,

172=1156

2
5 +32

9 15
8

&

=2

&

/
/
/

/

OMA



/

:
:

..

&
, /
& / .
..

&




/

/
/
/



/


,

.
2
4
.
, , .
,

,
.
,
.

. ,

.

: .,
., ., . .
T , , .
.
.

. , ,
.

,
. x0 R,
+ .
,
.


.
.

 ,
.
.

,
.

,
.
, 396, 153 10
.


()
1: -
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

-
x0 R

x0 R

.
11
14
30
39
47
58
64
70

2:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

-





-
- De L Hospital

91
104
111
123
127
132
140
154
161
169

3:
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.5

F ( x) =

f (t )dt

185
191
200
208

215

3.6
3.7

222
224

247

1.1

R
,
. (. 1)
3
x

e
2

, ,

0. Q.
, ,

, 0 .

= { , 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3,...},

= {0,1, 2, 3,...}.
N, Z, Q R :

Q R.
N {0}, Z {0}, Q {0} R {0}
N*, Z*, Q * R* .

R
Q

1 O

12

R
R
.
.
, :
1) ,
2) + +

, > 0

3)
.
, < 0

4)
A

, + +

, .
, , , > 0

5) , 0 N* , :

6)

0 ( 0 0)

7) > 0,

1 1
.

, R < ,
, :

R

R
R

-
- .

1 O

13

R,
:
R
R
R
R
R (, +) .
, , .

, | | ,
:
, 0
| |=
, < 0
, ,

:
1) | | 2 = 2

2)

2 =| |

3) | | = | | | |

4)

||
=
||

5) | | | | | + | | | + | |

6) | x x 0 | < x 0 < x < x 0 + , > 0

1 O

14

:
i)

1
= x
1
x

ii) A = x

2 < 1 .
x

i)

1
1
1 0 1
x
x
0

x 1
x

x( x 1) 0 x 0

x < 0 x 1.
A = (, 0) [1, +).
ii)

1
1
2 < 1 1 < 2 < 1
x
x
1 <

1
<3
x

1
1 > x > .
3
1
A = ,1 .
3

1.2

.
R,
.

1 O

15

R.
() f , x A y. y f x
f(x).
, :
f :A R
x f ( x).

 x, , y, f x,
.
 f Df .

 f x A,
f f (A). :
f=
( A) {=
y | y f ( x) x A}.

:


.

 f ,
. f (B)
f x B . :
f=
( B) {=
y | y f ( x) x B}.

f :

, f (x), x .
, , f
f (x).
f x,
f (x) . , , f :(, 2] R ,

1 O

16

f ( x) = 4 2 x f f ( x) = 4 2 x ,
, f ( x) = 4 2 x , y = 4 2 x .

o f :
i) f ( x ) =

x2 3 x + 2
x

ii) f ( x ) = 1 ln x

i) H f ,

x 2 3 x + 2 0 x 0 .
x 2 3 x + 2 1 2. ,
x 2 3 x + 2 0 ,
x 1 x 2.
, f A = (, 0) (0,1] [2, +) .
ii) f ,

1 ln x 0 .

1 ln x 0 ln x 1
ln x ln e
0 < x e.

, f = (0, e].

f Oxy
. (x, y) y = f (x),
(x, f(x)), x A, f

1 O

17

Cf . , , y = f (x) Cf .
, y = f (x) f.
x A y R , f .
f (. 7).
, (. 7).

Cf f, :
)  f Cf .
)  f f (A) Cf .
)
 f x0 A x = x0
Cf (. 8).

Cf , f , , f | f | .

18

1 O

)

f ,
xx, f,
(x, f (x))
(x, f (x)),
xx. (. 9).

)
 | f | Cf xx
, xx,
Cf
. (. 10).

, .
f ( x) = x + .

f ( x) = x2, 0.

1 O

19

f ( x) = x3, 0.

f ( x) =

, 0.
x

f ( x) = x , g (x ) = | x | .

x , x < 0
g ( x) =
, y = | x |
x , x 0
. y = x
yy.

20

1 O

: f(x) = x, f(x) = x, f(x) = x.

, f (x) = x f (x) = x
= 2, f ( x) = x = .

f(x) = x , 0 <

1.

1 O

21

:
> 1,
:

0 < < 1, :

x1

< x2 x 1 < x 2

x1

<

x2

x 1 > x2 .

f(x) = logx, 0 < 1.

:
1) log x = y

2) log x = x

=x
log x

4) log (x 1 x 2 ) = log x 1 + log x 2

=x

3) log = 1 log 1 = 0

x
5) log 1
x2

= log x1 log x2

6) log x 1 = log x 1

7) > 1, : log x 1 < log x 2 x1 < x 2

0 < <1, : log x1 < log x 2 x 1 > x 2 .

8) x = e xln , = e ln .

.

,
.

1 O

22

:
1
1
i) f ( x ) = | x | , ii) ( x ) =
, iii) h(x) =
.
|x |
x 1

i)

(x) = x f ( x) = | ( x) |.

ii)  (x )

1

x

iii)
 h(x) = g(x 1), h ,
g
.

f ( x) =

x3 + x
x2 + 1

g(x) = x.

1 O

23

:
f g A = R
x A f(x) = g(x),

x 3 + x x( x 2 + 1)
= 2
= x = g ( x).
x2 + 1
x +1
f g . :
f ( x) =

O
f g :

x A f(x) = g(x).
f g f = g.
f, g
, . x
f(x) = g(x), f g .
(. 22)
,

f ( x) =

x2 1
x2 + x
g ( x) =
,
x 1
x

A = R {1} B = R {0} ,
= R {0,1}, x
f(x) = g(x) = x + 1.

f ( x) = 1 x , g ( x) =

1 (x ) = 1 x + x , 2 (x ) = 1 x x , 3 (x ) = 1 x x , 4 (x ) =
:

1 x .
x

 1, 2 3 [0,1],
)
A = (,1] B = [0, +) f, g, 4

1 O

24

(0,1], , x g(x)
= 0,
) 1(x) = f(x) + g(x), 2(x) = f(x) g(x), 3(x) = f(x)g(x), 4 ( x ) =

f ( x)
.
g ( x)

1, 2, 3 4 , ,
f, g. :
f
f + g, f g, fg g f, g
( f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
( f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
( fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)
f
f ( x) .
( x) =
g ( x)
g

f + g, f g fg A B
f g ,

f
A B ,
g

x g(x),
{x | x A x B , g ( x) 0}.

(x ) = x 1. x
:
) x R y = x 1
) y = x 1

y = x 1, y = x 1 0.

:
) f(x) = x 1, A = R ( )

1 O
) g ( y ) =

25

y , B = [0, +) ( ).

, x
(x) = g( f(x)).
f g g f .
f, x A f ( x) g,
A1 = [1, +). :

f, g , ,
f g, g f ,
( g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)).

g f x f
f (x) g.

A1 = {x A | f ( x) B} .
g f A1 , f ( A) B .

,
.

f(x) = lnx g (x ) = x . :
i) g f

ii) f g .

1 O

26

f D f = (0, +), g Dg = [0, +).

i) g( f(x)) :

x Df

f ( x) Dg

(1)

, ,

x>0
x>0
x > 0

x 1,

f ( x) 0
ln x 0
x 1
x 1 . , g f

(g=
f )( x) g=
( f ( x)) g (ln x) = ln x , x [1 + ) .
ii) f(g(x)) :

x Dg g ( x) D f
, ,

x 0
x0
x 0

x>0,

x > 0
x > 0
g ( x) > 0
x > 0 . , f g

( f=
g )( x) f=
( g ( x)) f ( x ) = ln x , x (0 + ) .

g  f f  g . , f, g
g f f g ,
.
f, g, h h ( g f ),
(h g ) f
h ( g f ) = (h g ) f .
f, g h h g f .
.

1 O

27

1.  ;
i) f ( x) =

iii) f ( x) =

x+2
,
x 3x + 2
2

1 x2

x

ii) f ( x) = 3 x 1 + 2 x

iv) f(x) = ln(1 ex)

 x R f
2.
xx, :
i) f(x) = x2 4x + 3,

ii) f ( x) =

1+ x
,
1 x

iii) f ( x) = ex 1.

3.
 x R f
g, :
i) f(x) = x3 + 2x + 1

g(x) = x + 1

ii) f(x) = x3 + x 2

g(x) = x2 + x 2.

4.  :
(x) = 2,89x + 70,64 ( )
(x) = 2,75x + 71,48 ( )
x , .
0,45 m.
) ;
) ;
 = 20 cm x cm (20 x) cm.
5.

.
x.
6.  :

1 O

28

i) f ( x) =

|x|
+1 ,
x

ii) f ( x) = x | x | ,

x + 3 , x < 1

iv) f ( x) = | ln x | .
iii) f ( x) =
x +1 , x 1
f
.
 f = g. 7.
f g
R f(x) = g(x).

( x)

i) f ( x) = x 2

g ( x) =

x2 1

x2 + | x |

g ( x) = 1

g ( x) = x +1.

ii) f ( x) =
iii) f ( x) =

x 1
x 1

1
|x|

8.

x
1
g ( x) =
.
x
1 x

f ( x) = 1 +

f + g, f g, fg f .

9. 

f ( x) = x +

1
x

g ( x) = x

1
x

10.  g f ,
i) f(x) = x2 g ( x) = x ,
iii) f ( x) =

ii) f(x) = x g ( x) = 1 x 2

g(x) = x.
4

11.
 f(x) = x2 + 1 g ( x) = x 2 .
g f f g .
 f ,
12.

1 O

i) f(x) = (x2 + 1),

iii) f(x) = ln(e2x 1),

29

ii) f(x) = 2 23x + 1

iv) f(x) = 2(3x).

B
1.  f :

2.
 x cm 628 cm3.
4 cm2, 1,25 cm2.
x. 5 cm;
3.
 = 1,
= 3 = 2.

x = ,
.

 x
4.
cm
= 10 cm
= 5 cm.

x.

5. :
i) f ( x) =

| x +1 | + | x 1 |
,
2

ii) f ( x) =

x + | x |
, x [0, 2 ] .
2

1 O

30

f
.
6. f , :
i) ( f g )( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2, x R, g(x) = x + 1
ii) ( f g )( x) = 1 + x 2 , x R, g(x) = x2
iii)

= | |, x R, g ( x) = 1 x 2 .

7.  f(x) = x + 1 g(x) = x + 2. aR
f g = g f .
8. :

f ( x) =

x +
2
, g ( x) = x 2 x + 1.
x

) f( f(x)) = x,

R {}

) g(g(x)) = x, x [0,1].
9.  , x
, N = 10 2( x 2 + x)
. t
t + 4 .
i) t.
ii) 120 ;

1.3 -

,
. , :

1 O

31

f (1):
, x1 , x2 x1 < x2 :
f(x1) < f(x2) (. )
,
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 :
f(x1) > f(x2) (. )

f ( )
, f ( f ).
, f(x) = x2:
[0, +),
0 x1 < x2 x12 < x22,
f(x1) < f(x2)
(, 0],
x1 < x2 0 0 x2 < x1,

0 x22 < x12 ,

f(x1) > f(x2).

f
, f .
f f ,
, , f .
(1)

f , :
, x1 , x2 x 1 < x 2

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).
, x1 , x2 x 1 < x 2

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .

1 O

32

,
. :

f :
x0 A () , f( x0),
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A (. 27)
x0 A () , f(x0),

f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A (. 27).

:
f(x) = x2 + 1 (. 28) x0 = 0, f(0) = 1,
f ( x) f (0) x R.
f ( x) = | x 1 | (. 28) x0 = 1, f (1) = 0,
( ) f (1) x R.

1 O

33

f(x) = x (. 29) , y = 1,
2k + , k , y = 1,
2

2k , k , 1 x 1 x R.
2
f(x) = x3 (. 29) , ,
.

,
, ,
.
() () f
f.

11

1
f ( x) = .
x
x1 , x2 0 :
x1 x2, f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ),
:
x1 , x2 D f
.

1
f ( x) =
x
11 ( ). :

f : A R 11, x1 , x2 A
:
x1 x2, f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).

1 O

34
:

f : A R 11,
x1 , x2 A :
f(x1) = f(x2), x1 = x2.
:
f(x) = x + , 0 11. (. 31, )

, f(x1) = f(x2), :
x1 + = x2 +
x1 = x2
x1 = x2.

 f(x) = 11 (.
31), f(x1) = f(x2) = x1, x2 R.

 f(x) = x2 (. 32)
11, f(1) = f(1) = 1 1 1.


f 11, :

 y f(x) = y
x.

 .
f
(. 33).

, , 11.

1 O

35

, f1(x) = x + , 0, f2(x) =
x3, 0, f3(x) = x, 0 < 1 f4(x) = logx, 0
< 1, 11. , ,
11
,
x , x 0

g(x ) = 1

x , x > 0

(. 34).

f : A R. 11, y
, f(A), f
x
f(x) = y.
g : f ( A) R
y f ( A)
x A f(x) = y.
g :
f(A)
f,
f

:
f ( x) = y g ( y ) = x .

1 O

36
, f x
y, g y x
. g
f. g
f
f 1.

f ( x) = y f 1 ( y ) = x

f 1( f (x)) = x, x

f ( f 1(y)) = y, y

f ( A).

,
f(x) = x.
11 R
(0, + ). f 1 f.
, ,
(0, + )
R
y (0, + ) x R x = y.

x = y x = log y
f 1(y) = log y . , f(x) = x,
0 < 1, g(x) = logx.
logx = x, x R

log x = x, x(0, + )

11 f
C
C f f 1
(. 37).
f ( x) = y f 1 ( y ) = x ,
(, )
C f, (,)
C f 1

1 O

37

. , ,
xOy xOy. :
C C f f 1
y = x xOy xOy.
, f(x) = x g(x) = logx, 0 < 1 ,
y = x.

f(x) = 2e3x2 + 1 11
.

x1 , x2 R f(x1) = f(x2). x1 = x2. :

f(x1) = f(x2)
2e3 x1 2 + 1 = 2e3 x2 2 + 1
2e3 x1 2 = 2e3 x2 2
e3 x1 2 = e3 x2 2
3x1 2 = 3x2 2
3x1 = 3x2
x1 = x2.
f y = f(x) x.
:
f ( x ) = y 2e 3 x 2 + 1 = y

2e3 x 2 = y 1

e3 x 2 =

y 1
2

3 x 2 = ln

y 1
, y >1
2

1 O

38

3 x = ln

y 1
+ 2, y > 1
2

1 y 1 2
x = ln
+ , y > 1.
3
2
3
1 y 1 2
, f 1 ( y ) = ln
+ , y > 1 , f
3
2
3
1 x 1 2
f 1 ( x) = ln
+ , x > 1.
3
2
3

1.


i) f ( x) = 1 x
iii) f(x) = 3e1x + 1

ii) f(x) = 2ln(x 2) 1

iv) f(x) = (x 1)2 1, x 1.

2.
 11

i) f(x) = 3x 2

v) f(x) = ln(1 x)

ii) f(x) = x2 + 1

vi) f(x) = ex + 1

iii) f(x) = (x 1)(x 2) + 1

vii) f ( x) =

3
iv) f ( x) = 1 x

ex 1
ex + 1

viii) f ( x) = | x 1 |.

3.  f, g, .

1 O

39

f, g, ,
.
4. :
i)
 f , f .
 f, g ,
ii)
f + g .
iii)
 f, g f ( x) 0 g ( x) 0 x , fg
.
, f, g
.

1.4 x0 R

:
;
;
;
, ,
, .

1 O

40

f ( x) =

x 2 1.
x 1

Df

R {1}

f ( x) =

( x 1)( x + 1)
= x + 1 , x 1.
x 1

, y = x + 1
A(1,2) (. 38). , :
x, xx,
1, f(x), yy, 2. , f(x) 2 ,
x 1 1.

lim f ( x) = 2
x 1

f(x), x 1, 2.
:
f l,
x x0,
lim f ( x) =

x x0

f(x), x x0, l
f(x) x0 l.

1 O

41

:
f x0, f
x0, f
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) ( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .
x0 (. 39, 39)
(. 39).
f x0, , x0 (. 39)
. (. 39).
, ,
x + 1, x < 1
,
f ( x) =
x + 5, x > 1

.
:
x 1 (x < 1),
f
2. :
lim f ( x) = 2 .

x 1

x 1 (x > 1), f
4. :
lim f ( x) = 4 .

x 1+

f
l1, x x0 (x < x0), :

lim f ( x) = 1

x x0

:
f(x), x x0 , l1.
f
l2, x x0 (x > x0), :
lim f ( x) = 2

x x+
0

1 O

42
:

f(x), x x0 , l2.

1 = lim f ( x) 2 = lim f ( x) f x0
x x+
0

x x0

l1 f x0, l2 f x0.
:
lim f ( x) = , lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) =

x x0

x x0

x x0

|x|
, f ( x) =
(. 42)
x
x0 = 0, :
x < 0 f ( x) =

x > 0 f ( x) =

x
= 1, lim f ( x) = 1,
x
x 0

x
= 1, lim f ( x) = 1,
x
x 0 +
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

x 0

x 0 +

x0 R
. , lim f ( x) = , f(x) l,
x x0

x x0 x0. ,
, :

1 O

43

f ( x)
l

| f ( x) | < ,

(1)

.
x x 0
x0
0 < | x x0 | < ,

(2)

. ( 0 < | x x 0 |
x x 0 ) .


, x (2), f(x) (1).
:

*
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ).
f x0 l R, > 0 > 0 ,
x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ), 0 < x x0 < , :
| f ( x) | <

, f x0,
, , lim f ( x).
x x0

, lim f ( x) = l, f
x x0
x0 l.
:
() lim f ( x) = lim ( f ( x) ) = 0
x x0

x x0

() lim f ( x) = lim f ( x 0 + h) =
x x0

h 0

f (x0, ) 0 < | x x 0 | < x 0 < x < x 0 + ,

lim f ( x) , f (, x0)
x x0+

1 O

44

0 < | x x 0 | < x0 < x < x0,

lim f ( x) .
x x0

:
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) ,
:
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) =
x x0

x x0

x x+
0

f
(x0, ),
(, x0), :
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x).
x x0+

x x0

lim x = lim

x 0 +

x 0

x =0

(. 44)

f
(, x0),
(x0, ), :

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x).

x x0

x x0

lim x = lim

x 0

x 0

x =0

(. 45)

lim f ( x)
x x0

, (, x0) (x0, )
f.
,
| x 1 |
f ( x) =
x0 = 0, x 1
(1, 0) (0, 1) ,
( x 1)
= 1.
x 1
, ,
lim f ( x) = 1.
f ( x) =

x 0

1 O

45

, f x0 :
)  f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
.
)  f (, x0), ,
(x0, ).
)  f (x0, ), ,
(, x0).
, f ( x) =

x
x0 = 0,
x

,0 0, .
2 2

-
:

lim x = x 0

x x0

lim c = c

x x0

f(x) = x (. 47)
x0 x0,
g(x) = c (. 47) x0 c.

1 O

46

1.  lim f ( x) f(x0), , x x0

f :

2.
 f
, , lim f ( x) , :
x x0

x 2 5x + 6
i) f ( x) =
, x0 = 2
x2

x 2,
x 1

iii) f ( x) =
, x0 = 1
x + 1, x > 1

x, x 1

ii) f ( x) = 1
, x0 = 1
, x >1
x
iv) f ( x) = x +

3.  :
i) f (x ) =
ii) f ( x) =

x3 + 3x 2 x 3
, x 0 = 1 x 0 = 1
x2 1

( x + 1) 9 x 2 6 x + 1
1
, x0 = .
3
3x 1

x2
, x0 = 0.
x

1 O

47

4.
 f [2, + ) . .
i) lim f ( x) = 2
x 2

ii) lim f ( x) = 1
x 1+

iii) lim f ( x) = 2
x 1

iv) lim f ( x) = 3
x2

v) lim f ( x) = 4
x 3

vi) lim f ( x) = 3
x4

5.  f (, x0 ) ( x0 , ), lim f ( x) = 2 6
x x0

lim+ f ( x) = . R,
x x0

lim f ( x) .

x x0

1.5

.
1
lim f ( x) > 0, f(x) > 0 x0 (. 48)
x x0

lim f ( x) < 0, f(x) < 0 x0 (. 48)

x x0

1 O

48
2

f, g x0 f ( x) g ( x) x0,

lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

lim x = x 0 , lim c = c
x x0

x x0

f g x0, :

1. lim ( f ( x) + g ( x)) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)

2. lim (f ( x)) = lim f ( x) , R

3. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

4. lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim f ( x)
f ( x ) x x0
=
, lim g ( x) 0
x x0
g ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0

5. lim | f ( x) | = lim f ( x)

6. lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

f ( x) = k lim f ( x), f ( x) 0 x0.

x x0

1 3 .
:

lim [ f ( x)] = lim f ( x) ,

x x0
x x0

1 O

49

lim x = x 0

x x0

P(x) = x + 1x1 + + 1x + 0 x0 R.
:

lim P( x) = lim ( x + 1 x 1 + + 0 )

x x0

x x0

= lim ( x ) + lim ( 1 x 1 ) + + lim 0

x x0

x x0

x x0

= lim x + 1 lim x 1 + + lim 0

x x0

x x0

x x0

= x 0 + 1 x 0 1 + + 0 = P( x 0 ) .
,
lim P( x) = P ( x 0 )

x x0

lim( x 3 6 x 2 + 7 x 2) = 2 3 6 2 2 + 7 2 2 = 4.
x2

P( x)
f ( x) =
, P(x), Q(x) x x0 R
Q( x)
Q(x0) 0. ,

lim f ( x) = lim

x x0

x x0

lim P ( x) P( x )
P ( x ) x x0
0 .
=
=
Q( x) lim Q( x) Q( x 0 )
x x0

,
lim

x x0

P( x) P( x 0 )
=
, Q( x 0 ) 0
Q( x) Q( x 0 )

,
lim
x2

22 + 4
8
x2 + 4
=
= .
x 2 + 2x + 1 2 2 + 2 2 + 1 9

Q(x0) = 0, 4 .
1 ii), .

