TC 394-2007

TCXDVN 394: 2007
Mc lc
Trang
Li m u ................................................................................................... 3
CHNG 1: Nhng vn chung ..................................................... 4
1.1. Phm vi p dng ...................................................................................... 4
1.2. Mc tiu................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Cc ti liu vin dn ................................................................................ 4
1.4. Thut ng v nh ngha.......................................................................... 4
Chng 2: c im ca to nh ................................................ 10
2.1. Ngun cung cp in............................................................................. 10
2.2. La chn s ni t (xem phn 3).................................................... 10
2.3. Phn chia cc mch in ....................................................................... 10
2.4. S tng hp ca cc thit b................................................................. 10
2.5. Kh nng bo dng, sa cha.............................................................. 11
CHng 3: Bo v chng in git v bo v chng ho
hon do in............................................................................................ 12
3.1. Cc loi s ni t ............................................................................ 12
3.2. Bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip ......................................... 17
3.3. Bo v chng in git do tip xc gin tip......................................... 19
3.4. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in ....................................... 23
Chng 4: Chn v lp t cc trang b in.................... 25
4.1. Cc quy tc chung ................................................................................. 25
4.2. Cc ng dn in ............................................................................... 33
4.3. Thit b cch ly, ng ct v iu khin................................................ 53
4.4. Ni t v cc dy dn bo v............................................................... 69
Chng 5: Kim tra khi a vo vn hnh v kim tra
inh k trong vn hnh.................................................................. 74
5.1. Kim tra khi a vo vn hnh.............................................................. 74
5.2. Kim tra nh k trong vn hnh........................................................... 77
5.3. Bo co kim tra.................................................................................... 77
Chng 6: Cc quy tc lp t trang thit b in
nhng ni c bit ............................................................................. 78
6.1. M u................................................................................................... 71
6.2. Cc phng c t mt bn tm hoc vi hng sen.............................. 71
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TCXDVN 394: 2007

Phn Ph lc............................................................................................ 84
Ph lc 3A: Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca dng in ln c th ngi84
Ph lc 3B: S tng hp ca cc thit b in ............................................ 88
Ph lc 3C: Cc c im ca cc s ni t v phng php la chn. 91
Ph lc 3D: Kim tra di ti a cho php ca mch in trong s
ni t TN.................................................................................................. 101
Ph lc 3E: Ch s bo v (IP) ................................................................... 103
Ph lc 3F: Phng trnh ha hon do in: S hnh thnh ng r in . 105
Ph lc 4A: dy trung tnh v tnh tit din ca n.................................... 112
Ph lc 4B: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm ng s TN ...... 115
Ph lc 4C: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm ng s TT....... 116
Ph lc 4D: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm ng s IT........ 118
TCXDVN 394: 2007
lI ni U
Tiu chun Xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 394: 2007 Tiu chun thit
k, lp t trang thit b in trong cc cng trnh xy dng Phn an ton
in c bin son da trn Tiu chun quc t IEC 60364 v c ban hnh
theo Quyt nh s 15/Q-BXD ngy 24thng 4 nm 2007 ca B trng B
Xy dng.
TCXDVN 394: 2007
CHNG 1: Nhng vn chung
1.1. Phm vi p dng

1.1.1. Tiu chun thit k, lp t v nghim thu trang b in trong
cc cng trnh xy dng - Phn an ton in (sau y gi tt l TC trong nh)
p dng cho cc loi ta nh.
1.1.2. Trang b in trong cc to nh ny dng in p xoay chiu cp
h p, (t 1.000 V tr xung)
1.2. Mc tiu
1.2.1. TC trong nh ra cc quy tc cho vic thit k v lp t
trang b in trong cc to nh vi 2 mc tiu:
- Bo m an ton cho ngi v thit b
- Bo m trang b in vn hnh p ng c yu cu s dng
1.2.2. Trong tng vn , u c nu ra nguyn tc c bn lun lun
phi tun th v cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn tc c bn .
1.3. Cc ti liu vin dn

1. QCXDVN - Phn III, chng 14: Trang b in trong cng trnh (XB
1997).
2. TCXD 25:1991: t ng dn in trong nh v cng trnh cng
cng tiu chun thit k
3. TCXD 27:1991: t thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng cngtiu chun thit k
4. TCXDVN 263: 2002: Lp t cp v dy in cho cc cng trnh cng
nghip
5. Quy phm trang b in
11 TCN 18-2006 n 11 /TCN 21- 2006
1.4. Thut ng v nh ngha
hiu ng ni dung ca tiu chun, cn thng nht mt s thut ng
v nh ngha nh sau:
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TCXDVN 394: 2007

*To nh: bao gm cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip (theo ph
lc 8.1 phn III, chng 8 ca QCXDVN II - XB 1997).
1. Cng trnh dn dng, bao gm:
1.1. Nh :
a) Nh (gia nh) ring bit:
- Bit th.
- Nh lin k (nh ph).
- Cc loi nh ring bit khc.
b) Nh tp th (nh k tc x).
c) Nh nhiu cn h (nh chung c)
d) Khch sn, nh khch
e) Nh tr.
g) Cc loi nh cho i tng c bit.
1.2. Cng trnh cng cng:
a) Cng trnh vn ho:
- Th vin.
- Bo tng, nh trin lm.
- Nh vn ho, cu lc b.
- Nh biu din, nh ht, rp chiu bng, rp xic.
- i pht thanh, i truyn hnh.
- Vn th, vn thc vt, cng vin vn ho- ngh ngi;
b) Cng trnh gio dc:
- Nh tr.
- Trng mu gio.
-Trng ph thng cc cp.
- Trng i hc v cao ng.
-Trng trung hc chuyn nghip.
- Trng dy ngh, trng cng nhn k thut.
- Trng nghip v.
- Cc loi trng khc.
c) Cng trnh y t:
- Trm y t.
TCXDVN 394: 2007

- Bnh vin a khoa, bnh vin chuyn khoa t trung ng n
a phng.
- Cc phng khm a khoa, khm chuyn khoa khu vc.
- Nh h sinh.
- Nh iu dng, nh ngh, nh dng lo.
- Cc c quan y t: phng chng dch, bnh.
d) Cc cng trnh th dc th thao:
- Cc sn vn ng, sn th thao, sn bng .
- Cc loi nh luyn tp th dc th thao, nh thi u.
- Cc loi b bi c v khng c mi che, khn i.
e) Cng trnh thng nghip, dch v:
- Ch.
- Ca hng, trung tm thng mi, siu th.
- Hng n, gii kht.
- Trm dch v cng cng: Git l, ct tc, tm, may v, sa
cha thit b, dng gia dng.
g) Nh lm vic, vn phng, tr s.
i) Cng trnh phc v an ninh.
k) Nh phc v thng tin lin lc: nh bu in, bu cc, nh lp t
thit b thng tin.
l) Nh phc v giao thng: nh ga cc loi.
m) Cc cng trnh cng cng khc (nh cng trnh tn gio).
2. Cng trnh cng nghip:
a) Nh, xng sn xut.
b) Cng trnh ph tr.
c) Nh kho.
d) Cng trnh k thut ph thuc.
*Trang thit b in trong to nh: Tp hp cc thit b v dy dn in c
nhng c tnh phi hp vi nhau nhm tho mn mc ch s dng ca to nh.
*Phn mang in: Tt c b phn bng kim loi ca thit b hoc dy dn
c in p khi thit b hoc dy dn lm vic bnh thng
*V kim loi ca thit b: Tt c cc b phn bng kim loi ca thit b khng
c in khi thit b lm vic bnh thng (nhng khi c h hng cch in chnh ca
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TCXDVN 394: 2007

thit b th in p t cc phn mang in chc thng cch in, truyn n v kim
loi ca thit b lm cho phn v ny tr ln c in)
*Tip xc trc tip : Ngi tip xc vo cc phn mang in, tip xc
y c hiu l bt c b phn no ca c th ngi : tay, chn, u, mnh ...,
ngay khi thit b ang lm vic bnh thng.
*Tip xc gin tip : ngi tip xc vo cc v kim loi ca thit b ang
c in do ang c s c h hng cch in chnh.
*in git : khi gia 2 b phn ca c th c hiu s in th, th s c
mt dng in i qua c th gia 2 b phn , gy ra nhng hu qu sinh l
cho ngi.
*My ct h p: Thit b ng ct in h p (t 1.000V tr xung) c
kh nng ng, ct dng in ph ti cng nh dng in ngn mch.
*Thit b bo v theo dng in d : Khi thit b lm vic bnh thng
tng i s cc dng in i trong cc dy pha (1 hoc 3 pha) v trong dy
trung tnh l bng khng. Khi c s c chm v, c dng in i ra v kim loi
ca thit b, tng i s cc dng in ni trn s khng bng khng na m c
mt gi tr nht nh gi l dng in d (dng in so lch) chnh bng dng
in i ra v, (do thit b ny cn c gi l thit b bo v theo dng in
r hoc vn tt hn l thit b dng r).
*S c ngn mch : Xy ra khi cc dy pha tip xc hon ton vi
nhau (c th tip xc hon ton c vi dy trung tnh) hoc mt dy pha tip
xc hon ton vi dy trung tnh.
*S c chm v: Xy ra khi lp cch in chnh b h hng v b phn
mang in ca thit b tip xc vi v kim loi ca thit b.
*Tc ng ca dng in xoay chiu tn s 15 100HZ khi i qua c
th ngi theo cng dng in.
*Ngng cm nhn c : Cng nh nht ca dng in lm cho
ngi ta cm nhn c khi n i qua.
* Ngng phn x : Cng nh nht ca dng in gy ra phn x
co c v thc
* Ngng co cng c: Cng ln nht ca dng in ti mt
ngi cm phi 1 in cc cn c th b tay ra c
*Ngng rung tm tht : Cng nh nht ca dng in i qua c
th gy ra s rung tm tht
*Qu dng in: bt k gi tr no ca dng in vt qu gi tr nh
mc ca thit b hoc ca dy dn. i vi dy dn,dng in nh mc l kh
nng chuyn ti ca dy dn . Nguyn nhn ca qu dng in l do ch
lm vic qu ti hoc do s c ngn mch.
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*Dng in r: Dng in i xung t trong tnh trng thit b in
lm vic bnh thng khng c h hng cch in.
*Dng in d: Tng i s ca cc dng in i trong cc dy pha v
dy trung tnh. Dng in d xut hin khi mch in c s c, lc tng i s
cc dng in i trong cc dy pha v dy trung tnh s khc 0.
*Dy ti in: Tt c cc dy dng vo vic ti in nng, gm cc
dy pha v dy trung tnh.
*Dy bo v: Dy dn ni cc v kim loi ca thit b v cc thnh
phn kim loi ca kin trc vi cc cc ni t ti ni s dng in hoc ti
ngun in, k hiu l dy PE.
Ghi ch: Trong mt s trng hp dy PE c th kt hp vi dy trung
tnh N lm mt dy chung gi l dy PEN, lc vai tr dy bo v c u
tin trc vai tr dy trung tnh, chnh v th dy PEN khng c coi l dy
ti in.
*Dng in d tc ng: Tr s ca dng in d gy tc ng mt thit
b bo v theo dng in d thng k hiu l If..
*Dng in d tc ng nh mc: Tr s ca dng in d theo tnh
ton ca nh ch to gy ra s tc ng ca thit b bo v theo dng in d,
thng k hiu l In.
Ghi ch: Theo tiu chun ch to thit b, khi dng in tc ng nh
mc l tr s In th cc thit b bo v theo dng in d phi bo m tiu
chun ( 200C) tc ng trong cc gii hn:
In
< I f < In
2
Ngha l thit b bo v s tc ng khi dng in d t tr s t
I n
n In
2
*Hin tng rung tim: Hin tng tim khng hot ng c do mt
ng b trong s co bp ca c tim, m nguyn nhn l dng in xoay chiu
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i qua c th, kch thch c chu k cc c tim. Hu qu cui cng l mu
ngng lu thng.
Ghi ch: Trong hin tng rung tim th rung tm tht l nguy him hn
rung tm nh, l nguyn nhn trc tip lm cho mu ngng lu thng.
*in p tip xc : (thng k hiu l Uc)
L in p pht sinh ra gia v kim loi ca thit b vi bt k mt b
phn dn in no nm trong tm vi (t cng c coi l mt b phn dn
in), trong khi thit b in ang c s c chm v.
in p tip xc cng ln th thi gian ct in cng phi nhanh m
bo an ton cho ngi.
in p tip xc gii hn cho php (thng k hiu l UL) l in p tip
xc ln nht c th tn ti lu di m khng gy nguy him n tnh mng con
ngi.
Trong mi trng kh ro, quy c ly UL = 50V, trong mi trng m
t quy c ly UL = 25V.Trong mt s trng hp c bit nguy him,c th
quy nh thp hn na, UL= 12V.
TCXDVN 394: 2007
Chng 2: c im ca to nh
Trc khi thit k trang b in ca mt to nh cn tm hiu v xc nh
cc c im sau y:
- Mc ch s dng ca to nh, kin trc v kt cu ca to nh v
ngun cung cp in.
- Cc nh hng bn ngoi ln trang b in.
- S tng hp ca cc thit b.
- Kh nng bo dng, sa cha trong vn hnh sau ny.
- Kh nng cung cp kinh ph cho cng trnh.
Cc c im ny s phi xem xt n trong khi la chn cc bin
php bo v an ton (phn 3) v khi la chn v lp t thit b (phn 4)
2.1. Ngun cung cp in

2.1.1. Cn phi tnh ton, xc nh nhu cu cng sut ca ton b to
nh, trong cn ch n h s ng thi.
2.1.2. Cn tm hiu li in phn phi bn ngoi to nh, trong cn
ch kh nng cung cp cng sut, dng in ngn mch ti u vo ca trang
b in ca to nh.
Cc c tnh ca ngun in nu trn u phi xc nh, tnh ton
trong trng hp cp in bng cp h p ca li in phn phi cng cng
cng nh trong trng hp cp in bng trung p qua my trung/h p ca
cng trnh hoc bng cc my pht in ring ca cng trnh.
Vic xc nh cc c tnh ca ngun in phi tin hnh i vi
ngun cung cp in chnh cng nh i vi ngun cung cp in d phng
thay th hoc d phng m bo an ton khi c s c.
2.2. La chn s ni t (xem phn 3)

2.3. Phn chia cc mch in
Trang b in ca to nh phi phn chia lm nhiu mch in khc
nhau, nhm mc ch:
- Hn ch hu qu ca mt s c.
- To iu kin thun tin cho vic kim tra, th nghim v duy tu sa
cha.
- Hn ch dng in r trong dy bo v ca mi mch in.
2.4. S tng hp ca cc thit b

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Nu mt thit b in c th gy nh hng xu ti cc thit b in
khc hoc cc thit b khng phi l in th phi c bin php gii quyt thch
hp, trong cn lu n nh hng khi khi ng mt ng c in, nh
hng qua li gia mch in lc vi mch thng tin lin lc, dng in r ca
cc thit b thng tin..v.v... (Xem ph lc 4B)
2.5. Kh nng bo dng, sa cha

Phi tm hiu kh nng bo dng, sa cha trong vn hnh sau ny v
mt thi hn v cht lng. Vn ny lin quan n vic c hay khng c
nhn vin vn hnh, trnh ca nhn vin ny, iu kin lm vic ca nhn
vin,lin quan n vic c th cung cp vt liu, thit b thay th.
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CHng 3: Bo v chng in git v bo

v chng ho hon do in
Trong cc trang thit b in trong cc to nh, 2 tai nn hay gp nht l:
- in git
- Ho hon do in
Trong phn ny s quy nh cc bin php bo v chng in git v cc bin
php bo v chng ho hon do in.
3.1. Cc loi s ni t
Cc bin php bo v chng in git, chng ho hon do in v s
vn hnh ca ton b trang b in u c lin quan cht ch vi s ni t,
nn mc ny s ni v cc loi s ni t.
nh ngha: S ni t l s lin h vi t ca hai phn t sau y:
- im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp in
- Cc v kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in.
K hiu cc loi s ni t gm 2 hoc 3 ch ci:
- Ch th nht : Th hin s lin h vi t ca im trung tnh ca
ngun cung cp in, l mt trong hai ch sau y:
T : im trung tnh trc tip ni t
I : im trung tnh cch ly vi t hoc ni t qua mt tr khng ln
(khong vi ngn m)
- Ch th hai: Th hin s lin h vi t ca cc v kim loi ca thit
b ti ni s dng in, l mt trong hai ch sau y:
T : V kim loi ni t trc tp
N : V kim loi ni vi im trung tnh N ca ngun cung cp in (im
ny c ni t trc tip)
C cc loi s ni t sau c tiu chun ho: TT, TN, IT. S
TN li chia lm 3 dng TN - C, TN - S v TN - C - S .
Ghi ch: Tt c cc v kim loi ca thit b c ni vi nhau bng
mt dy dn gi l dy bo v PE, dy ny c ni vi t ti ni s dng
in (trong s ni t TT v IT) hoc vi im trung tnh ca ngun, im
ny c ni t (trong s ni t TN)
3.1.1. S I T
- im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp in: Cch ly i vi t hoc ni t
qua mt tng tr ln hng ngn m.
- V kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in: ni t trc tip
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L1
L2
L3
PE
Hnh 3.1A: S IT khng c dy trung tnh
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Hnh 3.1B: S I T c dy trung tnh .

