 ). Trong sch bo cn gp n v o cng l
lt.atmtphe (l.atm); 1 l.atm = 101.33 J = 0,10133 kJ = 10 3 cm 3 .1,0133.10 6
dyn/cm 2 = 1,0133.10 9 ec = 10,333 kG.m = 0,0282 Wh = 2,82.10 5 kWh = 24,2
cal.
2. Cn gp n v o cng 1 mY lc gi = 2650 J = 2,7.10 5 kG.m = 0,736 kWh =
633 kcal.
3. i vi kilgam (lc).mt ngi ta ngh dng pon (p);
1 pon = 9,80665 kg.m2/s2 = 9,80665 N.m; 1 kilpon (kp) = 9806,65 N.m.
n v cng sut
Kiloat (kW)
(kiljun trong 1 giy)
0,001
1
9,81.10 3
4,1868.10 3
1,163.10 3
0,763
kG.m/s
cal/s
kcal/h
0,102
102
1
0,127
0,1186
75
0,239
239
2,345
1
0,278
176
0,860
860
8,44
3,6
1
633
M lc
0,00136
1,36
0,01333
0,0057
0,00158
1
Ghi ch:
1. Mt mY lc hay cn gi l nga c k hiu l HP. Mt mY lc Anh v M
c k hiu l hp v bng 745,7 W = 76,05 kG.m/s = 2686 kJ/h = 1,014 HP
= 10,7 kcal/ph.
2. 1 foot-pound (lc) (ft-lbf)/s = 1,3558 W = 0,3238 cal/s = 0,77 BTU/ph =
0,00182 hp.
BTU l n v nhit ca Anh, 1 BTU = 2,930.10 4 kWh = 0,2930 Wh =
0,252 kcal = 1055 J = 107,56 kG.m. = 778 ft.lbf ; ( lbf = pound lc).
1 kW = 3600 kJ/h = 3412 BTU/h; 1,0 hp = 2545 BTU/h = 2686 kJ/h.
n v p sut
Niutn trn
mt vung
(1 N.m 2 )
Bar (b)
(10 5 N/m 2 )
Milimet
thu ngn
(mmHg)
(0 o C)
Milimt
nc
(mmH 2 O)
(4 o C)
Mt nc
(mH 2 O)
(4 o C)
kG/cm 2
atmtphe
k thut (at)
p sut
chun hay
p sut vt
l (atm)
1
10 5
133,322
9,80665
9806,65
98066,5
101325
105
0,0075
750,06
1
9,87.10 6
0,987
0,001316
98,0665.106
0,07356
73,56
735,56
760
10197
10,197
0,013595
0,001
1
10
10,332
1,0197.10 5
1
133,22.1016
0,10197
10197
13,595
1
1000
10000
10332
98066,5.106
980665.106
1,01325
1,0197
0,00136
10 4
0,1
1
1,0332
9,678.10 4
9,678.10 2
0,9678
1
Ghi ch :
1. p sut chun l p sut ca mt ct thu ngn cao 760 mm tnh t y
nm ngang ca ct vi trng lng ring ca thu ngn 13,5950 kg / cm 3
v gia tc chun ca s ri t do 980,665 cm / s 2 .
2. p = p a p b ; p l p sut d; p a - p sut tuyt i; p b l p sut kh quyn
(o c bng p k) p a > p b . Khi o p sut d p bng atmtphe k thut,
i khi atmtphe c k hiu l at , (p h = p b p a ; p h l p sut chn
khng, p a < p b ) .
Atmtphe k thut at; 1 at = 1 kG / cm 2 = 0,980665 bar = 735,56 mmHg
= 9,81.104 N / m 2 = 1 m 1 . kg.s 2 = 10 mH 2 O .
3. p sut chun l p sut tuyt i bng 1 atm ; cn gi l atmphe chun
(hay atmtphe vt l);
1 atm = 1,01325 bar = 1,0332 at = 760 mmHg = 10,33 mH 2 O .
4. Cn gp n v p sut bar;
1 bar = 1 dyn / cm 2 = 0,1 N / m 2 = 750 mmHg 0 o C.
5. Cn gp n v tor;
1 torr = 1 mmHg = 0,1 cm . 13,596 g / cm 3 . 981 cm / s 2 = 1333,2 bar .