1 O

50

1. :
i) lim[( x 2 + 1) 9 | x 3 1 | ]

ii) lim

x 0

x 2

x 3 5 x 2 + 6x
x2 4

iii) lim
x 1

x 2 + 3 2x
.
x 1

i)

lim[( x 2 + 1) 9 | x 3 1 | ] = lim( x 2 + 1) 9 lim | x 3 1 |

x 0

x 0

x 0

= [lim( x 2 + 1)]9 lim( x 3 1)

x 0

x 0

= 19 | 1 | = 1 .
ii)  lim( x 2 4) = 0 ,
x 2

( 4). x = 2 . f ( x) =
f ( x) =

x 3 5x 2 + 6x
, x 2, :
x2 4

x( x 2 5 x + 6) x( x 2)( x 3) x( x 3) x 2 3x .
=
=
=
( x 2)( x + 2)
( x 2)( x + 2)
x+2
x+2

,
lim f ( x) = lim
x2

x2

x 2 3x 4 3 2
1
=
= .
x+2
2+2
2

iii)
 x = 1 .
:

:

x 2 + 3 + 2 x
2

f ( x) =

x 2 + 3 2 x x 2 + 3 + 2 x
x 2 + 3 (2 x) 2
x + 3 2x

=
=
2
x 1
( x 1) x + 3 + 2 x
( x 1) x 2 + 3 + 2 x

3( x 1)( x + 1)
3x 2 + 3
=
=
2

( x 1) x + 3 + 2 x
( x 1) x 2 + 3 + 2 x

3( x + 1)
x 2 + 3 + 2x

1 O

51

,
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

3( x + 1)
2

x + 3 + 2x

lim(3( x + 1))
x 1

lim x 2 + 3 + 2 x
x 1

2. , , x0 = 1
3 x2 4,

f (x) = 1
,
x

x<1
x1

x < 1, f(x) = 3x2 4,

lim f ( x) = lim(3 x 2 4) = 3 12 4 = 1.

x 1

x > 1, f (x) =

x 1

1
,
x
1
lim f ( x) = lim = 1.
x 1
x

x 1+

lim f ( x) = 1.
x 1

x0
f (. 50) h g. , x x0,
g h l, , , f l.

.

f, g, h.
h( x) f ( x) g ( x) x0
lim h( x) = lim g ( x) = ,
x x0

x x0

lim f ( x) = .

x x0

6
4 +2

3.
2

1 O

52

, lim x = 0. , x 0
x 0
x

1
1
= | x | | x |,
x
x

| x | x

1
| x |.
x

lim( | x | ) = lim | x | = 0, , :
x 0

x 0

lim x = 0 .
x 0
x

T
. :
| x | < | x | , x R
( x = 0)

*
x = 0 .

x 0,
2
x = (1) < () < () = x.

x < x , x 0, (1)
2

x ,0 x 0, , (1) , | ( x) | < | x |
2
2

, , | x | < | x |.

x , | x | > 1 | x |, | x | < | x |.
2
2 2
, , | x | | x |,
x = 0.

:

1 O

53

x = x 0
xlim
x

1.

x = x 0
xlim
x
0

lim x = 0 lim x = 1
x 0

x 0

| x | | x |,
| x | x | x |.
lim( | x | ) = 0 = lim | x |, ,
x 0

x 0

lim x = 0 .
x 0

2 x = 1 2 x ,

x = 1 2 x , x ,0 0, .
2 2
lim x = lim 1 2 x = 1 lim 2 x = 1 0 = 1.
x 0

x 0

x 0

, , lim x = x 0 .
x x0

lim x = lim ( x 0 + h) = lim(x 0 h + x 0 h)

x x0

h 0

h 0

= x 0 lim h + x 0 lim h
h 0

h 0

(1)

= x 0 1 + x 0 0 = x 0 .

lim x = x 0 .
x x0

2.

) lim
x 0

x
=1
x

) lim
x 0

x 1
=0
x

(1)

1 O

54

,
2
( ) < ( ) < ( ),

0 < x <

1
1
1
1 x < x < 1 x
2
2
2
x < x < x
1<

x
1
<
x x

x <

x
< 1.
x

( x)

<1
< x < 0 , 0 < x < , ( x) <
x
2
2

x <

x
< 1.
x

x

, x ,0 0, x <
< 1.
x
2 2
lim x = 1, lim
x 0

x 0

)
lim
x 0

(x 1)(x + 1)
x 1
= lim
x

0
x
x(x + 1)

= lim
x 0

2x 1
x(x + 1)

= lim
x 0

2 x
x(1 + x)

x
= 1.
x

1 O

55

. , , lim f ( g ( x)), f g x0, :

x x0

1. u = g(x).
2. ( ) u 0 = lim g ( x)
x x0

3. ( ) = lim f (u ) .
uu 0

, g ( x) u0 x0, ,
:
lim f ( g ( x )) lim f (u) .
x

x0

u u0

lim f ( g ( x))
x x0

, : g ( x) u 0
x0 .
:
)

lim x 2 + .
x 0
4

u = x 2 + , lim u = lim x 2 + = ,
x 0
x 0
4
4 4

lim x 2 + = lim u = =
.

x 0
4 u
4
2

4
)
3 x
.
lim
x 0
x

1 O

56

3 x
3x
.
=3
x
3x
, u = 3x, lim u = lim 3 x = 0 ,
x 0

lim
x 0

x 0

3 x
3 x
u
= 3 lim
= 3 lim
= 3 1 = 3.
x 0 3x
u 0 u
x

1.  :
i) lim ( x5 4 x3 2 x + 5)

ii) lim ( x10 2 x 3 + x 1)

x 0

x 1

iv) lim [( x 5) 3 | x 2 2 x 3 | ]

iii) lim ( x8 + 2 x + 3) 20

x 3

x 1

v) lim
x 1

| x 2 3x | + | x 2 |
x 0
x2 + x + 1

x4 + 2x 5
x+3

vi) lim

vii) lim 3 ( x + 2) 2

viii) lim

x 1

x 1

x2 + x + 2 2
.
x 2 + 4x + 3

2. f lim f ( x) = 4 . lim g ( x) :
x 2

x2

| 2 f ( x) 11 |
ii) g ( x) =
( f ( x))2 + 1

i) g ( x) = 3( f ( x))2 5
iii) g ( x) = ( f ( x) + 2)( f ( x) 3).

3.
i) lim
x2

x 4 16
x3 8

1
x
iii) lim
x 1
1
1 2
x
1

ii) lim
x 1

2 x 2 3x + 1
x2 1

( x + 3)3 27
.
x 0
x

iv) lim

1 O

57

4. 
1 1 x2
x 0
x2

3 x
x 9 9 x

i) lim

iii) lim
x2

ii) lim

x+2 2

iv) lim

x4

x +5 3

x 2
.
x2 5x + 4

5. ( ), f x0 :

x 2 ,
i) f ( x) =
5 x,
2 x,
ii) f ( x) = 2
x + 1,

x 1
x >1

x 0 = 1

x < 1
x 1

x 0 = 1.

6. :
i) lim
x 0

3 x
x

ii) lim
x 0

x x
iv) lim

x 0
x

x
x

iii) lim
x

x
v) lim 3

x 0 x + x

4 x
2 x

vi ) lim
x 0

5 x
5x + 4 2

7. :
2 x
x 1 + x

i) lim

1 2 x
x 0
2 x

iii) lim

ii) lim

x 0

x
.
2 x

8. lim f ( x) , :
x 0

i) 1 x 2 f ( x) 1 + x 2 x R
ii) 1 x 4 f ( x)

1

x , .
2
x
2 2

2x + ,
9.  f ( x) =
x + 3 ,
lim f ( x) = 10 .

x3
. , R,
x>3

x 3

1. :

1 O

58

i) lim
x2

iii) lim
x 1

x3 x 2 x 2
x3 8

x +1 ( + 1) x +
x 1
x 1

ii) lim

x 1
x x + x 2

2.
i) lim

x 5

iii) lim
x 5

x 2 + 10 x + 25
x+5
| x 5 | + x2 4x 5
x5

| x 5 | + x2 4x 5
x5
x 5

ii) lim
iv) lim
x 1

x2 x
x 1

3.

= 1. :
i) lim ( ),

iii) lim

ii) lim ( 2 2 )

4. lim f ( x) , :
x

i) lim(4 f ( x) + 2 4 x) = 10
x 1

ii) lim
x 1

f ( x)
= 1.
x 1

1.6 x0 R
54
f x0. ,
x
xx x0,
f (x)
.
f
x0 +

lim f ( x) = + .

xx 0

1 O

59

55 f x0.
, x
xx
x0,
f(x)
M (M > 0).
f x0

lim f ( x) = .

x x0

*
f
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ).
lim f ( x) = + , > 0 > 0 ,
x x0

x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , 0 < | x x 0 | <
f(x) >
lim f ( x) = , > 0 > 0 ,
x x0

x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ), 0 < | x x 0 | <
f(x) <
x x 0 x x 0+.

,
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ), :

1 O

60
lim f ( x) = +

x x0

lim f ( x) =

x x0

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = +

x x0

x x0+

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = .

x x0

x x0+

:
lim f ( x) = + , f(x) > 0 x0,
x x0

lim f ( x) = , f(x) < 0 x0.

x x0

lim f ( x) = +, lim ( f ( x)) = ,

x x0

x x0

lim f ( x) = , lim ( f ( x)) = + .

x x0

x x0

lim f ( x) = + , lim

x x0

x x0

1
= 0.
f ( x)

lim f ( x) = 0 f(x) > 0 x0, lim

x x0

f(x) < 0 x0, lim

x x0

1
= .
f ( x)

x x0

1
= + , lim f ( x) = 0
x x0
f ( x)

lim f ( x) = + , lim | f ( x) | = +.
x x0

x x0

lim f ( x) = + , lim
x x0

x x0

f ( x) = + .

lim
x

lim
x

x 2

, N* (. 57)

1 O

lim

1
x

lim

1
x

lim

1
x2

61

, 

lim

x 2

,  (. 57).

, f ( x) =

,  .
x

:
2 +1

1 ( )
x0 R
R

g :

f + g :

f :

2 ( )
x0 R,
f
:

>0

<0

>0

<0

g
:

f . g :

, ,
( ) .
. ,
:
(

) (

) 0 ( ).

f
1
,
g = fg
:
0
.
,
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( )
0
f g = f + ( g )

1 O

62
:
f ( x) =

1
1
g ( x) = 2 , :
2
x
x

1
lim f ( x) = lim 2 = ,
x 0
x 0
x

1
= +
x2

lim g ( x) = lim
x 0

x 0

1
1
lim( f ( x) + g ( x)) = lim 2 + 2 = 0
x 0
x 0
x
x

,
1
1
f ( x) = 2 + 1 g ( x) = 2 , :
x
x
1

lim f ( x) = lim 2 + 1 = ,
x 0
x 0
x

lim g ( x) = lim
x 0

x 0

1
= +
x2

1
1
lim( f ( x) + g ( x)) = lim 2 + 1 + 2 = lim 1 = 1.
x 0
x 0
x x 0
x

1. :
i) lim
x 1

x 2 5x + 6
| x 1|

ii) lim
x 2

3x + 2
.
( x 2)2

i) lim | x 1 | = 0 | x 1 | > 0 1, lim

x 1

x 1

lim( x 2 5 x + 6) = 2, :

1
= + .
| x 1 |

x 1

lim
x 1

x2 5x + 6
= lim
( x 2 5 x + 6) = + .
x 1 | x 1 |
| x 1 |

ii) lim( x 2) 2 = 0 (x 2)2 > 0 2, lim

x2

x2

1
= + .
( x 2) 2

lim(3 x + 2) = 4,
x2

lim
x2

3 x + 2
= lim
(3 x + 2) = .
2
2
x

2
( x 2)
( x 2)

1 O

63

x2 x + 1
x0 = 2
x2
, f(x) 2.

2.

f (x) =

lim( x 2) = 0 x 2 > 0 x > 2, lim

x2+

x2

1
= + .
x2

lim ( x 2 x + 1) = 3,
x2+

lim

x2+

x 2 x +1
1

= lim
( x 2 x + 1) = +.
+
x2
x2 x 2

lim( x 2) = 0 x 2 < 0 x < 2, lim

x2

x2

1
= .
x2

lim ( x 2 x + 1) = 3,
x2

lim

x2

x 2 x +1
1

= lim
( x 2 x + 1) = .

x2
x2 x 2

.
f 2.

1. ( ) f x0 :

x+5
, x0 = 0
x + 3x 2
1 1
, x 0 = 0.
iii) f ( x) =
x |x|
i) f ( x) =

ii) f ( x) =

2x 3
, x0 = 1
4( x 1) 4

2. ( ) f x0, :
i) f ( x) =

3
4

, x0 = 1
1 x 1 x 2

iii) f ( x) = x 2 1 + 3 , x 0 = 0.
x

ii) f ( x) =

x 2 + 3x 2
, x0 = 0
x|x|

1 O

64

1.  ( ) lim
x4

9
x x 2x 4 x + 8

2. :

.
2
ii) f(x) = x 0.
i) f(x) = x

3.
f ( x) =

x2 + 2x +
( 1) x 2 + x 2
g
(
x
)
=

.
x
x2 1

, R R
lim f ( x) lim g ( x).
x1

x 0

.
4. lim f ( x), :
x1

x4
i) lim
= +
x 1 f ( x )

ii) lim
x 1

f ( x)
=
x+2

iii) lim[ f ( x)(3 x 2 2)] = +.

x 1

1.7 O
f, g, h
(, + ).

x ,

1 O

65

f(x) l.
f + l
lim f ( x) = 

x +

g(x) . g +
+
lim g ( x) = +
x +

h(x) . h +

lim h( x) = .
x +

f
+, f (,+).
, x
( , ). , f, g, h
:

lim f ( x) = 

lim g ( x) = +

lim h( x) = .

+ :
lim x

lim x =

,
,

lim

1
= 0,
x

N*

lim

1
= 0,
x

N *.

x +

,
lim x 3 = , lim x 2 = + lim

x +

x +

1
= 0.
x2

1 O

66

+, x0 :

.

f (x) = 2x3 5x2 + 2x 1.
lim f ( x) , .
x +

:
x 0
.

lim (2 x 3 ) = +
x +

lim f ( x) = + = lim (2 x 3 ).

x +

x +

P(x) = x + 1x1 + + 0, 0 :
lim P( x) = lim ( x ) lim P( x) = lim ( x )

x +

x +

,
lim (4 x 5 3 x3 + 6 x 2 x + 7) = lim (4 x5 ) = .

f ( x) =

3x 2 x + 1
.
5 x3 + x 7

x 0 :

1
1

1
1
3 x 2 1
+ 2
+ 2
1
2
x
3
x
3
x
3

3x 3x
f ( x) =
=

.
1
7
1
7 5x 3
3
1+ 2 3
5 x 1 + 2 3
5x
5x
5x
5x

1
1

1
1
lim 1
+ 2
+ 2
x +
3x 3x

3x 3x =
lim
=1
x +
1
7
1
7

1+ 2 3
lim 1 + 2 3
x +
5x
5x
5x
5x

1 O

67

3x 2
lim 3
x + 5 x

3
= lim = 0
x + 5 x

3x 2
lim f ( x) = 0 = lim 3
x +
x + 5 x

,
f ( x) =

x + 1 x 1 + + 1 x + 0
, 0, 0
x + 1 x 1 + + 1 x + 0

f x =

lim f ( x) = lim
x

,
.

-
(1) :
> 1 (. 60),
lim x = 0 ,

lim x = +

x +

lim log x = , lim log x = +

x 0

x +

0 < <1 (. 61),

lim x = + ,

lim x = 0

x +

lim log x = + , lim log x =

x 0

x +

1 O

68

. :

:  *ER.
() , 1
(). , = ,v  * .

,  *={1, 2, 3, 4, ...},
, E +.

+ :

()  R lim = ,

> 0, 0 N* , > 0
|  | <

x E +, , .
.
,
.

1. :
i) lim (10 x3 + 2 x 5)
x +

iv) lim

x +

x 4 5 x3 + 2 x 1
x3 3x + 2

ii) lim (5 x3 2 x + 1)

iii) lim

5
x +8

2x 3 + x 1
x + 4 x 3 x 2 + 2

vi) lim

x+2
x10 + x + 3

v) lim

x +

1 O

69

x2 + 5 x2 + 3
viii) lim

.
x
x+2
x

5
x

vii) lim 2

x + x + 1
+
x
2

2. :
i) lim

x +

4 x 2 2 x + 3

ii) lim

iii) lim ( x 2 + 1 + x 2 3 x + 2 )

x 2 + 10 x + 9

iv) lim ( ( x + )( x + ) x),

x

x +

v) lim (2 x 1 4 x 2 4 x + 3 ).
x +

3. :
i) lim

x2 + 1
x

ii) lim ( x 2 + 1 x)

iii) lim

x2 + 1
x

iv) lim ( x 2 + 1 + x)

x +

v ) lim

x +

x x2 + 1
2

x x 1

x +

vi) lim (x x 2 + 2 x + 2 x 2 ) .
x +

B
1. , :
i) lim ( x 2 + 1 + x)
x

( 1) x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3
.
x +
x2 5x + 6

ii) lim

2. R, lim ( x 2 + 5 x + 10 x) R.
x +

, , R,

3.
lim f ( x) = 0.

x +

4. :
i) xlim

| x2 5x | + x
x2 + 1 + 5 x
lim

ii)

x
x 2 3x + 2
x + 4 + 3x 2

| x2 x |
.
x +
x 1

iii) lim

1 O

70

1.8

f, g, h
.

:
f x0 :
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ).

x x0

g x0
lim g ( x) g ( x0 ) .

x x0

h x0 .
f
x0. , , x0 f. , .

f x0 x0 .
f x0,
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 )
x x0

, f ( x) = | x | 0,
lim f ( x) = lim | x | = 0 = f (0).
x 0

x 0

, f x0
:

1 O

71

) x0
) x0, , f(x0), x0.
:

x 2 + 1,
f ( x) =
2 x,

x0
0,
x>0

lim f ( x) = lim( x 2 + 1) = 1,

x 0

x 0

f 0.

x2 1
,

f ( x) = x 1
3,

x 1

1,

x =1
, f(1) = 3.

f , ,
, .
:
, x0 R
lim P( x) = P( x0 ).

x x0

, x0
lim

x x0

P ( x) P( x0 )
.
=
Q( x) Q( x0 )

f(x) = x g(x) = x , x0 R
lim x = x0 lim x = x0.

x x0

x x0

, :

( ) = x

( )=

, 0 < 1 .

1 O

72

x0
:

f g x0, x0
:
R
x0.
:
f(x) = x g(x) = x .

2 , + ,
3

g(x) = 3x 2 .
f ( x) = | xx | , f ( x) = | g ( x) |,
g(x) = xx
f1(x) = x f2(x) = x.
, :

f x0 g f ( x0),
g  f x0.
, (x) = (x2 1)

f (x) = x2 1
g(x) = x.

x 2 + 2 a ,

f (x)= x
,

x0
x>0

1 O

73

(, 0) f f(x) = x2 + 2
.
x
(0, +) f f ( x) =

x
.
f , x0 = 0,
lim f ( x) = f (0). :
x 0

lim f ( x) = lim( x 2 + 2 ) = 2 ,

x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) = lim

x 0+

x 0

x
= 1
x

f (0) = 2.
1
, 2 = 1 , , = .
2

. , ,
f .

 f (, ),
(, ). (. 63)

 f [, ],
(, )

lim f ( x) = f ( ) lim f ( x) = f ( ) (. 63)

x +

(, ], [, ).

74

1 O

Bolzano

f
[, ]. (, f())
(, f())
xx, f
.

.

f , [, ]. :
f [, ] , ,
f()f() < 0,
, , x0 (, ) ,
f(x0) = 0.
, , , f(x) = 0 (, ).

Bolzano :
f ,
x x,
. (. 65)

f
f .

1 O

75

f
x. , :
)  f.
)
 ,
f .
f .
,
f(x) = x x, x [0, 2 ].
f(x) = 0 [0, 2 ].

x x

x 1

5
x=
.
4
4

f
5

5
0, 4 , 4 , 4 4 , 2 .

f
.

0, 4

x 0

f(x 0)

5
,
4 4

, 2
4

5
, 2 f(x) < 0,
, 0, ,

4 4
5
, f(x) > 0.
4 4

1 O

76

Bolzano
.

f, [, ]. :
f [, ]
f ( ) f ( )
, f() f() ,
x0 ( , ) ,
f(x0) =

f() < f(). f() < < f() (. 67).

g(x) = f(x) , x
] , :
g [, ]
g()g() < 0,

g() = f() < 0

g() = f() > 0.
,
Bolzano, x 0 ( , ) ,
g(x0) = f(x0) = 0, f(x0) = .

f
[, ], ,
, .

:
f() f .

1 O

77

[, ],
.

( )
f [, ], f [, ]
m. (. 69)
, x1 , x2 [ , ] , , m = f(x1) = f(x2),

m f ( x ) M , x [, ].

f [, ]
[m, ], m .
, f(x) = x,
x [0, 2 ] [1, 1],
[0, 2] m = 1
= 1.

1 O

78

, :
f
(, ), (, ) (.
71),
= lim+ f ( x) B = lim f ( x) .
x

, , f (, ),
(, ) (. 71).

,
f(x) = lnx + 1, x (0, e) ,
(. 72), (, 2),
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 2.

x 0+

x e

1
, x (0,1) , x
, (. 73) (1, +) ,
f ( x) =

lim f ( x) = + lim f ( x) = 1.

x 0+

x 1

f
[, ], [, ) (, ].

1 O

79

x + x = 4 , , (,
2).

f(x) = x + x 4, x [ , 2 ]. :

f [, 2] .

f()f(2) < 0,

f() = + 4 = 5 < 0 f(2) = 2 +2 4 = 2 3 > 0.

, Bolzano , , x0 ( , 2 )
, f(x0) = 0, x0 + x0 4 = 0 x0 + x0 = 4. , x + x = 4 (, 2).

1.
 .
.

2.  x0 :

x 2 + 4, x < 2
i) f ( x) = 3
, x0 = 2
, x2
x

1 O

80

x 2 + 1, x < 1
ii) f ( x) =
, x0 = 1
3 + x , x 1
x2 + x 2
, x 2

, x0 = 2.
iii) f ( x) = x + 2
3
=

2
x
,

3.

,
2 x 2 , | x | 1

i) f ( x) = 2

, | x |> 1

x , x <1
iii) f ( x) =

ln x , x 1

x2 5x + 6
, x2

ii) f ( x) = x 2

5
, x=2

e x
, x0
iv) f ( x) = 2
.
x + 1 , x > 0

4.
2 x 2 3 , x 1

i) f ( x) = x 1
, x >1

x 1

x
, x<0

ii) f ( x) = x
.
x , x 0

5.  :
ii) f ( x) = ln( x 2 + x + 1)

i) f ( x) = (x)
iii)

iv) f ( x) = e x

v) f ( x) = ln(ln x)
6.
 x x + 1 = 0
(0, ).
 f,
7.
, (, + 1) f(x) = 0

i) f ( x) = x 3 + x 1

ii) f ( x) = x 5 + 2 x + 1

iii) f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 4

iv) f ( x) = x 3 + x + 2 .

1 O

81

8. 
(x )(x v) + (x )(x ) + (x )(x ) = 0,
, , > 0 < < , , (, )
(, ).
 f
9.
x, :
i) f(x) = x3 + 2x2 x 2

ii) f(x) = x4 9x2

iii) f ( x) = x 3 , x ( , )

iv) f(x) = x + x, x [0, 2 ].