Ghi ch:
1) Trn hnh 3.1A v 3.1B, khng th hin tng tr (c th c) ni im trung
tnh ca ngun cung cp in vi t.
2) Trong s I T, khuyn ngh khng nn c dy trung tnh v d c hay
khng c dy trung tnh, cch in chnh ca mi pha u phi tnh ton
chu c in p dy.
3.1.2. S TT
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- im trung tnh ca ngun cp in : ni t trc tip
- V kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in : ni t trc tip
- Dy trung tnh khng c ni t ( pha sau ca RCD)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Hnh 3.2: S TT
3.1.3. S T N
- im trung tnh ca ngun cp in: ni t trc tip ( ging nh
trong s T T trn)
- Cc v kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in ni vi im trung
tnh ca ngun cung cp in.
S T N li chia lm 3 dng:
S TN-C
V kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in ni vi dy trung tnh, nh
vy, dy ni v kim loi ca thit b vi im trung tnh ca ngun cng chnh
l dy trung tnh.
Dy trung tnh ng thi gi vai tr ca dy bo v, gi l dy PEN
Dy ny ni t lp li cng nhiu im cng tt.
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L1
L2
L3
PEN
Hmh 3.3.A: S TN-C

S TN S
V kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in c ni vi im trung
tnh ca ngun bng mt dy ring gi l dy bo v PE.
Dy trung tnh N v dy bo v PE tch ring
Dy trung tnh N khng c ni t, dy PE ni t lp li cng nhiu
cng tt.
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
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Hnh 3.3.B: S TN-S
S TN C - S
Phn trc ca mng in trong nh l theo s TN- C (3pha-4 dy),
phn sau ca mng in chuyn sang s TN S ( 3 pha-5 dy) do yu cu
bo v v ko di mng in
Hnh 3.3-C: S TN - C - S
Ghi ch:
1. Trong s TN-C, dy PEN cn c ni t lp li cng nhiu cng tt.
i vi nh cao tng, thc t l khng th thc hin uc vic ni t lp li nh
trn, thay vo vic ni dy PEN vi cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh, va
to ra mng lin kt ng th, va c tc dng tng t nh ni t lp li.
2. Trong s TN-C cm khng t thit b ct trn dy trung tnh.
3. S TN-C cm khng c s dng cho mng in tit din dy dn
nh hn 10mm2 nu l dy ng hoc 16mm2 nu l dy nhm. S ny
cng cm khng c s dng cho cc cm in cm cc dy mm cung
cp in cho cc thit b lu ng.
4. Trong s TN-C, khi thit b in lm vic bnh thng , lun lun c
dng in khng cn bng i trong dy trung tnh v cc kt cu kim loi ca
cng trnh, qua cc loi ng ng ga, ng nc, ... dn n hu qu:
- Nguy c ha hon cao
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- Cc b phn kim loi ny chng b n mn
- L ngun gy ra nhiu in t.
Hnh 3.3.D Dng in khng cn bng

lun lun c mt phn i qua cc kt cu kim loi.
Nhn xt chung:
Mi s c tnh cht khc nhau. Trong tng trng hp cng trnh c
th, phi cn c yu cu ca cng trnh i chiu vi cc tnh cht ca cc s
la chn s thch hp nht (xem ph lc 4 C)
Ghi ch: Trong thc t, nu ngun cung cp in l li in h p
cng cng th bt buc phi p dng s TT hoc TN.
Vic la chn cc s ni t khc nhau ch t ra nu ngun cung
cp in l mt trm bin p trung/ h p ca ring cng trnh. Vic la chn
ny nhm bo m mc ch s dng ca cng trnh v tnh kinh t k thut
ca cng trnh.
3.2. Bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip

Vi tr s in p thng dng (110V, 230V, 400V), khi tip xc trc
tip, ngi s b in git, d l s ni t no.
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Do , bin php bo v chnh chng in git do tip xc trc tip l
chng khng xy ra tip xc trc tip (t 3.2.1 n 3.2.4)
3.2.1. Bo v bng cch bc cch in cc phn mang in
Vic bc cch in ny nhm mc ch ngn cn mi tip xc trc tip
vi cc phn mang in.
i vi thit b ch to ti nh my th lp bc cch in ny phi ph
hp vi quy cch k thut.
i vi cc b phn c bc cch in ti ni lp t, th lp cch
in ny cng phi ph hp vi cc quy nh v cch in.
3.2.2. Bo v bng ro chn hoc hp cch in.
Cc b phn mang in phi t trong cc hp hoc ng sau cc ro
chn bng vt liu cch in.
Cc ro chn v hp cch in nhm mc ch ngn cn mi tip xc
vi cc b phn mang in.
3.2.3. Bo v bng vt cn
Vt cn nhm mc ch ngn cn tip xc v tnh, nhng khng ngn
cn c tip xc nu c tnh vt qua vt cn.
3.2.4. Bo v bng cch t ngoi tm vi.
Trong tm vi, khng c c 2 b phn in th khc nhau, tm vi
xc nh l 2,5m theo chiu thng ng v 1,25m theo chiu ngang. Nu c
cm dng c th cc kch thc ny phi cng thm chiu di ca dng c
(xem hnh 3.4)
Gii hn th tch
Trong tm vi
Hnh 3.4: Xc nh gii hn th tch trong tm vi.

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S l b mt trn c ngi lm vic hoc i qua li.
(Trn hnh v, cc kch thc cha k n chiu di ca cc dng c
cm tay, nu c, phi cng thm)
3.2.5. Bo v d phng b sung bng thit b bo v theo dng in d
(RCD)
Cc bin php bo v nu trn (t 3.2.1 n 3.2.4) l bin php bo v
chnh, cn y l bin php d phng trong trng hp cc bin php chnh b
vi phm, mt hiu lc. Bin php ny khng c coi l mt bin php c lp,
khng thay th cho bin php chnh nu trn.
Bin php ny dng mt thit b bo v theo dng in d c nhy
cao, dng in nh mc tc ng l t 30 mA tr xung.
Ghi ch :
1. Cc bin php bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip nu trn
khng ph thuc vo s ni t, c th p dng mt hoc nhiu bin php
ng thi.
2. Trong thc t, cc bin php bo v ny c p dng nh sau:
- Bin php bo v bng cch bc cch in cc phn mang in l
thng c p dng nht v do nh my ch to cc thit b in, dy, cp
in thc hin trong qu trnh ch to.
- Bin php bo v bng ro chn hoc hp cch in thng c p
dng trong qu trnh thi cng lp t trong trng hp bin php nu trn
khng hon ton p ng yu cu v an ton.
3. Bin php bo v bng vt cn v bin php bo v bng cch t
ngoi tm vi thng c p dng cho nhng ngi trong ngh v phi c
ngi gim st.
4. Bin php d phng b sung bng thit b bo v theo dng in d
(RCD) nhy cao thng c p dng cho cc cm in (cung cp in
cho cc thit b di ng hoc cm tay bng dy in mm), mch in i vo
nhng ni nguy c cao nh phng git, phng tm .v.v..
Cn c xc nh dng in tc ng ca RCD ny t 30mA tr
xung l theo cc nghin cu trong ti liu IEC479 (ph lc 3A)
3.3. Bo v chng in git do tip xc gin tip

Khi thit b lm vic bnh thng v kim loi ca thit b khng c
in ngi tip xc vo v khng b in git
Khi thit b c s c chm v (hng cch in chnh), v kim loi ca
thit b tr nn c in, ngi tip xc vo v s b in git.
3.3.1. Bo v bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp in

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Phi c mt thit b bo v t ng ct ngun cung cp in khi c s
c chm v, sao cho in p nguy him (trn 50V) xut hin trn v kim loi
ca thit b, khng tn ti c qu mt thi gian c th gy nguy him cho
ngi tip xc vo v.
Bin php ny yu cu phi thc hin 2 iu kin:
- Cc v kim loi ca thit b phi c ni vo dy bo v PE v dy
ny c ni vi cc ni t ca to nh (trong s ni t T T v I T) hoc
s c ni vi im trung tnh ni t ti ngun (trong s ni t T N)
- Cc thnh phn bng kim loi dn in sau y phi c ni vi
nhau to thnh mng lin kt ng th :
+ Dy bo v chnh.
+ Dy ni t chnh.
+ Cc ng dn (nc, kh t. . ..)
+ Kt cu ca to nh.
p dng bin php ny vo cc s ni t khc nhau :

S T T
Khi chn thit b bo v phi tho mn iu kin sau y :
Ra x Ia 50 V
Trong :
Ra : l in tr ni t ca cc ni t cc v kim loi ca thit b in
ti ni s dng in.
Ia : L dng in tc ng ca thit b bo v.
Thi gian ct ngun cung cp in khng qu 0,2s.
Trong s ny, thit b bo v dng loi thit b bo v theo dng
in d v thit b bo v chng qu dng in.
S IT
Trong s ny, im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp in phi cch ly
vi t hoc ni t qua mt tng tr kh ln (khong vi ngn m)
Khi c s c mt im chm v, dng in s c s rt nh, in p
tip xc cng rt nh, khng gy nguy him, nn khng bt buc phi ct
ngun cung cp in. Tuy nhin cn kim tra iu kin sau y:
RA x Id 50 V
Trong
RA : l in tr ni t ca cc ni t ca cc v kim loi ca thit b
ti ni s dng in.
Id : l dng in s c mt pha chm v.
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TCXDVN 394: 2007

Phi c thit b kim tra cch in pht hin ngay s c mt im
chm v v gii tr s c trong thi gian ngn, thi gian ny khng quy nh
nhng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong trng hp im s c chm v th nht cha gii tr li xut
hin im s c chm v th 2 (trn pha khc hoc trn dy trung tnh) th s
c ny tr thnh s c ngn mch gia 2 pha hoc gia 1 pha vi dy trung
tnh.
Lc phi ct ngun cung cp in trong thi gian ngn, khng qu 0,4s.
Thit b bo v trong s ny l :
- Thit b kim tra cch in.
- Thit b bo v qu dng in.
- Thit b bo v theo dng in d.
S T N
Khi c s c mt im chm v th dng in s c l dng in ngn
mch 1 pha, v phi c thit b bo v ct ngun cung cp in trong thi gian
ngn, khng qu 0,4s.
Trong s TN C, thit b bo v l thit b bo v qu dng in.
Trong s TN - S, dy bo v PE v dy trung tnh N tch ri nhau,
nn c th dng thit b bo v theo dng in d ci thin iu kin lm
vic ca s TN. Do trong s TN - S, thit b bo v l :
- Thit b bo v qu dng in.
- Thit b bo v theo dng in d.
Ghi ch: Thi gian ti a ct ngun cung cp in i vi s TT l
0,2s v i vi s TN v IT ( khi c s c im chm v th 2) l 0,4s, iu
ny cn c trn tr s in p tip xc xut hin v tn ti trong mt khong
thi gian khng gy thng vong cho ngi, theo nghin cu v tc dng ca
dng din ln c th ngi.
Trong s TT, in p tip xc cao hn, c th t gn bng in p
pha, trong s IT v TN in p tip xc thp hn ti a bng 1/2 in p
pha.
3.3.2. Bo v bng cch s dng cc thit b c cch in cp

II
Thit b c cch in cp II gm c 2 lp v:
- V kim loi thng thng
- V bng vt liu cch in bao bc bn ngoi.
Khi thit b c s c chm v, v kim loi s mang in nhng v v
kim loi nm trong v bng vt liu cch in nn ngi khng th tip xc
vi v kim loi c.
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3.3.3. Bo v bng thm v tng cch in

Trong phng c thm v tng cch in phi b tr cc thit b sao
cho mt ngi khng th tip xc ng thi vi v kim loi ca 2 thit b hoc
vi v kim loi ca 1 thit b v mt b phn kim loi ca kt cu nh.
Nh vy, khi thit b in c s c chm v, v kim loi ca thit b c
in, ngi tip xc vi v kim loi, s c cng in th vi v nhng khng
th c im tip xc th hai khc in th nn khng c hiu in th v
khng c dng in i qua ngi, ngha l khng b in git.
Thm v tng cch in phi c in tr cch in ti thiu l 50 K
(i vi in p nh mc di 500V)
3.3.4. Bo v bng cch cch ly mch in

Ch dng cho thit b s dng in 1 pha, s lng hn ch, chiu di
dy cp in khng qu 500 m.
Ngun cp in l mt my bin p cch ly, ng dy cp in cng
nh thit b s dng in phi m bo cch in tt, dng in in dung v
dng in r mc ti thiu.
Cc v kim loi ca thit b ni vi nhau v khng ni vi t
3.3.5. Bo v bng mng ng th ti ch

Trong bin php bo v ny, trong phm vi bo v, tt c cc v kim
loi ca thit b, cc b phn dn in ca kt cu phi c dy ni lin vi
nhau v khng c ni vi t.
3.3.6. Bo v ng thi chng in git do tip xc trc tip v

tip xc gin tip
Bin php bo v ng thi chng in git do tip xc trc tip v do
tip xc gin tip l bin php dng in p cc thp.
Trong iu kin bnh thng mc in p cc thp ny l 50V, trong
iu kin c bit nguy him, c th yu cu thp hn: 25V hoc thm ch
12V.
Ghi ch:
Trong thc t, cc bin php bo v ny c p dng nh sau:
- Bin php bo v bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp in l hay
c p dng nht.
- Bin php bo v bng thm v tng cch in v bin php bo v
bng cch ly mch in ch c p dng nu trang b in ca to nh c
t di s gim st ca mt ngi c trnh cao v bo m khng c bin
ng g nh hng n cc bin php ny.
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- Bin php bo v bng mng ng th ti ch khng ni t ch c
p dng cho nhng ngi trong ngh, lm vic ti mt v tr no d v phi c
s gim st ca ngi c trnh cao.
3.4. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in

Ho hon do nguyn nhn in (sau y gi tt l ho hon) pht sinh t
nhng hin tng sau:
- Dy dn in b ngn mch
- Dy dn in b qu ti
- Cc mi ni khng cht
- Hnh thnh ng r in
- La chn s ni t khng thch hp
3.4.1. Khi dy dn in b ngn mch (gia cc dy pha vi nhau hoc
gia 1 dy pha vi dy trung tnh), dng in tng ln nhiu ln, sinh ra nhit,
c th t bc chy v lm chy cc vt liu xung quanh, gy ra ho hon.
Cc mch in phi c bo v chng ngn mch bng my ct h p
hoc bng cu ch (theo iu 14.5.3 ca phn III chng 14 trang b in
trong cng trnh ca QCXD VN)
3.4.2. Khi dy dn in b qu ti trong thi gian ko di, dng in
tng ln, nhit tng cao trong thi gian di lm cho v cch in ca dy
dn b h hng, dn n s c ngn mch.
Cc mch in phi c bo v chng qu ti (theo iu 14.5.4 ca
phn III, chng 14 Trang b in trong cng trnh ca QCXD VN)
3.4.3. Cc mi ni khng cht lm tng in tr tip xc ca mi ni
v dng in i qua mi ni sinh ra nhit lng, lm tng nhit ca mi ni,
lm h hng cch in hoc pht sinh tia la in, dn n ngn mch.
Cc mi ni phi xit cht ng quy nh ngay t khi lp t v nh
k kim tra.
3.4.4. Cc thit b in v cc ng dy in t nhng ni m t,
bi bn, khut no, khng c chm sc nh k s pht sinh hin tng hnh
thnh ng r in. Hin tng ny m tin trin, c khi vi nm, cui cng
s dn n h quang in v ho hon.
bo v chng ho hon do hin tng hnh thnh ng r in ,
phi dng thit b bo v theo dng in d (RCD) nhy trung bnh < 500
mA (xem ph lc 3F)
3.4.5. Vic la chn s ni t c nh hng n vic bo v chng
ho hon ca trang b in:
23
TCXDVN 394: 2007

-S IT c kh nng bo v chng ho hon tt nht, dng in s c
mt im chm v rt nh, khng gy ra nguy c ho hon. Tuy nhin phi x
l s c kp thi, gii tr im chm v trong thi gian ngn nht khng xy
ra s c chm v im th hai.
-S T T c kh nng bo v chng ho hon tng i tt. C thit
b bo v theo dng in d (RCD), nhy trung bnh < 500 mA t ng ct
ngun khi c s c chm v, va bo v chng in git do tip xc gin tip,
va bo v chng ho hon.
-S T N C kh nng gy ra ho hon rt ln, khuyn ngh khng
nn dng. Ti nhng ni c nguy c ho hon cao (nh kho cha nhin liu,
xng ch bin nguyn liu d chy.) th tuyt i cm khng dng.
-S T N S v mt bo v chng ho hon c ci thin hn
nhiu so vi s TN C, nhng cn phi gim st cht ch.
Do phi la chn s ni t ph hp vi tnh cht cng trnh
tng kh nng chng ho hon ca trang b in (Xem ph lc 3C).
24
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Chng 4: Chn v lp t cc trang b in
4.1. Cc quy tc chung

4.1.1.
Cc quy tc chung:
Chng 4.1 cp n vn chn v lp t cc trang b in
trong cc to nh. N phi tho mn cc bin php bo v bo
m an ton, cc quy nh v bo m vn hnh tho ng ca trang
b in theo mc tiu s dng ra v cc quy nh thch hp vi
cc iu kin bn ngoi d tnh.
Cc trang b in phi c chn v lp t sao cho chng tho
mn cc quy tc nu trong chng ny v cc chng khc c lin
quan ca tiu chun.
4.1.2. S ph hp vi cc tiu chun

4.1.2.1. Cc trang b in phi tho mn cc tiu chun ca IEC. (U ban k
thut in quc t) c lin quan cng nh vi mi tiu chun ISO. (T
chc tiu chun ho quc t) c lin quan.
4.1.2.2. Trng hp khng c cc tiu chun IEC hoc ISO p dng, cc
trang b in c lin quan phi c chn theo mt tho thun
c bit gia c quan thm nh thit k v ngi thit k lp t.
4.1.3.
Cc iu kin lm vic v cc nh hng bn ngoi
4.1.3.1. Cc iu kin lm vic

a. in p
Cc thit b in phi ph hp vi in p danh nh ca trang b in
(tr s hiu dng in xoay chiu)
Trong mt trang b in u ni theo IT, nu c dy trung tnh th cc
thit b in c u ni gia 1 pha v dy trung tnh phi c
cch in theo in p gia cc pha.
Ghi ch: Vi mt vi trang b in, c th xt ti in p cao nht
hoc in p thp nht c th hin din ch bnh thng.
25
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b. Dng in
Cc trang b in phi c chn xt ti dng in s dng (tr s
hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu) i qua chng trong ch lm
vic bnh thng.
Cng c th cn xt ti dng in c kh nng chy qua trong cc
iu kin khng bnh thng, c k ti thi gian chy qua ca mt
dng in nh th theo cc c tnh vn hnh ca cc c cu bo v
c. Tn s
Nu tn s c nh hng ti cc c tnh ca cc trang b in, tn s
phn nh ca cc trang b in phi ph hp vi tn s ca dng in
trong mch in tng ng.
d. Cng sut
Cc trang b in c chn theo cc c tnh cng sut, phi thch
hp vi cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng c k ti cc h s s dng.
e. S tng hp
Nu khng thc hin cc quy nh thch hp trong qu trnh thi cng
th tt c cc trang b in phi c chn sao cho khng gy ra
trong ch lm vic bnh thng, cc ri lon n cc trang b
in khc cng nh n mng cung cp in k c lc thao tc.
4.1.3.2. Cc nh hng bn ngoi
a. Cc trang b in phi c chn v lp t ph hp vi cc yu cu
ca bng 4.1.A trong ch ra cc c tnh ca cc trang b in theo
cc nh hng bn ngoi m chng c th phi chu.
Cc c tnh ca cc trang b in c xc nh bng cp bo v hoc
bng s ph hp vi cc th nghim.
b. Khi mt trang b in, do cu to khng c cc c tnh tng
ng vi cc nh hng bn ngoi ca phng (hoc ni t), n c th
vn c s dng vi iu kin khi lp t, n c b sung thm mt
s bo v thch hp. Vic bo v ny khng c gy hi cho cc iu
kin vn hnh ca trang b in c bo v.
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c. Khi cc nh hng bn ngoi xy ra ng thi, chng c th tc ng
c lp hoc nh hng ln nhau th mc bo v phi c chn mt
cch thch ng.
d. Vic chn cc c tnh ca cc trang b in theo cc nh hng bn
ngoi khng ch cn thit cho s vn hnh ng m cn m bo
tin cy ca cc bin php bo v an ton ph hp vi cc quy nh ca
tiu chun ny.
Cc bin php bo v kt hp vi cu to ca cc trang b in
ch c hiu lc vi cc iu kin nh hng bn ngoi cho trong
chng mc cc th nghim tng ng d tnh cho vic nh chun cc
trang b in c thc hin trong nhng iu kin nh hng bn
ngoi .
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Bng 4.1.A (Rt gn theo IEC)
Cc nh hng bn ngoi
A
mi
trn
g
xung
quan
h
iu
kin
s
dng
AA: Nhit (0C)

