Formulae

Modigliani and Miller Proposition 2 (with tax)

k e = kie + (1 T)(kie k d )

Vd
Ve

The Capital Asset Pricing Model

E(ri ) = Rf + i (E(rm ) Rf )
The asset beta formula

V (1 T)

Ve
d
a =
e +
d
(Ve + Vd (1 T)) (Ve + Vd (1 T))

The Growth Model

Po =

Do (1 + g)
(re g)

Gordons growth approximation

g = bre
The weighted average cost of capital
V

e
d
ke +
k (1 T)
WACC =
Ve + Vd
Ve + Vd d
The Fisher formula
(1 + i) = (1 + r)(1+h)
Purchasing power parity and interest rate parity
S1 = S0 x

(1+hc )

F0 = S0 x

(1+hb )

(1+ic )
(1+ib )

Modified Internal Rate of Return

1

PV n
MIRR = R 1 + re 1
PVI

The Black-Scholes option pricing model

c = PaN(d1) PeN(d2 )e rt
Where:
d1 =

ln(Pa / Pe ) + (r+0.5s2 )t
s t

d2 = d1 s t
The Put Call Parity relationship
p = c Pa + Pee rt

[P.T.O.

Present Value Table

Present value of 1 i.e. (1 + r)n
Where

r = discount rate
n = number of periods until payment
Discount rate (r)

Periods
(n)

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1
2
3
4
5

0990
0980
0971
0961
0951

0980
0961
0942
0924
0906

0971
0943
0915
0888
0863

0962
0925
0889
0855
0822

0952
0907
0864
0823
0784

0943
0890
0840
0792
0747

0935
0873
0816
0763
0713

0926
0857
0794
0735
0681

0917
0842
0772
0708
0650

0909
0826
0751
0683
0621

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

0942
0933
0923
0914
0905

0888
0871
0853
0837
0820

0837
0813
0789
0766
0744

0790
0760
0731
0703
0676

0746
0711
0677
0645
0614

0705
0665
0627
0592
0558

0666
0623
0582
0544
0508

0630
0583
0540
0500
0463

0596
0547
0502
0460
0422

0564
0513
0467
0424
0386

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

0896
0887
0879
0870
0861

0804
0788
0773
0758
0743

0722
0701
0681
0661
0642

0650
0625
0601
0577
0555

0585
0557
0530
0505
0481

0527
0497
0469
0442
0417

0475
0444
0415
0388
0362

0429
0397
0368
0340
0315

0388
0356
0326
0299
0275

0350
0319
0290
0263
0239

11
12
13
14
15

(n)

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

16%

17%

18%

19%

20%

1
2
3
4
5

0901
0812
0731
0659
0593

0893
0797
0712
0636
0567

0885
0783
0693
0613
0543

0877
0769
0675
0592
0519

0870
0756
0658
0572
0497

0862
0743
0641
0552
0476

0855
0731
0624
0534
0456

0847
0718
0609
0516
0437

0840
0706
0593
0499
0419

0833
0694
0579
0482
0402

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

0535
0482
0434
0391
0352

0507
0452
0404
0361
0322

0480
0425
0376
0333
0295

0456
0400
0351
0308
0270

0432
0376
0327
0284
0247

0410
0354
0305
0263
0227

0390
0333
0285
0243
0208

0370
0314
0266
0225
0191

0352
0296
0249
0209
0176

0335
0279
0233
0194
0162

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

0317
0286
0258
0232
0209

0287
0257
0229
0205
0183

0261
0231
0204
0181
0160

0237
0208
0182
0160
0140

0215
0187
0163
0141
0123

0195
0168
0145
0125
0108

0178
0152
0130
0111
0095

0162
0137
0116
0099
0084

0148
0124
0104
0088
0074

0135
0112
0093
0078
0065

11
12
13
14
15

10

Annuity Table
(1 + r)n
Present value of an annuity of 1 i.e. 1
r
Where

r = discount rate
n = number of periods
Discount rate (r)

Periods
(n)

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1
2
3
4
5

0990
1970
2941
3902
4853

0980
1942
2884
3808
4713

0971
1913
2829
3717
4580

0962
1886
2775
3630
4452

0952
1859
2723
3546
4329

0943
1833
2673
3465
4212

0935
1808
2624
3387
4100

0926
1783
2577
3312
3993

0917
1759
2531
3240
3890

0909
1736
2487
3170
3791

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

5795
6728
7652
8566
9471

5601
6472
7325
8162
8983

5417
6230
7020
7786
8530

5242
6002
6733
7435
8111

5076
5786
6463
7108
7722

4917
5582
6210
6802
7360

4767
5389
5971
6515
7024

4623
5206
5747
6247
6710

4486
5033
5535
5995
6418

4355
4868
5335
5759
6145

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

10368
11255
12134
13004
13865

9787
10575
11348
12106
12849

9253
9954
10635
11296
11938

8760
9385
9986
10563
11118

8306
8863
9394
9899
10380

7887
8384
8853
9295
9712

7499
7943
8358
8745
9108

7139
7536
7904
8244
8559

6805
7161
7487
7786
8061

6495
6814
7103
7367
7606

11
12
13
14
15

(n)