10.
i) f(x) = lnx 1, x [1, e]

ii) f (x) = x + 2, x (0, 2)

iii) f(x) = 2x + 1, x 0,
6

iv) f ( x) = ex + 1, x (, 0] .

B
( x )( x + ) ,
1.  f ( x) =
,
x + 5
x0 = 2.

x2
, , f
x>2

2 x 2 + x 12 ,

5
,
2.  f ( x) =

x+
,

x <1
x = 1 , , R
x >1

f x0 = 1.

3. i)  f x0 = 0. f(0),
x R*
x f ( x) = x 1.
ii)
 , g(0) g x0 = 0
x R
| xg ( x ) x | x 2 .
4.
 f, g [0,1]
f(0) < g(0) f(1) > g(1),
(0,1) f() = g().

1 O

82

5.  :
ex
ln x
x4 + 1 x6 + 1
)
+
=0
+
=0
x

1
x
2
x 1 x 2
, , (1, 2).
)

 6.
f g
1
i) f(x) = ex g ( x) =
x

ii) f(x) = lnx g ( x) =

1
x

7. i)  f [1,1],
x2 + f 2(x) = 1 x [1,1].
) f(x) = 0.
) f (1,1).
) f ;
ii)  f R,
f 2(x) = x2 x R.
8.
 [0,
1] f

.
i)

ii)

Bolzano Cf
.
9.
 C
f
[,] 0(x0,
y0) ,
i)

d(x) = (0) 0(x0, y0)
(x, f(x)) Cf
x [ , ].

1 O

83

ii)
 d [, ]
, , Cf 0
, , Cf
0 .

.
,
, ,
.
1.  f(x) = lnx g(x) = ex,
1
) ( g f )( x) = , x R *
x

) ( f g )( x) = x , x R

f ( x)
= l R, lim f ( x) = 0.
x 1
x 1

1
=
x

x
= .
x

2.  lim
x 1

1
1
1
3.  lim x 2
= 0.
x lim 2
= 0 lim 2
= lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 x + x
x 0 x + x
+
x
x

4.
 f(x) > 1 x R lim f ( x),
x 0
lim f ( x) > 1.
x 0

5. : ) lim x
x +

x +

1 O

84

6.  0 f ( x) 1 0, lim( x 2 f ( x)) = 0 .

lim f ( x) = 0.

x 0

7.  f ( x)

1
, x ( , +),
x2

x +

8.  lim( f ( x) g ( x)), f (6)g(6).

x 6

9.  lim | f ( x) | = 1,
x x0

lim f ( x) = 1 lim f ( x) = 1.

x x0

x x0

10. lim | f ( x) | = 0 , lim f ( x) = 0.

x x0

x x0

11.  f R x 4
x 2 7 x + 12
, f(4) 1.
f ( x) =
x4
12.
 f [1, 1] f(1) = 4, f ( 1) = 3,
x0 (1,1) ,
f(x0) = .

.

1.  lim f ( x) = l , lim g ( x) = m, l , m R f( x) < g(x) x0,
x x0

:
) l < m

x x0

) l m

) l m

) l = m

) m < l.

(1 2 x 2 )3
:
x + ( x 2 + 1)3

2.  lim
) 8

) 1

) 0

| x 3 x 2 1 | x3
x +
x2

3.  lim
) +

x2

) 1

) +

) 8 .

:
) 1

) 0.

1 O

4.  lim

x x0

) x0 = 0

85

x3 x 2 2 x
, :
x3 x
) x0 = 2

) x0 = 1

) x0 = 1.

.
1. 

1
1
.
+ 1 g ( x) = 2
2
x 1
( x 2)
:
f ( x) =

) g 2
) f 1
) g
) lim f ( x) = 1.
x +

2.  ;
) lim x 20 x + 1

) lim x 20 x 1

) lim 3 x 9 + x 1

) lim

x 0

x +

) lim[ln( x 3 + x + 1)]
x 0

x 0

3x9 + x 1

) lim[ln( x 3 + x 1)].
x 0

3.
 f = [0, 3],
f ( 0) = 2, f (1) = 1 f(3) = 1.

;
) x0 (0, 3) , f(x0) = 0.
) lim f ( x) = 1 .
x 3

) lim f ( x) = f (2).
x2

) [1, 2] f () .
)  f [0,3] 2 1.

1 O

86

,
,
.
,
.

.


:
( x) = AB = AM = .

170 .

(
, ,
..) (
). Descartes, La Geometrie (1637),

x y ( -
),
:

y

x
,

.
( fungor, ,
) 1673 Leibniz
(Methodus
tangentium inversa, seu de functionibus),
y

1 O

.

,
. J. Bernoulli 1718
:

.

,
. ,
,
L. Euler 1748,
.


.

, ..
, . ,
18 ,
y = f(x, t)
t.
,
.
L. Euler, 1755 ,
.
,
,
.

. x ,
x
, x.

,
. J. Fourier, 1822,
: , f(x)

87

1 O

88

, .
x, f(x). , .
.
.

,

. ,
,
,
,

,
x 0

'
.

A. L. Cauchy
1844, : Euler
Lagrange,

,
.

.
x 0


,
'

,
. ,
Euler Langrange ,

. .., x
, + x x,
x ,
.

(1)

x2

(1)

Cauchy , , .

1 O

, ,
, .
, Euler

.
, Cauchy,
.

,
, .
Cauchy, 1821, : (
B. Bolzano 1817).
f(x) x
x
. x ,
f(x + ) f (x),
x. ,
f( x) x, x
, f(x + ) f (x)
. , f (x) x,

.

( ..
) , , ,

.


.

, , ,

. d Alembert 1765
Diderot :

89

1 O

90

,
.
.
,
, 2 1,9 1,99
1,999 1,9999 , 1,9 1,99 2 2 (
2), 1,9 2,01 1,9999 2,0001 (
2).
, S.F. Lacroix
x
1810 lim
= :
x + x +

x
, x x +
. x,
,

1+
x

,
x
.

x
2
=
x + x +
, x ,
, . ,
:
x

x.
x +
,

,
.

, Weierstrass 19 .
,

.

2.1

S
= S(t) t.

H S t
.
, , t0 0
h, t = t0 + h,
. (. 1). t0 t
S(t) S(t0). ,

S(t ) S(t 0 )
=

t t0

t t0, t0.
, t t0,
t0 (t0). :

(t0 ) = lim
t t0

S (t ) S (t0 )
.
t t0

92

, S(t) = t2 + 4t (.2),

t1 = 1, t2 = 2 t3 = 3
:

(1) = lim

t 2 + 4t 3
(t 1)(t 3)
S (t ) S (1)
= lim
= lim
=2
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1

(2) = lim

t 2 + 4t 4
(t 2)(t 2)
S (t ) S (2)
= lim
= lim
=0
t

2
t

2
t2
t2
t2

(3) = lim

t 2 + 4t 3
(t 1)(t 3)
S (t ) S (3)
= lim
= lim
= 2.
t 3
t 3
t 3
t 3
t 3

t 1

t 2

t 3

S (t ) S (t0 )
> 0 , t t0
(t0 ) 0 , , t0
S (t ) S (t0 )
< 0 , (t0 ) 0 .
t t0

, t0

, .
, ,
y = x2 (1,
1) (. 4), y = x3
(1,1) (. 4).

93

,
,
.
, ,
(. 5). ,
, . , ,
.
, ,


.

f (x0, f(x0)) .

(x, f(x)), x x0, f

M, :

94

x x0 x > x0,
(. 6). x
x0 x < x0 (. 6).
f .

f ( x) f ( x0 )
, Cf
x x0

(x0, f(x0))

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
x x0

f (x0, f (x0)) Cf .
f ( x) f ( x0 )
, lim
x x0
x x0
Cf , .
, (x0, f( x0))
y f(x0) = (x x0),

f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
x x0
, f(x) = x2
(1,1).

= lim

x x0

lim
x 1

f ( x) f (1)
x2 1
= lim
=
x 1 x 1
x 1
= lim( x + 1) = 2,
x 1

Cf (1,1).
= 2
y 1 = 2(x 1).

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
x x0

95

, :

f x0 ,
f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim
x x0
x x0
.
f x0 f (x0).
:
f ( x) f ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0
x x0
, f(x) = x2 + 1, x0 = 1
lim
x 1

( x 1)( x + 1)
f ( x) f (1)
x2 1
= lim
= lim
= lim( x + 1) = 2.
x

1
x

1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

, f (1) = 2.
, , f ( x0 ) = lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
x = x0 + h,
x x0

f ( x0 + h) f ( x 0) .
h
h = x x0 x, f(x0 + h) f(x0) = f(x0 + x)
f (x0) f(x0), :
f ( x0 ) = lim
h 0

f ( x0 )
.
x 0
x

f ( x 0 ) = lim

Leibniz x0

df ( x)
dx

x = x0

df ( x0 )
dx

. f (x0) Lagrange.

, x0
f, :
f x0, R

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
, lim+
x x0
x x0
x x0

96
,
x 2 , x < 0
f ( x) = 2
x , x0
0 f (0) = 0,
lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x2 0
= lim
=0
x 0
x0
x

lim+

f ( x) f (0)
x2 0
= lim
= 0,
x 0
x0
x

x 0

x 0

x3
f ( x) =
5 x

, x<0
, x0

0,
lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x3 0
= lim
=0
x 0
x0
x

lim

f ( x) f (0)
5x 0
= lim
= 5.
x 0
x0
x

x 0

x 0+

, t0, x = S(t) t0. ,

(t0) = S(t0).

Cf
f, (x0, f(x0)) f x0. ,
= f(x0),
:
y f(x0) = f (x0)(x x0)
f (x0) (x0, f(x0)) Cf
f x0.

97

, ,
f (x0, f(x0)),
f x0.

f ( x) = x (. 10).
0,
,
lim
x 0

f ( x) f (0)
x
1
= lim
= lim
= + .
x

0
x

0
x0
x
x

, (x, f(x)), x 0 , Cf , , x
0,
, yy.
f (0,0)
x = 0.

f ( x) =

| x |.

(. 11)

0,
,

lim

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
1
= lim
= lim
=
x 0
x 0
x0
x
x

lim+

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
1
= lim+
= lim+
= + .
x 0
x 0
x0
x
x

, (x, f(x)), x 0, Cf , ,
x 0, yy. Cf (0, 0) x = 0.
:

98

f x0 :
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= + ( )
) lim
x x0
x x0
) lim

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= + lim+
= ,
x

x
x x0
x x0
0

) lim

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= + ,
= lim+
x

x
x x0
0
x x0

x x0

x x0

Cf (x0, f(x0)) x = x0.

,

x , x < 0
f ( x) =
(. 12)
x , x0

(0,0)
, x = 0,
0

lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
1
x
= lim
= lim
= +
x

0
x

0
x0
x
x

lim+

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
1
= lim+
= lim+
= +.
x 0
x 0
x0
x
x

x 0

x 0

f x0
,
Cf (x0, f(x0)).
,

x
f ( x) = 2
x

, x<0
,
, x0

(0,0),

99

lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
= lim = 1,
x

0
x0
x

lim+

f ( x) f (0)
x2
= lim = lim x = 0 .
x 0 x
x 0
x0

x 0

x 0

f ( x) = | x |. f x0
= 0, ,
lim

f ( x) f (0)
x
= lim = 1,
x 0 x
x0

lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
= lim
= 1.
x 0 x
x0

x 0+

x 0

, , f x0
. , , f x0,
x0, :

f x0,
.

x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 ) =

f ( x) f ( x0 )
( x x0 ),
x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim[ f ( x) f ( x0 )] = lim
( x x0 )
x x0
x

x
0

x x0

= lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim ( x x0 )
x x0
x x0

= f ( x0 ) 0 = 0,
f x0. , lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ), f
x x0
x0.

100

f x0, , , x0.

x 2 + x + 2 , x < 0
:

R, f ( x) =
i) x0 = 0;

ii) x0 = 0;

i) f x0 = 0,
lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (0)

x 0

x 0

, ,

2 = 1 = 1 = 1.
ii) :

a 1, 1, f .
= 1,
x2 + x + 1 , x < 0
.
f ( x) = 3
x + x +1 , x 0
x < 0,
f ( x) f (0) x 2 + x + 1 1 x( x + 1)
= x + 1,
=
=
x0
x
x

lim

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim( x + 1) = 1.
x 0
x0

x > 0
f ( x) f (0) x 3 + x + 1 1 x( x 2 + 1)
= x 2 + 1,
=
=
x0
x
x

2
f ( x) f (0)
= lim( x 2 + 1) = 1 .
x 0
x0

lim

x 0+

101

f ( x ) f ( 0)
f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim+
x 0
x0
x0

lim

x 0

, = 1 f x0 = 0.

= 1,
x2 + x + 1 , x < 0
f ( x) = 3
x x +1 , x 0
x < 0,
f ( x) f (0) x 2 + x + 1 1 x( x + 1)
= x + 1,
=
=
x0
x
x

lim

x 0

x > 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim( x + 1) = 1.
x 0
x0

f ( x) f (0) x 3 x + 1 1 x( x 2 1)
=
=
= x 2 1,
x0
x
x
lim+

f ( x) f (0)
= lim( x 2 1) = 1.
x 0
x0

lim

f ( x ) f ( 0)
f ( x ) f ( 0)
lim+
x 0
x0
x0

x 0

x 0

, = 1 f x0 = 0.

1. f x0,
i) f(x) = x2 + 1, x0 = 0
iii) f(x) = 2x, x0 = 0.

ii) f ( x) =

1
, x0 = 1
x2

102

2.  ( ) f x0,
i) f ( x) = x | x | ,

x0 = 0

iii) f ( x) = | x 2 3 x | , x0 = 1

ii) f ( x) = | x 1 | ,

x0 = 1

x2 + x + 1 , x < 0
iv) f ( x) =
,
, x0
x +1

x0 = 0.

 f 0, g(x) =
3.
xf(x) 0.
4.
 x0 ,
.
x2 + 1 , x < 0
, x0 = 0
i) f ( x) = 3
, x0
x

ii) f ( x) = | x 1 | + 1, x0 = 1.

 Cf ( ) (x0, f (x0))
5.
1 2.

1.

x0 = 0.

2.
 f f (1 + h) = 2 + 3h + 3h2 + h3, h R,
:
i) f (1) = 2

ii) f (1) = 3.

1
, x<0

, 3.  f ( x) = 1 x
x + 1 , x 0

(0,1) x .
4
1 x

4.  f ( x) = x
0

, x0
, x=0

5.  x + 1 f ( x) x 2 + x + 1, x R, :
i) f(0) = 1

x0 = 0.

f ( x) f (0)
x + 1,
x
f ( x) f (0)
1
x + 1,
x

ii) 1

103

x < 0
x > 0

iii) f (0) = 1.
6.  f x0 = 0 x R :
2 x x 4 xf ( x ) 2 x + x 4

i) f(0) = 0

ii) f (0) = 1.

7. A f 0 lim
x 0

i) f(0) = 0

ii) f (0) = 4.

f ( x)
= 4, :
x

8.  , f x0,
i) lim

f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
= f ( x0 )
h

ii) lim

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 h)
= 2 f ( x0 ) .
h

h 0

h 0

9.

xx 0
sec 8 sec. :

104

i) ;
ii) ;
 t = 2 sec,
iii)
t = 4 sec t = 5 sec;
iv)
 0 sec
4 sec;
v) ;
vi) ;

2.2 -

f . :

H f , , ,
x0 A.
f (, ) ,
x0 ( , ) .
f [, ] ,
(, )
lim

x +

f ( x) f ( )
f ( x) f ( )
R lim
R.
x
x
x

f 1
. x A1 f (x),

f : A1 R
x f ( x),
f f. H df
f
.
dx
y = f (x) y = ( f (x)).

105

1 ,
f , , f f .
f, 3, f ( ).

f () = [ f (1)], 3.
, ,
.
, (
).

R f (x) = 0,

f ( x) = c, c R. f
(c) = 0

, x0 R, x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x0 ) c c
=
= 0.
x x0
x x0
,
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
= 0,
x x0

(c) = 0.

f (x) = x. f R
f (x) = 1,
(x) = 1
, x0 R, x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x x0
=
= 1.
x x0
x x0
,
lim

x x0

(x) = 1.

f ( x) f ( x0 )
= lim 1 = 1,
x x0
x x0

106

f(x) = x, {0,1}.
f (x) = x1,

f R

(x) = x1
, x0 R, x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x x0 ( x x0 )( x 1 + x 2 x0 + + x0 1 )
=
= x 1 + x 2 x0 + + x0 1 ,
=
x x0
x x0
x x0

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
= lim ( x 1 + x 2 x0 +  + x0 1 ) = x0 1 + x0 1 +  +
x x0
x x0

1
0

1
0

(x) = x1.

f ( x) = x . f (0, +)
1
f ( x) =
,
2 x

1
x =
2 x

( )

, x0 (0, +), x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x0 )
=
x x0

x x0
x x0

x x0
( x x0 )

)(

x + x0
x + x0

)=

x x0
( x x0 )

x + x0

1
x + x0

lim

x x0

( x)

1
2 x

f ( x) f ( x0 )
= lim
x x0
x x0

1
x + x0

1
2 x0

3.1 f ( x) = x 0.

f(x) = x. f R
f (x) = x,
(x) = x

107

, x R h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x) ( x + h) x x h + x h x
=
=
h
h
h

= x

(h 1)
h

+ x

h
h

lim
h 0

lim
h 0

h
h 1
= 1 lim
= 0,
h 0
h
h

f ( x + h) f ( x )
= x 0 + x 1 = x .
h

, (x) = x.

f(x) = x. f R
f (x) = x,
(x) = x
, x R h 0 :

f ( x + h) f ( x) ( x + h) x x h x h x
=
=
h
h
h
= x

lim
h0

h 1

f ( x + h) f ( x )
h 1
h

= lim x
lim
x

0
h

0
h
h
h

= x 0 x 1 = x.

, (x) = x.

lim
x 0

=1,

lim
x 0

x 1
= 0,
x

f(x) =
x, g(x) = x x0 = 0 f, g ,

108

lim
x 0

lim
x 0

x
x 0
= lim
= f (0)
x 0
x
x0

x 1
x 0
= lim
= g (0).
x 0
x
x0

f(x) = ex. f R
f(x) = ex,
(ex) = ex

f(x) = ln x. f (0, +)
f ( x) =

1
,
x

(ln x) =

1
x

1.

f( x) = lnx,
.

f ( x) = (ln x) =
f(x0))

1
, Cf (x0,
x

y ln x0 =

1
( x x0 ).
x0

(0,
0),
0 ln x0 =

1
(0 x0 ) ln x0 = 1 x0 = e.
x0

, (e,1).

109

2. 1 2

f(x) = x (0,0)
(,0) . :
i) 1 2

ii) 
1, 2 x.

i)  f (x) = (x) = x, f (0) = 1 f () = 1 1, 2

y=x

y = (x )

.
ii)  1, 2

, .
2 2

1 2
, = = .
2 2
4

1.  f x0 :
i) f (x) = x 4, x 0 = 1
iii) f (x) = x, x 0 =

ii) f (x) =

x , x0 = 9

iv) f (x

x, x 0 = e

v) f (x) = e x, x 0 = ln2.

2. N , , :
x 2 , x < 1
i ) f ( x) =
x , x 1

x 3 , x < 2
iii) f ( x) =
x 4 , x 2

x , x < 0
ii) f ( x ) =
x , x 0

x 2 , x 2 / 3
iv) f ( x) =
.
x 3 , x > 2 / 3

110

3. N
 y = x2
.
f(x) = x3;
4. 
f
.

5. 
f :[0, 8] R,
, f(0) = 0,

.

x , x <
,
1.
 , f ( x) =
x + , x
x0 = .

2.
 f ( x) = x (, f()), 0
f. (,
f ()) (, 0) Cf .
3.
 f(x) = x3
(, 3), 0
. Cf
.
1
4.  f ( x) =
x
1
M , . ,

xx yy ,
i) .
ii) , R* .

111

2.3

f, g x0, f + g
x0 :
(f + g)(x0) = f (x0) + g(x0)

x x0 , :

( f + g )( x) ( f + g )( x0 ) f ( x) + g ( x) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) f ( x) f ( x0 ) g ( x) g ( x0 )
=
=
+
.
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
f, g x0, :

lim

x x0

( f + g )( x) ( f + g )( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
g ( x) g ( x0 )
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ),
x

x
x

x
0
0
x x0
x x0
x x0

( f + g)(x0) = f (x0) + g(x0).

f, g , x :
( f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x).
. , f1,
f2, , fk, ,
( f1 + f 2 + + f k )( x) = f1( x) + f 2( x) + + f k( x) .
,
(x + x2 + ex + 3) = (x) + (x2) + (ex) + (3) = x + 2x + ex.

112

f, g x0, fg
x0 :
( f g)(x0) = f (x0)g(x0) + f(x0)g(x0)

x x0 :
( f g )( x) ( f g )( x0 ) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
=
x x0
x x0
=

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x0 ) g ( x) + f ( x0 ) g ( x) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
g ( x) g ( x0 ) .
g ( x) + f ( x0 )
x x0
x x0

f, g , x0, :

( f g )( x) ( f g )( x0 )
g ( x) g ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
= lim
lim g ( x) + f ( x0 ) lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
lim

= f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) ,

( f g)(x0) = f(x0)g(x0) + f(x0)g(x0).

f, g , x :
( f g)(x) = f (x)g(x) + f ( x)g(x).
,
(e x ln x) = (e x ) ln x + e x (ln x) = e x ln x + e x

1
, x > 0.
x

. ,
:
( f ( x)g(x)h(x)) = [(f (x)g(x))h(x)] = (f (x)g(x))h(x) + (f (x)g(x))h(x)
=[f (x)g(x) + f(x)g(x)]h(x) + f(x)g(x)h(x)
= f (x)g(x)h(x) + f(x)g(x)h(x) + f ( x)g(x)h(x).

113

,
( x x

x ) =

x ) x x + x (x) x + x x ( nx)
x

x > 0.

f c R, (c) = 0, (2) :
(cf(x)) = cf (x)
,
(6x3) = 6(x3) = 63x2 = 18x2.

f, g x0 g ( x 0 ) 0, f

x0 :
g

f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
f
( x 0 ) =
[ g ( x 0 )] 2
g
.
f, g x
g ( x) 0, x :

f ( x) g ( x ) f ( x ) ( x )
f
( x ) =
.
g
[ g ( x )] 2

x2
( x 2 ) (5 x 1) x 2 (5 x 1) 2 x(5 x 1) x 2 5

=
=
5x 1
(5 x 1) 2
(5 x 1) 2

10 x 2 2 x 5 x 2 5 x 2 2 x
1
=
, x .
2
2
5
(5 x 1)
(5 x 1)

f ( x) = x, N*. f R*
f (x) = x1,
(x )= x 1

114
, x R* :

(1) x 1( x ) x 1
1
( x ) = =
=
= x 1 .
2
2
x
(
x
)
x

,
( x 4 ) = 4 x 4 1 = 4 x 5 =

4
, x 0.
x5

, , (x) = x1, > 1. ,

{0,1},
(x) = x1.