AA1 - 60 + 5
AA2 - 40 + 5
AA3 - 25 + 5
AA4 - 5 + 40
AA5 + 5 + 40
AA6 + 5 + 40
AB : Nhit v
m
AC : cao (m)
AC1 2000
AC2 2000
AD : Nc
AD1 : Khng ng k
AD2 : Nh git
AF : n mn
AF1 : Khng ng k
AF2 : Trong kh quyn
AF3 : Thnh thong
AF4 :Thng xuyn
AG : Va p
AG1 : Nh
AG2 : Trung bnh
AM : Bc x
AM1 : Khng ng k
AM2 : Dng lang thang
AM3 : in t
AM4 : Ion ho
AM5 : Tnh in
AM6 : Cm hng
AN : Nng
AG3 : Nng
AN1 : Yu
AN2 : Trung bnh
AH : Rung
AH1 : Nh
AN3 : Mnh
AH2: Trung bnh
AP : ng t
AH3 : Nng
AP1 : Khng ng k
AJ : Cc nh hng c hc AP2 : Yu
khc
AD3 : Ti nc trn AK : Thc vt v mc
AP3 : Trung bnh
mt
AD4 : Nc ht vo
AK1 : Khng ng k
AP4 : Mnh
AD5 : Tia nc
AK2 : C nguy c
AQ : St
AD6 : Di nc
AQ1 : Khng ng k
AL : ng vt
AD7 : Ngp nc
AL1 : Khng ng k
AQ2 : Gin tip
AD8 : Dm trong nc AL2 : C nguy c
AQ3 : Trc tip
AE : Vt rn
AR : Chuyn ng khng
kh
AE1 : Khng ng k
AR1 : Yu
AE2 : Nh
AR2 : Trung bnh
AE3 : Rt nh
AR3 : Mnh
AE4 : Bi t
AS : Gi
AE5 : Bi trung bnh
AS1 : Yu
AE6: Bi nhiu
AS2 : Trung bnh
AS3 : Mnh
BA : Nng lc
BD : Thot him
BE : VL ct kho hoc ch
bin
BA1 : Bnh thng
BD1 : Bnh thng
BE1 : Khng ng k
BA2 : Tr em
BD2 : Kh
BE2 : Ho hon
BA3 : Khuyt tt
BD3 : Tc nghn
BE3 : N
BA4 : Snh si
BD4 : Kh v tc nghn
BE4 : Ly nhim
BA5 : C tay ngh
BB : in tr c th
BC : Tip xc
BC1 : Khng c
BC2 : t
BC3 : Thnh thong
BC4 : Lin tc
CA : Vt liu
CB : Kt cu
28
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Kt
cu
nh
CA1 : Khng chy

CA2 : Chy c
CB1 : Khng ng k
CB2 : Lan truyn chy
CB3 : C chuyn ng
CB4 : Un c
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TCXDVN 394: 2007

4.1.4.
Kh nng tip cn
4.1.4.1. Quy nh chung

Cc thit b k c ng dn in phi b tr sao cho d dng thao tc,
xem xt bo qun v d dng tip cn vi cc mi ni ca chng. Cc kh nng
ny khng c suy gim ng k khi lp t thit b trong v bc hoc ngn
cha.
4.1.5. Nhn dng
4.1.5.1. Quy nh chung
Nhn hoc cc phng tin nhn dng thch hp phi cho php nhn
bit c nhim v ca thit b, tr khi khng th nhm ln.
nhng ch m ngi thao tc khng th quan st c hot ng ca
thit b, v nu iu ny gy nguy him th phi t mt b phn bo
hiu thch hp v tr ngi thao tc c th nhn thy c.
4.1.5.2. ng dn in
Cc ng dn in phi c b tr hoc nh du sao cho c th
nhn dng chng khi kim tra, th nghim, sa cha hoc thay i h
thng lp t.
4.1.5.3. Nhn dng dy dn in, dy trung tnh v dy bo v
a. i vi mng in xoay chiu 3 pha : pha A - sn vng, pha B - sn
xanh l cy, pha C - sn , thanh trung tnh - sn trng cho mng in
trung tnh cch ly v sn en cho mng in trung tnh ni t trc tip.
b. Dy ni t bo v (PE) v dy ni t bo v kt hp vi dy trung
tnh (PEN), nu c cch in phi c nh du bng mt trong hai
phng php sau :
- Mu xanh lc/vng trn sut chiu di dy ngoi ra nh du bng
mu xanh da tri cc u cui hoc.
- Mu xanh da tri trn sut chiu di dy ngoi ra nh du bng
mu xanh lc/vng ti cc u cui.
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4.1.5.4. Thit b bo v
Thit b bo v phi c b tr v nhn dng sao cho d dng nhn ra
mch bo v ; vi mc ch ny nn tp hp cc thit b bo v ny
trong cc t phn phi.
4.1.5.5. Cc s in
a. Khi thch hp nn lp cc s , biu hoc bng nu ln c th :
- Bn cht v thnh phn cc mch in (cc im s dng, s lng
v tit din dy dn, cch t dy)
- Cc c tnh cn thit nhn dng cc thit b bo m chc nng
bo v, cch ly v ng ct cng nh v tr t chng.
i vi h thng lp t n gin c th nu cc thng tin trn trong
mt bn lit k.
b. Cc k hiu phi c chn theo quy nh hin hnh (TCVN-185:1986).
4.1.6.
Tnh c lp ca cc thit b
4.1.6.1. Cc thit b phi c chn v b tr sao cho trnh mi nh hng c

hi gia cc h thng lp t in v cc h thng lp t khng mang
in khc.
Cc thit b khng c tm pha sau, khng c t ln mt
tng ca to nh nu khng tho mn cc quy nh di y :
- Ngn nga khng cho in p truyn vo mt tng nh.
- C d kin mt s cch ly chng chy, gia trang b v mt ngoi
chy ca to nh.
- Nu b mt to nh khng phi l kim loi v khng d chy th
khng cn c cc bin php b sung. Trng hp ngc li, cc quy
nh ny c th c tho mn bng mt trong cc bin php sau :
- Nu b mt to nh bng kim loi th phi ni vi dy bo v (PE)
hoc ni vi dy dn lin kt ng th ca h thng lp t.
- Nu b mt to nh d chy, thit b phi c cch ly vi b mt to
nh bi mt lp vt liu cch in trung gian khng chy.
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4.1.6.2. Nu cc thit b mang cc dng in thuc nhiu loi khc nhau hoc
cc in p khc nhau, c tp trung trn mt khi lp rp chung (bng,
t in, bn iu khin, hp thao tc...) th cc thit b c cng mt loi
dng in hoc cng mt in p phi c cch ly hiu qu trong chng
mc cn thit, trnh nh hng bt li ln nhau.
4.1.6.3. Tng hp in t
La chn mc min nhim v pht x.
a. Mc min nhim ca thit b phi c chn c tnh n nh hng
in t c th xut hin khi u ni v lp t cho vic s dng thng
thng. Cng cn tnh n mc phc v lin tc cn thit trong vic s
dng.
b. Thit b phi c chn vi mc pht x thp sao cho khng th gy
ra nhiu in t do vic dn hoc lan truyn in trong khng kh cng
vi cc thit b in khc bn trong hay bn ngoi to nh.
Nu cn phi t cc phng tin gim nh gim thiu mc pht x
(xem TCVN 7447-4-44)
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4.2. Cc ng dn in
4.2.1.
M u
4.2.1.1. Mc ch
Mc 4.2 cp n cch la chn v lp t cc ng dn in.
Ghi ch: Ni chung tiu chun ny cng p dng cho cc dy dn bo
v cn mc 4.4 nu tip cc yu cu khc na v dy dn bo v.
4.2.1.2. Tng qut
Vic la chn v lp t cc ng dn in phi xt n cc nguyn
tc c bn ca phn 1 p dng cho cp v cc dy dn cng cc u ni
hoc cc bin php bo v chng cc nh hng bn ngoi.
4.2.2.
Cc loi ng dn in.
Tiu chun c lin quan TCXD - 25.1991
4.2.2.1. Phng php lp t cc ng dn in tu theo cc loi dy dn hoc

cp c chn ph hp vi bng 4.2.1 vi iu kin cc nh hng bn
ngoi c xt ti bi cc tiu chun sn phm tng ng.
33
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1- Cc v d v phng php lp t
dng tnh cc dng in cho php
Ghi ch : Nhng hnh v ny khng c nh biu th nhng sn phm
thc, m trnh by phng php c m t.
Mc
M t
M ho cch t dng
xc nh cc dng
in cho php (xem
bng 4.2.4)
Cc dy dn cch in hay cp mt rut t
A1
Phng php lp t
trong cc ng chn trong cc tng cch nhit

1
(a)
Cp nhiu rut trong cc ng t trong tng cch

2
A2
nhit (a)
Cp nhiu rut t trc tip trong tng (a)
A1
Dy dn cch in hoc cp mt rut trong cc
B1
ng t cnh vch g hoc tng xy khong

4
cch nh hn 0,3 ln ng knh ng.
Cp nhiu rut trong cc ng dn i cnh vch g

5
hoc tng xy khong cch nh hn 0,3 ln

ng knh ng
Dy cch in hoc cp mt rut trong cc hp
cp t trn tng g
- Nm ngang (b)
B2
- V tr thng ng (b,c)
Cp nhiu rut trong cc hp cp t trn
tng g
34
B1
TCXDVN 394: 2007

- Nm ngang (b)
9
- V tr thng ng (b,c)
a. Nhit tr sut ca khi xy khng ln hn 10K.m/W

b. Cc gi tr cho trong phng php B1 v B2 l cho mt mch. Khi c nhiu mch trong mt mng phi
dng h s hiu chnh cho trong bng A 4.2.6, k c khi c vch ngn.
c. Cn ch khi cp t ng v khi thng gi b hn ch. Nhit chung quanh u trn ca on ng c
th tng ng k.
35
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1 (tip tc)
V d
10
M t
Phng php lp t
M ho cch t
dng xc nh cc
dng in cho php
(xem bng 4.2.4)
Dy dn cch in trong cc hp treo (a).
B1
Cp nhiu rut trong cc hp treo (a)
B2
Dy dn cch in hoc cp mt rut trong cc g
A1
11
12
13
14
15
tng (b)
Dy dn cch in hoc cp mt rut trong cc

np c g
- Cp nhiu rut trong cc np c g
B2
- Dy dn cch in trong ng hoc cp mt
A1
hoc nhiu rut trong khung ca ra vo (c)

- Dy dn cch in trong ng hoc cp mt
16
B1
A1
hoc nhiu rut trong khung ca s (c)

- Cp mt hoc nhiu rut t trn tng g
20
21
hoc cch tng g di 0,3 ln ng knh cp

- Bt trc tip di trn nh bng g
C vi im 3 bng
4.2.6
- t cch trn
22
a. Cc gi tr cho trong phng php B1 v B2 l cho mt mch. Khi c nhiu mch trong mt mng phi
dng h s hiu chnh cho trong bng A 4.2.6, k c khi c vch ngn.
b. dn nhit ca v bc c coi l nh v l vt liu xy dng v khong trng khng kh. C th c
cu trc tng ng v nhit vi cch 6 v 7, c th dng phng php B1
c. dn nhit ca v bao c coi l nh v l vt liu xy dng v khong trng khng kh. C th c
khi cu trc tng ng v nhit vi cch 6, 7 , 8, hay 9 c th dng phng php B1 hay B2.
36
TCXDVN 394: 2007
37
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1 (tip tc)
V
Phng php lp t
M t
C khi t 1 hng cp
30
Trn nhng khay khng khoan l (c)
31
Trn cc khay c khoan l (c)
E hoc F
Trn gi (c)
E hoc F
Khong cch ti tng ln hn 0,3 ln ng
E hoc F
32
33
knh cp
34
Trn thang cp
E hoc F
35
Cp mt hay nhiu rut treo vo dy treo hoc cp
E hay F
t treo
36
Dy trn hay cch in trn s
a. Vi mt s ng dng, c th dng cc h s thch hp hn, th d bng 4.2.6

b. Cn ch khi cp i thng ng v iu kin thng gi b hn ch. Nhit on trn cng c th
38
TCXDVN 394: 2007

tng ng k.
c. De = ng knh ngoi ca cp nhiu rut:
- 2.2 ln ng knh cp vi 3 cp mt rut c xp hnh tam gic hay.
- 3 ln ng knh cp khi 3 cp mt rut c xp hng ngang cnh nhau.
39
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1 (tip tc)
Mc
Phng php lp t
M t
Tham kho
Cp mt hay nhiu rut trong cc ch trng

40
1,5 De V 20 De
ca kt cu (a),b
B2
Cp mt hay nhiu rut trong cc ng dy dn
41
nm ch trng ca tng (d)

Dy dn cch in trong hp dy dn nm
trong ch trng ca kt cu a, c, d
42
V 20 De
B1
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
43
44
Cp mt hoc nhiu rut t trong hp dy dn
ang nghin cu
t trong ch trng ca kt cu
Dy dn cch in trong hp dy dn chn
1,5 De V 20 De
trong tng c nhit tr sut di 2 K.m/w
B2
a,b,d
V 20 De
B1
Cp mt hoc nhiu rut trong hp dy dn

45
ang nghin cu
chn trong tng c nhit tr sut di

2K.m/w
Cp mt hay nhiu rut:
- Trong ch trng ca trn
46
- Trn trn treo
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
50
Dy dn cch in hay cp mt rut trong hp
B1
cp chn trong sn
Cp nhiu rut trong hp cp chn trong sn.
B2
51
a. V l kch thc nh nht hoc ng knh ca ng dn hoc ch trng, hoc l kch thc thng ng
ca ch chng trn trn hoc sn nh
b. De l kch thc ngoi ca cp nhiu rut:
- 2.2 ln ng knh ca cp khi 3 cp mt rut c xp hnh tam gic.
- 3 ln ng knh khi 3 cp mt rut c xp hng ngang cnh nhau.
c. De l ng knh ngoi ca ng dn hay cao ca hp cp.
d. Cn ch khi cp i ng trong iu kin thng gi b hn ch. Nhit on u c th tng ng
k.
40
TCXDVN 394: 2007
41
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1 (tip tc)
Mc
Phng php lp t
52
M t
Dy dn cch in hay cp mt rut trong hp
M ho cch t dng
xc nh cc dng
in cho php (xem
bng 52 -A)
B1
dy dn chn trong tng
53
Cp nhiu rut trong cc hp dy dn chn trong
B2
tng
54
Dy dn cch in hay cp mt rut trong ng
1,5 De V 20 De
t trong rnh khng thng gi chy nm ngang
B2
hoc thng ng a,b
V 20 De
B1
55
Dy dn cch in t trong ng dn nm trong
B1
rnh h, c thng gi di sn c, d
56
Cp c bc, mt hay nhiu rut t trong rnh
B1
h, c thng gi chy ngang hoc ng

57
Cp mt hay nhiu rut t trc tip trong tng
xy dng, c nhit tr sut di 2K.m/w, khng

c bo v xung v c hc (e,f)
Cp mt hay nhiu rut t trc tip trong tng
58
xy, c nhit tr sut dii 2Km/W, c bo v

c hc b xung (e,f)
a. De l ng knh ngoi ca ng dn
V l chiu cao bn trong ca ni t ng dn
Chiu cao ca rnh th quan trng hn l chiu rng
b. Cn ch khi cp i thng ng trong iu kin thng gi b hn ch. Nhit on u c th tng
ng k.
Cch x l ang c nghin cu.
c. Vi cp nhiu rut t theo kiu 55, dng phng php B2

d. Nn hn ch s dng cc phng php ny nhng ch ch cho php cng nhn lnh ngh vo v
nhng ch c th trnh c vic gim dng in cho php v cc ri ro do s tch t ph thi.
e. Vi cc cp c rut nh hn 16mm2 , dng in cho php c th ln hn.
f. Nhit tr sut ca tng khng cao hn 2Km/W.
42
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.1 (tip tc)
Mc
59
M t
Tham kho
Dy dn cch in hoc cp mt rut trong
B1
ng chn trong tng xy (a)
Cp nhiu rut trong ng chn trong tng xy
B2
Cp nhiu rut trong ng chn trong t
Cp nhiu rut trong ng chn trong t
Cp mt rut hay nhiu rut c v bc chn
60
70
71
trong t
72
- Khng c bo v c hc
Cp mt rut hay nhiu rut c v bc chn
trong t
73
- C bo v c hc
Cp mt hay nhiu rut c v bc ngm trong

80
ang nghin cu
nc.
Ghi ch: - C th t cp trc tip chn di t khi nhit tr sut ca t l khong 2,5K.m/W. Vi t
c nhit tr sut km hn, dng in cho php ca cp chn trc tip th cao hn nhiu so vi cp t
trong v bc.
a. Nhit tr sut ca khi xy khng ln hn 2Km/W
43
TCXDVN 394: 2007
4.2.3.
Dng in cho php
4.2.3.1. Dng in cho php ca dy dn cch in, cp in khng c vt

qa cc tr s quy nh ca cc nh sn xut v phi tnh ti nhit
mi trng, phng php t.
Ghi ch: Khi khng bit r cc s hiu ca nh sn xut c th dng
ph lc 14.2 chng 14 phn III ca Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam
nu cp hoc dy dn cch in l loi c sn xut vi tiu chun
nhit bng 25oC khi t trong khng kh v nhit bng 15oC i
vi cp chn trong t hoc dng cc bng 4.2.4 4.2.8 ca chng
4.2 ny nu cp hoc dy dn cch in l loi c sn xut vi tiu
chun nhit bng 30oC khi t trong khng kh v nhit bng
20oC khi t trong t
Bng 4.2.2. Nhit vn hnh cc i theo cc loi cch in
Gii hn nhit (a)o C
Loi cch in
Polyvinyl - Chloride (PVC)
70 dy dn
Li Polyethylene (XLPE) v ethylene - propylene
90 dy dn
(EPR)
Khong cht (c v PVC hoc trn v tip cn
70o v
c)
Khong cht ( trn v khng tip cn c v khng
105 v (b,c)
tip xc vi vt liu d chy)

a. Nhit dy dn cc i cho php trong bng 4.2.2. l cn c tnh dng
in ti trong ph lc A.
b. Khi dy dn lm vic nhit qu 70oC th phi xc nh xem thit b ni
vo n c ph hp vi nhit ch u ni khng.
c. Vi mt vi loi cch in c bit, c th cho php nhit vn hnh cao hn
tu loi cp, u cp, cc iu kin mi trng v cc nh hng bn ngoi khc.
44
TCXDVN 394: 2007

4.2.3.2. Cc yu cu trong 4.2.4.1 c coi l tho mn nu dng in trong dy
cch in v cp in khng c v thp, khng ln hn gi tr ly
cc bng 4.2.6 v 4.2.7. Cc h s hiu chnh cn thit c cp trong

cc bng 4.2 - 8, 4.2 - 9, 4.2 - 10.
4.2.3.3. Tr s thch hp ca dng in cho php cng c th xc nh bng th
nghim, hoc bng tnh ton theo cc phng php cng b. Nu c
th cn n cc c tnh ca ph ti v i vi cc cp chn di
t cn n nhit tr ca t.
4.2.3. 4. Tr s nhit xung quanh c s dng l nhit ca mi trng
xung quanh khi cp v cc dy dn cch in cha mang ti.
4.2.4.
Tit din cc dy dn
4.2.4.1. Tit din ca cc dy pha trong cc mch xoay chiu khng c
nh
hn nhng gi tr thch hp cho trong bng 4.2.3.