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

16%

17%

18%

19%

20%

1
2
3
4
5

0901
1713
2444
3102
3696

0893
1690
2402
3037
3605

0885
1668
2361
2974
3517

0877
1647
2322
2914
3433

0870
1626
2283
2855
3352

0862
1605
2246
2798
3274

0855
1585
2210
2743
3199

0847
1566
2174
2690
3127

0840
1547
2140
2639
3058

0833
1528
2106
2589
2991

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

4231
4712
5146
5537
5889

4111
4564
4968
5328
5650

3998
4423
4799
5132
5426

3889
4288
4639
4946
5216

3784
4160
4487
4772
5019

3685
4039
4344
4607
4833

3589
3922
4207
4451
4659

3498
3812
4078
4303
4494

3410
3706
3954
4163
4339

3326
3605
3837
4031
4192

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

6207
6492
6750
6982
7191

5938
6194
6424
6628
6811

5687
5918
6122
6302
6462

5453
5660
5842
6002
6142

5234
5421
5583
5724
5847

5029
5197
5342
5468
5575

4836
4988
5118
5229
5324

4656
4793
4910
5008
5092

4486
4611
4715
4802
4876

4327
4439
4533
4611
4675

11
12
13
14
15

11

[P.T.O.

Standard normal distribution table

00
01
02
03
04

000
00000
00398
00793
01179
01554

001
00040
00438
00832
01217
01591

002
00080
00478
00871
01255
01628

003
00120
00517
00910
01293
01664

004
00160
00557
00948
01331
01700

005
00199
00596
00987
01368
01736

006
00239
00636
01026
01406
01772

007
00279
00675
01064
01443
01808

008
00319
00714
01103
01480
01844

009
00359
00753
01141
01517
01879

05
06
07
08
09

01915
02257
02580
02881
03159

01950
02291
02611
02910
03186

01985
02324
02642
02939
03212

02019
02357
02673
02967
03238

02054
02389
02704
02995
03264

02088
02422
02734
03023
03289

02123
02454
02764
03051
03315

02157
02486
02794
03078
03340

02190
02517
02823
03106
03365

02224
02549
02852
03133
03389

10
11
12
13
14

03413
03643
03849
04032
04192

03438
03665
03869
04049
04207

03461
03686
03888
04066
04222

03485
03708
03907
04082
04236

03508
03729
03925
04099
04251

03531
03749
03944
04115
04265

03554
03770
03962
04131
04279

03577
03790
03980
04147
04292

03599
03810
03997
04162
04306

03621
03830
04015
04177
04319

15
16
17
18
19

04332
04452
04554
04641
04713

04345
04463
04564
04649
04719

04357
04474
04573
04656
04726

04370
04484
04582
04664
04732

04382
04495
04591
04671
04738

04394
04505
04599
04678
04744

04406
04515
04608
04686
04750

04418
04525
04616
04693
04756

04429
04535
04625
04699
04761

04441
04545
04633
04706
04767

20
21
22
23
24

04772
04821
04861
04893
04918

04778
04826
04864
04896
04920

04783
04830
04868
04898
04922

04788
04834
04871
04901
04925

04793
04838
04875
04904
04927

04798
04842
04878
04906
04929

04803
04846
04881
04909
04931

04808
04850
04884
04911
04932

04812
04854
04887
04913
04934

04817
04857
04890
04916
04936

25
26
27
28
29

04938
04953
04965
04974
04981

04940
04955
04966
04975
04982

04941
04956
04967
04976
04982

04943
04957
04968
04977
04983

04945
04959
04969
04977
04984

04946
04960
04970
04978
04984

04948
04961
04971
04979
04985

04949
04962
04972
04979
04985

04951
04963
04973
04980
04986

04952
04964
04974
04981
04986

30

04987

04987

04987

04988

04988

04989

04989

04989

04990

04990

This table can be used to calculate N(d), the cumulative normal distribution functions needed for the Black-Scholes model
of option pricing. If di > 0, add 05 to the relevant number above. If di < 0, subtract the relevant number above from 05.

End of Question Paper

12