R1

f ( x) = x. f
R {x | x = 0} f ( x) =

1
,
2 x

(x) =

1
2 x

, x R1 :

x ( x) x x ( x) xx + xx
( x) =
=
=
2 x
2 x
x
=

2 x + 2 x
1 .
=
2 x
2 x

f(x) = x. f
1
R 2 = R {x | x = 0} f ( x) = 2 ,
x
( x) =

1
2 x

1.

f ( x ) =

xln x
.
x1

115

x ln x ( x ln x)( x 1) x ln x( x 1) (ln x + 1)( x 1) x ln x

f ( x) =
=
=
( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2
x 1
=

x ln x ln x + x 1 x ln x x 1 ln x
=
( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2

x +1
g(x) = x2 x + 1 (0,1)
.

2.

f ( x) =

f (0) = g(0). :

1
1 (1)( x + 1) 1( x + 1)
f ( x) =
=
=
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
x +1

g(x) = (x2 x + 1) = 2x 1,

f (0) = 1 g(0) = 1.

f (0) = 1 = g(0).
(0,1) :
y 1 = 1( x 0) y = x + 1.

y = 2x,
g(x) = 2x f(x) = x. 2x = 2 xx,
(2x) = (2xx) = 2(x)x + 2x(x)
2

= 2 x 2 x = 2( x x) = 22x.
y = 2x y = 2x,
(x) = x.
:

116

g x0 f g(x0),
f  g x0
( f  g)(x0) = f (g(x0))g(x0)

, g f
g(), f  g
( f (g(x))) = f (g(x)) g(x).
, u = g(x),
( f (u)) = f (u) u.
Leibniz, y = f(u) u = g(x),

dy
dy du
=

dx du dx
.

dy
.
dx

, .
:

f(x) = x,
x ,
1

(0, +) f (x) =
(x) = x1

(1)

, y = x = elnx u = lnx, y = eu. ,

y = (eu ) = eu u = e ln x

= x = x 1.
x
x

f(x) = x, > 0 R f (x) = xln,

(x) = xln

(1)

 , > 1 f x0 = 0
0, .

117

, y = x = ex ln u = xln, y = eu. ,
y = (eu)' = euu = ex ln ln = xln.

f ( x) = ln | x |, x R* R*

(ln | x |) =

1
x

1
,
x
x < 0, ln | x | = ln( x) , , y = ln(x) u = x, y = lnu.
,
1
1
1
y = (ln u ) = u =
(1) =
u
x
x
1
(ln | x |) = .
x
x > 0, (ln | x |) = (ln x) =

, u = f(x) , :
(u) = u1u
( u ) =

1
2 u

( u) =

2u

( u) =

1
u
2 u

(u) = uu

(e u ) = e u u

(u) = uu

( u ) = u ln u

(ln | u |) =

1
u
u

1.
i) f( x) = (3x2 + 5)9

ii) g (x ) = e

x 2 +1

iii) h( x) = ln x 2 + 1 .

118

i) u = 3x2 + 5, y = f(x)
y = u9,

y = (u9) = 9u8u
= 9(3x2 + 5)8(3x2 + 5)
= 9(3x2 + 5)86x
= 54x(3x2 + 5)8.
,
ii) g ( x) = (e x

+1

) = e x

= e x

+1

+1

iii) h( x) = (ln( x 2 + 1)) =

=

( x 2 + 1)
(2 x) = 2 xe x
1
x2 + 1
1
2

+1

( x 2 + 1)

1
2

x +1 2 x +1
1
2

2( x + 1)

2x =

( u = x2 + 1)

( u = x 2 + 1 )

( x 2 + 1)

x .
x +1
2

2.
C: x2 + y2 = 2 1(x1, y1).

y,

y = 2 x 2, y 0 y = 2 x 2 , y 0.
, C

f1 ( x) = 2 x 2 f 2 ( x) = 2 x 2

119

[, ]
(, ).
, , y = f(x)
1(x1, y1),
= f (x1)

(1)

x2 + f 2(x) = 2

(2)

, (2),
2x + 2 f (x) f (x) = 0
, x = x1,
x1 + f (x1) f (x1) = 0.
, (1)
x1 + y1 = 0
, y1 0,
x1 .
y1

, :
y y1 =
:

x1
( x x1 ) ,
y1

yy1 y12 = xx1 + x12

xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12
xx1 + yy1 = 2,

(3)

x12 + y12 = 2.
y1 = 0, 1(x1, y1) (,0) (,0),
Cf

x=

x=

. (3) (x1, y1)

= (, 0) (x1, y1) = (, 0) .

.

120

1. 
3
ii) f ( x) = 2 x + ln x 3

i) f(x) = x7 x4 + 6x 1
iii) f ( x) =

x 4 x3 x 2
+
x
4
3
2

iv) f ( x) = x 3 x + ln 3.

2.  :
ii) f (x) = ex x

i) f(x) = (x2 1)(x 3)

1 x2

1 + x2
v) f(x) = x2 xx.

iii) ( ) =

iv) f ( x) =

x + x
1 + x

3.  :
ex

ln x
x
iii) f ( x) = x
e
i) f ( x) =

ii) f (x) = x + x
iv) f ( x) =

x 1 x +1
.

x +1 x 1

4. N , , :
2
2 x + 3 x

i) f ( x) =

, x<0

12 x + 6 x , x 0

x 2 + x , x 0
ii) f ( x) =
.
, x>0
x

5. N f,
x,
i) f ( x) = x +

4

x

ii) f ( x) =

2( x + 1)
g ( x) =
x 1
g. f = g;

6. A f ( x) =

x2 + 1
x
f
(
x
)
=

iii)
.
x
ex

x +1
x 1

x 1
x +1

, f ,

121

7.  1 1
f(x) = x2 g ( x) =
+ (1,1), .
2x 2

x +
, R*. ,
x +
1
Cf (0,1) .
2
9.  f(x) = x3 3x
+ 5, :
8.  f ( x) =

i) y = 9x + 1
ii) y = x.
 f ( x) =
10.
x2 (0, 1).
11.
 f(x) = x2 + x + , , , R.
, , R Cf , (1,2)
y = x .
12. :
i) f(x) = (3x4 + 4x3)2
1
iii) f ( x) =

2
1+ x
2
v) f ( x) = e x .

ii) f(x) = (x 1)2/3

1

iv) f ( x) = ln x
x

13. N f x0 :
i) f ( x) = x 2 1 + x 3 , x0 = 2
iii) f(x) = x33(x), x0 =

1

6

ii) f (x) = (2x)1/3 + (2x)2/3, x0 = 4

iv) f ( x) =

x2 + 2
, x = 3.
2 x 0

14. N :
i) f(x) = xlnx
iii) f(x) = (lnx)x, x > 1

ii) f(x) = 25x3

iv) f(x) = xex

122

15. A f ( x) = 2x, f (x) + 4 f ( x) = 2.

B
1

x
2
g(x) = x x + 1 ,
.

1. N f ( x) =

2.
 y = 3x 2
f(x) = x3
.
1
3.  f(x) = x2 + x + 2 g ( x) = . ,
x
R
x0 = 1.
4.
 f(x) = ex g(x) = x2 x. Cf (0,1) Cg.
5.
 , f(0) = 4, f (1) = 2, f (2)
(3)
= 4 f (1) = 6.
6.
 f
y = x + 1 y = 3x 1
(0,1) (1,2) .
 f : R R x0 = , 7.

i)
e x f ( x) e f ( )
= e ( f ( ) + f ( )) .
x
x

ii) lim

8. 
f( x) = 2x 22x, x [0, 2 ] ,
x.
9. 
i) f ( x) = 3 x 2 ,

ii) f ( x) = 3 x 4

123

Cf (0,0)
.
10. f R f (1) = 1
g g(x) = f(x2 + x + 1) 1, x R.
Cf (1, f (1)) Cg
(0, g(0)).
11. f, (1,1),

f(x) = ex x, x( / 2, / 2)
i) f (0)
ii)
 Cf (0, f (0))
.

2.4
,
t0
S (t ) S (t0 )
= S t0 .
t t0
t t0
S
t t0. ,

x, y y = f ( x), f
x0, y
x x0 f (x0).
, t
t0 ( t0), t
t0. ( t0) t0
(t0).
(t0) = (t0) = S(t0).
, ,
x . , K(x0)
x, x = x0

124

x0. ,
x0 x0.

1. . t0 r 50 cm, r 20 cm/sec.
, t0.

E = r2 r t,
E(t) = r2(t),

E(t) = 2r(t)r(t).
,
E(t0) = 2r(t0)r(t0) = 25020 = 2000 (cm2/sec).

2. A x
K(x) E(x), P(x) = E(x)
(x)
K(x) ( x ) = x .
i) 
.
ii) 
.

i)
P(x) = E(x) K(x).
,
P ( x) = 0 E ( x) K ( x) = 0 E ( x) = K ( x).

125

ii)

K ( x) =

K ( x) x K ( x)
.
x2

K ( x) = 0 K ( x) x K ( x) = 0
K ( x) =

K ( x)
x

K ( x) = K ( x) .

1. M
 . , ,
cm r = 4 t2, t sec.
V , t = 1sec.
4
( E = 4r2 V = r 3 ).
3
 V 100
2.
cm3/sec. r t0,
9 cm;
3. To , K(x), , (x), x 1
K ( x) = x 3 20 x 2 + 600 x + 1000
3
(x) = 420x . ,
P(x) = (x) K(x), .
4.
 1 2
. 1
15 km/h 2
20 km/h.
 1
i)
2

126

ii)
 d = (12)
.
5. 
1
y = x 2 , x 0.
4
x
y, x(t) > 0 t 0.

1.
 10 cm2/sec, r = 85 cm.
2.
 (0,0), (x,0)
(0,lnx), x > 1. x 4 cm/sec,
, x = 5cm.
3.



3 m/s.

, y.
4.

100 m
50 m/min.



100 m.
5. M
 1,60 m
8 m 0,8 m/s.
;

127

6. 
1
y = x 3, x 0
3

().
(t) = (t)



3.
7.
 3 m
. 0,1 m/sec.
t0,
2,5 m, :
i) ().
ii) 
.

8.  x2 + y2 = 1.
1 3
A ,
, y 3
2 2
. x .

2.5 TO

. Rolle,
, Rolle.

128

(Rolle)
f :

[, ]

(, )

f () = f ()
, , ( , ) , :
f () = 0

, ,
, ( , ) , Cf (, f()) x.

,
f(x) = x2 4x + 5, x [1, 3] . (. 19)
f [1,3], (1,3), f (x) = 2x 4 f(1) =
2 = f(3), Rolle,
(1, 3) ,
f () = 0.
, :
f ( ) = 0 2 4 = 0 = 2 .

( ...)
f :

[, ]
(, )
, , ( , ) , :
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ( )

129

, ,
, ( , ) , f
(, f ( )) .

f ( x) = x , x [0, 4].
f [0,4] 1
,
(0,4), f ( x) =
2 x
,
(0, 4) ,
f ( ) =

f (4) f (0) 1
= .
40
2

, :
f ( ) =

1
1
1

= = 1 = 1.
2
2 2

1.

N :
i)  f(x) = x3 + x2 ( + 1)x, R* ,
Rolle [0,1].
ii)  3x2 + 2x ( + 1) = 0, R* , , (0,1).

i) f Rolle [0,1]

[0,1]
(0,1) f (x) = 3x2 + 2x ( + 1)
f(0) = f(1) = 0.

130

ii) , , f(x) = x3 + x2 ( + 1)x, R*

Rolle, (0,1) , f () = 0 , , 3 2 +
2 ( + 1) = 0. , (0,1) 3x2 + 2x ( + 1) = 0.

2. f (x) = x2 + x + ,

0 [x1, x2], x 0 ( x1, x2 ) ,

, [x1, x2],
x + x2
.
x0 = 1
2

f(x) = x2 + x + [x1, x2] (x1, x2), f (x) = 2x + . ,

x0 ( x1 , x2 ), ,
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
.
f ( x0 ) =
x2 x1

(1)

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x22 + x2 + x12 x1 ( x2 x1 )( x2 + x1 ) + ( x2 x1 )
=
=
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x1
=

( x2 x1 )[ ( x1 + x2 ) + ]
= ( x1 + x2 ) + .
x2 x1

, (1) :
2 x0 + = ( x1 + x2 ) + x0 =

x1 + x2
.
2

3. 200 2,5 . -

, ,
80 .

x = S(t), t [0, 2, 5] . t0 [0, 2, 5], (t0) = S (t0) = 80.

S [0, 2,5] (0, 2,5). ,
t0 (0, 2,5) ,

(t0 ) = S (t0 ) =

S (2, 5) S (0) 200 0

=
= 80 .
2, 5
2, 5

131

1. N

Rolle , ,
, ( , ) f () = 0.
i) f(x) = x2 2x + 1, [0, 2]

ii) f(x) = 3x,

iii) f(x) = 1 + 2x, [0, ]

iv) ( ) = | x |,

2
0, 3

[1, 1].

2.
 ,
,
, ( , )
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ( )
.

i) f(x) = x2 + 2x, [0, 4]

ii) f(x) = 32x,

0, 2

2 x + 2 , x 1
iii) f ( x) = 3
, [3, 2]
x x , x > 1
3.
 < , f(x) = ex g(x) = lnx
... [, ] :
e <

e e
< e

1 ln ln 1
<
< .

g(x) = lnx 0 < < .

1.  f(x) = x4 20x3 25x2 x + 1
i)
 f(x) = 0 , , (1,0) , , (0,1).
 4x3 60x2 50x 1 = 0 , ,
ii)
(1,1).

132

2.  f ( x) = (x 1)x. :
i) f (x) = 0 , , (0,1).
ii) x = 1 x , , (0,1).
3. i)
 f f ( x) 1 x R .
f(x) = x .
ii) 
4. i)

x
= x x = 0.
2

x
1
, x R.
2
2
1+ x

x
, ii) A
 f R, f ( x) =
1 + x2
, R :
1
| f ( ) f ( ) | | | .
2
5.  f [0, 4] 2 f ( x) 5
x (0, 4) . f ( 0) = 1, 9 f (4) 21.
6.
 f [1,1] f ( x) 1
x (1,1). f ( 1) = 1 f ( 1) = 1, f ( 0) = 0,
... f [1,0]
[0,1].
 Rolle 7.

f(x) = 2x g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
(0,1), (1,2).

2.6

,
. ...
.

133

f .

f
f (x) = 0 x ,
f .

x1 , x2 f(x1) = f(x2).

x1 = x2, f(x1) = f(x2).

x1 < x2, [x1, x2] f

. , ( x1 , x2 ) ,

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )

(1)
.
f ( ) =
x2 x1
, f () = 0, , (1),
f(x1) = f(x2). x2 < x1, f(x1) = f(x2). , ,
f(x1) = f(x2).

f, g .

f, g
f (x) = g(x)

x ,
c , x :
f(x) = g(x) + c

f g
x
(f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) = 0.
, ,
f g . , C , x
f ( x) g ( x) = c, f(x) = g ( x) + c.

134

.
,
1 , x < 0
.
f ( x) =
1 , x>0
, f (x) = 0 x (, 0) (0, +) , f
(, 0) (0, +) .

f
f (x) = f(x) xR

(1)

f ( x)

ex
ii) f , f(0) = 1.
i) ( x ) =

i) xR :
f ( x) f ( x)e x f ( x)e x
f ( x) f ( x) (1)
(x)= x =
=
= 0,
2
ex
e
(ex )
, R.
ii)  , c R , (x) = c xR , ,

f ( x)
= c xR.
ex

f(x) = cex xR.

f(0) = 1, 1 = c,
f(x) = ex xR.

135

f(x) = x2.
( ,0), f , f (x) = 2x < 0, (0, +), f , f (x) = 2x > 0. , ,

.
:

f, .
f (x) > 0 x , f .
f (x) < 0 x , f .

f (x) > 0.

x1 , x2 x1 < x2. f (x1) < f (x2). , [x1,

x2] f ... , ( x1 , x2 ) ,
f ( ) = f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) ,
x2 x1
f(x2) f(x1) = f ()(x2 x1)
f () > 0 x2 x1 > 0, f (x2) f (x1) > 0, f (x1) < f (x2).

f (x) < 0 .

:
f ( x) = x ,
[0, + ) ,
1
[0, + ) f ( x) =
> 0
x
2
x (0, + ).

136
f(x) = x2 2x [1, + ),
[1, + ) f (x) = 2(x 1) > 0
x (1, + ) ,
(,1], (,1]
f (x) = 2(x 1) < 0 x (,1) .

1
x
(, 0),
1
(0, + ) , f ( x) = 2 < 0
x
x (, 0) x (0, + ).

f ( x) =

. , f
( ) , ( ) .
, f(x) = x3,
R, f (x) = 3x2
R, f (0) = 0. f ( x) 0
x R.

1.

N f( x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1
, .

f f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1). f

x
f (x)

0
+

137

, f :
(, 0], (, 0] f (x)
> 0 (, 0) .
[0,1], [0,1] f (x) < 0
(0,1).
[1, + ), [1, + ) f (x)
> 0 (1, + ) .
f f (, 0], [0,1]
[1, + ) :
x
f (x)

0
0

f (x)

1
0

f(0)
f(1)

2. i) 

f(x) = x x 2, x [0, ]
.

ii) x = x 2 [0, ].

i)
f (x) = (x x 2) = 1 + x > 0, [0, ].
, f [0, ]. f
, 1.8, [f (0),
f()] = [3, 1].
ii) :
x = x 2 x x 2 = 0 ,

f ( x) = 0 , x [0, ].
f [3,1], 0,
x0 (0, ) , f (x0) = 0.
f
[0, ], x0 f(x) =
0 . , 28,
y = x 2 y = x.

138

1.  f, g :
f(x) = g(x) g(x) = f(x) x R,
(x) = [f(x)]2 + [g(x)]2 .
2.  :
i) f ( x) = x3 + 3x 4
x
iii) f ( x) = 2
x +1

ii) f(x) = 2x3 3x2 12x

3.  :
4 x 2
i) f ( x) =
x+2

, x 1
, x >1

ii) f ( x) = | x 2 1 |

4.  :
i) f ( x) =

x

ex

ii) f(x) = lnx x

iii) f ( x) = x + | x | , x [0, 2 ] .

5.  f(x) = x5 + 5x 6 g ( x) = 2 x + x 3.
i) o f, g .
ii) .
iii) :
x5 + 5x 6 = 0 2 x + x 3 = 0
x = 1.
6.  :
i) H f(x) = ex 1 + ln(x + 1) .
ii) ex = 1 ln(x + 1) x = 0.

139

1.  f R
| f ( x) f ( y ) | ( x y ) 2 x, y R,
f .
2.

i)
 f(x) = x3 3x +
[1,1].
ii)  f [1,1].
iii)
 2 < < 2, x3 3x + = 0
(1,1).

3.
 t
:
x = S(t) = t4 8t3 +18t2 16t +160, 0 t 5.

:
i) ;
ii) ;
iii) ;
4.
 V ( ) , t ,

25t 2 .
V = 50
(t + 2) 2
, ,
.
5.  :

x3 9 x
x2 1
f
.

i)  f ( x) =

ii) H
 x3 x2 9x + = 0 f(x) =
R.
 R* f ( x) = x3 + 3x2 + x
6.
+ 1 R.

140

7.  :
i) H f(x) = x xx

0, 2 .

ii) x xx > 0, x 0, .
2
x

iii) H f ( x) =
x
.
0,
2
8.  :

i) H f (x) = 2x + x 3x, x 0, .
2

ii) 2 x + x 3 x , x 0, .
2

2.7 TO


f
(, ].
x = x0

x0.
f
x0 .
x1 x2.
:

f, , x0 A
, > 0,
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A ( x0 , x0 + ).
x0 , f(x0) f.

141

A f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A, ,
1.3, f x0 A , f(x0).

x = x0


x0.
f x0 .
x1
. ,
:

f, , x0 A
, > 0,
f ( x) f ( x0 ) , x A ( x0 , x0 + ).
x0 , f ( x0)
f.
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A, ,
1.3, f x0 A , f ( x0).
f , ,
, f
. f
.
,
x2

f ( x) = 1

x 1

x > 1

:
i)
 x = 0 , f(0) =
0,

ii)  x = 1 , f(1) = 1.
f , ()
.

142

i) (.32).

ii) f ,
, , ,
. (. 32).
.
(. 32).

32
x0 f
, (x0, f(x0))
f , f (x0) = 0. , Fermat.

(Fermat)
f x0
. f x0
, :
f (x0) = 0

f x0
. x0
f ,
> 0 ,
( x0 , x0 + )
f ( x) f ( x0 ) , x ( x0 , x0 + ).

(1)

143

, , f x0,

f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
.
= lim+
x x0
x x0
x x0

,
x ( x0 , x0 ), , (1),

f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
0 ,
x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
0
x x0

(2)

f ( x) f ( x0 )
0 ,
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
(3)
0 .
f ( x0 ) = lim+
x x0
x x0

x ( x0 , x0 + ) , , (1),

, (2) (3) f (x0) = 0.

.

, , f
, . ,
29 30,
f :
1. f .
2. f .
3. ( ).
f
, f .
,
x3
f ( x) =
2
( x 2)

, x <1
.
, x 1

f R R 1, :
3 x 2
, x <1
.
f ( x) =
(
)
, x >1
2
x

f (x) = 0 0 2.

144

f 0 2, 1,
f 0, 1 2. , , 1 2
, 0 .
f. ,
f
. :

f (, ),
x0, f .
i) f (x) > 0 (, x0) f (x) < 0 (x0, ), f (x0)
f. (. 35)
ii) f (x) < 0 (, x0) f (x) > 0 (x0, ), f (x0) f. (. 35)
iii) A f (x) ( , x0 ) ( x0 , ), f (x0)
f (, ). (. 35).

i)  f (x) > 0 x ( , x0 ) f x0, f

(, x0].
f ( x) f ( x0 ), x ( , x0 ].

(1)

f (x) < 0 x ( x0 , ) f x0, f

[x0, ). :
f (x) f (x0), x [ x0 , ) .

(2)

, (1) (2), :
f ( x) f ( x0 ), x ( , ),
f(x0) f (, ) .