Ghi ch : y l v l do c hc
4.2.4.2. Dy trung tnh phi c cng tit din vi dy pha :
- Trong nhng mch in mt pha hai dy vi mi tit din
- Trong nhng mch in mt pha ba dy v trong cc mch in
nhiu pha m dy pha c tit din ln nht l 16mm2 - ng, hoc
25mm2 - nhm.
4.2.4.3. Trong nhng mch in nhiu pha m nhng dy pha c tit din ln
hn 16mm2 - ng hoc 25mm2 - nhm, dy trung tnh c th c tit
din nh hn tit din ca cc dy pha nu nhng iu kin sau c
tho mn ng thi :
- Dng in cc i, bao gm c cc sng hi nu c, trong dy trung
tnh khi vn hnh bnh thng khng ln hn dng in cho php
tng ng vi tit din gim nh ca dy trung tnh.
Ghi ch : Ph ti ca mch in trong cc iu kin lm vic bnh
thng nn c phn phi cn bng gia cc pha.
- Dy trung tnh c bo v chng qu dng in theo nhng quy tc
ca chng 43
45
TCXDVN 394: 2007

- Tit din ca dy trung tnh nh nht l bng 16mm2 - ng hoc
25mm2 - nhm
46
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.3. Tit din ti thiu ca cc dy dn
Kiu t cc ng
dn
Cc mch ng lc v chiu
Cp hoc cc
sng
dy dn cch
Cc mch tn hiu v iu
Cc
in
trang
khin
b c
Cc mch ng lc
nh
Dy dn trn
Cc mch tn hiu v iu
khin
i vi 1 thit b xc nh
Cc lin h mm
bng cc cp hoc
dy dn cch in
Dy dn
S dng mch
i vi mi p dng khc
Cc mch c in p rt thp
Cho nhng p dng c bit
Vt liu
ng
nhm
ng
Tit din (mm2)

1,5
2,5(xem ghi ch 1)
0,5 (Xem ghi ch 2)
ng
nhm
ng
10
16
4
ng
Theo tiu chun tng

ng
0,75(a)
0,75
Ghi ch : 1. Cc u u ni dng ni cc dy dn nhm phi c th nghim v c

chp nhn cho vic s dng c bit ny.
2. Mt tit din ti thiu 0,1mm2 c chp nhn trong nhng mch tn hiu v iu
khin dng cho nhng thit b in t.
a. Vi nhng cp mm nhiu si cha by si hoc nhiu hn, p dng ghi ch 2.
47
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.4. Dng in cho php (A)
Dng cho dy dn cch in PVC - 2 dy PVC2, 3 dy PVC3 v cp cch in
XLPE nhiu rut cp 2 rut (XLPE2, cp 3 rut XLPE3)
Phng
php
t
bng
52.1
A1
A2
B1
B2
C
E
F
1
Tit
din
mm2
ng
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
Nhm
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
S dy dn ti in v cht cch in
PVC3 PVC2
XLPE3 XLPE2
PVC3 PVC2
XLPE XLPE2
PVC3 PVC2
XLPE3
XLPE2
PVC3 PVC2
XLPE3 XLPE2
PVC3
PVC2 XLPE3
XLPE2
PVC3
PVC2 XLPE3
XLPE2
PVC3
PVC2 XLPE3
XLPE2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
17,5
23
29
39
52
68
13,5
17,5
23
31
41
53
-
13,5
18
24
31
42
56
73
14
18,5
24
32
43
57
-
14,5
19,5
26
34
46
61
80
15
20
26
36
48
63
-
15,5
21
28
36
50
68
89
110
134
171
207
239
16,5
22
28
39
53
70
86
104
133
161
186
-
17
23
31
40
54
73
95
117
141
179
216
249
285
324
380
18,5
25
34
43
60
80
101
126
153
196
238
276
318
362
424
19,5
27
36
46
63
85
110
137
167
213
258
299
344
392
461
22
30
40
51
70
94
119
147
179
229
278
322
371
424
500
23
31
42
54
75
100
127
158
192
246
298
346
395
450
538
24
33
45
58
80
107
135
169
207
268
328
382
441
506
599
25
36
49
63
86
115
149
185
225
289
352
410
473
542
641
161
200
242
310
377
437
504
575
679
18,5
25
32
44
58
73
90
110
140
170
197
226
19,5
26
33
46
61
78
96
117
150
183
212
245
21
28
36
49
66
83
103
125
160
195
226
261
23
31
39
54
73
90
112
136
174
211
245
283
24
32
42
58
77
97
120
146
187
227
263
304
26
35
45
62
84
101
126
154
198
241
280
324
28
38
49
67
91
108
135
164
211
257
300
346
121
150
194
237
289
337
389
48
TCXDVN 394: 2007

185
240
256
300
280
330
298
352
323
382
347
409
371
439
397
470
447
530
Ghi ch : Cn tham kho cc bng 4.2.7, 4.2.8 xc nh tit din cc dy dn vi dng din cho php cho tng
phng php t.
49
TCXDVN 394: 2007

Bng 4.2.5. Dng in cho php (A)
Phng
php t
Ghi ch :
Tit din
(mm2)
ng
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
Nhm
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
S lng dy dn cch in PVC hoc cp nhiu

rut cch in XLPE c ti in
PVC2
PVC3
XLPE2
XLPE3
22
29
38
47
63
81
104
125
148
183
216
246
278
312
361
408
18
24
31
39
52
67
86
103
122
151
179
203
230
256
297
336
26
34
44
56
73
95
121
146
173
213
252
287
324
363
419
474
22
29
37
46
61
79
101
122
144
178
211
240
271
304
351
396
22
29
36
48
62
80
96
113
140
166
189
213
240
277
313
18,5
24
30
40
52
66
80
94
117
138
157
178
200
230
260
26
34
42
56
73
93
112
132
163
193
220
149
279
322
364
22
29
36
47
61
78
94
112
138
164
186
210
236
272
308
1. - PVC2 - 2 dy dn cch in PVC

- PVC3 - 3 dy dn cch in PVC
- XLPE2 - Cp 2 rut cch in XLPE - hoc 2 cp 1 rut cch
in XLPE
- XLPE3 - Cp 3 rut cch in XLPE - hoc 3 cp 1 rut cch
in XLPE
50
TCXDVN 394: 2007

2. V phng php t dy hoc cp A1, A2, B1, B2, C, E, F xem
bng 4.2.3.
Bng 4.2.6. H s hiu chnh cho tp hp nhiu mch
hoc cho cc cp nhiu rut
(dng cho cc tr s dng in lin tc bng 4.2.4)
im
Cch b tr
Chn ngm hoc bc kn

Mt lp trn tng hoc sn,
hoc trn cc khay c c l
Mt lp trn trn
Mt lp trn cc khay c
c l t ngang hoc thng
ng
Mt lp trn cc thang cp,
cc gi
2
3
4
5
1
1,00
S lng mch hoc cp nhiu rut

2
3
4
6
9
12
16
0,8 0,70 0,70 0,55 0,5 0,45 0,40
1,00
0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,70
0,95
0,80
0,70
0,70
0,65
0,60
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,75
0,75
0,70
1,00
0,85
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
20
0,40
Bng 4.2.7. H s hiu chnh nhit , khi nhit xung quanh khc vi 300
- dng cho cc tr s dng in cho php ca dy dn
v cp t tip xc vi khng kh (**)
Cch in
Nhit xung
quanh oC
PVC
XLPE v
EPR
10
15
20
25
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1,22
1,17
1,12
1,06
0,94
0,87
0,79
0,71
0,61
0,50
-
1,15
1,12
1,08
1,04
0,96
0,91
0,87
0,82
0,76
0,71
0,65
0,58
0,50
0,41
-
51
Cht khong (*)

ng bc PVC
Cp trn v
hoc cp trn v
khng tip cn
tip cn c
c 1050C
70oC
1,26
1,14
1,20
1,11
1,14
1,07
1,07
1,04
0,930
0,96
0,85
0,92
0,77
0,88
0,67
0,84
0,57
0,80
0,45
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,54
0,47
0,40
0,32
TCXDVN 394: 2007

* Vi nhit xung quanh cao hn, tham kho nh sn xut
** Tr s dng in lin tc s dng trong tiu chun ny c xc nh theo cc nhit
chun nh sau :
- Vi dy dn cch in hoc cp in t h vi bt k cch t no : 300C
- Vi cp in chn ngm trc tip trong t hoc t trong ng chn ngm t :
200C
Bng 4.2.8. H s hiu chnh nhit , khi nhit trong t khc vi 200
- dng cho cc tr s dng in cho php ca cp in
t trong ng chn ngm t
Nhit ca t
10
15
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Cch in
PVC
XLPE v EPR
1,1
1,07
1,05
1,04
0,95
0,96
0,89
0,93
0,84
0,89
0,77
0,85
0,71
0,80
0,63
0,76
0,55
0,71
0,45
0,65
0,60
0,53
0,46
0,38
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4.3. Thit b cch ly, ng ct v iu khin
4.3.1.
M u:
4.3.1.1. Phm vi ng dng:

Mc ny nu cc quy nh chung v thit b cch ly, ng ct v
iu khin cng cc quy nh v la chn v lp t cc thit b ny.
4.3.1.2. Cc ti liu tham kho c lin quan
- TCXD 27 : 1991 t thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng
- Tiu chun thit k.
Phn 4 : Bo v chng in git v bo v chng ha hon do in ca
tiu chun ny.
Phn 6 : Kim tra nghim thu khi a vo vn hnh ca tiu chun ny.
4.3.1.3. Cc quy nh tng qut:
Chng ny phi cho php tho mn cc bin php bo v an ton, cc quy
nh m bo s vn hnh tt ca trang b theo s s dng d kin v
cc quy nh thch hp vi cc iu kin nh hng bn ngoi nh. Cc
thit b phi c la chn v lp t theo cc quy tc ra phn ny v
cc quy nh lin quan ca tiu chun ny. Cc quy nh ca phn ny b
sung cho cc quy tc chung chng 4.1.
a. Cc tip im ng ca mi thit b a cc; cn phi c ni c kh sao cho
chng c ng m ng thi, tr nhng tip im dng cho dy trung tnh
c th ng trc v m sau cc tip im khc.
b. Trong cc mch in nhiu pha; cc thit b mt cc khng c t
trn dy trung tnh, tr nhng thit b lin quan 4.3.6.3.b.7
Trong cc mch in mt pha, cc thit b mt cc khng c t
trn dy trung tnh.
c. Cc thit b m bo nhiu chc nng; cn phi tho mn tt c cc quy
nh ca phn ny tng ng vi tng chc nng ring bit.
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4.3.2.
Cc thit b bo v chng tip xc gin tip bng cch t ng ct

ngun cung cp
4.3.2.1. Cc thit b bo v dng in cc i. (Xem 3.4.1)

4.3.2.2. Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d
a. Cc iu kin chung v lp t
1) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d phi m bo ct c tt c cc
dy dn mang in ca mch c bo v.
2) Khng mt dy dn bo v no c i qua bn trong mch t ca thit
b bo v bng dng in d.
3) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d phi c chn v cc mch in
phi c phn nhnh sao cho bt k dng in r xung t no c kh
nng xut hin trong vn hnh bnh thng ca mt hoc nhiu ph ti
c cp in, khng th gy ra vic ct in khng ng lc cho thit
b.
4) Vic s dng thit b bo v bng dng in d kt hp vi cc mch
khng c dy dn bo v khng c coi l bin php bo v y
chng tip xc gin tip ngay c khi dng in d tc ng nh hn
hoc bng 30 mA.
b. Chn cc thit b theo phng thc lm vic
1) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d c th c hoc khng c mt
ngun ph c tnh n cc quy nh ca 4.3.2.2, b, 2+.
Ghi ch: Ngun ph c th l ngun cung cp.
2) Vic s dng cc thit b bo v bng dng in d c ngun ph
khng t ng tc ng trong trng hp mt ngun ph ch c
php, nu mt trong hai iu kin sau y c tho mn:
- Vic bo v chng tip xc gin tip theo 3.3.1.1 c bo m ngay
c trong trng hp mt ngun ph.
- Cc thit b c lp t trong cc cng trnh c vn hnh th
nghim v kim tra bi cc nhn vin c kinh nghim (BA4) hay nhn
vin lnh ngh (BA5).
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4.3.2.3. Thit b kim tra cch in:
Ghi ch: Thit b kim tra cch in c th tc ng vi mt thi
gian tr thch hp.
Thit b kim tra cch in ph hp vi 3.4.1 l mt thit b gim
st
lin tc cch in ca trang b in. N thng bo v vic gim mc cch in

ca trang b cho php tm nguyn nhn ca vic gim ny trc khi mt s c
th hai xut hin, nh vy trnh c vic ct in ca ngun cung cp.
Mt cch thch ng n c chnh nh theo mt gi tr nh hn 0,5
M i vi in p nh hn hoc bng 500V.
Thit b kim tra cch in phi c thit k hoc lp t sao cho n
ch c th thay i c tr s chnh nh bng mt cha kho hay mt
dng c.
4.3.3.
Thit b bo v chng qu dng in:
4.3.3.1. La chn thit b bo v chng qu ti cho cc ng dn:

Tham kho 14-5-4 ca Phn III Chng 14 Quy chun Xy dng Vit
Nam.
4.3.3.2. La chn thit b bo v ngn mch cho cc ng dn:
Tham kho 14-5-3 ca Phn III Chng 14 Quy chun Xy dng Vit
Nam.
4.3.4.
Thit b bo v chng nhiu lon in p:
4.3.4.1. Thit b bo v chng qu in p:

a. Tng qut:
- iu ny nu cc quy nh v la chn v lp t cc thit b chng
st cho cc trang b trong cc to nh hn ch cc qu in p qu
kh quyn t h phn phi truyn n v chng cc qu in p do
ng ct cc thit b ca trang b.
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4.3.3.2. Lp t thit b chng st cc trang b trong cc to nh:
a. Cc thit b chng st phi c lp t gn u vo ca trang b hoc
bng in chnh gn u vo ca trang b.
Ghi ch1: Trong mt s trng hp bo v hon ton trang b c th
cn t thm cc thit b chng st b xung, khng c cp
n trong phn ny.
Ghi ch 2: Cc thit b chng st t ti cc ch khc ca trang b
cng c th bo v y c.
b. Cc thit b chng st phi c lp t .
(Nu dy trung tnh c ni t ti u vo hoc gn u vo ca
trang b hoc nu khng c dy trung tnh)
1) Gia mi dy pha khng c ni t vi, hoc u ni t chnh
hoc dy dn bo v chnh tu theo on no ngn hn.
(Nu dy trung tnh khng c ni t ti u vo ca trang b hoc ni
gn n)
2) Gia mi dy pha v, hoc u ni t chnh hoc thanh dn bo v
chnh v.
3) Gia dy trung tnh v hoc u ni t chnh hoc thanh dn bo v
chnh, tu theo on no ngn hn.
Ghi ch1: Nu mt dy pha c ni t th n c coi nh tng
ng vi dy trung tnh.
Ghi ch 2: Trong cc s TT v TN i hi ny khng loi tr bin
php bo v so lch ph thm.
c. La chn thit b chng st:
1) in p cc i lin tc ca thit b chng st Uc khng c nh
hn
in p cc i lin tc thc t gia cc cc s TT theo hnh B1,

Uc t nht phi bng 1,1 Uo.
cc s TN v TT hnh B2 , Uc t nht phi bng in p gia cc
pha U.
Ghi ch 1: Uo l in p pha trung tnh trong phn phi in h p.
Ghi ch 2: Trong cc s IT m rng, c th cn in p Uc cao hn.
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2) Thit b chng st v cc bin php bo v ni tip phi chu c
cc
qu in p tm thi mt cch an ton.

3) Thit b chng st phi ph hp theo cc tiu chun thit b hin hnh.
4) Nu thit b chng st c t ngun ca trang b in cung cp
bng mng phn phi cng cng, dng in phng phn nh, khng
c nh hn 5KA.
Ghi ch 1: Vi cc iu kin kht khe v mc st, c th phi la
chn gi tr cao hn.
Ghi ch 2: Khi c t thu st cho to nh, dng in phng s cao hn
ng k v phi tin hnh nh gi la chn dng in phng phn
nh ca thit b chng st cao hn.
5) S c mt c th c ca cc thit b chng st khc mc ni tip trong
trang b cn phi c cn nhc. Nh ch to cc thit b chng st phi ch dn
trong cc ti liu v cc bin php d dng phi hp tng h, c bit l vi
cc thit b chng st c mc bo v khc vi mc bo v ngun ca trang b
in v nhm bo v cc thit b c cc mch in t nhy cm.
d. Phi lp t cc thit b chng st theo ch dn ca nh ch to: trnh
mi ri ro chy hoc n trong trng hp cc thit b chng st b qu
ti. Cc thit b chng st khng c t cc khu vc xp loi BE2
hay BE3 m khng c cc bin php bo v thch hp. (xem bng 4.1.A)
e. trnh cc s hn ch sn sng cung cp in do h hng: cc thit b
chng st ca trang b c bo v, phi c cc thit b bo v chng
qu dng in v dng s c chm t. Cc thit b ny phi c t
vo trong hoc mc ni tip vi cc thit b chng st tr khi bn hng
dn ca nh ch to cho bit cc bin php bo v b sung ny l khng
cn thit.
f. Bo v chng tip xc gin tip ph hp vi chng 3.1:
Vn phi duy tr c tc dng trong trang b ca to nh c bo v
ngay c trong trng hp h hng cc thit b chng st.
Ghi ch 1: Trong s TN iu ny nhn chung c th c tho mn
bng cc thit b bo v qu dng in t pha trc cc thit b
chng st.
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Ghi ch 2: Trong s TT, iu ny c th tho mn bng cch t mt
thit b chng st pha sau ca thit b bo v bng dng in d (RCD).
g. Nu t cc thit b chng st theo 4.3.4.2.a v pha sau ca thit b
bo v bng dng in d RCD, th phi s dng mt RCD loi S vi
dng in xung kch t nht l 3KA (8/20/s).
h. Nu c t mt h thng thu st cho to nh, phi p dng cc yu cu
b sung cho cc thit b chng st.
i. Cn c ch dn khi cc thit b bo v chng qu in p khng cn
kh nng bo v chng qu in p :
- Hoc bi chnh bn thn thit b chng qu in p.
- Hoc bi mt thit b bo v ring khc nh cp 4.3.4.2.e.
Ghi ch: Nu mt kh nng bo v qu in p, cc mch cung cp cho
cc thit b nhy cm c th cn c cc thit b bo v ph thm.
j. m bo bo v ti u chng qu in p, mi dy dn ni vi thit
b chng st phi cng ngn cng tt. (Khng nn di qu 0,5M cho
tng chiu di).
Ghi ch 1: Dy dn ni ca cc thit b chng st cng di th hiu qu
chng qu in p cng gim.
Ghi ch 2: Cc dy dn ni l cc dy dn ni t cc dy dn mang
in vo thit b chng st v t thit b chng st n cc ni t
chnh hoc n dy dn bo v. Trong cc ph lc A, B, C l mt th
d ca thit b chng st lp ngun trang b.
k. Cc dy dn ni t ca thit b chng st phi c tit din nh nht l
4mm2 bng ng.
Ghi ch: Khi c h thng bo v chng st, c th cn n mt tit
din dy ln hn, t nht l 10mm2 bng ng.
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4.3.4.3. Thit b bo v chng st p:
Cc th d v thit b bo v chng st p l:
- R le st p hoc mt b phn tc ng n cu dao ph ti hay mt
my ct h p (ptmt).
- Cc cng tc t khng c kho.
4.3.5.
Phi hp gia cc thit b bo v khc nhau:
4.3.5.1. Phi hp gia cc thit b bo v theo dng in d v thit b bo

