CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction
This chapter describes the study of theory, application and key principles used in

the automatic pineapple peeler. For products that use automated system will involve the
use of motor and use various types of gear. To learn about gear movement in this product
system, this study will be conducted to determine how the automatic pineapple cutter's
work. In addition, researchers also need to make a study of the principles and
applications of materials to be used and the concept of products designed to meet the
standards and quality control.

2.2

Project background

Pekan Nanas or Pineapple Town is a town located in Pontian district, Johor,

Malaysia. It is located in the 43 km southwest of Johor Bahru. Pekan Nanas has a
population of approximately 10,000. It contains the Pekan Nanas Immigration Depot and
a pineapple canning facility. It is also home to the Muzium Nanas or Pineapple Museum.
Pekan Nanas was Malaysia's largest production base for pineapple planting area and

output ranked first in the country. Pekan Nanas was also the only way to Pontian from
Johor Bahru. Pekan Nanas is also near the Gunung Pulai waterfall, a local tourist
attraction.

2.2.1

Pineapple

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit
consisting of coalesced berries, and the most economically significant plant in the
Bromeliaceae family. Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit,
possibly flowering in 2024 months and fruiting in the following six months. Pineapple
does not ripen significantly post-harvest. Pineapples are consumed fresh, cooked, juiced,
and preserved, and are found in a wide array of cuisines. In addition to consumption, the
pineapple leaves are used to produce the textile fiber pia in the Philippines, commonly
used as the material for the men's Barong Tagalog and women's Baro't saya formal wear
in the country. The fiber is also used as a component for wallpaper and other furnishings.
This project is to prevent the excessive use of manpower and quality pieces
without leaving the contents pineapple pineapples left on the parts to be cut problems
among workers who manually peel the pineapple. Currently, there are very few studies
have been done for such a function. A pineapple peeler will be designed by adapting the
ergonomics criteria. In doing this, some of the problems associated with the quality of
cut pineapple and excessive use of manpower are tackled.

2.2.2

Culinary uses

The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In
many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared, and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is

sold whole, or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the
middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in
desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including pizza toppings
and a grilled ring on a hamburger. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and
ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and is also as a main
ingredient in such cocktails as the pia colada.
2.2.3

Nutrition

Raw pineapple is an excellent source of manganese (76% daily value (DV) in a

one US cup serving) and vitamin C (131% DV per cup serving).[16] Mainly from its
stem, pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme, bromelain, which breaks down protein. If
having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be used as a meat
marinade and tenderizer. Pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some
foods, such as jelly and other gelatin-based desserts, but would be destroyed during
cooking and canning. The quantity of bromelain in the fruit is probably not significant,
being mostly in the inedible stalk. Furthermore, an ingested enzyme like bromelain is
unlikely to survive intact the proteolytic processes of digestion.

2.3

Historical use of gear

Gears are considered as one of the oldest piece of equipment known to mankind,
so old in fact that their origin can be traced back to The Chinese South-Pointing Chariot
in the 27th century B.C a vehicle built on two wheels which bore a movable indicator
that always pointed South no matter how the chariot turned. The chariot, allegedly
designed by mechanical engineer Ma Jun, possessed rotating wheels that were

mechanically geared to keep the indicator pointing in a southern direction without the
use of magnets.

Figure 2.1: Chinese 'south-pointing' chariot, c 2700-1100 BC

The earliest description of gears was written in the 4th century B.C. by Aristotle.
He wrote that the direction of rotation is reversed when one gear wheel drives another
gear wheel (Hellenic World encyclopedia). In the 3rd century B.C., various Greek
Inventors used gears in water wheels and clocks, and sketches of various types of gears
of around this time were found in Leonardo da Vincis notebooks later on. For a long
period after these discoveries, there were no major development concerning wheels until
the 17th century, when the first attempts to provide constant velocity ratios (conjugate
profiles) was recorded and there was mention of the utilization of the involute curve.