145

ii) .

iii)
f (x) > 0, x ( , x0 ) ( x0 , ).

f x0
(, x0] [x0, ). , x1 < x0 < x2 f(x1) < f(x0) < f(x2). f(x0)
f. , , f (,
). , x1 , x2 ( , ) x1 < x2.
x1 , x2 ( , x0 ], f (, x0], f(x1) < f (x2).
x1 , x2 [ x0 , ) , f [x0, ), f(x1) < f (x2).
, x1 < x0 < x2, f(x1) < f(x0) < f(x2).
, f ( x1) < f(x2), f
(, ).
, f (x) < 0 x ( , x0 ) ( x0 , ).
, f(x) = x4 4x3 R. f
R, f (x) = 4x3 12x2. f (x) = 0 x = 0 () x
= 3, f :

146

x
f (x)

0
0

3
0

, f
(, 3], [3, +)
, x = 3, f(3) = 27.

f ( x0) f (, ), f ( x0)
f (, ).

f [, ],
( 1.8), f .
:
1. f.
2. f .
3.

f.

, f ( x) = 2x3 15x2 + 24x + 19, x [0, 5].

f (x) = 6x2 30x + 24, x [0, 5] . f (x) = 0 x = 1, x = 4. ,
f x = 1, x = 4. f
[0, 5]
f(1) = 30, f(4) = 3, f(0) = 19 f(5) = 14.
, f [0, 5] 30 x = 1,
f 3 x = 4.

f x0.
, , ,
x0 .

f (, ) x0
(, ) f .
f (x0) = 0 f (x0) < 0, f (x0) .
f (x0) = 0 f (x0) > 0, f (x0) .

2
,
f(x) = x + 2x, x (0, 2 ).

f (x) = 1 2x f (x) = 2x,

f

.
6
6

5

5
, f = 3 < 0 , x =
, f
= 3>0.
6
6
6

6

x =

) f = 0 f < 0 , f f.
6
6
6
5
5
5
) f
= 0 f 6 > 0 , f 6 f.
6

1. N x [0, 3] ,

.

E(x) = ()() = 2x(3 x2) = 2x3 +6x.
E(x) = 6x2 + 6 = 6(x + 1)(x 1).
E(x) = 0 x = 1, x = 1.

147

148

, 4 x = 1.

2.

f(x) = x 1 lnx.

i) 
.
ii) lnx x 1, x > 0.

1 x 1
=
, x (0, +) . x
x
f (x) = 0 , x = 1.
f
:

i)  f ( x) = 1

ii) f x = 1 , x (0, +) :

f ( x) f (1) x 1 ln x 0

ln x x 1 .
x = 1.

3. (x), ,

, x ,
(x) = 40000 6x. 4000 .
1200 ,
,
.

x
E(x) = x(x) = x(40000 6x) = 6x2 + 40000x.
x
K(x) = 4000x.
:
K(x) = 4000x + 1200x = 5200x.

149

,
P(x) = E(x) K(x)
= 6x2 + 40000x 5200x
= 6x2 + 34800x.
P'(x) = 12x + 34800, P(x) = 0 x = 2900.
(0, +) :

, 2900
50460 .

1. H f
f (x) = 3(x 1)3(x 2)2(x 3).
x f
;
2. ) :
i) f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3x + 1

ii) g(x) = x3 3x + 2

iii) h(x) = 2x3 3x2 1.

) :
x3 3x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, x3 3x + 2 = 0, 2x3 3x2 1 = 0.

150

3.  :
x2
i) f ( x) = 1 x
e

, x 1
, x >1

x2 2x + 1 , x < 1
ii) g ( x) = 2
.
x 4x + 3 , x 1

4. N :
i) f(x) = ex x

ii) f(x) = xx, x > 0.

 , R f(x) = x3 + x2
5. N
3x + 1 x1 = 1 x2 = 1. .
6.
 , 400
m2, .
7.
 80 m
.
.
8.  x mgr ,
x3
T ( x) = x 2 , 0 < x < 3.
4
,
x, .
9.

2 cm.
,
i) x.
ii)  x , E(x)
.
10.  x
1
K ( x) = x 3 20 x 2 + 600 x + 1000 , 0 x 105,
3
x E(x) = 420x 2x2 . , .

151

1.  f(x) = 2x x + 3, x [0, ]
i) f .
3
1
ii) x = x (0, ).
2
2

2.  i) 
f(x) = lnx + x 1
.
ii) 
(x) = 2xln x + x2 4x + 3
iii)

1
3
g(x) = xln x h( x) = x 2 + 2 x
2
2
.
3.  x > 0
i) ) ex > 1 + x
) e x > 1 + x +

ii) ) x > 1
1 2
x
2

1 2
x
2

1
) x > x x 3
6

iii) ) (1 + x) > 1 + x, 2
) (1 + x) > 1 + x +

( 1) 2
x , 3.
2

4.
 , f, R,

2 f 3 (x) + 6 f ( x) = 2x3 + 6x + 1,
f .

152

5.

f, g [, ].
( , )

() Cf Cg
.

Cf Cg (, f()) (,
g()) .
6. 
f(x) = (x )2(x )2(x )2, < <
.
7.
 4 m x
m y m.
i) 
x .
ii) x .
9
8.  f ( x) = x A , 0 .
2
i)  Cf
.
ii) Cf .
9.
 ,

.
400 m, ,
.
10.
 100 .
100 , 1000 .
5 .
, ;

153

11. 
.
t = 0 r1 = 3 cm r2 = 5 cm
t > 0 r1 0,05
cm/s, r2
0,04 cm/s. :
i)
ii) .
12.

.

i)


E = 4(1 + )

ii) ;
13.

100 ft(1)
,
300 ft
.
3 ft/s
5 ft/s.
i)


1002 + x 2 300 x .
+
3
5
ii)  x o
;

( x) =

14.


E1 E2
12 km

(1)

1 ft = 30,48 cm

km

154

8P . d

d,
x E1
. (

).

2.8
-

f(x) = x2 g ( x) = | x | (. 38).

, 38 .
,
(, 0]
[0, + )
x = 0, 0.
, . ,

(, 0] [0, + ). ,
.

[0, + ).

155

x :
f (x) Cf , f (0, + ) ,
g(x) Cg , g
(0, + ).
f
(0, + ), g
(0, + ). , :

f
. :
f , f
.
f , f .
, f ( ) ,
, Cf , ( ) . (. 40)

156

f (
) ,
( ).

, f ( )
, f
( ) (. 39),
.

,
.

f
.
f (x) > 0 x , f .
f (x) < 0 x , f .
, f(x) = x3 (. 41),
(, 0], f (x) = 6x < 0,
x (, 0) f (, 0] ,
[0, + ) , f (x) = 6x > 0,
x (0, + ) f [0, + ) .

. , f(x) = x4 (. 42).
f (x) = 4x3 R, f( x) = x4
R. , f (x)
R, f (0) = 0.

f(x) = x3
(. 41) ,
()
 (0, 0)
f
()  x0 = 0, .

157

f (0,
0). Cf . .

f (, ),
x0.
f (, x0) (x0, ), ,
Cf (x0, f(x0)),
(x0, f(x0))
f.
(x0, f(x0)) Cf , f x0
x0 . Cf
. , , :

(x0, f(x0)) f f
, f (x0) = 0.
,
f

. ,
f :
i)  f ,
ii)  f (. 43).
,
x3
f ( x) =
4
( x 2)

, x <1
(. 44)
, x 1

f R {1}
6 x
f ( x) =
2
12( x 2)

, x <1
.
, x >1

158
:
x

f (x)
f (x)

0
0

1
+

2
0

+
+

f 0 2, 1,
0, 1 2. ,
, 1 2 ,
f , 0 ,
(0, f ( 0)) Cf f 0 .
,
0, f . :
f o (, ) x0 ( , ).
f x0
Cf (x0, f (x0)),
(x0, f(x0)) .

H
N
f(x) = x4 6x2 + 5,
.

i)  f R, f (x) = 12(x 1)(x + 1).

f :
x
f (x)

f (x)

1
0
0
.

1
0

0
.

, f (, 1] [1, +)
[1,1].

159

f 1, 1 ,
(1,0) (1,0) Cf .
.

1.

( )

i) f(x) = 3x5 5x4 + 2

ii) g ( x) =

3x 2 2
.
x3

2.  :
i) f(x) = xe1x

ii) g(x) = x2(2lnx 5)

3 x 2 + 1
, x<0
.
iii) h( x) = 3
2
x + 3x + 1 , x 0
3.  :
2

i) f ( x) = e x
iii) h( x) = x | x |
x
v) ( x) =
x

, x<0
, x0

ii) g ( x) = x, x ,
2 2
iv) ( x) = | x |

4.
 f [1,10].

160

f , , ,
.
5.

C x
= S(t)
. C
t1 t3, :
i)  .
ii) .

1.  :
f ( x) =

x
x +1
2

.
2.  :
f(x) = 2ex x2
R,
y = x2 + 2.
3.
 (2, 2) f(x) = x4 2x3 + 6x2 + 2x
+ 1 R.
4.  f(x) = x3 3x2 + 2.
 f ,
i)
.
ii)
 x1, x2 x3
, (x1, f(x1)), (x2, f(x2)) (x3, f(x3))
.

161

5.
 f , (2,2),

f 2(x) 2 f(x) + x2 3 = 0.
f .

2.9 - DE L HOSPITAL
A

f ( x) =

1
(. 45).
x

lim f ( x) = lim+

x 0+

x 0

1
= + .
x

, x 0
, f
x = 0.
x = 0 Cf . :

lim+ f ( x) , lim f ( x ) + ,
x x0

x x0

x = x0 f.

:
lim f ( x) = lim

x +

x +

1
= 0.
x

, x + , f
y = 0. y = 0
Cf + .

lim f ( x) = lim

1
= 0.
x

, x , f
y = 0. y = 0
Cf . :

162

lim f ( x) = ( lim f ( x) = ) , y =
x

x +

f + ( ).

f ( x) = x 1 +

1
x

g(x) = x 1

(. 46).

1
= 0,
x
x + , f
g. , f
y = x 1.
y = x 1 () Cf +. :

lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = lim

x +

x +

y = x + f + ,
,
lim [ f ( x) ( x + )] = 0,
x +

lim [ f ( x) ( x + )] = 0.

y = x + = 0, 0 .
,
.

y = x + f +, ,
lim

f ( x)
= R lim [ f ( x) x] = R,
x +
x

lim

f ( x)
= R lim [ f ( x) x] = R.
x
x

x +

163

1.  :

 2
.
P( x)
, P(x)
Q( x)
, .

2.
 ,
f :
 f .
 , f .

 +, , ( , +)
(,).

H
N

f ( x)

1.
x

f R* ,
0 +.

lim f ( x) = + lim f ( x) = ,

x 0+

x 0

, x = 0 f.
, , + y = x + . :
lim

x +

f ( x)
x2 + 1
= lim
= 1, = 1
x +
x
x2

x2 + 1
1
lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
x = lim = 0, = 0.
x +
x +
x + x
x

164

, y = x f
+.
y = x
f .

de L Hospital
e x 1
. x = 0
x3
Cf ,

f ( x) =

ex 1
.
x 0
x3

(1)

lim

, ,
0
.
0
( .) .
0

,
,

0
( ), de l Hospital.

1
0

lim f ( x) = 0 , lim g ( x) = 0 , x0 R {, + } lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

), :
lim

x x0

f ( x)
(g ( x)

f ( x)
f ( x)
.
= lim
x

x
0
g ( x)
g ( x)

(1) :
:
lim(e x 1) = 0 , lim x 3 = 0
x 0

x 0

ex
(e x 1)
=
lim
= +
x 0 ( x 3 )
x 0 3x 2

lim
:

ex 1
= + ,
x 0
x3
x = 0
f.
lim

165

lim f ( x) = + , lim g ( x) = +, x0 R {, + } lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

( ), :

lim

x x0

f ( x)
g ( x)

f ( x)
f ( x)
.
= lim
g ( x) x x0 g ( x)

ex
:
x + x

, lim
:

lim e x = + , lim x = +
x +

x +

ex
(e x )
= lim
= + .
x + ( x )
x + 1
lim

ex
= + .
x + x
lim

1.  2

+
,
,
.
+

2.
 , ,
, .

E
4e x
. :
ex + 1
i) y = x + 2 Cf

1.

f ( x) = x + 2

ii) y = x 2 Cf + .

i)
lim [ f ( x) ( x + 2)] = 0.

166
,

4e x 4 0
=
= 0.
x e x + 1
0 +1

lim [ f ( x) ( x + 2)] = lim

ii)
lim [ f ( x) ( x 2)] = 0.

x +

4e x
4
lim [ f ( x) ( x 2)] = lim 4 x = lim x
= 0.
x +
x +
x
+
e +1
e + 1

2.
f ( x) =

x
.
ex

f R . , , + .

y = x + Cf , = lim

= lim [ f ( x) x] . lim
x

Cf .

f ( x)

f ( x)
= lim e x = +,
x
x

f ( x)
y = x + Cf +, = lim

x +
x
= lim [ f ( x) x] . :

= lim

x +

f ( x)
1
= lim x = 0
x
+
x
e

= lim [ f ( x) x] = lim
x +

x +

x
ex

= lim

( x )

(e x )

= lim

1
= 0.
ex

x +

x +

( De L Hospital)

, y = 0, xx, Cf +.

167

1.
 ( ) :
i) f ( x) =

1

ii) f ( x) = x, x ,
x2
2 2

x
x 2 3x + 2

iii) f ( x) =
iv) f ( x) = 1
x 1
x

, x0
, x>0

2.  :
i) f ( x) =

x2 + x + 1

x2 + 1

ii) f ( x) = x 2 + 1 x.

3.  :
i) f ( x) =

x2 x 2

x 1

ii) f ( x) =

x2 3

x2

iii) f ( x) = x 2 + x .

4.  :
x

x 0 ln( x + 1)

i) lim

1 x 2

x 0
x4

ii) lim

iii) lim
x 0

x x
.
1 x

B
2
1.
 f ( x) = x + 2 x + 2 1: y = x 1
2: y = x + 1.

i) H 1 Cf , 2 Cf +.
ii)
 xR x 2 + 2 x + 2 > ( x + 1) 2 0
Cf 1 2
+.

168

2.  f :
i) f ( x) =

x2

2x

ii) f ( x) =

ln x
.
x

3.  , R,
x +
f ( x) = x
e

, x0
, x>0

x0 = 0.
x ln x

4.  f ( x) = 1 x
1

, 0 < x 1
.
, x =1

:
ii) f (1) =

i) f

1
.
2

5. 
ln( x 2 2 x + 2)
,

f ( x) =
x 1
0
,

x2

g ( x) = ln x
1 +
x =1
x

x 1

x 1

x >1

:
i) f x0 = 1,
ii) g x0 = 1.
6. 
, x=0
0
f ( x) =
.
x
(1 e ) ln x , x (0,1]
i)
1 e x
x 0
x

lim

lim x ln x
x 0

ii) f 0.
iii) Cf (0,0).

169

2.10

,
,
.
:
1 f.
2o f .
3 f f
. f
f , f
f .
4
( , , .)
5
f
f. Cf f.

1) , f , Cf
yy, , Cf
. ,
x A, x 0.
2) f ,
Cf .

1.
f(x) = x4 4x3 + 11.

170

1. H f R.
2. f R .
3.
f (x) = 4x3 12x2 = 4x2(x 3).
f x = 3, x = 0 ()
,

.

f (x) = 12x2 24x = 12x(x 2).
f x = 0, x = 2
,
f
.
4) f + ,
. :
lim ( x 4 4 x 3 + 11) = lim x 4 = +

x +

x +

lim ( x 4 4 x 3 + 11) = lim x 4 = + .

5) f
f.

171

2.
f ( x) =

x2 x + 4
.
x 1

1. H f R {1}.
2. f .
3.

x 2 x + 4 (2 x 1)( x 1) x 2 + x 4 x 2 2 x 3 .
f ( x) =
=
=
( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2
x 1
f 1, 3
,

.

f ( x) =

8 .
(2 x 2)( x 1) 2 2( x 1)( x 2 2 x 3)
=
( x 1) 4
( x 1)3

f
,
f .

4) lim+ f ( x) = + , lim f ( x) = , x = 1
x 1
x 1
Cf .
+ y = x + . :

lim

x +

f ( x)
x

x2 x + 4
x +
x2 x
lim

1, = 1

x2 x + 4

4
lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
= 0, = 0.
x = lim
x +
x +
x + x 1
1
x

, y = x Cf +.
y = x Cf .

172
:

x2 x + 4
x2 x + 4
= lim f ( x) = lim
= + .
x
x +
x +
x 1
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim

5) f .

1.  :
i) f(x) = x3 3x2 9x +11

ii) f ( x) =

x +1

x 1

ii) f ( x) =

x2 x 2
.
x 1

2. :
i) f ( x) = x +

1

x

iii) f ( x) = x4 2x2.

3.
 f ( x) = x + x
[, ].

173

x
2
g(x) = x 3x +3, x (0, + ) (1,1).

1. i)  f ( x) =

ii)  Cf Cg (0, + ) .
2.  f, g R,
f(0) = g(0) f (x) > g(x) x R,

f(x) < g(x) (, 0) f(x) > g(x) (0, + ).
3.  1.
,
= (1 + ). (0, )
.
4.
 20 m

. r
,
.
m

5.
 1m ().
,
,
.

:
i) , , 0 < <
ii)

.
2

174

iii) , .
6.

i) f ( x) =

ln x
.
x

ii)  +1 > ( + 1) > e.

iii)
 x > 0 2 x = x 2 f ( x) = f (2)
2x = x2 , x1 = 2, x2 = 4.
7.

i)  , > 0 x R x + x 2, = 1.
ii)  > 0 x R x x +1, = e.

8.

i)
 f(x) = ex , g(x) = lnx
.
ii) Cf (0,1) Cg (1,0).
iii) :
) e x x + 1, x R

) ln x x 1, x (0, + ) .

;
iv) Cf Cg.
9. i) 
f(x) = ex x, > 0.
ii)  > 0
e x x , x R.
iii)
 y =
x g(x) = ex.
2 1
x
10.  f ( x) =
x
0

, x0
, x=0

175

i)
 f x0 = 0 y = 0 (
xx) Cf (0, 0).
ii)  xx Cf , Cf .
iii)  y = x Cf + .
11. A. ,
(0) = 0, (0) = 0 (x) + (x) = 0 x R

(1)

:
 (x) = [(x)]2 + [(x)]2 R
i)
.
ii) (x) = 0 x R.
. f g :
f(0) = 0, f (0) = 1 f (x) + f(x) = 0 x R
g(0) = 1, g(0) = 0 g(x) + g(x) = 0 x R.
:
i)
 (x) = f(x) x (x) = g(x) x (1) .

176

ii) f ( x) = x g(x) = x x R.
12.
 1 cm
.
rad .
cm. xx
P(x, 0). :
i) x =

= x( ) ii) lim x( ) = 2.
0

13.


= 2 km = 4 km/h. A S


t:
A) 
i) =

S
2

 = 4 ,
2

ii) S = 4t, = 2t

 = 4 t .

)
 t.
t,
) =

2
,
3

) =

) =

4
;
3

14.
 12500 .
125 6 .

10 . , ,
10 .

.

177

.
,
, .
 f [0,1], (0, 1)
1.
f ( x) 0 x (0,1) , f (0) f (1) .

2.
 f [, ] f ( ) < f ( ),
x0 ( , ) , f (x0) < 0.

3.
 f, g [, ], f() = g()
f () = g(), x0 ( , ) , (x0,
f(x0)) (x0, g(x0)) .

) f(1) f

) f(2) f

5. )

.


)
.

6.
 f(x) = x3 + x2 + x + , , , R 0
.

7.
 f, g x 0 ,
h = fg x0 .

8.
 f R
xx.
(x0, f ( x0)) Cf xx
( ), Cf
.

4. f (x) = (x 1)2(x 2) x R, :

178

9.
 x = 1
:
) f ( x) =

x 2 3x + 2

x 1

) g ( x) =

x 2 3x + 2

( x 1) 2

10.
 f
, :

i)

1
(1,4)
f

1
[1,4]
f
iii) f (x) > 0 x (1, 4)

iv) x0 (1, 4) : f ( x0 ) = 0 .

) , , (0,1)

) , , (1,0)

ii)

11. f ( x) = x3 + x + 1 :

12.
 R f , g
f(0) = 4, f (0) = 3, f (5) = 6, g(0) = 5, g(0) = 1, g(4) = 2,
( f g )(0) = ( g f )(0)
I.

179

+ h
6
6

1.  lim
h 0
h
)

3

3

:
4

3

) 3

) 0

3
) .
4

1
1
2. lim x + h x :
h 0
h
)

1

x2

2

x2

1

x2

2

x

) 0

3.  f(x) = 53x f (x) :

53x
) 3x53x1
)

) 352x
3 ln 5
) 353x
) 53xln125
4.
 f(x) = 3(x + 1) f () :
) 33( + 1)( + 1)
) 32( + 1)
) 32( + 1)( + 1)

) 32( + 1)

5.
 f(x) = (x2 1)3 0 :
) 1
) 0
) 1
) 27
) .
6.
 f ( x) = lnx g(x) = 2x2
x0 , x0 :
) 0

1

4

1

2

) 1

) 2.

f ( x)
f ( x)
7.
 f ( x) = ex, g(x) = ex
,
=
g ( x)
g ( x)
:
)

1

2

2

+1

2

2 1

2
.
1

+1
2

8.
 f (x) > 0 x [1,1] f ( 0) = 0, :
) f ( 1) = 1
) f ( 1) > 0
) f ( 1) > 0

) f ( 1) = 0.

180

.
 , , , 1.
, , , , , Z .

181

2. 
+.

1

x2
1
2. f ( x) = x + 1 + x
e
3

3. f ( x) = 2 +
x2

1. f ( x) = x +

. y = 2
. y = x 1
. y = x + 1

. y = x

. y = x

182

,
.
(, , ). , ,

.
17 ,
.
.
y = f ( x) = x2
(x0, y0)
, .

, ..

.
,
(x1, y1), , x1
= x0 + h ( h x0).

N
=

. = s, :

y y0 y0
h
y1 s + h
h
y1 = y0 1 + y1 y0 = y0 1
= . (1)
=
s
s
h
s
s
y0

:
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) ( x0 + h) 2 x02 x02 + 2 x0 h + h 2 x02
=
=
=
= 2 x0 + h
h
h
h
h
y
(1) 2 x0 + h = 0 . , 17
s
y
y
, h = 0 2 x0 = 0 s = 0 .
2 x0
s
(x0, y0), = s

183

.
.
, .