v qu dng in.
a. Khi thit b bo v bng dng in d nm trong hoc kt hp vi thit b
bo v qu dng in, cc c tnh ca b thit b kt hp ny (Kh nng
ct, c tnh vn hnh tu theo dng in nh mc) phi tho mn cc quy
tc 4.3.3.1 v 4.3.3.2.
b. Khi thit b bo v bng dng in d khng nm trong, cng khng
kt hp vi mt thit b bo v qu dng in:
1) Bo v qu dng in phi c m bo bng thit b bo v
thch ng.
2) Thit b bo v bng dng in d phi chu c cc ng lc c v
nhit c kh nng xy ra trong trng hp ngn mch pha sau ni lp
t thit b m khng b h hng.
3) Thit b bo v bng dng in d khng c b h hng trong
cc
iu kin ngn mch c khi do dng khng cn bng hoc do dng

chy xung t, thit b bo v bng dng in ch t m ra.
Ghi ch : Cc ng lc ni trn, ph thuc vo cc dng ngn mch d
tnh im c bit t thit b bo v bng dng in d v vo cc
c tnh vn hnh ca thit b bo v chng ngn mch.
4.3.5.2. Tnh chn lc gia cc thit b bo v bng dng in d
Tnh chn lc gia cc thit b bo v bng dng in d c t
ni
tip c th c quy nh v l do vn hnh, c bit l vn lin

quan n an ton duy tr vic cung cp cho cc b phn ca trang b
khng b tc ng khi c s c.
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Tnh la chn ny c th c thc hin bng cch la chn v lp t cc
thit b bo v bng dng in d, m trong khi m bo vic bo v cn thit i
vi cc phn khc nhau ca trang b ch ct khi ngun cung cp cc phn ca trang
b pha sau ca thit b bo v bng dng in d c lp t pha trc v tr s
c v gn n nht.
m bo tnh chn lc gia hai thit b bo v bng dng in d
mc ni tip, cc thit b ny phi tho mn c hai iu kin sau:
a) ng c tnh khng tc ng thi gian - dng in ca thit b bo
v bng dng in d t pha trc phi nm trn ng c tnh tc ng
thi gian - dng in ca thit b t pha sau v.
b) Dng in tc ng d so lch nh mc ca thit b t pha
ngun phi ln hn dng in ca thit b t pha ph ti.
4.3.6.
Cch ly v ct in:
4.3.6.1. M u:
iu ny cp n cc bin php cch ly v ng ct khng t ng
t xa hoc ti ch, nhm ngn chn v loi tr cc nguy him cho cc
trang b in hoc cho cc thit b v my mc c dng in.
4.3.6.2. Tng qut:
a. Theo cc chc nng mong mun, mi thit b cch ly hoc ng ct phi
tho mn cc quy nh tng ng phn ny.
b. Trong tt c cc loi s , dy dn bo v khng c b cch ly
hoc ct ra (xem chng 4.4).
4.3.6.3. Cch ly:
a. Tng qut:
1) Mi mch in u phi c th c cch ly trn tng dy dn mang
in tr cc dy dn c nu 4.3.6.2.b. trn.
C th dng cc cch b tr cch ly mt nhm mch bng mt
thit b chung nu iu kin vn hnh cho php.
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2) Cn c bin php thch hp trnh trng hp ng in khng ng
lc cho mt thit b.
Ghi ch: C th dng mt hoc nhiu bin php di y:
- Kho li
- C bng bo hiu
- t trong phng c kho hoc t trong v bc
Vic ni tt v ni t c th c dng lm bin php b sung.
3) Khi mt thit b hoc mt v kn cha cc phn mang in c ni vo
nhiu ngun cung cp, cn phi t bin bo sao cho bt k ngi
no
n gn cc phn mang in u c bo, cn phi cch ly cc

phn ny khi cc ngun cung cp tr khi c cc bin php kho lin
ng m bo c l tt c mi mch lin quan c cch ly.
4) Nu cn thit, cn c cc bin php thch hp m bo phng
nng lng in c tch lu .
b. Thit b cch ly:
1) Cc thit b cch ly phi ct hon ton cc dy dn mang in cung cp
ca mch c xem xt, c xt n cc quy nh trong 4.3.6.2.b
Cc
thit b dng cho vic cch ly phi tho mn cc iu kin t

4.3.6.3.b.2+ n 4.3.6.3.b.8+
2) Cc thit b cch ly phi tho mn hai iu kin sau:
- tnh trng mi v trong cc iu kin kh v sch, v tr m,
thit b cch ly phi chu c in p xung gia cc u cc, c gi
tr nu trong bng 4.3.A tu theo in p danh nh ca trang b.
Ghi ch: C th cn n khong cch ln hn so vi khong cch
tng ng vi in p xung v cc l do khc vi ci lin quan n chc
nng cch ly.
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Bng 53A: in p chu xung theo in p danh nh
in p
danh nh ca trang b
Mng 3 pha
Mng 1 pha vi
(V)
im gia (V)
120 - 240
in p chu ng xung
ca thit b cch ly (KV)
Cp qu
Cp qu
in p III
in p IV
3
5
230/ 400; 277/ 480
400/690;577/ 1000
10
3) C dng in r qua cc cc m khng vt qu:

- 0,5mA mi cc trng thi mi v trong cc iu kin sch v kh v
- 6mA mi cc cui tui th quy c ca thit b xc nh theo
tiu
chun sn phm tng ng.

Khi c th nghim vi mt in p t vo gia cc cc ni ca mt
cc bng 110% in p danh nh gia dy pha v dy trung tnh ca
trang b. Khi th nghim bng dng in mt chiu, gi tr in p mt
chiu phi bng tr s hiu dng ca in p th nghim xoay chiu.
4) Khong cch m gia cc tip im ca thit b phi c trng thy r
rng hoc c ch r rng v tin cy bng cch nh du "ng"
hoc "m".
5) Khng c s dng thit b bn dn lm thit b cch ly.
+ Cc thit b cch ly phi c thit k hoc lp t sao cho khng
th
ng li khng ng lc c.
Ghi ch: Vic ng li khng ng lc ny, v d c th gy ra do va
chm hoc rung.
6) Cc thit b cch ly khng ti cn c b tr bo m trnh vic m
ra ngu nhin hoc khng c php.
Ghi ch: iu ny c th thc hin bng cch t thit b mt ni c
kho hoc c t trong hm c kho.
7) Cc phng tin cch ly phi c u tin m bo bi mt thit b
cch ly nhiu cc, ct tt c cc cc ca ngun cung cp tng ng
nhng khng loi tr t cc thit b cch ly mt cc bn cnh nhau.
Ghi ch: C th thc hin vic cch ly bng cch dng:
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- Cu dao cch ly, cu dao nhiu cc hoc mt cc
- cm v phch cm
- B phn thay th ca cu ch
- on thanh ni
8) Mi thit b dng cch ly phi c nhn dng r rng. Th d
bng cch nh du ch r mch c cch ly.
4.3.6.4. Ct mch bo dng c hc.
a. Tng qut
1) Phi c cc phng tin ct in khi vic bo dng c hc c th
gy
ri ro tn hi cho c th.
Ghi ch 1: Cc my mc chy bng in c th l cc my quay, cc
h thng si sy v cc thit b in t.
Ghi ch 2: Th d v cc trang b cn ct in khi bo dng gm:
- Cn cu
- Thang my
- Thang c hc
- My cng c
- Bm nc.
Ghi ch3: Cc h thng hot ng bng nng lng khc nh kh nn,
thu lc hi nc khng thuc phm vi cc quy tc ny.
Trong trng hp ny, ct in cung cp cha phi l .
2) Phi c cc phng tin thch hp ngn chn cc thit b khng
ng in khng ng lc trong khi bo dng c hc. Tr khi cc

phng tin cch ly c gim st lin tc bi nhng ngi tin hnh
bo dng.
Ghi ch: Cc phng tin nh vy c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu
cch sau:
- Kho li
- C bin bo hiu
- t trong mt phng c kho hoc t trong hm
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b. Cc thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc:
1) Cc thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc, phi c t tt nht rn
mch cung cp chnh.
Khi dng cu dao ph ti chng phi c th ct dng in ti y ca
phn trang b c lin quan. Khng cn thit ct tt c cc dy dn
trong mng in.
Ch cho php ct mch iu khin:
- Nu c cc bin php an ton b xung nh cht hm c, hoc .
- Nu c cc quy nh v nh chun cho cc thit b iu khin
m bo mt iu kin tng ng nh ct in trc tip ngun cung
cp chnh.
Ghi ch: Vic ct in bo dng c kh c th thc hin bng:
- Cu dao ph ti nhiu cc
- My ct in h p (ptmt)
- Mch ph iu khin cc cng tc t
- v phch cm in
2) Thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc hoc cc mch ph
iu khin cc thit b ny phi c thao tc bng tay khong trng
gia cc tip im m ca thit b phi c nhn thy r rng hoc
c ch dn r rng v tin cy bng cch nh du " dng" hoc
"m". Ch dn ny ch c xut hin khi v tr "dng" hoc "m "
c thc hin trn mi cc ca thit b.
Ghi ch: Vic nh du quy nh trong khong ny c th c dng
bng cc du hiu "O" hoc "I" ch v tr m hoc ng.
3) Cc thit b ct in bo dng c hc phi c thit k hoc
lp
t sao cho trnh c vic ng tr li mt cch v .

Ghi ch: Vic ng in nh vy c th xy ra do va chm hoc rung ng.
4) Cc thit b ct in cho bo dng c hc phi c lp t sao cho d
nhn dng v thun tin cho s dng.
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4.3.6.5. Ct in khn cp k c dng khn cp:
a. Tng qut:
Ct khn cp c th l khi ng khn cp hoc dng khn cp.
1) Phi c cc phng tin ct khn cp cho mi phn ca trang b m
c th cn phi iu khin s cung cp in loi tr mi nguy
him bt ng.
Ghi ch: Th d v cc trang b m vic ct in khn cp c s
dng: (ngoi vic dng khn cp theo 4.3.6.5.a.5+)
- Bm cc cht lng d chy.
- H thng thng gi.
- Cc my tnh ln
- n phng in vi ngun cung cp cao p th d nh n bin hiu bng
nng.
- Mt s to nh ln nh cc ca hng
- Cc phng th nghim in v cc sn th nghim
- Cc phng th nghim thuc trng hc
- Cc bung t
- Cc bp ln
2) Khi c ri ro in git, thit b ct khn cp phi ct tt c mi
ng dy c in vi iu kin ca 4.3.6.2.a.
3) Cc phng tin ct in khn cp k c dng khn cp phi tc ng trc
tip ln cc dy dn cung cp in thch hp. Phi b tr sao cho ch cn mt
ng tc l ct c ng ngun cung cp in thch hp.
4) Cc thit b ct in khn cp phi c b tr sao cho vic thao tc
khng gy ra mt nguy him khc hoc khng chng cho ln thao tc
ton b cn thit loi tr nguy him .
5) Cn d kin cc phng tin dng khn cp khi cc chuyn ng gy ra
bi thit b in c th gy nguy him.
Ghi ch: Th d v nhng trang b m cc phng tin dng khn
cp c s dng:
- Cu thang c kh
- Thang my
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- Vn thng
- Ca ng m bng in
- My cng c
- Cc nh ra t
b. Cc thit b ct khn cp
1) Cc thit b ct khn cp phi ct c dng in ti y ca phn
trang b c lin quan c k ti dng in ca cc ng c b kt.
2) Cc phng tin ct khn cp c th l:
- Mt thit b ct c th trc tip ct ngun cung cp thch hp.
- Hoc mt t hp cc thit b hot ng ch bng mt ng tc nhm
ct ngun cung cp thch hp.
i vi dng khn cp, c th cn thit phi duy tr ngun cung cp th
d hm cc phn chuyn ng.
Ghi ch: C th thc hin vic ct khn cp bng:
- Cu dao ph ti t trong mch chnh.
- Nt bm hoc loi tng t trong cc mch iu khin.
3) Cc thit b ct bng tay tt nht l c la chn ct trc tip
mch chnh.
Cc my ct in h p (ptmt), cng tc t v.v.... c iu khin t
xa phi m ra khi cun ht b ct in hoc dng mt k thut no khc
c an ton tng ng.
4) Cc phng tin iu khin (tay cm, nt bm v.v....) ca cc thit b ct
khn cp phi c nhn dng r rng, tt nht bng mu trn nn
tng phn.
5) Cc phng tin iu khin phi d tip cn mi ch m nguy him c
th xy ra v mi ch b sung m nguy him c th c loi
tr
t xa.
6) Cc phng tin iu khin mt thit b ct khn cp phi c th
c kho li hoc gi bt ng v tr ct hoc dng tr khi c hai
phng tin ct khn cp v ng in li u di s gim st ca
cng mt ngi.
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Vic gii phng mt s ct khn cp khng c cp in li cho phn
tng ng ca trang b.
7) Cc thit b ct khn cp k c loi dng khn cp phi c t v
nh du sao cho d nhn dng v thun tin cho vn hnh.
4.3.6.6. Thit b iu khin theo chc nng:
a. Tng qut
1) Mt thit b iu khin theo chc nng phi c d kin cho tng
phn mch c nhu cu phi iu khin c lp vi cc phn khc ca
trang b.
2) Cc thit b iu khin theo chc nng khng nht thit phi ct tt
cc dy dn c in ca mt mch.
Mt thit b iu khin mt cc, khng c t trn dy trung tnh.
3) Ni chung, mi my cn iu khin, u phi c iu khin bng
mt thit b iu khin theo chc nng thch hp. Cng vi mt thit
b iu khin theo chc nng c th iu khin nhiu my lm vic
ng thi.
4) Cc cm v phch cm c dng in danh nh nh hn 16A c
th
m bo vic iu khin theo chc nng.

5) Cc thit b iu khin theo chc nng m bo s hon v cc ngun
cung cp phi tc ng ln tt c cc dy dn mang in v
khng
c cc ngun vo trng thi u song song tr khi trang b c

thit k c bit theo iu kin ny.
Trong cc trng hp ny, khng cn c mt thit b no ct cc dy
dn PEN hoc dy dn bo v.
b. Cc thit b iu khin theo chc nng:
1) Cc thit b iu khin theo chc nng phi thch hp vi cc iu
kin nng n nht c th xy ra.
2) Cc thit b iu khin theo chc nng c th ct dng in m
khng cn m cc cc tng ng.
Ghi ch 1: Cc thit b iu khin bng bn dn l nhng th d v cc
thit b c th ct c dng in trong mch nhng khng m
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cc cc tng ng.
Ghi ch 2: Vic iu khin theo chc nng c th thc hin bng:
- Cc cu dao ph ti
- Cc thit b bn dn
- Cc my ct in h p (ptmt)
- Cc cng tc t
- Cc cng tc iu khin t xa
- Cc cm v phch cm c dng in danh nh nh hn 16A.
3) Cc cu dao cch ly, cu ch v thanh ni khng c dng lm
thit b iu khin theo chc nng.
c. Cc mch iu khin (cc mch ph):
Cc mch iu khin phi c thit k, b tr v bo v hn ch mi
nguy him khi c s c gia mch iu khin v cc phn dn in khc
c th nh hng n s vn hnh ca thit b c iu khin.
d. iu khin ng c:
1) Cc mch iu khin ng c phi c thit k sao cho ngn cn
c ng c t khi ng li sau khi dng do st in p hoc do mt
in nu vic khi ng li nh th c th gy nguy him.
2) Khi ng c c hm bng dng in o, phi c bin php
trnh ng c quay ngc chiu khi kt thc qu trnh hm, nu vic
quay ngc chiu ny gy nguy him.
3) Khi mc an ton ph thuc vo chiu quay ca ng c, phi c
bin php ngn chn vic quay ngc chiu, th d gy ra s o
th t pha, hoc mt mt pha .
Ghi ch: Cn phi ch n nguy him c th xy ra do mt 1 pha.
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4.4. Ni t v cc dy dn bo v
4.4.1.
Tng qut.
Tr s in tr ni t phi tho mn cc iu kin v bo v an ton v
cc yu cu v vn hnh ca cc trang b in
4.4.2.
Ni t
Lp t ni t:
- Tham kho tiu chun TCXD - 46.1984
4.4.3.
Cc dy dn bo v
Ghi ch: i vi cc dy dn bo v ni ghp ng th xem 547
4.4.3.1. Tit din ti thiu: Cc tit din dybo v khng c nh hn cc tit

din ch trong bng 4.4.A.
Nu p dng bng ny dn n cc gi tr khng c tiu chun ho th c
th s dng cc dy dn c tit din c tiu chun ho gn nht.
Bng 4.4.A
Tit din ca dy dn pha ca
Tit din ti thiu ca dy dn
trang b S (mm2)
bo v trang b S (mm2)
S 16
16< S 35
16
S > 35
S/2
Cc gi tr trong bng 4.4.A ch c gi tr nu cc vt liu ca dy dn bo