The 19th century saw the first use of form cutters and rotating cutters and in
1835 English inventor Whitworth patented the first gear hobbing process. Various other
patents followed until 1897 when Herman Pfauter of Germany invented the first hobbing
machine capable of cutting both spur and helical gears. Through the 20th century various
types of machines developed. But, the next major step came in 1975 when the Pfauter
Company in Germany introduced the first NC hobbing machine and in 1982 the Full 6
axis machine was introduced.

2.4

Gear train

A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so that

the teeth of the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of
engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of
rotation from one gear to the next. The transmission of rotation between contacting
toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the
south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius
Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute
tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio.

2.4.1

Antikythera mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient analog computer designed to predict

astronomical positions and eclipses, as well as the cycles of Olympic Games. Found
housed in a 340 180 90 mm wooden box, the device is a complex clockwork
mechanism comprised of at least 30 meshing bronze gears. Its remains were found as 82
separate fragments, of which only seven contain any gears or significant inscriptions.
The largest gear is approximately 140 mm in diameter and originally had 223 teeth. The
artifact was recovered in 19001901 from the Antikythera shipwreck off the Greek
island of Antikythera. Believed to have been designed and constructed by Greek
scientists, the instrument has been dated either between 150 to 100 BC, or, according to
a more recent view, at 205 BC.
After the knowledge of this technology was lost at some point in Antiquity,
technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear

again in Europe until the development of mechanical astronomical clocks in the

fourteenth century.

Figure 2.2: The Antikythera mechanism (front)

Figure 2.3: The Antikythera mechanism (back)

2.5

Features of gears and gear trains

i.

The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the

ii.
iii.

mechanical advantage of the gear set.

A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package.
It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit

iv.

torque smoothly.
The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear
ratios.

2.6

Types of gears

In the production of this project, we have used the gear system to drive this
machine. Among the types of gear used in this project are;

2.6.1

Spur gear

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear (Figure 2.4). They
consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not
straight-sided in form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio,
mainly involute), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of
rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel
shafts.

Figure 2.4: Spur Gear

2.6.2

Helical gear

Helical or "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur gears (Figure 2.5). The
leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle.
Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment of a helix.
Helical gears can be meshed in parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers to
when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the most common orientation. In the
latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this configuration the gears are sometimes
known as "skew gears".

Figure 2.5: Helical gear

2.6.3

Worm gear

Worm gears (Figure 2.6) resemble screws. A worm gear is usually meshed with a
spur gear or a helical gear, which is called the gear, wheel, or worm wheel. Worm-andgear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed gear ratio.
For example, helical gears are normally limited to gear ratios of less than 10:1 while
worm-and-gear sets vary from 10:1 to 500:1. A disadvantage is the potential for
considerable sliding action, leading to low efficiency.

Figure 2.6: Worm gear

2.6.4

Bevel gear

A bevel gear (Figure 2.6) is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip
cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same
point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle
between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180
degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called
mitre gears.

Figure 2.6: Bevel gear

2.7

Preliminary investigation

A preliminary study was to obtain data and information resources related to this
final project. In the early stages of research, is a key aspect of the project is necessary to
meet current needs and remedy the problem. From this, slightly by able to benefit us as
well as students and researchers in studying the factors the real problems that exist in the

use of this automatic pineapple cutter. There are several ways to do a preliminary
investigation of which:

i.
ii.

Group discussions with supervisors.

Internet.

2.7.1

Group discussions with supervisors

This method is very important in the starting point for developing this project.
group discussions with groups is very important to express ideas, problems, and
solutions to get the best results and satisfy all members of the group. Advice and
guidance from supervisors is crucial to the smooth running of this project and slightly by
can guide the group to complete this project on schedule planned.

2.7.1 Internet

Through the internet, there are many sources of information available and easy to
perform research and investigation. By surfing the internet, we can save time, energy
and get as much information as necessary so easily. Various analysis and ideas will be
collected on an automatic pineapple peeler design as well as the concept that we will
use.

2.8

Conclusion

In this chapter, we explained the background of our project. In addition, the

history of the use of gear we use to operate our machines we have explained this clearly
to the understanding the concept of gear. We also learn about the types of gear that
applied in this project. Our earlier studies have also been carried out to ensure that our
project run more smoothly.