17 ,
, .
I. Newton G. Leibniz. O Leibniz
x dx ( x) , ..
y = x2 ,
y ( y) :
dy = d(x2) = (x + dx)2 x2 = x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2 x2 = 2xdx + (dx)2.
( ) (dx)2 dy = 2xdx ( 2x )

dy
= 2 x , ,
dx

. Leibniz 1677
x y,

d(xy) = (x + dx)(y + dy) xy

= xy + xdy + ydx + dxdy xy
=xdy + ydx + dxdy.
dxdy,
d(xy) = xdy + ydx.
,

. ,
.
, ,
1823 A.L. Cauchy:
y = f(x) x
, .
, x = i,
y f ( x + i ) f ( x)
=
x
i

184

.
,
, . ,
x, x.

f ( x + i ) f ( x)
i
y = f(x).
, , , y f (x).
, Cauchy
. ..
,
:
z x, y = f ( x)
z = F(y). z F[f ( x)]
x x, y z
x, y, z ,

z F ( y + y ) F ( y ) F ( y + y ) F ( y ) y .
=

=
x
x
y
x
, ,

(1)

z = F( y ) y = F[ f ( x)] f (x)(*)

(*) 

, (1), ,
x, y = f(x + x) f(x) = 0.

3.1

,
. :
S(t) t,
(t) , , x = S(t).
(t) t,
(t) , , = (t).
(t) t,
(t) .
, f
F F (x) = f ( x)
. .

f . f (1) F

F (x) = f(x), x .

(1)

186

, F(x) = x3 f ( x) = 3x2 R,
(x3) = 3x2. G(x) = x3 + c = F(x)
+ c, c R, f R, (x3 + c) = 3x2.
:

f . F
f ,

G(x) = F(x) + c, c R,
f
c R f
G(x) = F(x) + c, c R.

G(x) = F(x) + c, c R, f
,
G(x) = (F(x) + c) = F(x) = f ( x), x .

G f . x F(x) =
f ( x) G(x) = f ( x),
G(x) = F(x), x .
, 2.6, c ,
G(x) = F(x) + c, x .

f
f ,
x x. ,

f ( x )dx

f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c , c R,
F f .
,

xdx = x + c, (x) = x.

187

:
f , ,

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c , c R

. c .

.
x
.

1.

0dx = c

6.

xdx = x + c

2.

7.

3.

x dx = ln | x | + c

8.

4.

9.

e dx = e

5.

xdx = x + c

1 dx = x + c
1

dx =

x +1
+c 1
+1

10.

1
2

dx = x + c

dx = x + c

dx =

+c

x
+c
ln

:
f g ,

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx , R*
( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
:

x3

4 x dx = 4 x dx = 4 3 + c
2

(3x 2e

)dx = 3xdx 2e x dx

= 3 xdx 2 e x dx

188
= 3x 2e x + c

3x 1
x

dx =

3x
x
1

dx

1
x

dx

= 3 x 2 dx x 2 dx
.

1. f ,
(2, 3) f (x) = 2x 1, xR.

f (x) = 2x 1, :

f ( x)dx = (2 x 1)dx
f ( x) + c1 = x 2 x + c2 , c1 , c2 R
f ( x) = x 2 x + c2 c1 , c1 , c2 R
f ( x) = x 2 x + c, c R.
f (2, 3) f(2) = 3 , , 22 2
+ c = 3, c = 1. , f(x) = x2 x + 1.

2. E(x), x (0 x 100)

, E(x) = 100 x (
),
2 ( ).
100 ,
.

P(x) K(x) x ,
P(x) = E(x) K(x),

189

P(x) = E(x) K(x) = 100 x 2 = 98 x.

P(x) = 98 x,

P( x)dx = (98 x)dx

x2
+ c, c R.
2
, , P(0) =
0, c = 0. ,
P( x) = 98 x

x2
.
2

P( x) = 98 x
, 100
P(100) = 98 100

1002
= 9800 5000 = 4800 ( ).
2

1. 
i)
iii)

(x

+ x + x)dx

3x xdx iv)

v)

vii)

ii)

x+3

x + 2dx.

vi)

x2 + x + 1
dx
x

x3 + 8
x + 2 dx

190

2.
 f, (0, + ),

1
f ( 9) = 1.
f ( x) =
x
3.  f , f (x) = 3, f (1) = 6 f ( 0) = 4.
4.
 f , f (x) = 12x2 + 2
(1, 1) 3.
5.  (t), , ,
1 t / 20
N (t ) =
e .
20
60 .
6.
 x
x2 + 5x ( ).
,
, , 100 ().
7. 
3
R (t ) = 20 + 10t t 2 , R(t) , ,
4
t .
8 .

1.
 , ,
ekt, , t .
T(0) T0 + , T0
.
t.
2.
 , x
, P(x)
.
P(x), , P(x) = 5,8ex/2000.
4.000.000
6.000.000 .
3.

K(t) K(t) = 800 0,6t (

191

), E(t) t
E(t) = 1000 + 0,3t ( ).
.
4.
 f, g f(0) = g(0), f(1) = g(1) + 1 f (x) = g(x)
x R. :
i) f ( x) = g(x) + x, x R.
ii)
 g , < 0 < , f
, (, ).

3.2 ME
, ,
, ..
x
x 2 + 1dx xe dx .
.

2x

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)dx

f, g .
, x ,
(f(x)g(x)) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g(x),

192

f(x)g(x) = (f(x)g(x)) f (x)g(x).

f ( x) g ( x)dx = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx f ( x) g ( x)dx

, ,

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) + c f ( x) g ( x)dx .

(1)

(1) ,
c , .

.
, xe x dx . :

xe dx = x(e
x

)dx = xe x e x dx = xe x e x + c.

, , ,
x ex,

x2 x
x2 x
x2 x
xe
dx
=
e
dx
=
e

2
2 e dx .
2
x

, , .

1.
i)

x e

dx

iii)

(4 x

+ 1)lnxdx

ii)

x2 xdx

x
iv) e 2 xdx .

i)

x e dx = x
2 x

(e x )dx = x 2 e x

(x

)e x dx = x 2 e x

2 xe dx
x

= x 2 e x 2 x(e x )dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2e x dx
= x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2e x + c .

193

P ( x )e

dx

P(x) x R*.
ii)
.

P( x)( x)dx,

P( x)( x)dx

P(x) x R *.
iii)

(4 x

1
+ 1) ln xdx = ( x 4 + x) ln xdx = ( x 4 + x) ln x ( x 4 + x) dx
x
= ( x 4 + x) ln x ( x 3 + 1)dx = ( x 4 + x) ln x

P( x) ln( x)dx,
P(x) x R *.
iv) I = e x (2 x)dx ,
I = (e x )(2 x)dx = e x (2 x) 2 e x (2 x) dx
= e x (2 x) 2 (e x )(2 x) dx
= e x (2 x) 2e x (2 x) 4 e x 2 xdx
= e x (2 x) 2e x (2 x) 4 I .

,
5 I = e x (2 x) 2e x (2 x) + c1,

x4
x + c.
4

194

( x)dx,

( x)dx

, R* .

2. P(t), 0 t 20, , 10 -

, ( ) P(t) =
tet/10, 0 t 20, t .
P(t) t ,
10000 .

P(t )dt = te

t /10

dt

= 10 (et /10 )tdt

= 10et /10 t 10 et /10 dt

= 10tet /10 100et /10 + c ,

P(t) = 10tet/10 100et/10 + c, c R.

t = 0, 10000. :

P(0) = 10000 10e0 0 100e0 + c = 10000 c = 10100 .

, , t ,
P(t) = 10tet/10 100et/10 + 10100.

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx.
:

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx = f (u )du ,

u = g ( x) du = g ( x)dx

f (u )du

195

.

. , F f ,
F(u) = f(u),

(1)

F(g(x)) = f(g(x))

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx = F ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx

= ( F ( g ( x)))dx

( (F(g(x))' = F(g(x))g(x))

= F ( g ( x)) + c
= F (u ) + c,

( u = g(x))

= f (u )du

( (1))

, 2 x x 2 + 1dx. u = x2 + 1
du = (x2 + 1)dx = 2xdx, :

2x

x 2 + 1dx =

udu

= u1/ 2 du
=

2 3/ 2
u +c
3

2 2
( x + 1)3/ 2 + c
3

2
( x 2 + 1)3 + c .
3

1.

i)

ex

(1 + e

x 2

dx

ii) xdx .

196

i) u = 1 + ex, du = (1 + ex)dx = exdx. ,

ii) 

xdx = x dx. , u = x, du = (x)dx

= xdx, :

xdx

2.
ii)

i)

i) u = 2 x +

1 2 x dx

iii)

x( x

1)99 dx .

, du = 2 x + dx = 2dx .
6
6

.
ii) u = 1 2x, du = (1 2x)dx = 2dx.
,

1
1 1
1
1
dx =
du =
ln | u | + c = ln | 1 2 x | + c.

2
2x
2 u
2

iii) u = x2 1, du = 2xdx.

x x

dx

u du

3.
i)

ii)

197

i) f ( x) =

2x + 1
R {2, 3}
x 5x + 6
2

f ( x) =

2x + 1
.
( x 2)( x 3)

, ,

2x + 1
A
B
, x R {2, 3}.
=
+
( x 2)( x 3) x 2 x 3
:
( + 2)x = 3 + 2 + 1, x R {2, 3}.
x R {2, 3},
5
A
, ,
.
B = 7
,

= 5 ln | x 2 | + 7 ln | x 3 | + c.

x+
dx, 2 4 > 0
+ x+

ii) x2 3x + 7 x2 5x
+ 6,
x 2 3x + 7
2x + 1
.
= 1+ 2
x2 5x + 6
x 5x + 6
,
x 2 3x + 7
2x + 1
x 2 5 x + 6 dx = 1dx + x 2 5 x + 6 dx

= x 5 ln | x 2 | + 7 ln | x 3 | + c

( (i)).

P( x)
dx ,
+ x+

P(x) x 2 2 4 > 0.

198

1. 
i)

x e

2 x

dx

iv)

2 x 2 xdx

vii)

ln x
2

dx

ii)

(3x

v)

4 x2 xdx

viii)

2 x + 1)e 2 x dx

e 2 xdx
x

iii)
vi)

lnxdx ,

ix)

e xdx
x

2. 
i)

3xdx

iii)

x+3
dx
2
( x + 6 x) 4

ii)

iv)

(4 x

16 x + 7)3 ( x 2)dx

x2

2 + x3

dx

v) x x + 1dx.
3.
i)

e e dx
x

ii)

iv)

v)

ex
dx
e +1

1

x dx
.
x2

iii)

1
ln x

B
1. 
i)

2 x

1 + x dx
2

ii) x ln(x) dx

iii)

x e

dx .

dx

199

2. 
i)

x3 +1 1
4 dx
x3
x

ii)

x
2

x +1

dx

iii) x ln( x 2 + 1)dx.

3. 
i)

ln x 2 dx

ii)

(ln t )

iii) e 2 x e x dx .

dt

4. 
i)

xdx

ii)

iii)

1 + x

x dx

x
dx
2 x

x
dx
2 x

xdx

xdx .

5. 
2 =

1 + 2
1 2
2 =
2
2

:
ii) 2 xdx

i) 2 xdx

iii) 2 x 2 xdx .

6. 
2 = ( ) + ( + ),
2 = ( ) + ( + )
2 = ( ) ( + )
:
i) x 2 xdx

ii) 3 x 5 xdx

7. 
i)
iii)

x 2x
x + 3x + 2 dx

2x 3
dx
x 2 3x + 2
3

ii)
iv)

2
x 1 dx

3x + 2
dx
x 2 3x + 2
2

iii) 2 x 4 xdx

200

3.3

, y = S(t)
, .
, , = (t) = (t)
. :
c,
y = S(t), y
y = c.

(1)

m F = F(t), = (t) , 2 , F = m
, , F = my, y = S(t) . ,
y = S(t) ,
my = F.

(2)

(1) (2) . ,

x, y = f ( x) y, y, .
,
y = 2x, y = 2y, y + y = 0
.
. y = 2x y = 2y
, y + y = 0 .
y = f(x) .
, y = x2 y = 2x,
y = (x2) = 2x.
.

201

, y = 2x y = x2 + c, c R.
y = f ( x)
y0 = f ( x0). ,
.
, y = f ( x) y = 2x,
f ( 1) = 2, y = x2 + 1, y = x2
+ c, x = 1 y = 2 c = 1.
:

, , ,
y = P(t) , ,
. ,
P(t) = P(t),
.
P0, P(0) = P0,
P(t) t, .
y = P(t) > 0,
P (t )
= ,
P(t )
, :

P (t )
dt = dt
P(t )

ln P(t ) = t + c1.

P(t ) = e t + c1,
P(t ) = ce t , c = e c1.
P(0) = P0, c = P0,
P(t) = P 0 e t .

202

. ,

(y) y = (x)

(1),

y = f ( x) , (y) y (x)
x.
x.

( y) ydx = ( x)dx .
y = f ( x), dy = f (x)dx = ydx,

(y)dy = (x )dx.

(2)

(y) (y) (x) (x), (2)

(y) = (x) + c, c R.

(3)

(2) (1)

(y)dy = (x)dx
, y,
x.

H

i) 2y xy = 0, x

0 y > 0

ii) y = 2xy2 ,

iii) x + yy = 0, y > 0.

203

i) (, 0) (0, + ), :
1
2
y =
y
x
1 dy 2
= ,
y dx x
1
2
dy = dx .
y
x
1

y dy = x dx
ln y = 2 ln | x | + c0 = ln x 2 + c0 , c0 R
, c > 0.
, (, 0) (0, + ) y = cx2, c > 0
ii) :

dy
= 2 xy 2
dx
dy
= 2 xdx .
y2
dy

2xdx

1
= x2 + c
y

1
, c R (. 2).
x +c
iii)
dy
x+ y
=0
dx
, y =

ydy = xdx

ydy = xdx
y2
x2
= + c1
2
2
x2 + y 2 = c , c > 0
, y = c x 2 , c > 0 (. 3).

204

Kirchhoff. ,
dI (t )
+ R I (t ) = V (t ).
(1)
dt
, I(t), , (1).
. :
L

y + (x)y = (x),
y = f ( x) (x), (x) x.
:
(x) (x)
e(x).
,
ye(x) + (x)e(x)y = (x)e(x)
ye(x) + (x)e(x)y = (x)e(x)
ye(x) + (e(x))y = (x)e(x)
(ye(x)) = (x)e(x)

( ye

A( x )

)dx = ( x)e A( x ) dx

ye(x) = (x) + c,
(x) (x)e(x).

1.
y + 2y = 2.

205

(x) = 2 (x) = 2x,

e2x. ,
ye2x + 2e2xy = 2e2x
(ye2x) = (e2x)
ye2x = e2x + c
y = 1 + ce2x, c R.

1.  :
i) y = 4xy2, y > 0

ii) yy = x, y > 0

1
y = 2
xy

iv) y = eyx.

iii)

2.  :
i) y + 2y = 3

ii) y + 2y = ex

iii) y + y = 2x

iv) y + 2xy = x.

3.
 y = 2x2y2, y < 0, (0, 3).
4.
 y = 2 3y y(0) = 2/3.
5.  :
i)

, y(0) = 3

ii) (x + 1)y + y = lnx, y(1) = 10.

206

1. 
dI

+ I = t . I(0) = 0, I(t).
dt
2

2.
 ye y y = e 2 x,
(2, 2).
3.  y

1
y = x, x > 0.
x

4.
 (C) y = y(x), y > 0 M(x, y) xy. (C),
(0, 1).
5.  , , R , > > 0.
i) y + y = et.
y (t ) = 0.
ii) y = y(t) , tlim
+
6.

, > T,

d
= k ( ) , k > 0.
dt
(t), (0) = 0.
7.  P = P(t) m > 0.
, , .
i)  P = kP m,
k > 0 .
ii)  P = P(t), P(0) = P0
iii)
 :
m < kP0, .

207

m > kP0, .
m = kP0, .
 y = y(t) V = V(t)
8.
t.
. Torricelli

dV
= 2 gy , g = 10 m/s2.
dt
i)
 3,6 m,
1 m 0,1 m,
y
y =

5
50

ii)
 y(t),
t = 0 .
 ; (
iii)
V = r2).
9.

, ,
.
S ,
,
Q,

.

dE
1
=
E , t1 < t < t2.
dt
RC
R, C . E(t), E(t1) = E0.

208

10.
 irchhoff

dI
+ RI = E (t ).
dt
i)
 R = 12 , L = 4 H, E = 60 V,
L

)  I(t) , t sec .
)  lim I (t ) . ;
t +

ii)

E(t) = 603t,
I(t).

3.4


f ( x) = x2, x x = 0 x = 1
( . 5).

:
1
[0,1] , x = ,

x0 = 0, x 1 =

209

1
2
1
, x 2 = , .., x 1 =
,

f . (. 6).
, , . , :

, , f (. 7),

11
= f +

21
f + +

.
,
11
= f +

21
f + +

1 1 2

+ + +

1 2
1 ( + 1)(2 + 1) 2 2 + 3 + 1
.
(1 + 22 + + 2 ) = 3
=
3

6 2

210

, , .
,
lim lim .

1
1
lim = lim = , = .


3
3

, ,

[x1, x], = 1, 2, ,

, = 1, 2, , 3, , , , (. 8),
S =

1
1
1
f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + + f ( )

. f ( x 1 ) f ( ) f ( x )
= 1, 2, , ,
1
1
1
f ( x 1 ) f ( ) f ( x ) ,

S .
, lim = lim E = . lim S = .

f
[,], f ( x) 0
x [ , ]
f,
x x = , x = .

(. 9) . :

211

[, ] , x =
= x0 < x1 < x2 < < x = .

[x1, x]
x f ( ).
S = f ( 1)x + f ( 2)x + + f ( )x = [f ( 1) + + f ( )]x.

Y lim S .
+

lim S R

.
(). ( ) 0.

f [, ]. = x0 < x1 < x2 < < x =

[, ] x =
.

[ x 1 , x ], {1, 2,..., },
S = f ( 1)x + f ( 2)x + + f ( )x + + f ( )x
, , :

S = f ( ) x (1).
1

(1)

RIEMANN.

212
A ,

S, lim f ( ) x (1) R

1

(1) f
, f (x)dx f
. ,

f ( x)dx = lim f ( ) x

1

Leibniz . -

S Summa ().
.
2 .

f ( x)dx x -

. , ,

f ( x)dx ,

f (t )dt

, f ( x)dx .
, ,
> = , :

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx = 0

:
f ( x) 0 x [ , ] ,

f ( x)dx ()

f
xx x = x = (. 11).
,

f ( x) 0 ,

f ( x)dx 0 .

213

) , c R.

i) = ,

cdx = 0 = c( ) = c( ).

ii) < , , f(x) = c [, ],

cdx = f ( x)dx

= lim[( f (1 ) x + f ( 2 ) x + + f ( )) x]

= lim

[ f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + + f ( )]

= lim
(c + c + + c )

= lim
c = c( )

iii) > ,

cdx = cdx = c( ) = c( ).

c > 0,

cdx

c (. 12).

214

1
f, g [, ] , R.

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

2
f , , ,

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx =3

f ( x)dx =7,

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = 3 + 7 = 4.

f ( x) 0 < < (. 13), :

() = (1) + (2)

(1 ) = f ( x)dx , ( 2 ) = f ( x)dx

( ) = f ( x)dx.

3
f [,]. f ( x) 0
x [ , ] f ,

f ( x)dx > 0.

215

1. 

f ( x)dx = 9,

:
i)

iii)

f ( x)dx = 11
8

f ( x)dx

ii)

f ( x)dx

iv)

4
8

f ( x)dx = 13, -

f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx .

2. 

1
1
ln tdt = ln dt .
e
t

3.  ,

4. 
i)

f ( x)dx = 5

(2 f ( x) 6 g ( x))dx

x2 4
dx
x2 + 1

5
dx = 3 .
x +1
2

g ( x)dx = 2 :

ii)

(2 f ( x) g ( x))dx .
3

3.5 H

f ( x)dx -

. .
,
. ,
f
.

216

f ,

x

F ( x) = f (t )dt , x ,

f . :

x
a

f (t )dt

) = f ( x), x .

x
0

2 tdt = 2 x

( ln tdt ) = ln x .
x

(. 14) :
F ( x + h) F ( x ) =

x+h

f (t )dt

=
f ( x) h, h > 0.
, h > 0

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x) ,
h
F ( x) = lim
h 0

F ( x + h) F ( x )
= f ( x)
h

:
g (x )

f (t )dt = f ( g( x )) . g ( x ),

.
,

3
x ln tdt = (ln x 3 ) ( x 3 ) = (3 ln x)3 x 2 = 9 x 2 ln x
1

( )
f [, ]. G
f [, ],

f (t )dt = G ( ) G ( )

217

, F ( x) = f (t )dt

f [, ]. G f [, ],
c R ,
G(x) = F(x) + c.

(1)

(1), x = , G ( ) = F ( ) + c = f (t )dt + c = c , c = G().

,
G(x) = F(x) + G(),
, x = ,

G ( ) = F ( ) + G ( ) = f (t )dt + G ( )

f (t )dt = G ( ) G ( ) .

, , G()
G() [G ( x)] ,

f ( x)dx = [G ( x)] = [ f ( x)dx] .

x2
9 1
xdx = = = 4
2 1 2 2
xdx = [x]0 = + 0 = 2

1
dx = [ln x]1e = ln e ln 1 = 1.
x

1. F (x ) 1

t2

dt

218
i) F.

ii) F.

i) f (t ) = t 2 1
(, 1] [1, + ) .
F, 1, x
f. , x [1, + ),
F [1, + ) .
ii) x [1, + ) :
F ( x) =

t 2 1dt = x 2 1 .

F [1, + ) F (x) > 0 x (1, + ) ,

F [1, + ),
F(1) = 0.

f ( x) g ( x)dx = [ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) g ( x)dx,

f , g [, ].
, =

/2

I =

/2

x(x)dx = [ xx] / 2
0

/2

[x ]0 / 2 0

/2

xxdx . :

( x)xdx

= [ xx] / 2 + [x] / 2
0

2
.
1 =
2
2

219

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx =

u2

u1

f (u )du ,

f, g , u = g(x), du = g(x)dx u 1 = g(),

u 2 = g().

, I =
:

ln x
dx.
x

I = ln x(ln x)dx
1

u = lnx, du = (lnx)dx, u1= ln1 = 0 u2= lne = 1. ,

1

1
u2
1
I = udu = = .
0
2
0 2

H
N
i)

x 2 + x 1
dx
x
1

ii)

x +1
x

dx

iii)

|x 2| dx .

i)
2

= xdx + 1dx

2
1

1
dx
x
.

ii)

= x1/ 2 dx + x 1/ 2 dx

220

iii)

x2

x2
9 9
|
x

2
|
dx
=
(
2

x
)
dx
+
(
x

2
)
dx
=
2
x

2 x = + = 9.
1
1
2
2 1 2

2 2 2
5

1.  :
i)

iii)

(3 x 2 2 x + 1)dx

/2

(x 2x)dx

ii)

iv)

x +1
x3

dx
2

x + dx .
x
1

2. 
.
3. 