v l cng kim loi nh cc dy dn pha. Nu bng kim loi khc vi dy
dn pha th dy dn bo v phi c tit din sao cho n c in dn tng
ng vi dy dn pha.
4.4.3.2. Trong tt c cc trng hp, cc dy dn bo v khng phi l mt phn
ca ng dn cung cp in, phi c tit din ti thiu l:
- 2,5 mm2 nu dy dn bo v c bo v c.
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- 4 mm2 nu dy dn bo v khng c bo v c.
4.4.3.3. Cc loi dy dn bo v.
a. Cc dy dn bo v c th l:
1) Cc dy dn trong cc cp nhiu rut.
2) Cc dy dn c cch in hoc trn trong mt v bc chung vi cc
dy dn c in.
3) Cc dy dn ring r trn hoc c cch in.
4) Cc v kim loi, v d cc v bc, cc mn chn, cc v thp ca mt s
cp.
5) Cc ng kim loi hoc cc v bc kim loi khc ca dy dn.
6) Mt s cc phn t c tnh dn in.
b. Khi c cc v bc kim loi chung ca mt hp b c lp sn nh
my th cc v bc kim loi c th c dng lm dy dn bo v nu
chng tho mn ng thi ba iu kin sau y:
1) m bo tnh lin tc v in, chng c cc h hi c ho hoc in
ho.
2) Tnh dn in t nht phi bng tnh dn in rt ra t tit din ti thiu
ca dy dn bo v (bng 4.4.A).
3) Phi cho php u ni vi cc dy bo v khc mt ni c nh
trc.
c. Cc v bc kim loi (trn hoc cch in) ca mt s dy dn, c bit cc
v bc ca cp c cch in bng vt liu v c, v mt s ng ng
dn v mng kim loi c th dng lm cc dy dn bo v cho cc mch
tng ng, nu tho mn c hai yu cu a v b trong 4.4.3.3.b.
d. Cc phn t c tnh dn in c th c dng lm dy dn bo v nu
chng tho mn ng thi bn iu kin sau y:
1) m bo tnh lin tc v in hoc do cu to hoc bng cc u ni
thch hp sao cho c bo v chng cc h hi v c, ho v in ho.
2) dn in ti thiu phi bng dn in khi p dng bng 4.4.
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3) Tr phi c d kin cc bin php b tr, cn th khng th tho b c
4) Cc phn t ny c nghin cu s dng vo vic ny, v nu cn
c lm cho thch hp.
C th s dng cc ng ng nc kim loi, min l c s ng ca
ngi hoc c quan chu trch nhim v h thng nc. Khng c s
dng cc ng ng kh lm dy dn bo v.
4.4.3.4. Bo ton tnh ton vn ca cc dy dn bo v.
a. Cc dy dn bo v phi c bo v thch ng chng cc h hi v c
v ho v cc lc in ng.
b. Cc mi ni ca dy dn bo v phi c th tip cn c kim ra v th
nghim, tr cc mi ni c bc kn hoc lp kn bng cc cht n.
c. Khng c t xen mt thit b ng ct no vo dy dn bo v,
nhng cc mi ni c th tho ra nh mt dng c th nghim.
d. Khi s dng mt trang b kim tra tnh lin tc ca h thng ni t, th cc
cun dy thao tc khng c t xen vo gia cc dy dn bo v.
e. V kim loi ca cc thit b ni vo cc dy dn bo v khng c u
ni tip, tr trng hp c xc nhn 4.4.3.3.b.
4.4.4.
Ni t v l do bo v
Ghi ch: i vi cc bin php bo v trong cc s ni t TN, TT
v IT xem chng 3.1.
4.4.4.1. Dy dn bo v s dng lin kt vi cc thit b bo v chng qu

dng in.
a. Phi c cc ni t ph, c lp v in i vi tt c cc phn t kim
loi c ni t khc, v d nh cc phn t cu trc kim loi, cc ng
dn bng kim loi, cc v bc kim loi ca cp. iu kin ny c coi
l tha mn nu cc ni t ph c t khong quy nh
cch tt c cc phn t kim loi ni t khc.
b. Dy ni t dn n cc ni t ph phi c cch in trnh tip
xc vi dy dn bo v hoc bt k mt phn t no ni vo n hoc cc
phn t dn in no c th hoc tip xc vi n.
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Ghi ch: Yu cu ny l cn thit trnh phn t nhy cm v in p
khng b ngn mch do s .
c. Dy dn bo v ch c ni vi cc v ca cc thit b in m vic cp
in cho n b ngt khi thit b bo v lm vic trong cc iu kin s
c.
4.4.5.
Ni t v l do vn hnh
4.4.5.1. Tng qut

Vic ni t v l do vn hnh phi thc hin sao cho m bo thit b
vn hnh tt v cho php trang b vn hnh chnh xc v tin cy.
4.4.6.
Ni t v l do kt hp bo v v vn hnh
4.4.6.1. Tng qut

Khi vic ni t l cn thit v l do kt hp bo v v vn hnh, th cc
yu cu v bin php bo v l u th hn
4.4.6.2. Dy dn PEN
a. Trong s TN khi cc trang b c nh, dy dn bo v c mt tit
din t nht bng 10mm2 ng hoc nhm, cc chc nng dy dn bo
v v dy trung tnh c th c kt hp vi nhau vi iu kin l phn
trang b chung khng pha sau ca mt thit b bo v bng dng in
d.
b. Dy dn PEN phi c bc cch in vi in p cao nht m n c th
b t vo trnh cc dng in lang thang.
Ghi ch : Dy dn PEN khng cn phi c bc cch in bn trong
cc t hp thit b.
c. Nu bt k mt im no ca trang b, dy dn trung tnh v dy dn
bo v c tch ra, th khng c php ni chng li pha sau im
.
- ch tch ra cn d kin cc cc ni hoc thanh ni ring bit cho
thanh dn bo v v thanh dn trung tnh.
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Thanh dn PEN phi c ni vi cc ni hoc thanh ni d kin cho
thanh dn bo v.
4.4.7.
Cc dy dn ni ng th
4.4.7.1. Cc tit din ti thiu

a. Dy dn ng th chnh
Dy dn ng th chnh phi c mt tit din khng nh hn mt na
tit din dy dn bo v ln nht ca trang b, t nht l 6mm2. Tuy
nhin tit din ny khng qu 25mm2 nu l ng hoc tit din tng
ng nu l mt kim loi khc.
b. Dy dn ng th ph
Nu c dy dn ng th ph ni hai v thit b, th tit din ca n khng
nh hn dy dn bo v nh nht trong hai dy dn bo v ni vo hai phn
v .
Nu dy dn ng th ph ni v thit b vi mt phn t dn in th
tit din ca n khng c nh hn mt na tit din dy dn bo v
ni vi v thit b .
Mch ni ng th ph c th c bo m bi cc phn t dn in
khng tho d c, nh l cc v ko kim loi, hoc bng cc dy dn
ph, hoc bng c hai.
c. Cc cng t o nc
Khi cc ng ng nc bn trong mt cng trnh c dng lm ni
t hoc dy dn bo v th cc cng t nc phi c u tt bng mt
dy dn c tit din thch hp vi tng chc nng nh bo v, ng th
hoc vn hnh.
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Chng 5: Kim tra khi a vo vn hnh v

kim tra inh k trong vn hnh
5.1. Kim tra khi a vo vn hnh
5.1.1. Nhng quy nh chung
Tt c mi trang thit b in trong cc to nh phi c kim tra
trong qu trnh lp t hoc sau khi hon thnh lp t trc khi a vo vn
hnh.
Khi m rng hoc thay i trong b in c trong to nh, cng phi
kim tra xem vic m rng hoc thay i c nh hng xu n trang b in
c hay khng.
Vic kim tra phi c thc hin bi mt ngi c chuyn mn v c
thm quyn v kim tra.
Trong khi kim tra phi c bin php bo v an ton cho ngi kim tra
v trnh lm h hng thit b.
Trc khi kim tra, phi cung cp y cc h s cc vn bn v cc s
cn thit cho ngi thc hin kim tra.
Ni dung kim tragm c 2 phn:
- Kim tra bng cch quan st bng mt.
- Kim tra bng cch tin hnh cc th gnhim hoc o lung in.
5.1.2. Kim tra bng cch quan st bng mt.
Quan st bng mt phi c tin hnh trong tnh trng ton b trang b
in ca to nh khng c in v trc khi tin hnh cc th nghim hoc o
lung in.
Quan st bng mt nhm mc ch kim tra:
- Cc thit b c la chn v lp t theo ng TC trong cc to nh
v ng theo cc hng dn ca nh ch to.
- Cc thit b khng b h hi g c th nh hng n s an ton.
Quan st bng mt phi bao gm ti thiu cc tit mc sau y:
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- Cc bin php bo v chng in git trong c vic o cc khong
cch trong cc bin php bo v bng ro chn, bng vt cn hoc bng cch t
ngoi tm vi.
- S c mt ca cc hng ro ct la
- c bit lu n nhng a im nguy c chy n cao.
- La chn dy dn theo cc dng in cho php v st p cho php
- La chn c chnh nh cc thit b bo v.
- S c mt ca cc thit b cch ly v iu khin.
- Khng c thit b ct n cc trn dy trung tnh.
- Nhn bit dy trung tnh v dy bo v.
- C y cc s , cc cch bo v cc thng tin cn thit khc.
- Vic thc hin cc mi ni
- Kh nng tip cn v nhn bit trong vic thao tc cc thit b ct khn cp
5.1.3. Cc th nghim v o lng sau y phi c tin hnh (v nu theo trnh
t sau y)
- S lin tc ca cc dy dn bo v v cc mng lin kt ng th chnh
v ph (nu c)
- Do in tr cch in ca trang b in trong to nh
- Bin php bo v bng in p v bng cch ly mch in
- Do in tr cch in ca nn v tng (nu c)
- Bin php t ng ct ngun cung cp in
- Th nghim chc nng
Khi mt th nghim hoc mt o lng cho kt qu khng t th phi tm
nguyn nhn v sa cha, ri lm li th nghim hoc o lng v c nhng th
nghim v o lng trc m kt qu c th b nh hng sai lch v s sa
cha ny
5.1.3.1. Phi th nghim kim tra s lin tc cu cc dy dn bo v v
ca cc mng lin kt ng th chnh v ph.
Ngun in th nghim nn dng ngun 1 chiu hoc xoay chiu c in
p khng ti l t 4V n 24V v dng in th nghim khng di 0,2A
5.1.3.2. o in tr cch in
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Phi o in tr cch in gia tng dy ti in (dy pha v dy trung
tnh) vi t
Dng c o lng l mt ngun in mt chiu, dng in o lng
khong 1mA vi in p ghi trong bng 5.1
Bng 5.1 Tr s ti thiu ca in tr cch in
Mch in p cc thp
in p o (V)
in tr cch in (M)
250
0,25
Mch in p nh mc di 500V 500
0,5
Ghi ch: Thng o in tr bng cchin cho ton b trang b in

trong to nh ngay ti u ngun. Nu kt qu o khng t theo bng trn th
phi phn chia trang b in trong to nh thnh nhiu nhm v tin hnh o
ring cho tng nhm.
- Cc dy dn bo v khng ni t cng phio in tr cch in v kt
qu cung phi dt tr s theo bng 5.1
5.1.3.3. Nu c mch in dng bin php bo v bng in p cc thp
hoc mch in dng bin php bo v bng cch cch ly th cng phi t theo
bng 5.1b
5.1.3.4. Nu c phng dng bin php bo v bng nn v tng chc in
th phi o in tr cch in ca nn v tng
5.1.3.5. Phi tin hnh kim tra cc iu kin ca bin php bo v chng
in git do tip xc gin tip bng cch t ngct ngun cung cp in.
- i vi s TN: Kim tra ng h ca vng s c (bng tnh ton hoc
bng o lng) v kim tra thit b bo v bng dng in d bng cch In vo
thit b bo v v kim tra s tc ng ca thit b ny
- i vi s TT: Phi o in tr ni t ti ni s dng in v phi
kim tra thit b bo v bng dng in d (nh on trn)
- i vi s IT: Phi kim tra dng in s c chm v th nht (bng
tnh ton hoc bng o lng). Phi kim tra dng in s c khi c im trm
v th hai nh i vi s TN ni trn
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5.1.3.6. Phi tin hnh th chc nng cu cc thit b iu khin, kho lin
ng, kim tra cch in . xc nh rng cc thit b c lp rp
ng v chnh nh ph hp.
5.1.3.7. Cc thit b in cn c tin hnh chy th theo hng dn ca
nh ch to, vi ph ti v thi gian m iu kin thc t cho php
5.2. Kim tra nh k trong vn hnh
5.2.1. Vic kim tra inh k trong vn hnh nhm mc ch xem sau mt
thi gian vn hnh nht nh, trang b in ca to nh c b h hng, xung cp
khng.
5.2.2. Ni dung kim tra nh k trong vn hnh nu bao gm ti thi
nhng tit mc sau:
- Quan st bng mt cc bin php bo v chng in git do tip xc trc
tip v gin tip, cc bin php bo v chng chy, n.
- Do in tr cch in
- Kim tra s lin tc ca cc dy bo v
- Kim tra cc mi ni
- Kim tra s hot ng ca cc thit b bo v bng dng in d.
- Kim tra cc thit b bo v qua dng in
- o in tr ni t
5.2.3. Chu k kim tra nh k c xc nh tu theo tnh cht ca to
nh, vic s dng to nh v mi trng xung quanh.
5.2.4. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nu thy c h hng hoc thit b tc
ng bt thng, khng r nguyn nhn (thit sb bo v qua dng in v thit
b bo v theo dng in d) th phi bo ngay cho ngi c thm quyn iu tra
v sa cha.
Ch c ng in a vo vn hnh tr li sau khi sa cha v kim
tra t yu cu.
5.3. Bo co kim tra
Sau khi tin hnh kim tra ban u khi a vo vn hnh hoc kim tra
nh k, ngi kim tra phi lp bo co kt qu kim tra, a ra nhn xt v
nh gi kt qu kim tra.
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Chng 6: Cc quy tc lp t trang thit b in
nhng ni c bit
6.1. M u
Cc quy nh ca phn 6 b sung, sa i hoc thay th cc quy nh
chung ca cc phn khc ca tiu chun ny.
6.2. Cc phng c t mt bn tm hoc mt vi hng sen
6.2.1. Phm vi p dng
Cc quy nh c bit ca mc ny p dng cho cc bn tm v cc vi
hng sen v cc khu vc xung quanh, m kh nng b in git
tng ln do in tr ca thn th con ngi gim v c s tip xc ca
thn th vi in th t.
Cc quy nh ny khng p dng cho cc bung tm c ch to sn c
ngn hng nc ca vi hng sen v h thng thot nc ca ring n
tr im b, ca iu 6.2.4.c.2.
Ghi ch: i vi nhng phng tm dnh cho vic iu tr bnh c th
cn c cc quy nh ring.
6.2.2.
Xc nh cc c tnh chung
a. Phn loi cc khu vc:

Cc quy nh ny cn nhc 4 khu vc (cc v d xem cc hnh
6.1.A, 6.1.B).
1) Khu vc 0 l bn trong cc bn tm hoc ngn hng nc ca vi hng
sen.
2) Khu vc 1 c gii hn:
Mt mt, bi b mt thng ng bao quanh bn tm hoc ngn hng
nc ca vi hng sen hoc i vi mt vi khng c ngn hng nc,
bi b mt thng ng nm cch 0,6m bao quanh vi.
Mt khc bi sn v mt phng nm ngang cao cch sn 2,25m.
3) Khu vc 2 c gii hn :
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Mt mt, bi b mt thng ng bn ngoi ca khu vc 1 v mt b mt
song song cch 0,6m so vi mt bn ngoi khu vc 1.
Mt khc bi sn v mt phng nm ngang cao cch sn 2,25m.
4) Khu vc 3 c gii hn :
Mt mt bi b mt thng ng bn ngoi khu vc 2 v mt b mt song
song cch 2,4m so vi mt bn ngoi khu vc 2.
Mt khc, bi sn v mt phng nm ngang cao cch sn 2,25m.
Cc kch thc o c tnh n cc tng v cc vch c nh (xem hnh
6.1.A, B, D, F).
6.2.3.
Bo v an ton
a. Bo v chng in git
Ghi ch: i vi bo v cc cm in xem mc 6.1.2.4.c.1.
1) Khi s dng in p an ton cc thp vi bt k in p danh
nh no.
Cc bin php an ton u c thc hin bi :
-
Hoc bng ro chn hoc bng cc v bc bo m ti thiu mc bo v

IP2X.
Hoc bng mt vt cch in c th chu c mt in p th nghim

bng 500V trong 1 pht.
2) Dy ni ng th ph
Mt dy ni ng th ph ti ch phi ni tt c cc b phn c tnh dn
in ca khu vc1, 2 v 3 vi cc dy dn bo v ca tt c cc v thit
b nm trong cc khu vc ny.
b. p dng cc bin php bo v chng in git:
1) Trong khu vc 0, ch c bin php bo v bng in p cc thp vi mt
in p danh nh khng qu 12V l cho php; ngun in an ton c
t ngoi khu vc.
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Hnh 6.2.A. Kch thc cc khu vc (mt ct ngang)
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Hnh 6.2.B. Kch thc cc khu vc (chiu ng)

2) Cc bin php bo v chng cc tip xc trc tip bng cc chng ngi
vt v bng cch t ngoi tm vi l khng cho php.
3) Cc bin php bo v chng cc tip xc gin tip trong cc phng
khng dn in v bng cc lin kt ng th khng ni vi t l khng
cho php.
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6.2.4. La chn v lp t cc thit b in

a. Cc quy tc chung:
Cc thit b in phi c ti thiu cc mc bo v sau:
- Trong khu vc 0: IPX-7 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi ngp tm
thi)
- Trong khu vc 1: IPX5 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi vi phun)
- Trong khu vc 2 : IPX4 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi nc bn
vo)
- Trong khu vc 3 : IPX1 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi c git
nc ri vo)
- IPX5 trong tm cng cng khu vc 2 v 3
b. Cc ng dn
1) Cc quy tc sau y p dng cho cc ng dn ni v cc ng dn
chm trong tng mt su khng qu 5 cm.
2) Cc ng dn phi c mc cch in tha mn cc quy tc ca phn 4
v khng c c bt k v bc kim loi no.
Ghi ch : Cc ng dn ny gm c, v d cc dy dn cch in t
trong cc ng cch in, hoc cc cp nhiu rut dn in vi v bc cch
in.
3) Trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2 cc ng dn phi c hn ch s cn thit
cung cp in ti cc thit b nm trong cc khu vc ny.
4) Khng cho php c cc hp ni trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2.
c. Thit b in cc loi
1) Trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2, khng c t mt thit b in no.
Ghi ch: Cc dy si cch in iu khin cc hm n c th c
t li khu vc 1 v 2.
Trong khu vc 3 ch cho php c cc cm in vi cc iu kin :
82
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- Hoc c cp in ring bit bi mt my bin p cch ly.
- Hoc c cp in bng mt in p an ton cc thp.
- Hoc c bo v bi mt thit b bo v dng in d vi mt dng
in d tc ng In khng qu 30mA.
2) C th t hm n v cm in mt khong cch ti thiu bng 0,6m
tnh t ca ca bung tm hng sen ch to sn (xem hnh 701C).
p dng cho mc 6.1.2.4.c.2+