6. Cn gp n v p sut pascan ( Pa );
1 Pa = 10 dyn / cm 2 = 0,0075 mmHg = 1 N / m 2 ;
1 MPa = 10 6 Pa = 10,197 kG / cm 2
7. Cn gp n v p sut psia:
1 psi = 6894,76 Pa .
100 kPa = 1 bar = 0,987 atm = 1,02 kG/cm 2 = 14,5 psi
14,696 psi = 1 atm (tiu chun) = 1001,325 kPa = 1,01 bar = 1,03 kG / cm 2
8. p sut kh quyn ngang mt bin l 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 10,33 mH 2 O .
282
n v nht
t. : nht t i; td =
t1 1
t 2 2
7,5
0,0100
0,1147
0,1983
0,2766
0,3529
0,5398
10
15
20
30
40
50
0,7247
1,0928
1,4588
2,1909
2,9224
3,6537
n v o khi lng
Microgam (g)
Miligam (mg)
Gam (g)
Kilgam (kg)
0,001
0,000 001
10 9
1.000
0,001
0,000 001
1.000.000
1.000
0,001
1.000.000.000
1.000.000
1.000
Trong cc sch tra cu, ngi ta thng ghi t trng ca cht lng i
vi nc 4 o C ( d4t ). V vy trong nhng trng hp m t trng ca cht
lng (d) c xc nh nhit (t) ging nhit cho trong bng tra cu,
20
15,56
cn dng c dng xc nh d li cho gi tr dtt (v d d15
,56 , d20 , v.v...)
toC
1D
toC
1D
toC
1D
toC
1D
0,00013
13
0,00060
17,6
0,0013
22
0,0022
0,00000
14
0,00073
18
0,0014
23
0,0024
10
0,00027
15
0,00087
19
0,0016
24
0,0027
11
0,00037
15,6
0,00097
20
0,0018
25
0,0029
12
0,00048
16
0,0010
21
0,0020
30
0,0044
12,5
0,00054
17
0,00127
(cht lng)
(nc)
(cht kh)
M (cht kh)
- ca cht kh: d K (hoc K ) =
=
(khng kh)
M (khng kh)
l khi lng ring.
- ca cht lng: d L (hoc L ) =
141,5
131,5 + 0 API
API =
141,5
131,5
dL
n v o di
Angstrm
Milimicron
Micron
Milimet
Xentimet
Deximet
Mt
mm
cm
dm
0,1
0,0001
10 7
10 8
10 9
10 10
10
0,001
10
10
10
10 9
10000
1000
0,001
0,0001
10 5
10 6
10 7
10 6
1000
0,1
0,01
0,001
10
10
10000
10
10
10
10
10
10
0,1
0,01
10
100
10
0,1
10
1000
100
10
285
n v o di
1
1
1
1
n v o din tch
1
1
1
1
n v o th tch
1 cubic yard (kiubic ya, cu. yd.) = 27 cubic foot = 0,7646 m 3
1 cubic foot (cu. ft.) = 1728 cubic inch = 0,02832 m 3
1 cubic inch (cu. in.) = 16,387 cm 3
286
Cch c
Gi tr
V d
giga
10 9
GN
giganiutn
1.000.000.000 N
mega
10 6
kil
MHz
megahec
1.000.000 Hz
10
kW
kiloat
1000 W
hW
hectoat
100 W
dal
decalit
10 l
hecto
10
da
deca
10
dexi
10 1
dm
deximet
0,1 m
xenti
10
cm
xentimet
0,01 m
mili
10
mV
milivon
0,001 V
micro
10
microampe
0,000001 A
nano
10 9
nH
nanohenri
0,000000001H
milimicro
10
mF
milimicro
0,000000001F
pico
10
12
faraday
p
pF
pico faraday
10 12 F
287
288
Sons, 1997.
25. Metan Activation. Proceeding of The European Workshop, Bochum,
FRG., May 2-3, 1988. Ed. by M. Baerns, J. R. H. Ross and K. Van der
Wiele. Elservier,1989.
26. Metanol Technology and Application in Moto Fuels. Ed. by J. K. Paul.
289
290
47. . . . . , 1984.
48. . ., . ., . .
N o 5 , 27, 1972.
49. . .
. . . , 1983.
291
PG s . T s . T ng Hi
Bin tp:
Ch bn:
Dng Vn Quyn
V ba:
Hng Lan
292