2 f ( x) f ( x)dx = ( f ( )) 2 ( f ( )) 2 .

4.  f (0,0)
(1,1),
[0,1].

f ( x)dx , f

5. 
i) F ( x) =

1 t 2 dt

ii)

( )=

221

2
6. i) f ( x) = ln( x + x + 1)

ii)

1
0

1
1 + x2

dx = ln(1 + 2 ) .

1. 

tg (t )dt = x 4 + x 6 x R, g(1).

( )=

2. 

x +1

2 t

t
dt,
et
f.
x2

3.  f ( x) =

4.  F ( x) = xf (t )dt , F(x).
0

5.  F ( x) =

x
1

1
dt +
1+ t2

1/ x

1
dt
1+ t2

(0, + ) .
6.  lim
h 0

1 2+ h
5 + t 2 dt .

2
h

7. 
i)

ii)

/2

8. 
i)

iii)

( x 2 | x 1 |)dx

ii)

x, x 0
f ( x)dx , f ( x) =
x, 0 < x

| x 2 3 x + 2 | dx .

9. 
i)
iii)

e2

ln x
x

dx

x ln(9 + x 2 )dx

ii)

iv)

xe x dx

/2

e x 2 xdx .

222

10.  I =

/2

x2 xdx , J =

/2

x 2 xdx ,

I + J,

I J,

J.

11.  f f

( f ( x) + f ( x))xdx = 2 .

f() = 1, , f(0).
12.
 f, g, f , g [, ]. f() = g() = 0
f () = g(),

( f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x))dx = g ( )( f ( ) g ( )) .

3.6

,
,
.

f [, ], , ,
( , ) ,

f ( x)dx = f ( )( )

F ( x) = f (t )dt .

[, ] F(x) = f ( x). , ( , ) ,
F ( ) F ( )
.
F ( ) =

F () = f ( ), F ( ) = f (t )dt F ( ) = f (t )dt = 0 .

(1)

, (1)

f ( ) =

223

f ( ) =

f (t )dt

, ,

f (t )dt = f ( )( ) .

f ( x)dx

_
f [, ] f .
_
, f
f [, ]
[, ]

f, xx
x = x = (. 15).

f ( x ) = x .

(0, 9)

_
f =

9
0

2 3/ 2
xdx 3 x
0 18

=
=
= 2.
9
9
9

, (0, 9) , f ( ) = 2.

f ( ) = 2 = 2 = 4.
, 4.

_
1.
 f f [0,1],

1
0

( f ( x) 1)dx = 0 .

224

2.
 f [, ],
f [, ] .

( f ( x) ) dx = 0,

3.  x [, ].

1
, [,
x2
_
.
], > 0. f , g

1.  f ( x) = x2 g ( x) =

2.

R , r

P
(r ) =
( R 2 r 2 ) ,
4n
, n ().
) , r [0, R] .
)
3.  f [0,1] ,

f ( x)dx = f (1) .

Cf , , .

3.7 E
4.4 ,
f [,
] f ( x) 0 x [ , ],
f , x = , x =
xx (. 16)

E ( ) = f ( x)dx

225

,
f ( x) = x ,
xx x = 0, x = 1 (. 17)

1
2
2

xdx = x1/ 2 dx = x 3/ 2 = .
0
3
0 3

, , f g, [, ]

f ( x) g ( x) 0
x [ , ] f,
g x = x = (. 18).

( ) = (1 ) ( 2 ) = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx.

,

E ( ) = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx

,

f ( x) = x + 2 g(x) = x2 (.
19) :
1

E ( ) = [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
2
1

= ( x + 2 x 2 )dx
2

x2
x3
9
= + 2 x = .
2
3
2 2

(1)

226

(1) :
(i) f ( x) g ( x) x [ , ]
(ii) f, g [, ].
, , (1) (ii). ,
f, g [, ], c R
f ( x) + c g ( x) + c 0, x [ , ]. (. 20)
(. 20).

, (1), :

( ) = ( ) = [( f ( x) + c) ( g ( x) + c)]dx = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx.
,

E ( ) = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx

xx,
g, g ( x) 0
x [ , ] x = x = (.
21). , xx
f ( x) = 0,

E ( ) = ( f ( x) g ( x))dx

= [ g ( x)]dx = g ( x)dx .
, g g ( x) 0 x [ , ] ,

E ( ) = g ( x)dx

227

,

g(x) = x2 1 xx (. 22)

1

E ( ) = ( x 2 1)dx = (1 x 2 )dx
1

4
x3
= x = .
3 1 3

f ( x) g(x)
[,],
23,

f, g x = x =

1, 2 3. ,

( ) = (1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 )

= ( f ( x) g ( x))dx + ( g ( x) f ( x))dx + ( f ( x) g ( x))dx

= | f ( x) g ( x) | dx + | f ( x) g ( x) | dx + | f ( x) g ( x) | dx

= | f ( x) g ( x) | dx

E ( ) = | f ( x) g ( x) | dx

,

f ( x) = x3, g(x) = x
x = 2, x =1. (. 24).

f ( x) g(x) [2, 1].

f ( x) g(x) = x3 x = x(x2 1) = x(x 1)(x + 1),

228
:
x

f ( x) g(x)

, , ,
1

E ( ) = | f ( x) g ( x) | = ( g ( x) f ( x))dx + ( f ( x) g ( x))dx + ( g ( x) f ( x))dx

1

= ( x x 3 )dx + ( x 3 x)dx + ( x x3 )dx

1

x2 x4
x4 x2
x 2 x 4 11
= + + = .
4 2 4
2 1 2
4 0 4
2

f ( x)dx

xx

xx (. 25)

1.
f ( x) = x, g(x) = x x = 0 x = 2.

f(x) g(x) [0,
2].
f ( x) = g ( x) x = x
x = 1

x=

5
x=
4
4

229

, f ( x) g(x) = x x
:
x

5
4

f ( x) g(x)

, , ,
2

( ) = | f ( x) g ( x) | dx
0

/4

(x + x)dx +

5 / 4

/4

(x x) dx +

5 / 4

( x + x) dx

= [x + x]0 / 4 + [x x]5/ 4/ 4 + [x + x]52 / 4

= 2 1+ 2 2 +1+ 2 = 4 2 .

2.
f ( x) = lnx, x Cf (e, 1).

Cf
(e, 1)
: y 1 = f (e)(x e).

(1)

1
1
, f (e) = .
x
e
, (1) :
f ( x) = (ln x) =

1
1
y 1 = ( x e) y = x .
e
e

Cf xx x = 1 x = e,

1 x2
e2
e
e
=
.
[ x ln x]1 + [ x]1 =
2
2
e

230

3. x2 + y2 = 2.

C1

f ( x ) = 2 x 2 , x [ , ],
y > 0
x2 + y 2 = 2 y = 2 x2 .
1 , =
21. f ( x) 0 x [ , ] ,

1 =
x , 1
x

2 x 2 dx.

(1)

x

1. , , ,

2 2

= .

(1)

, x = , , , dx = d. , x =
2 2

x = = . ,
2
2

( > 0)
.

= 21 = 2.

x2 y 2
+
= 1 .
2 2

231

1. 
f(x) = x2 2x + 3, x = 0, x = 2 x.
2. 
f, x :
i) f ( x) = 3 x , x = 0, x = 27 ii) f ( x) =

, x = 0, x = .
2
x
3

3. 
f(x) = x2 3x x.
4.

f(x) = x3 g(x) = 2x x2.
5. 
f(x) = 4 x2 x y 2 = 0.

1.  f ( x) = 3x2
i)  Cf (1, 3).
ii)

f, x.
2. 
x 2 + 3 , x < 1
f ( x) =
, x = 1, x = 2 x.
2 x , x 1
3. 
x 2 + 4 x 3 , x < 2
f ( x) =
x.
, x2
2 x + 5

232

4.


f ( x) = x 1 g ( x) =

x +1
.
3

5. i)  , (), e
f ( x) = , g(x) = lnx, x
x
x = , > e.
ii)  lim ( ).
+

6.


.


7.

.

233

8.  f(x) = x
i)

Cf (0,
0) (, 0).
ii)


f
.
9. i)

f ( x) = x , (1,
1) x.
ii)
 x = ,
.
10. 
1
f ( x) = lnx, g ( x) = ln y = ln2.
x
11. i)  f
(0,2) (x, f ( x)) 2x 3.
ii)  Cf x.
12.  f(x) = (x 1)(x 3).
 f
i)
, Cf x.
ii)  , Cf
2
.
1

234

1. i) u = x

xf (x)dx =

ii)

ii)

f (x)dx

xx
dx.
3 + 2 x

1/ 2

2. i)

1
dx
x 1
2

/2

1
dx .
x

/3

3. 
1

(u + 1)(u + 2) du
:
i)

x
dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)

4.  I =

ii)

ex
dx .
(e + 1)(e x + 2)
x

t 2 +1
dt , ,
2
01+ t
1

i)  I + I+1 , 
ii)  I0, I1, I2.
5. f R,

f (u )( x u )du =

f (t )dt du .

6.  F ( x) = f (t )dt , f (t ) =
1

u 2 1du.

235

i) f F.
ii) F .
7.
x

F ( x) = et 2 tdt G ( x) = et 2 tdt , x R.

i) 
F(x) + G(x) F(x) G(x)
F(x) G(x).
ii)
2

I = et 2 tdt J = et 2 tdt .

8.
 f ( x)
2
2
= x + 1 y = 5 y = + 1, > 0,
. .
9. i)  ()
1
f ( x) = 2 , x x = 1, x = , > 0.
x
1
ii) , ( ) = .
2
E ( ) lim E ( ).
iii) lim
0
+

10.  f, g [, ]. :
i)  f ( x) g ( x) x [ , ] ,

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .

ii)  m f [, ],

m( ) f ( x)dx M ( )

iii)  x > x x 0, ,
2
x

, x 0,
f ( x) =
x
2
:

236

3 3 x 3

x ,

2
x

6 3

/3
/6

x
1
dx .
2
x
2

iv)
 f ( x) = e x
[0, + ) , e x 1 + x
x R, :
2

) 1 x 2 e x 1 x [0,1]
1
2
2
e x dx 1.
0
3

.
, ,
.
1. 

2.

( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

3. = , f ( x)dx = 0.

4. f ( x)dx = 0, f ( x) = 0

x [ , ].

5. f ( x) 0 x [ , ] , f ( x)dx 0.

237

6.  f ( x)dx 0 , f ( x) 0

x [ , ] .

ln xdx.

9.  f ( x)dx = xf ( x) xf ( x)dx .

1
ln dt .
t

f = 1 .

12.  f ( x)dx = 0, f ( ) = 0 ( , ).

7.  ( x 4 + 1)dx < ( x 4 + x 2 + 1)dx , > 0.

8. 

/4

ln(1 2 x)dx = 2

10.  ln xdx
1

11. A

/4

1
e

( f ( x) 1)dx = 0
0

13.  f ( x)dx = 0 f [, ],

f , , .
1

14.
 ( x 3 x)dx
1

f ( x) = x3 x x.
.

1.  f (x) = x f ( 0) = 0, f (1)
1
) ,

2
,

238

2. To

4 x dx (4, + )

) ln(4 x) + c,

) ln(4 x) + c,

) ln(x 4) + c,

) ln(x 4) + c.

3. x dx (0, + )
x

3
1

x
1
1

x
)
) 2 x 1 + 2 ,
+ c ,
x x

(1 ln x)3
+ c,
3

x3 1
2x + c,
3 x

x
1
x
)
1 + 2 + c .
3
x
4.
)

4
,
3

|x 2 1 | dx

) 0,

4
) ,
3

2
,
3

) x(lnx 1) + c,

ln 3 x
+c .
3

5
) .
3

5. ln xdx
)

1
+ c ,
x

ln 2 x
+ c,
2

6. f, g [, ].
f ( x) g ( x) x [ , ] , :

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

) f ( x) g ( x), x [ , ] ,

) f ( x)dx g ( x)dx, x [ , ] ,

) f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .

239

7.


)

f ( x)dx ,

f ( x)dx.

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx , ) f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx .

8.
 f (x) = g(x) x [1,1] f ( 0) = g(0) + 2, x [1,1]
:

( f ( x) g ( x))dx = 4 .

) f ( x) = g(x) 2,

) f ( x) g ( x), x [1,1]

) Cf , Cg [1, 1].

9.
 F ( x) = f (t )dt f
1
.
F (1)
) 0,

) 1,

) 1 .
2

) 2,

10.
 f .

(1) = 2, (2) = 1 (3) = 3

f ( x)dx

) 6,

) 4,

) 0,

) 2.

) 4,

11.  F ( x) = f (t )dt , f
0

.
) F(x) = x2,
2 x, 0 x < 1
) F ( x) =
,
2, 1 x
x2 , 0 x < 1
,
) F ( x) =
2 x, 1 x

x2 ,
0 x <1
.
) F ( x) =
2 x 1, 1 x

240

.
1.

xy = y, x, y > 0.

2.  ;
1
dx ,
x 1

) ln xdx ,

0
1

/2

xdx ,

1 x 2 dx,

2
0

3.  :

1
1
1
1
dx = ( x) dx = x x dx
x
x
x
x

1
= 1 x 2 dx
x
= 1+

x dx.

x dx = 1 + x dx , 0 = 1!

xdx

1
dx .
x +1

241

4. 
I=

1
dx =
2
1 1 + x

1

1 u 2
1+ 2
u

du

1
1
1
du = I. ( x = dx = 2 du ).
u
u
1+ u2

I = I I = 0. , , ,
I=

1
dx > 0 ,
1 + x2

1
> 0 x [1,1].
1 + x2

5. 
x

F ( x) = f (t )dt ,
0

f .
.
F(0) =

F(2) =

F(3) =

F(4) =

F(6) =

242

-

,
,
.
.

.

( ).

(


). ,
,
,
1, 2 . ,

,

, 1 2
() = 4[( 1) + ( 2)].

(1)

,
( 1) = 4[( 3 1) + ( 4 1)]

(2)

( 2) = 4[( 5 2) + ( 6 2)]

(3)

,
() :
= () + [(31) + (41)] + [(1) + (41)] + [(52) + (62)] + ...
1
1
1
= (OAB) + (OAB ) + (O1 AO) + (O2 BO) +
4
4
4

243

1
1
= (OAB) + (OAB) + [(O1 AO) + (O2 BO)] +
4
4
2

1
1
= (OAB) + (OAB) + (OAB) +
4
4
, ()
1
= () = .
4

( ) 4
=
= ( ).
1
1
3
1
4
4

3
(*)

,

. 17

.

-

17 J.
Wallis 1655
.

(*)

 :

.
,

4
(OAB) (
3

) .

244

Wallis
= 2R,


(.
).
,


.
.., ,
,
2 = = (R + )(R ) = R2 2
. = R 2 2 . = R 2 4 2 , = R 2 9 2 ...
( )
, Wallis
:
(. ) (
) (.
, - ).
, Wallis

R 2 02

(1)

, ,

1 x 2 dx =

.
4

, R = 1 (. x2 + y2 = 1)
1
(. [0,1] ,
v
(1)
2
2
2
2
1
0
1
2
1 .
1 + 1 + 1 + + 1

f ( x) = 1 x 2 ( ),

245

[0,1], +,

1 x 2 dx.

, ,

19 .

, f ( x)dx

. Riemann 1854:
x1, x2, , x1
x1 1 , x2 x1 2 ,
x1 i .
S = 1 f( + 11) + 2 f(x1 + 22) + 3 f(x2 + 33) + + f(x1 + )
i i.
, i i ,

i , f ( x)dx.

, f ( x)dx .

 -
()
1
1.1 -1.2 A
1. i) A = R {1, 2}

ii) = [1, 2]

iii) A = [1, 0) (0,1]

iv) A = (,0) .

2. i) x (,1) (3, +)
ii) x (1,1)

iii) x > 0.

3. i) x > 0 ii) x > 1.

4. ) 200, 69 cm

) 195,23 cm.

2
3
x
+
(20 x2)
16 36
x (0, 20) .

5. E ( x) =

6. i) f () = {2, 0}

ii) f () = R

iii) f ( A) = [2,+) iv) f ( A) = [0,+).

7. i) [0,+)
ii) R *
iii) [0,1) (1,+) .

12. i) h(x) = x2 + 1
g(x) = x.
ii) h(x) = 3x, g(x) = x
(x) = 2x2 + 1.
iii) h(x) =
2x, g(x) = ex 1 (x) = lnx.
iv) h(x) =
3x, g(x) = x (x) = x2.
1.1 - 1.2

x + 1, 0 x < 1
1. i) f ( x) =
x + 2, 1 x < 2
0 x 1
2 x,
ii) f (x) =
2 x + 4, 1 < x 2

1,
iii) f (x) =
0,

x [0,1) [2, 3)
.
x [1, 2) [3, 4)

500
, x > 0
x
300 942 = 9,42 .

2. K ( x) = 8x 2 +

x 2 ,
0 < x 1
.
3. ( x) =
2 x 1, 1 < x 3

4. E(x) =

2 x 2 + 10x, 0 < x < 5,

p(x ) = 20 2 x , 0 < x < 5.

x , x < 1

5. i) f ( x ) = 1,
1 x < 1
x ,
x 1

( ) = [1, + ).

248

x,
ii) f ( x) =
0,

x [0, ]

x ( ,2 ]

1. i) lim f ( x) = 0 , f (3) = 2
x 3

f () = [0, 1].
6. i) f (x) = x2 + 1

1.4

ii) f ( x) = 1 x

iii) f (x) = x f (x) = x.

7. = 1.

ii) lim f ( x) = 2 , f (2) = 4.

x2

iii) x0 = 1, x0 = 2, f ( 1)
= 1, f 2.
iv) x0 = 1, x0 = 2
lim f ( x) = 2, f(1) = 1, f (2) = 2

8. ) ) .

x 3

3.

9. i) N (t ) = 10 2(t + 9 t + 20)
ii) 16 .

2. i) 1

1.3

3. i) 4 2

ii) .

1. i) f ( ,1]

4. i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi) .

ii) f (2, +].

iii) f R.

ii) 1

iii)

iv) .

5. = 3 = 2.

iv) f ( ,1] .
2. i) 11 f 1 ( x) =

x R.

x+2
,
3

ii) 11.

1.5

vi) 2

vii)

iii) 11.
iv) 11 f 1(x) = 1 x3, x 0.
v) 11 f 1(x) = 1 ex, x R.
vi) 11 f 1 ( x) = ln

vii) 11 f 1 ( x) = ln

x (1, 1) .

1
, x > 1.
x 1
1+ x
,
1 x

viii) 11.
3. f, ,
g .
4. i), ii), iii) .

iii) 220 iv) 0

1. i) 5 ii) 1

2. i) 43

ii)

3. i) 8/3 ii)

3
17

viii) 0.
iii) 6.

1
1
iii)
iv) 27.
2
2

4. i) 1/6 ii) 1/2 iii)

3
1
iv)
.
8
12

5. i) ii) 2.
6. i) 3 ii) 1 iii) 2 iv) 0 v) 1
vi) 4.
7. i) 2 ii) 0 iii) 1/2.
8. i) 1 ii) 1.
9. = 4/3 = 2.

v)

1
2

8 i) 1 i

= 1, lim f (x ) = 0.

1.5
1. i) 7/12

ii) 0

iii) 1/2.

ii) = 1, lim f ( x ) = 2,
x +

2. i) ii) 5 iii) 7 iv) 3.

= 0, lim f (x ) = +

3. i) 0 ii) 1 iii) 1.

x +

4. i) 2 ii) 0.

2. < 1 lim f ( x) = +,

1. i) + ii)

iii) .

2. i)

ii)

x +

> 1 lim f ( x) = +
x +

iii) .

= 1 lim f ( x) = 5 / 2.
x +

lim f (x ) R

1.6

x +

= 1

1. .

3. = = 1.

2. i)
lim x = + lim x = .

+
2

4. i ) 1 ii)

2. i) ii) iii) .

x 1

= 0, lim g ( x) = 2 .

3. i) 1.

x 0

ii) 2.

4. i) 0 ii) iii) + .

iii) 1.
iv) .

1.7
ii)
vi) 0

iii) 0
vii) 0

2. i) + ii) +

iv) + .
viii) 2.

iii) + iv) +

v) 0.
3. i) 1
v) 1

iii) + .

1. i) 1 ii) 1.

3. = 2, lim f ( x) = 3 / 2 .

v) 1/2

3 +1

1.8

ii) .

1. i)

(, 0) (1, + )
.
(0,1)

+,
lim f ( x) =
x +
,

1.6

249

ii) 0

iii) 1

iv) 0

vi) + .

1.7
1. i) < 1, lim f ( x) = +,
x

> 1, lim f ( x) = ,
x

4. i) 1 ii) .
5.
.
6. f ( x) = x x + 1
Bolzano
[0, ].
7.

i) = 0

ii) = 1

iii) = 1

iv) = 1.
8.
Bolzano [, ] [, ].
9. Bolzano.

f(x) + x 1 = 0
[0 ]
= 0 -

250
9
10. i) [1, 0]

ii) (0, 2)

iii) [1, 2)

9. i) d = d ( x) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( f ( x) y0 ) 2 ,

x [ , ] .

iv) (1, 2].

ii)
d [, ].

1.8 B
1. = 1.
2. ( = 4, = 1) ( = 3, = 8).
3. i) f (0) = lim f ( x) = 0

2.1 A

x 0

ii) lim g ( x) = 1, lim g ( x) = 1,

x 0 +

x 0

g (0) = lim g (x) = 1.

x 0

4. Bolzano (x) = f ( x) g(x) [0, 1].

5. ) Bolzano f(x)
4
6
= (x 2)(x + 1) + (x + 1)(x 1) [1,
2].
)
f ( x) = ex(x 2) + (x 1)ln x.
6. i) f(x) = g(x)
(0, +) .
ii) f ( x) = g(x)
(0, + ) .
7. i) ) x = 1 1
) f ( 1, 1) .
) f ( x) = 1 x 2

f ( x) = 1 x2

x[1,1]

x [1,1]

ii) ) x = 0
) f (, 0) . (0, +) )
f(x) = x f(x) = x f ( x) = | x |
f ( x ) = | x |.
8. i) : y = x, : y = x + 1 .
ii) f ( x) x
= 0 f(x) + x 1 = 0 [0, 1]
.

1. i) 0

ii) 2

iii) 0

2. i) 0

ii)

iii) 1 iv) 1
3. g(0) = f ( 0).
4. i) 0
ii) 1.
5. 1
i) y = 1

ii) y = 2x + 3

iii) y = 0.