Hnh 6.2.C. Bung tm hng sen ch to sn
d. Cc thit b c nh khc
Cc quy nh ny khng p dng cho cc thit b c cp in in
p cc thp theo cc iu kin ca tiu mc 6.2.3.a.
Trong khu vc 0, ch cho php cc thit b d kin ring dng trong
mt bn tm.
Trong khu vc 1 ch c cc bnh un nc c th c lp t.
Trong khu vc 2 ch c cc bnh un nc cng cc n cp II c th
c lp t.
Cc phn t si m t chm trong sn dng si m phng c th t
trong tt c cc khu vc vi iu kin chng c bc bng mt li kim
loi hoc c mt v bc kim loi c ni ng th nh xc nh ti
mc 6.2.3, phn a.
83
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Phn Ph lc
Ghi ch: Cc ph lc tham kho c nh s theo th t ca cc chng
c ni dung tng ng.
Ph lc 3A: Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca
dng in ln c th ngi
Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca dng in ln c th ngi ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t: cc c trng sinh l ca ngi , mi trng xung quanh
(kh hay m t), cc c tnh ca dng in i qua ngi.
Hi ng k thut in quc t (gi tt theo ting Anh IEC) nghin
cu vn ny, vi s tham gia ca nhiu nh bc hc trn th gii, nhm i n
thng nht quan im v l thuyt cng nh v thc hnh v tng hp, xut
bn thnh ti liu IEC 479.
Mc tc ng ph thuc theo cng dng in:
Vi thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi <10s, dng in xoay chiu
tn s 50-60hz th tc ng ph thuc vo cng dng in nh sau:
Bng 3A1 Tc ng sinh l ca dng in ln c th ngi theo cng dng
in i qua ngi
Cng dng in
Tc ng
0,5 mA
Cm gic kim chm, ngng cm nhn c

dng in i qua ngi.
6 mA
B git, kh chu nhng vn ch ng v c

bp.
10mA
Ngng b mt ch ng v c bp, khi nm

tay vo cc in ri th khng b ra c
15 mA
Kh th
30mA
Ngng ca s ngng th v bt u c hin

tng rung tim
Mc tc ng ph thuc vo thi gian dng in i qua ngi:
84
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Mc tc ng ngoi vic ph thuc vo cng dng in nh ni
trn cn ph thhuc vo thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi.
IEC a ra mt th v mc tc ng theo cng dng in
v theo thi gian dng in i qua ngi.
Hnh 3.A.1: Tc ng sinh l ca dng in

ln c th ngi theo cng v thi gian
Trn th chia lm 4 khu vc:
Khu vc 1: Bn tri ng a, tc ng ng vi gii hn 0,5mA nh trn ni .
Khu vc 2: Gia ng a v b, tc ng ng vi gii hn 10mA nh trn ni.
Khu vc 3: Gia ng b v c, tc ng ng vi gii hn 30mA nh trn ni.
Trong khu vc ny, c th xy ra co c, kh th, lon nhp tim (c th
phc hi c sau khi ct dng in), cc hin tng ny cng tng ln theo
cng dng in v thi gian dng in i qua ngi.
Khu vc 4: bn phi ng C1, cng vi cc hin tng khu vc 3
tng ln, cn xy ra hin tng rung tm tht vi xc sut nh sau:
Khong 5%: gia cc ng cong C1 v C2
Di 50%: gia cc ng cong C2 v C3
Trn 50%: bn phi ng cong C3
Theo th ni trn, ngi ta tnh c thi gian ct ti a cho php tu
theo in p tip xc tnh ton nh sau:
85
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Bng 3.A.2: Thi gian ct ti a cho php theo in p tip xc tnh ton
in p tip xc
Thi gian ct ti a
tnh ton (v)
cho php (s)
1. i vi ni kh ro (UL= 50V)
50
75
0,6
90
0,45
120
0,34
150
0,27
230
0,17
2. i vi ni m t (UL = 25V)
25
50
048
75
0,30
90
0,25
110
0,18
150
0,12
230
0,05
Ghi ch: Cc RCD l thit b bo v theo dng in d. Dng in i

qua c th ngi gy ra hin tng in git cng l mt dng in d. Do c
RCD cng tc ng theo dng in i qua ngi.
RCD dng lm bin php bo v b sung chng in git do tip xc
trc tip c quy nh l phi c nhy cao (In 30mA), ct nhanh, chnh l
cn c vo kt qu nghin cu ny. Theo th trn, vi dng in 30mA, ct
nhanh, tuy bt u c hin tng in git nh co c, kh th nhng cha nguy
him n tnh mng con ngi (cha c hin tng rung tm tht).
86
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RCD vi In = 30mA khng nhm hn ch dng in i qua ngi nhng
v ct nhanh nn n vn bo m c an ton cho ti dng in 500mA (xem
th).
87
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Ph lc 3B: S tng hp ca cc thit b in
Theo nh ngha, mt thit b in tng hp l mt thit b in khi lm

vic bnh thng khng gy ra nhiu in t qu mc cho php i vi cc thit
b khc lp t gn y, k cc h thng dy v thit b khng phi l in nh:
ng in thoi, ng tn hiu truyn hnh, cc thit b thng tin, ... v ng
thi phi lm vic bnh thng trong mi trung c nhiu mc quy nh.
Mt thit b in khng tng hp khi lm vic bnh thng s gy ra nhiu
in t qu mc cho php, lc phi c bin php bo v.
Cc nhiu in t c nhiu loi:
a - Giao ng tn s:
Trong cc li in cng cng, giao ng tn s coi nh khng
ng k. Ngc li, vi nhng ngun in ti ch, cn ch n s giao ng
tn s v phi c thit b iu khin gi cho s giao ng ny trong phm vi
cho php.
b - Bin thin in p:
Mt s thit b nh l h quang, my hn, khi ng ng c ln, ... khi
vn hnh c th lm thay i in p ca li in.
Bin php bo v l phi tng cng sut ngun hoc gim cng sut phn
khng tiu th bng cch lp t t in tnh ...
Mt in p trong thi gian ngn, hoc ni chung l st in p trong
thi gian ngn thng l do c thit b tiu th dng in ln hoc do s c ct
in trn li.
Bin php bo v l s dng cc thit b in c th chu c s st in
p , hoc phi c ngun d phng.
c - Dng in khi ng:
Phi tnh n cc dng in khi ng ny:
+ Trong khi chn tip in dy dn trnh b st p qu mc cho php.
+ Trong khi chn thit b bo v chng qu dng in cc thit b ny
khng tc ng sai.
i vi cc ng c in ni trc tip vo li in phn phi cng
cng, cc nh qun l li in quy nh gii hn cng sut cho php.
d Dng in iu ha bc cao:
88
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Cc thit b in t tiu th dng in khng hnh sin thng sinh ra dng
in iu ha bch cao, nh:
+ Cc thit b in t cng sut (my chnh lu, ...)
+ n phng in (n ng, ...)
+ My hn
+ Thit b van phng (thit b thng tin ...)
+ Thit b in gia dng (l vi sng, TV, ...)
Trong trng hp ny, cc dng in tiu th s phn tch thnh cc thnh
phn hnh sin bc cao v th t khng. Thnh phn th t khng c th lm tng
thm dng in i trong dy trung tnh.
Cc dng in iu ha bc cao c th lm mo m dng in p dn n
hu qu:
+ Gy lo ha cc thit b (Cun dy ca ng c, ca my bin p ...) v
b pht nng qu mc
+ Lm cho cc thit b nhy cm b gim kh nng lm vic (cc thit b
thng tin, t ng ...)
+ Gy cng hng trong cc t in b, lm tng in p c th dn n
phng in.
Bin php bo v:
+ Khi tnh dy trung tnh, cn ch n thnh phn ny.
+ i vi cc thit b gia dng, ni chung khng cn bin php bo v.
+ i vi cc thit b cng nghip hoc vn phng:
Tch ring cc mch cp in cho cc thit b gy nhiu v cc thit
b nhy cm
Trnh dng s TN C
Dng b lc
Tng cng sut ngn mch ca ngun
e Qu in p tn s cng nghip:
C th xy ra khi c s c bn cao p truyn sang bn h p.
Bin php bo v hn ch in tr ni t hoc s dng thit b gii hn
qu in p.
f - in p mt cn i:
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C th do ph ti gia cc pha mt cn i hoc do s c khng i xng.
Bin php bo v l cn li ph ti gia cc pha, hoc tng cng sut ngn
mch ca ngun.
g Qu in p dng xung:
Do st truyn t li cp in
Do ng ct mt s thit b (gi l qu in p thao tc)
h Dng in r:
Mt s thit b khi lm vic bnh thng c th sinh ra nhng dng in r
kh ln, nh thit b x l thng tin ...
Phi tnh ton tng s dng in r ca cc thit b u trn mch in.
Trong s c thit b bo v theo dng in d th phi chn thit b ny c
dng in tc ng nh mc In sao cho :
Tng cc dng in r ca tt c cc thit b in 1/3 In .
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Ph lc 3C: Cc c im ca cc s ni t v
phng php la chn
Vic la chn s ni t da trn 6 tiu ch sau:

- Bo v chng in git.
- Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in.
- Mc lin tc cung cp in.
- Bo v chng qu in p.
- Bo v chng nhiu in t.
- Mc kh khn trong vic thc hin ti cng trnh.
1.Bo v chng in git
Nu thc hin ng k thut, tt c mi s ni t u c tc dng
bo v chng in git.
2. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in
Trong s I T, khi c s c 1 im chm v, dng in rt nh nn
nguy c xy ra ho han cng l rt nh, nhng trong vn hnh, phi b tr lc
lng kh nng pht hin sa cha nhanh gn im s c chm v th nht,
khng xy ra ng thi 2 im s c chm v trn 2 pha khc nhau.
Trong s T N, khi c s c chm v (in tr im s c thp), dng
in s c l rt ln, hng ngn ampe, nn nguy c ho hon cng rt ln
Trong trng hp s c chm v khng hon ton, dng in b hn ch
v c in tr im s c, c th dng in s c ln nhng khng thit
b bo v dng in cc i tc ng, lm tng nguy c xy ra ho hon. Mun
trnh iu ny, phi b s ni t TN C ,chuyn sang s TN S, lc
c th dng thit b bo v theo dng din d v thit b ny s tc ng t ng
ct ngun cung cp in trong trng hp nu trn.
Trong s TN C cn mt yu t na lm tng nguy c ho hon do
in, trong s ny cc b phn kim loi ca to nh nh cc ng ng nc,
kh t, cc kt cu kim loi u c ni vo dy bo v - trung tnh PEN.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in khng cn bng i trong dy
PEN, ng thi cng i c trong mch song song l cc b phn kim loi ni
trn, c th lm cho cc b phn ny nng ln ( nhng ch ni lng lo) hoc
pht sinh tia la in ., gy ra nguy c ho hon. Trong ch s c, dng
in s c ln, th hin tng ny cng nguy him hn.
Chnh v nhng l trn y m s TN C khng c s dng ti
nhng ni c nguy c chy, n cao.
91
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3. Mc lin tc cung cp in
Trong s I T, khi c 1 im chm v, dng in s c rt nh, khng
gy nguy him, nn khng bt buc phi ct ngun cung cp in. Nu qun l
tt, gii tr kp thi im s c chm v th kh nng xy ra ng thi 2 im
chm v 2 pha khc nhau l rt thp, nh vy mc lin tc cung cp in
cao hn, ng thi cc hu qu khc gn lin vi dng in s c cng rt nh :
4.Bo v chng qu in p
Trong tt c cc loi s ni t, u phi tnh ti bin php bo v
chng qu in p.
5.Bo v chng nhiu in t
Cc s T T , TN S v I T u p ng c yu cu v bo v chng
nhiu in t. Tuy nhin cn ch rng trong s TN S . dng in s c
chm v ln nn gy ra nhiu in t ln hn.
Trong s TN C, ngay trong ch lm vic bnh thng, cng c
dng in khng cn bng i trong dy PEN, iu ny gy nhiu in t thng
xuyn, cc sng iu ho bc ba pht sinh, c th nh hng n cc thit b
nhy cm khc (thit b x l thng tin...)
6. Mc kh khn trong vic thc hin ti cng trnh
S T T l t kh khn nht, khng hn ch chiu di mch in, kh
nng m rng cng trnh khng hn ch.
S TN S c s dng thit b bo v theo dng in d, cng t nh
s T T . Nu s TN S khng s dng thit b bo v theo dng in d
th phi kim tra chiu di mch in v kh nng m rng b hn ch
S I T yu cu phi c i ng qun l cht ch, thng xuyn c kh
nng gii quyt s c kp thi
S TNC c u im l: tit kim nht, do bt c mt si dy.
Sau khi phn tch cc c im ca tng s ni t, c th nu phm
vi p dng nh sau:
- S T T p dng tt nht cho cc cng trnh khng c qun l v
k tht v c th phi m rng
Trong thc t s T T l n gin nht, p dng ph bin nht nhng
cn lu phi c thit b bo v chng qu in p
- S IT c u im l m bo cp in lin tc cao nn s dng
trong cc cng trnh yu cu cao v mt lin tc cung cp in. Song khi s dng
s ny cn lu
92
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+ Phi xem xt n kh nng chu in p dy cu cc thit b trong
cng trnh
+ Phi xem xt mc dng in r khng c qu ln, khi mun m
rng cng trnh
+ Nht l phi c mt ng k thut qun l chc chn, thng xuyn,
c kh nng pht hin v x l s c im chm v u tin
- S TN S c th p dng trong trng hp cng trnh c s qun l
k thut tt v t c kh nng m rng.
Nu s ny c s dng vi mt thit b bo v theo dng in d,
nhy trung bnh th s hn ch c khuyt im v pht huy c u im
- S TN C c nhiu nhc im nh nu trn nn khi s dng
phi rt thn trng, tnh ton k lng, tuy rng s ny vn u t t nht.
Cc s ni t i vi vic bo v chng in git

*S TN
Hnh 3C1 Dng in s c Id v in p tip tc Ud trong s TN
Khi c 1 im s c chm v:
U0
Id =
-----------------
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Rph + RPE + Rd
Nu Rd = 0 th
0,8U0
Id =
-___________
Rph + RPE
Coi nh t ngun n u nhnh, dng in s c gy ra st p mt

20%.
Ud = RPE x Id
RPE
= 0,8U0 ----------------Rph + RPE
Vi U0 = 230V
Rph = RPE
230
=> Ud =
----------------- = 115V > UL

2
in p ny l nguy him nn phi c thit b t ng ct ngun. Trong

s TN, thit b bo v t ng ct ngun l b bo v dng in cc i, dng
in tc ng l Ia.
0,8 U0
Id =
-----------------
0,8U0Sph
=
---------------- (1+m)L
Rph + RPE
T iu kin Ia Id tnh ra chiu di ti a cho php :

0,8U0Sph
Lmax = --------------------- (1+m)Ia
Lmax chiu i ti a cho php, m
U0: in p pha = 230V
: in tr sut
Ia: Dng in tc ng ca thit b bo v theo dng in cc i
Sph
m = ----------
94
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SpE
Nu ng dy di hn Lmax , phi:
- hoc gim Ia
- hoc tng SPE gim m
- hoc phi t mt RCD
*S TT
Hnh 3C2: Dng in s c Id v in p tip tc Ud

Khi c 1 im s c chm v, thnh phn ch yu quyt nh tr s dng
in Id l cc in tr ni t ngun Rb v ni tiu th Ra (b qua in tr
ca cc dy dn).
U0
Id = ---------------Ra + R b
Ud = I d x R a
Ra
= U0 ---------------Ra + R b
Uo
Nu Ra = Rb th Ud= ---------- >
UL
95
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in p ny l nguy him, phi c thit b t ng ct ngun.
Nu Ra >> Rb th Ud s xp x U0, cng nguy him hn.
Dng in Id qu nh, khng th tc ng n cc thit b bo v qua
dng in chng ngn mch nn phi lp t 1 RCD u xut tuyn vi dng
in tc ng nh mc l In
iu kin:
I n x R a UL
Phi chn RCD c In ph hp vi Ra bo m iu kin ny.
in tr ni t Ra ng vi
In
UL = 50v
UL = 25v
3A
16
1A
50
25
500mA
100
50
300mA
166
83
30mA
1660
830
Bng 3C1: Tr s ti a dng in tc ng nh mc In ca RCD theo

in tr ni t ti ni s dng in.
96
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S IT - im s c th nht
Hnh 3C3: Dng in s c If v in p tip xc Ud khi c 1 im s c

If = Ic1 + Ic2
Ic1 = j Cf x U13
Vi
Ic2 = j Cf U23
->
Id = U0. 3cf
U d = Rb x I f
Vi mt ng dy cp 3 pha di 1km
97
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C = 1F/km
V Rb = 10
-> Ud = 0,7V
in p ny qu nh, khng gy nguy him g, c th tip tc vn hnh,
nhng phi pht hin im s c, nhanh chng gii tr s c khng xy ra
tnh trng ng thi c 2 im s c trn 2 pha khc nhau.
*S IT - im s c th 2
Hnh 3C4: Dng in s c im th hai

Lc , tnh hnh ging nh trong s TN, dng in s c l dng
ngn mch.
Nu c dy trung tnh v 1 im s c trn dy trung tnh:
0,8 U0
Id = ----------------2z
Nu khng c dy trung tnh, 2 im s c trn 2 dy pha khc nhau.
0,8U 0 3
Id =
2z
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Thit b bo v l my ct bo v chng ngn mch vi dng in tc
ng l Ia
iu kin: Ia Id
Nu c dy trung tnh:
1 0,8U 0 S ph
Lmax = 2 (1 + m) I a
Nu khng c dy trung tnh

3 0,8U 0 S ph
Lmax = 2 (1 + m) I a
Bng 3C2: Bng tm tt cc trng hp
99
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Vic la chn s ni t phi xem xt cho tng trng hp c th cn
c vo mc ch s dng i chiu vi cc tnh cht ca tng s , khng c s
no l ti u cho tt c mi trng hp.
Tuy nhin c th nu mt s nh hng chung v la chn s ni t
nh sau:
1. i vi cc cn nh ly in trc tip t li phn phi cng cng h p: Li
PPCCHA l li 3 pha - 4 dy (3 dy pha + 1dy trung tnh), im trung tnh ca
ngun cung cp in trc tip ni t. S ni t thch hp nht l TT
Cn lu l vng dn c ng c, cc cn nh st nhau, ng thi
ngm di t c th c cc ng ng kim loi (dn kh, dn nc ...) lm cho
cc ni t ca cn nh c lin h v in vi nhau v vi cc ni t ca ngn
cung cp in. Lc , dng in s c mt pha chm v (xung t) s rt ln,
c th gn bng dng in ngn mch, cc thnh phn ca mch in phi tnh
chu c dng in ny (dy dn, my ct RCD...).
2. i vi cc nh chung c cao tng c cung cp in t mt trm bin p
trung / h p ring, trm ny t ngay trong nh cao tng hoc t gn st nh
cao tng: coi nh ch c 1 cc ni t chung cho ngun cung cp in v h tiu
th in. S ni t thch hp nht l TN-S, t sau trm bin p , li in h
p c 3 pha 5 dy (3 dy pha + 1 dy trung tnh + 1 dy bo v PE).
Ring trng hp dng thanh ci dn in trong hp k thut th c th
theo s TN-C - 3pha - 4dy (3 dy pha + 1 dy PEN) nhng sau bng phn
phi in cho 1 tng (hoc 2,3 tng) th phi chuyn sang s TN-S-3pha - 5
dy (dy PEN tch ra thnh 2 dy: dy bo v v dy trung tnh).
3. i vi nhng h tiu th in cn u tin vic lin tc cung cp in nh
hm m, phng m, phng cp cu ca Bnh vin, ... S ni t thch hp
nht l IT.
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Ph lc 3D: Kim tra di ti a cho php ca mch
in trong s ni t TN
Trong s ni t T N, khi c s mt pha chm v th dng in s c
l dng in ngn mch mt pha vi dy trung tnh. V nguyn tc, dng in
ny ln tc ng thit b bo v qu dng in t u mch in cn
bo v v t ng ct ngun trong thi gian quy nh.
Nu mch in cn bo v qu di, tng tr mch s c qu ln, dng
in s c b gim i, c th n mc khng ln tc ng thit b bo v
qu dng in, khng ct c ngun in v s c tn ti ko di. Hu qu l
gy ra nguy c :
- B in git do tip xc gin tip.
- Xy ra ho hon.
Do khi p dng s ni t T N phi c mt mc l tnh ton kim
tra chiu di ti a cho php.
Trong s I T, khi xy ra s c chm v im th hai th tnh hnh tr
nn tng t nh s T N vi mt im chm v. Do i vi s I T cng
phi c mc tnh ton ny.
C nhiu phng php tnh di ti a cho php ca mch in cn
bo v. Sau y gii thiu phng php truyn thng.
Gi thit rng khi xy ra s c chm v th in p ti u mch in cn
bo v (ngha l ti im t thit b bo v qu dng in) cn bng 80% in
p pha nh mc U0
Trong mt si cp 3 pha 4 rut, cc rut cp t gn nhau nn tr khng
thng rt nh so vi in tr thun nn c th b qua. iu ny ng vi cp t
120 mm2 tr xung. i vi cp rut to hn th phi tnh n tr khng ny nh
sau :
S = 150 mm2 tng tr = R + 15%
S = 185 mm2 tng tr = R + 20%
S = 240 mm2 tng tr = R + 25%
Cng thc xc nh di ti a cho php l :
0,8 U0 S ph
Lmax =
0(1 + m) Ia
Trong :
Lmax l di ti a cho php tnh bng mt.
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U0 l in p pha ( = 230v cho h 230/400v)
l in tr sut tnh bng n v mm2/m:

= 22,5.10-3 i vi ng
= 36.10-3 i vi nhm
Ia l dng in tc ng ct nhanh ca thit b bo v qu dng in

(trong thi gian qui nh).
m l t s S ph/Spe
S ph l tit din dy pha (mm2)
Spe l tit din dy bo v (mm2)
C th t cng thc ny tnh ra cc tr s khc nhau ca chiu di ti a
cho php theo cc tit din dy dn v cc tr s dng in tc ng khc nhau
lp thnh bng tra cu.
Th d tnh ton : mt mch in 3 pha 4 dy, s ni t TN C.
Mch in gm c mt si cp nhm tit in dy pha l 50 mm2, tit din dy
trung tnh + bo v (PEN) l 25 mm2, thit b bo v l mt my ct h p, dng
in nh mc l 63A.
Kt qu tnh ton: bng cch p dng cng thc v ng vi dng in ct
nhanh ca my ct, chiu di ti a cho php l 259m.
102
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Ph lc 3E: Ch s bo v (IP)
Ch s bo v (vit tt theo ting Anh l IP) cho bit mc c bo v
ca thit b in t trong v, hp hoc li bo v.
- Ch s th nht (t 0 n 6) sau ch IP cho bit mc bo v
chng cc vt rn.
0 - Khng c bo v g
1- c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 50mm (th d nh tip
xc v tnh bng tay)
2 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 12,5mm (th d nh
ngn tay)
3 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 2,5mm (th d nh
dng c, inh vt)
4 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 1mm (th d dng c
nh, dy nh)
5 - c bo v chng bi ( khng ph bi )
6 - c bo v hon ton chng bi
- Ch s th 2 (t 0 n 8) sau ch IP cho bit mc bo v chng
nc xm nhp.
0- Khng c bo v g
1- c bo v chng git nc ri thng ng
2- c bo v chng dng nc ri nghing 150 so vi ng thng
ng.
3 - c bo v chng dng nc ma ri nghing 600 so vi ng
thng ng.
4 - c bo v chng dng nc ri theo mi hng.
5 - c bo v chng dng nc phun theo mi hng.
6 - c bo v hon ton chng tia nc bn theo mi hng
7 - c bo v chng hu qu ngp trong nc.
8 - c bo chng hu qu dm trong nc ko di.
Khi s th nht (hoc s th hai) c thay bng ch X th c ngha l
khng cp n mc bo v chng vt rn (hoc chng dng nc).
Tip sau cc ch s, c th c cc ch sau y vi ngha chng s xm
nhp v tnh ca.
A: bn tay
B: ngn tay
103
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C: dng c
D: Si dy.
Sau ch th nht , c th c ch th hai vi ngha sau:
H Thit b in cao p
M chuyn ng khi th nghim di nc
S ng yn khi th nghim di nc
iu kin thi tit.
Th d: IP34
Cho bit v bc bo v c tc dng.
(3). Bo v chng s xm nhp cc vt rn ngoi li c ng knh t
2,5mm tr ln, bo v ngi lm dng c c ng knh t 2,5mm tr ln khng
v tnh xm nhp vo trong.
(4). Bo v thit b bn trong chng tc ng c hi ca dng nc ri
theo mi hng.
Th d: IP 23CS
V bc c k hiu ny c ngha l
(2). Bo v chng s xm nhp ca cc vt rn c ng knh t 12,5mm
tr ln
Bo v chng ngi v tnh xm nhp bng ngn tay
(3). Bo v thit b bn trong chng tc dng c hi ca dng nc ma
ri nghin 600.
(C) Bo v ngi cm dng c ng knh 2,5mm, di 100mm chng v
tnh tip xc vi cc phn nguy him bn trong.
Khi th nghim v nc th thit b in bn trong l tnh trng ng
yn (th d nh roto ca 1 my in quay)
Ghi ch: Chi tit xem thm IEC - 529 (1989)
104
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Ph lc 3F: Phng trnh ha hon do in: S hnh
thnh ng r in
Trong khi s dng in cp h p phc v i sng v sn xut, c 3 loi
s c c th ln cho nhit trong thit b in tng cao v nu khng c x
l kp thi s dn n ha hon:
- Ngn mch
- Qu ti
- S hnh thnh ng r in.
Hai loi s c qu ti v ngn mch c ni n v thng c bo
v bng cu ch hoc my ct h p, dng in s c ln hn dng in nh
mc nhiu ln, ti hng ngn A.
Loi s c th ba l s hnh thnh ng r in, cha c cp n
nhiu, dng in s c l rt nh, thng tnh bng mili ampe, nhng li l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n ha hon hay gp.
Theo nh ngha thut ng k thut in quc t, s hnh thnh ng r in l
s to ra dn dn nhng ng dn in trn b mt cc cht cch in rn do
tc ng kt hp ca in p v cht in phn.
M t hin tng
B mt ca lp cch in c th b m t (do nc ma ri vo, do nc
lau ra nh hoc do nc trong khng kh ngng t). Kt hp vi bi bn vn c
t nhiu trong khng kh to thnh mt cht in phn, hnh thnh mt ng
dn in i t rut ra v, sinh ra mt dng in r ban u, khi thit b in lm
vic bnh thng. Dng in r ban u ny ch khong vi microampe (hnh
3F1)
B mt lp cch in c lc kh, lc t. Trong giai on kh, dng in
r b ngt qung ch kh nht, nhng ch , 2 bn vn l m t v dn
in, vn c in p t vo, nu ch khng chu c in p, c th sinh ra
nhng tia la in rt nh, nhng nhit tm im ca tia la cng rt cao,
c th ti trn 10000C, lm chy nh b mt lp cch in (hnh 3F2)
Nhng ch chy nh li nhng vt than nh trn b mt lp cch
in, nhng vt than ny lm cho ch tr thnh dn in v lm suy gim tnh
cch in ca lp cch in (hnh 3F3)
105
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n giai on m t tip theo, v b mt cch in b suy gim,
dng in r tng ln, khong vi miliampe. n giai on kh tip theo,
dng in r li b ngt qung v li sinh ra tia la in (hnh 3F4)
Hin tng dng in r b ngt qung sinh ra tia la, lm chy b mt lp
cch in li vt than, lp i lp li nhiu ln lm cho b mt lp cch in b
suy gim ngy cng nng, dng in r ngy cng tng. Nu dng in r ln ti
15 miliampe th b mt lp cch in c th b chy thc s v lp cch in b
tn tht nng (hnh 3F5)
Cng vi nm thng, sau nhng chu k kh - t, dng in r li tng
ln, lp cch in b tn tht nng hn, trn b mt c nhiu ch b chy
thnh than (hnh 3F6)
n mt lc no , dng in t n tr s khong 300-500mA, gia
cc phn b chy thnh than c th sinh ra nhng tia la in v nhit ta ra t
cc tia la in ny lm bc chy vt liu cch in, nu khng c x
l kp thi s dn n ha hon (hnh 3F7).
Tnh cht ca s hnh thnh ng r in
Theo m t trn, s hnh thnh ng r in l mt hin tng ph bin
khp mi ni, tin trin m thm, ni ngc ngch kn o, mc tng dn,
nu khng c x l s dn n ha hon. chnh l s nguy him ca hin
tng ny.
Hin tng ny ph thuc vo:
- Mi trng xung quanh: m t, bi bn, s thay i nhit .
- Bn thn cht cch in.
+ C d b nhim m v ht bi khng?
+ C d b chy khng?
+ Khi chy, nguyn t ccbon trong thnh phn ha hc ca cht
cch in b bin thnh th rn (thnh than) bm trn b nt cht cch in hay
thnh th kh bay i.
Phng trnh s c hnh thnh ng r in
C cc bin php ch yu:
106
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- La chn cc trang thit b ng tiu chun, lp t ng k thut
nh hn ch c dng in r v s pht trin ca dng in ny, khng dn
n s c
- nh k kim tra bo dng, xo b s hnh thnh ng r in.
- Dng thit b bo v c chng, thit b bo v theo dng in d vi
nhy trung bnh, dng in tc ng nh mc bng 300mA 500mA ct
ngun in trc khi dng in r t n tr s nguy him.
107
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Hnh 3F1: B mt lp cch in b nhim m v bi bn
Mt dng r nh i qua mt nhim m v bi

Hnh 3F2: Trong giai on kh, c th c nhng tia la nh
Ni kh nht khng chu c in p c th sinh ra tia la nh

Tm im ca tia la rt nng ti > 10000C
108
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Hnh 3F3: Mt vi ch b chy thnh than.
Cc ch chy thnh than sau giai on kh: vt liu cch in b h hng nh

Hnh 3F4: Dng in r li i qua trong giai on m tip theo
Trong giai on m tip theo dng in r i qua b mt h hng li tng ln
109
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Hnh 3F5: Trong giai on kh tip theo, li c nhng tia la mi
S lng cc tia la tng ln, din tch b chy thnh than rng hn, vt liu b
h hng nng hn
Hnh 3F6: Tri qua nm thng, b mt cng b h hng nng hn
Dn dn b mt cch in gim i sau mi chu k, dng in d li tng ln
110
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Hnh 3F7: Sau mt thi gian no , vt liu c th bc chy
Nu dng in ln, cc tia la c th nng lm vt liu bc chy
111
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Ph lc 4A: dy trung tnh v tnh tit din ca n
1. V tr ca dy trung tnh
Trong mt mng in, s lng dy dn cn xem xt l cc dy pha thc
t c dng in chy qua. Khi trong mt mng in nhiu pha, cc dng in
c gi thit l cn bng v c t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3 khng qu
15% trong cc pha th khng cn phi xt ti dy trung tnh tng ng. Khi dy
trung tnh c ti mt dng in m khng c s gim ti tng ng ca cc dy
pha th dy trung tnh phi c k ti trong vic xc nh s lng cc dy dn
mang ti. Trng hp ny c gp khi c mt cc dng hi trong dy trung tnh
ca cc mng in 3 pha nht l khi t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3 ln hn
15% cc dy pha.
Khi dy trung tnh c ti vic tnh chn tit din ca n theo dng in
cho php cng lm nh vi cc dy pha.
2. Tnh tit din dy trung tnh :
a. Dy trung tnh c th c tit din nh hn tit din cc dy pha
nhng khng di 1/2 tit din cc dy pha.
Ch duy nht trong trng hp cc mng in nhiu pha m cc tit din
dy pha ln hn 16mm2 - ng hoc 25mm2 - nhm v nu t l sng hi bc 3
v bi s ca 3 khng vt qu 15% trong dy pha.
b. Dy trung tnh phi c cng tit din vi cc dy pha :
- Trong cc mng in 1 pha 2 dy vi bt k c tit din dy no v vi
bt k mt t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3 no.
- Trong cc mng in nhiu pha m cc dy pha c mt tit din nh hn
16mm2 - ng hoc 25mm2 - nhm nu t l sng hi c bc 3 hoc bi s ca 3,
khng vt qu 33% dng in pha . Nu t l sng hi vt qu 15%, dy trung
tnh c xem nh c ti v phi k ti mt h s gim dng in cho php bng
0,84.
- Trong cc mng in nhiu pha m cc dy pha c mt tit din ln hn
16mm2 - ng hoc 25mm2 - nhm nu t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3
gia 15% v 33% trong dy pha, dy trung tnh c xem nh c ti v mt h
s gim dng in cho php l 0,84 phi c xt ti.
112
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- Trong cc mng in nhiu pha gm nhiu cp in nhiu rut v khi t
l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3 vt qua 33%, tit din cn xc nh l tit din
dy trung tnh, c tnh vi mt dng in s dng ly bng 1,45 ln dng in
s dng trong cc dy pha. Dy trung tnh c coi nh c ti v mt h s gim
dng in cho php bng 0,84 phi c xt ti.
c. Dy trung tnh phi c mt tit din ln hn tit din cc dy pha.
Trong trng hp t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca bc 3 vt qu 33%.
Tit din cn xc nh l tit din ca dy trung tnh c tnh cho mt dng
in s dng bng 1,45 ln dng in s dng dy pha. Dy trung tnh c
coi nh c ti v mt h s gim dng in cho php bng 0,84 phi c xt ti.
Bng tng hp
Mng in 1 pha
S N = SP
15% < TH
33%
(1)
SN = SP
Mng in 3 pha + N
Cp nhiu rut
SP 16mm2 - ng
hoc 25 mm2 - nhm
SN = SP
SN = SP
H s 0,84
T l sng hi
Loi mng in
Mng in 3 pha + N
Cp nhiu rut
SP > 16mm2 - ng
hoc 25 mm2 - nhm
Mng in 3 pha + N
Cp mt rut
SP > 16mm2 - ng
hoc 25 mm2 - nhm
0 < TH
15%
SP
SN = 2
cho php N
cn c bo
v
SP
SN = 2
cho php N
cn c bo
v
SN = SP
H s 0,84
SN = SP
H s 0,84
TH > 33%
(2)
SN = SP
S P = SN
SN cn c xc
nh
IN = 1,45 IP
H s 0,84
S P = SN
SN cn c xc
nh
IN = 1,45 IP
H s 0,84
S N > SP
IN = 1,45 IP
H s 0,84
(1) Mng in chiu sng cung cp in cho cc n phng kh, trong c

n hunh quang vn phng, xng sn xut v.v..
(2) Mng in cp cho vn phng, cc my tnh, thit b in t cc khu vn
phng, trung tm my tnh, ngn hng, gian ch, cc ca hng chuyn dng
v.v..
Ghi ch:
TH - t l sng hi ; N dy trung tnh

P - Dy pha
; S tit din dy (mm2)
113
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Trong trng hp cc mng in 3 pha c trung tnh m t l sng hi

bc 3 v bi s ca 3 khng c xc nh bi c ngi s dng v vic p dng
th ngi thit k nn p dng ti thiu cc quy tc sau:
- D kin mt tit din dy trung tnh bng tit din dy pha (h s 0,84)
- Bo v dy trung tnh chng qu dng in
- Khng c dng dy PEN
(dy PEN - dy va lm nhim v bo v PE va lm nhim v trung tnh N)
114
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Ph lc 4B: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm
ng s TN
1. u vo ca trang b
2. Bng phn phi in
3. u ni t chng st
4. Thit b chng st
5. Ni t cc thit b chng st
5a hoc 5b
6. Thit b cn bo v
F: Thit b bo v ch nh bi nh
sn xut thit b chng st (th
d: cu ch, my ct in h p
(aptmt), RCD)
RA: Ni t (in tr ni t ca
trang b.
RB: Ni t (in tr ni t ca
ngun cung cp).
Hnh 4B1 - Thit b bo v chng st s TN
115
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Ph lc 4C: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm
ng s Tt
1. u vo ca trang b
2. Bng phn phi in
3. u ni t chnh
4. Thit b chng st
5a hoc 5b
6. Thit b cn bo v
7. Thit b bo v bng dng in
d (RCD)
F: Thit b bo v th d: cu ch,
my ct in h p (aptmt),
RCD,ch dn bi nh sn xut
thit b chng st
RA: Ni t (in tr t ni t
ca trang b.
ngun cung cp).
I Dng in d tc ng.
Hnh 4C1 - Thit b chng st pha sau RCD
1. u vo ca trang b
2. Bng phn phi in
3. u ni t chnh
4. Thit b chng st
4a. thit b chng st ph hp vi
534.2.3.2 hoc khe phng in.
5a hoc 5b
6. Thit b cn bo v
d (RCD) t trc hoc sau h
thanh dn
RCD, do nh sn xut thit b
chng st ch nh
ca trang b.
ngun cung cp).
I Dng in d tc ng.
Hnh 4C2 - Thit b chng st pha trc RCD
116
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117
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Ph lc 4D: t thit b chng st lan truyn v cm
ng s it
1. u vo ca trang b
2. Bng phn phi in
3. u ni t chnh
4. Thit b chng st
5a hoc 5b
6. Thit b cn bo v
d (RCD)
RCD, do nh -sn xut thit b
chng st ch nh
ca trang b.
ngun cung cp).
Hnh 4D1 - Chng st t pha sau RCD
118

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TCXDVN 394: 2007

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TCXDVN 394: 2007

CHNG 1: Nhng vn chung

1.1. Phm vi p dng

1.3. Cc ti liu vin dn

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2.1. Ngun cung cp in

2.2. La chn s ni t (xem phn 3)

2.4. S tng hp ca cc thit b

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2.5. Kh nng bo dng, sa cha

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CHng 3: Bo v chng in git v bo

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Hnh 3.1A: S IT khng c dy trung tnh

Hnh 3.1B: S I T c dy trung tnh .

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Hmh 3.3.A: S TN-C

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Hnh 3.3.D Dng in khng cn bng

3.2. Bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip

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Hnh 3.4: Xc nh gii hn th tch trong tm vi.

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3.3. Bo v chng in git do tip xc gin tip

3.3.1. Bo v bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp in

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p dng bin php ny vo cc s ni t khc nhau :

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3.3.2. Bo v bng cch s dng cc thit b c cch in cp

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3.3.3. Bo v bng thm v tng cch in

3.3.4. Bo v bng cch cch ly mch in

3.3.5. Bo v bng mng ng th ti ch

3.3.6. Bo v ng thi chng in git do tip xc trc tip v

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3.4. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in

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4.1. Cc quy tc chung

4.1.2. S ph hp vi cc tiu chun

Cc iu kin lm vic v cc nh hng bn ngoi

4.1.3.1. Cc iu kin lm vic

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AA: Nhit (0C)

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CA1 : Khng chy

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4.1.4.1. Quy nh chung

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4.1.6.1. Cc thit b phi c chn v b tr sao cho trnh mi nh hng c

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