2
i) y = 0 ii)
iii) y = x + 1 iv) y = x + 1.
2.1
1. f (0) = 1.
2. f (1) = 3.
3. f (0) = 1.
4. f (0) = 1/2.
5.
f (0) = 1.
6. lim f ( x) = 0 , f (0) = 0 x 0

f (0) = 1.
7. i) lim f ( x) = 0 , f (0) = 0.
x 0

f (0)

251

-
8. i)
f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + ( h)) f ( x0 )
=
h
h
...
ii)
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 h)
=
h

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 h) + f ( x0 )
=
,
h
...

iii) t = 2 , t = 4
t = 5
iv) v) vi) .

1
2

ii) 1/6
iv) 1/e

2. . . Cf (, f ( ))
y=

1
2

x+

( , 0).

1
2
4. i) (2, 0), 0, , .

ii) 2.

2.3
1. i) f (x) = 7x6

2.2

iii)

1. = 1, = .

3. ( 2, 83) f (2) = 4 f ().

9. i) . ii) .

1. i) 4

2.2 B

v) 2.

2. i) 1.

x, x < 0
ii) f ( x) =
.
x0
1,
iii) 2.

ii) f ( x) = 6 x 2 +

1
x

iii) f (x) = x3

x2 + x 1

iv) f ( x) = x 3x
2. i) f ( x) = 3x2

x1 x2 , f (x) = x3

( x1 , x13 ) , ( x1 , x13 ) .

1, x (2, 0)

2
,
x (0, 2)

4. f ( x) =
0,
x (2, 4) .

4,
x (4, 6)

x (6, 9)
4 / 3,
5. . 2 x [0, 2], 1, x [2, 4]
. 1 x [4, 8].

6x

1.

ii) f ( x) = e (x + x).
iii) f ( x) =

4x
.
(1 + x 2 ) 2

iv) f ( x) =

1 x + x
.
(1 + x) 2

iv) 2/3.
3. f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2

x3 + 6

v) f (x) = x(2x + x2x)

e x ln x
x
.
3. i) f ( x) =
(ln x) 2
ii) f ( x) =

4 2 x
.
2 2 x

iii) f ( x) =

x x
.
ex

iv) f (x) =

4( x 2 + 1)
.
( x 2 1) 2


x
1

iii) f ( x) -

252
i

x<0
4 x + 3,

4. i) f ( x) = 1
6
+ 1 x > 0,
x

0.

2 x + x, x 0
.
ii) f ( x) =
1,
x>0

5. i) ( 2, 4 ) (2, 4).

1
ii) 1, .
e
iii) ( 1, 2 ) , (1, 2) .

4
, x R {1}
( x 1) 2

f ( x) =

6.

g ( x) =

4
, x [0, + ) {1} .
( x 1) 2

f , g
.
1
7. f (1) g (1) = 2 = 1 .
2

iv) f ( x) =

(1 + x 2 )
.
x(1 x 2 )
2

v) f ( x) = e x (2 x).
13. i) f (2) = 20.
5
ii) f (4) = .
6

1 1 6 + 3
iii) f =
6 12 48

iv) f (3) = 5.
1
14. i) f ( x) = x ln x 2 ln x .
x

ii) f (x) = 25x 3 5ln2.

1

iii) f ( x) = (ln x) x ln(ln x) +

.
ln x

iv) f (x) = ex(x 2x).

15. f (x) = 2x
f (x) = 22x, .

8. = 2.
9. i) ( 2, 3) (2, 7).

2 3 10 3 + 45

ii)
,
3

2 3 10 3 + 45

.
,
3

10. y = 2x 1
y=

1. (1, 1)
f (1)g(1) = 1.
2. (1, 1)
( 2, 8).
y = 3x 2 (1, 1).
3. = 0, = 1.

2 x 1.

11. = 1, = 1, = 0.

24( x + 1)
12. i) f ( x) = 7
.
x (3x + 4)3
ii) f ( x) =

2.3 B

2
33 x 1

, x (1,+) .

2 x
1
iii) f ( x) =

2
1
x
(
1
+
x 2 )2
+

4. y = x + 1 Cg
( 1, 0).
5. f(x) = x3 4x2 9x + 4.
6. f ( x) = x2 + x +
.
7. i) x f ( ).

 -
ii) exf ( ).
e x e
lim
x x
x
h(x) = e .

9. i) f ( x) =

3. 0,75 m/s.
4. 0,25 rad/min.
5. 0,2 m/s.
6. 2

5 9 13
,
,
.
8. ,
8
8
8
8

2 x
, x 0 3x

0.
(0, 0) x = 0.
4x
ii) f ( x) =
, x 0 f (0) = 0. 3 2
3 x
(0, 0)
y = 0.
10. Cf
(1, f ( 1)) y = x 1 + f ( 1) Cg (0, g(0)).

253

7. i)

1
rad/sec.
25

8. 3 3 m/s.
2.5 A
1. i) 1
iii)

2. i) 2

ii)

6
2

iv) .
ii)

iii) (3,1) = 1.

11. i) f (0) = 1.
ii) y =
x + 1 .

3. g ( x0 ) =

1
ln ln
=

x0

0 < < x0 <

2.4 A
1. E(1) = 48 cm2/s

2.5

V(1) = 72 cm3/s
2.

1. i) . Bolzano [ 1, 0]
[0, 1].

25
cm/s.
81

3. x 20 220, 20 + 220 .
4. i) x(t) = 15t, y(t) = 20t.
ii) d(t) = 25 km/h.
5. (2, 1).
2.4 B
1. 425 cm3/s.
2. (2ln5 + 2) cm2/s.

1
1
1
<
< .
x0

ii) . Rolle [x1, x2] x1, x2

f ( 1, 0) (0, 1).
2. i) . Rolle [0, 1].
ii) x = 1 x f ( x) = 0
(0, 1).
3. i) f ( x) x = 0
2 x1, x2 .
Rolle g(x) = f ( x) x,
x [x1, x2].
ii) i)
x
f ( x) = .
2


iii) 0 -

254

4. i)

x
1
(| x | 1) 2 0.
1 + x2 2

ii) ... [, ].

6. i) f ( x) = e x +

1
> 0.
1+ x

ii) f ( 0) = 0 f .

5. ... [0, 4].

2.6

6. f (0) 0 f (0) 0 .

1.
f (x0) = 0, x0 R .

7.
1 < 2 < 3 .
Rolle (x) = f ( x) g(x) [1, 2], [2, 3].

1. (x) = 0, x R, (x) = c.
2. i) R.
ii) ( ,
1], [2, + )
[1, 2].
iii) o [1, 1]
( , 1]
[1, + ).
4. i) (, 1]
[1, +).
ii) (0, 1]
[1, + ).

iii) 0, ,
2

,
2
[, 2].
5. i) f ' (x) = 5(x4 + 1) > 0
1
x

ii) [ 2, + 2]
iii) 0 f
( 1, 1).

2.6 A

g ( x) =

2. i) f (x) = 3(x2 1) < 0 x (1,1).

+ 1 > 0 , x (0,+) .

ii) f R, g
(3, +).
iii) 0 .
1

3. i) t = 1 t = 4.
ii) t (0, 4)
t (4, 5).
iii) [0,
1] [3, 5]
(1, 3).

100t
<0
(t + 2)3
lim V (t ) = 25 V -

4. V (t ) =
t +

(25, 50].
5. i) f ( x) =

( x 2 + 3) 2
> 0
( x 2 1) 2

x R {1,1}.
ii) x (,1) , ( 1, 1), (1,+) f
R f ( x) = R, 3
.
6. 3.

7. i) f (x) = xx > 0, x 0, .
2

ii) f ( x) > f ( 0), x 0, f
2

0, .
2

-
0
x x x
<0
x2
ii).

iii) f ( x) =

8. i) f ( x) =

(x 1) 2 (2x + 1)
>0
2 x

255

7. (x) = x2 + 40x, x (0,40)

(20) = 400.
8.

4
mgr.
3

9. i) ()2 = 2x2 4x + 4. ii) 1.

x 0, .
2
ii) f ( 0) = 0 f
0, , f ( x) f (0) .
2
2.7
1. x = 1 x = 3
.
2. ) i) R.
ii) g(1) = 4
g(1) = 0.
iii) h(0) = 1
h(1) = 2.
) i) R
.
ii) ( , 1], [1, 1]
[1, + ).
iii) [1, + ).
3. i) f ( 0) = 0 , f ( 1) = 1
.
ii) g(2) = 1.
4. i) f ( 0) = 1.

10. 30 .
2.7

1. i) 0,
3

, .
3
ii)

2. i) H f (0, + ).
ii) (0, 1]
[1, + ). (1)
= 0.
iii) (1, 0),
y = x 1.
3. i) ) f ( x) = ex x 1 [0, + ) f ( x) > f ( 0).
1
2
[0, + ).

) ( ) =

5. = 1, = 0, f ( 1) = 3
f ( 1) = 1.

400

6. p ( x) = 2 x +
, x > 0
x

p(20) = 80.

1 2
, f (x) =
2
x + 1 f
R.

ii) )

1 1 e
ii) f = .
e e

( ) =

f (x) > f (0), f

R.
)

1 3
) g ( x) = x + x x,
6
x R

256

[0, + ).
iii) ) f(x) = (1 + x) 1 x, x 0
f (x) = [(1 + x)1 1] > 0.
) )

( 1) 2
g ( x) = (1 + x) 1 x
x
2
[0, + ).
4. f (x) = 0 R.
5. h(x) = f(x) g(x),
f () = g() ( x1 , x2 ).

6. f () = f () = f () = 0 . Rolle
[, ] [, ].
7. ii) x =

4
(9 4 3 ) 0,75 m.
11
2

8. i) ( MA) 2 = x + x (4, 2).

2

ii) = 1.

9.

200
100.

10.
(x) = x(1500 5 x ) .
(x) = 0, x = 150.
11. i) t = 200 s ii) t 55,6 s.
AB +
12. i) E =
,
2
. = 2
= 2.

ii) =

.
3

13. ii) 75.

14.
r = r1 + r2

=k

8p
p
, k R.
+k
(12 x) 2
x2

4 km 1.

2.8
1. i) (, 1], [1, + )
(1, 0) .
ii) (, 2], (0, 2], [2,
0) [2, + ), 5
5

2, 2, .
4
4

2. i) (, 2], [2, + ),

2
2, .
e
ii) (0, e], [e, + ),
(e, 3e2) .
iii) (, 0], [1, + ),
[0, 1], (0, 1), (1, 3) .

2
,
3. i) K ,

,+ ,

2
2

,

2
2

2 1 / 2

,e ,
2

2 1 / 2
, e .
2

ii) , 0 0, ,
2

2
(0, 0) .
iii) (, 0], [0, + )
(0, 0) .

257

iv) (, 0], [0, + )

(0, 0) .

5. H f (2, 2).

v) K (, 0], [0, + )
(0, 0) .

2.9

4. - [1, 1], [4, 8].

- [1, 4], [8, 10].
- [0, 2], [5, 6] [7, 10].
- [1, 0], [2, 5] [6, 7].
- 1, 8 .
- 1, 4, 10 .
- 0, 2, 5, 6, 7 .
5. i) t [0, t2]
t [t2, + ) .
ii) [t1, t3]
[0, t1] [t3, + ).

1. i) x = 2. ii) x =

, x= .
2
2

iii) iv) x = 0.
2. i) y = 1. ii) y = 0 + .
3. i) y = x, x = 1.
ii) y = x + 2, x = 2.
iii) y = x +

1
+
2

y = x

1
.
2

1
4. i) 1. ii) . iii) 0.
2

2.9 B
1. i) lim ( f ( x) ( x 1)) = 0,
x

lim ( f ( x) ( x + 1)) = 0.

x +

2.8

3
1. A 3 ,
, (0, 0)

3 , 3 .

, .
2. (, 2 2).
3. f (x) > 0 x R.
4. i) f (0) = 2, f (2) = 2
(1, 0).
ii) = = 2.

ii) H f R
1
2 + .
2. i) y = 0. ii) y = 0.
3. = 1, = 1.
4. de L Hospital.
5. de L Hospital.
6. i) 1, 0. iii) x = 0.
2.10
1. i) f (x) = 3(x2 2x + 3), f (x) = 6x
6
f.

258

ii) f ( x) =

f ( x) =

2
,
( x 1) 2

1 ln x
2 ln x 3

, f ( x) =
2
x
x3
f.

6. i) f ( x) =

4
,
( x 1)3

y = 1, x = 1 f.

x2 1
2
, f ( x) = 3 ,
x
x
x = 0 y = x
f.

2. i) f ( x) =

ii) .
3. f (x) = 1 + x, f (x) = x
f [, ].

ii) H f [e, +),

f ( ) > f ( + 1) +1 > ( + 1)
iii) 2x = x2.
f ( ,e],
x = 2 .
[e, + ) x =
4 .
7. i) f ( x) = x +
x
Fermat.
ii) f ( x) = x x
1 . Fermat.

2o

8. i) f ( x) = e x > 0, g ( x) =

1
< 0.
x2

ii) y = x + 1 y = x 1.

iii) f , g .
iv) f ( x) g(x).

1. i) f (1) = g(1).
ii) (x) = g(x) f ( x)
.
2. (x) = f ( x) g(x).

1
, * .

x +

1 2
r
2

2 2 2,8 m.

iii) g(x) x f ( x).

iii) lim ( f ( x) x) = 0

(r) = 10r r2. (5) = 25.

5. iii) =

ii) = e

10. i) f (0) = 0 ii) x =

3. () = 2 + .
3 3
=
.
4
3
4. =

9. i) (1 ln).

lim ( f ( x) x) = 0 .

11. . i) (x) = 0, x R, (x) = c

ii) (x) = 0 (x) = 0, x R.
. ii) .

 -
12. i) det( PM , PN ) = 0.
ii) de L
Hospital.
13. A. i) ,

l
=
2 4

259

3.1
1. T(t) = ekt + T0
2. 9.976 .
3. 814,4 .
4. f (x) = g(x) + c1 ...

ii) S = t, S = 4t
3.2

B. l(t) = 4t.
) 2 km/h

) 0 km/h

) 2 km/h.

14.

K ( x) = 600 +

1.

1000
+ 10( x + 1).
x

i) e x (x 2 + 2x + 2) + c
ii)

10 .

iii)

1 2x
e (6 x 2 10 x + 7) + c
4

1 4
x4
+c
x ln x
4
16

iv) ( x 2 + 1/2)2x + x2x + c

3.1 A

vi) x ln x x + c

1. i)

v) 2 x2x + 2x + c

x
x + x + c
4

vii)

x2
+ x + ln | x | + c
2
6
iii) x5 / 2 + c
5
ii)

ix)

x
+ x2 + 4x + c
3
1
v) e x 3 ln | x | + 2 x + c
2
vi) x + x + c
iv)

viii)

2.

vii) x + ln | x + 2 | + c .

3. f ( x) =

3 2
x + 3x + 4.
2

4. f(x) = x 4 + x 2

6. K ( x) =

x3 5 x 2
+
+ 100 .
3
2

7. 352 .

1
(4 x 2 16 x + 7) 4 + c
32

1
+c
6 ( x + 6 x )3

iv)

2
(2 + x3 )1 / 2 + c
3

v)
3.

1 x
e ( x x) + c .
2

iii)

3 x + 2.

5. 19 .

1 x
e ( 2 x + 2 2 x) + c
5

1
i) 3 x + c
3

ii)

2. f ( x) = 2 x 5.

ln x 1
+c
x
x

i)

2
( x + 1)3 / 2 (3 x 2) + c .
15

e x + c ii) ln(e x + 1) + c

260

iv) ln(ln(e x + 1)) + c

v)

1
+ c.
x

iii)

1 . i) ln(1 + 2 x) + c
1
ii) [ln(x)]2 + c
2

iii) e x + c.

2 x3 + 1
2. i) 3
9 x

3/ 2

+c

x2 + 1 + c

iii)

1
1
x 3 x + c
2
6

ii)

1
1
2 x + 8 x+ c
4
16

iii)

1
1
2 x 6 x + c .
4
12

7. i) ln | x 2 3 x + 2 | + c
x
ii) 5 ln | x 1 | +8 ln | x 2 | + c
x2
iii) 2 3 x + ln | x +1 | + 4 ln | x + 2 | + c

iv) ln

1 2
( x + 1)[ln( x 2 + 1) 1] + c .
2

x3
2
(ln x 2 ) + c
3
3

3. i)

ii) t (lnt) 2

2 tlnt + 2t + c

iii) e x e x + e x + c.
4. i) ln | x | + c

xx + ln | x | + c
ii)

1
+ c
x

1
x
+c
x

3 x
x + c
iii)
3
3 x
x
+c.
3
5 . i)

1
1
x 4 x + c.
8
32

6 . i)

3.2 B

ii)

ii) 2 x 4 2 x + c .

iii) 2 ln x + c

1
1
x 2 x + c
2
4

x 1
+ c.
x +1

3.3
1. i) y =

1
2x2 + c

iii) y = ce x
2. i) y =

ii) y 2

iv) y = ln(x + c).

3
+ ce2 x
2

iii) y = 2x + ce

ii) y = e
+2

iv) y = ce x + 1 / 2 .
3. y =

3
2x2 + 1

4. y =

2
.
3

5. i) y = 1
ii) y =

x2 = c

4
ex

x ln x x + 21
.
x +1

+ ce

2x

 -
2. E .

3.3 B
1. I (t ) =

4. 1

1
1
(t t ) + e t.
2
2

5. i) x | x |

2. y 2 = 2x.
3. y = x + cx.
x2
2

5. y (t ) =

c
1
.

+
et et
t

0 T

x +1

3.5 B
1. 10.

m
m
+ p0 e t , > 0.

dV
= 100 y
dt
2

9. E ( t ) = E0

ii) I (t ) =

7. i) 4 2 2 3
5
3

8. i)
c
, ) 5
e3t

iv)15.

ii)

2
8

1. f = 1 .

2
e

iii) 1

iv)

29
.
6

3.

+
2

iii)

11
.
6

1 2 1 2 1
+ ,
.
,
16 4
2 16 4

3.6

3.5 A

1.

9
1
1
ln 9 , iv) (e / 2 + 1) .
2
2
5

12. .

ii) 12

ii) 3

11. f (0) = 1.

1
2. ln = ln1 ln t.
t
3. = 4.

1. i) 6

ii)

e2
e

iii) 5 ln10
10.

3.4 A
iii) 2

ii) 2

9. i ) 4

5
c
(3t 3t ) + 3t .
4
e

ii) 4

f (t )dt + xf ( x) .

6. De l Hospital.

10. i) ) I (t ) = 5 +

3. . f(2) = 0.

5. F (x) = 0, x (0, + ) .

iii) t = 120 5 sec.

t t1
e Rc

2. f (x) = 0.

4.

5
t + 6
ii) y ( t ) =

100

4. i) 22

ii) (i).

7. ii) P (t ) =

1. i) 11

x
2x

6. (t) = T

8. i)

ii)

6. i)

4. y = e

261

262

3.6 B
1. f =

2.)

10.

2 + + 2
3

, g=

1
.
2

11. i) f (x) = x 2 3 x +2 ii)

12. i) y = 2 x + 2 , y = 2x

PR 2
PR2
) =
.
6nl
4nl

ii) E1 =

3.7

3.

ii) 3 ..

ln 3.
4
2. i) ln 3 ii) ln 3 .

1. ii)

9
..
2

3. ln | u + 1 | ln | u + 2 | + c
i) ln | x + 1 | ln | x + 2 | + c
ii) ln(e x + 1)

125
..
6

4. i)

3.7 B
1. y = 6x 3 , E =
2. 4+
3.
4.

1
..
4

ii)

8
2 ..
3

7
..
4

8. i) y = x, y = x +
9. )

1
1
1
1
ln 2 , (1 ln 2) , ln 2 .
2
2
4
2

7. i) F(x) + G(x) = e x 1,

ex
1
( 2 x + 2 2 x)
5
5
3
2
ii) I = e (e 1) , J = e (e 1) .
5
5
F( x ) G ( x ) =

5. i) 1 + e(ln 1 ) ii) + .

7.

1
2 + 2

6. i) D f = [1, + ) DF = [1, + ) .

1
..
6

2
3
+ ..
ln 3 2

ln ( e x + 2) + c.

5. .

11
..
12

6.

4
2
, E2 = .
3
3

37
..
4.
12

5.

3o

14
1.
..
3

35
..
2. i)
4

1
..
6

8. = 3 4 .
9. i) 0 < < 1, ( ) =
ii)

3+ 6
1
.. ) x =
.
3
3

2 .

> 1, ( ) = 1

1,

ii) = 2 iii) + 1.
10. i)

( f ( x) g ( x))dx 0.

263

 . 3966/2011 ,
, , .. ..
-
.
,
I
.


7 1129 15/21
1946 ( 1946,108, ').

,
(copyright), ,
,
/ I - .

 : 0-22-0234
ISBN 978-960-06-5175-1

(01) 000000 0 22 0234 1

&



&
, /
& / .
..

/

/
/
/



/


:
.
.
, .

,
.
.
, .
,
.

.
.

.
,
.

,

.
.
:
)  .
)  .
)  .
) 
, .
) 
.
.

. , .
.
( .. ..)

 1

1.1 1.2

1. i)
 f , x2 3x + 2 0.
x2 3x + 2 : x = 1 x = 2.
f A = R {1,2}.
ii)
 f , x 1 0 2 x 0 , x 1
x 2. f A =[1,2].
iii)
 f , 1 x 2 0 x 0.
1 x 2 0 , x 2 1 , 1 x 1.
f = [1, 0) (0,1].
iv)
 f , 1 e x > 0 e x < 1 x < 0 .
f = ( , 0).
2. i)
 f
x x R
f ( x) > 0 x 2 4 x + 3 > 0
x ( ,1) x (3, + )

ii)  :
1+ x
> 0 (1 + x)(1 x) > 0 1 < x < 1.
1 x
iii)  e x 1 > 0 e x > 1 e x > e0 x > 0 .
3. i)
 f
g x R
f ( x) > g ( x) x 3 + 2 x + 1 > x + 1 x 3 + x > 0 x( x 2 + 1) > 0 x > 0.
ii) :
f ( x) > g ( x) x3 + x 2 > x 2 + x 2 x3 x 2 > 0 x 2 ( x 1) > 0 x > 1.

1.1 1.2

4. ) (45) = 2,8945+ 70,64 = 200,69 cm

) (45) = 2,7545+71,48 = 195,23 cm.
x
x2

.
4
16
20 x
20 x,
3
2
3 20 x

.

4 3

5.  x,

= + =

x2
3
+
(20 x )2 x (0, 20).
16 36

6. i)
x

0, x < 0
+1 =
.
x
2, x > 0
f
.
f ( x) =

f f(A) =
{0,2}
ii)
x 2 , x < 0
.
f ( x) = x x = 2
x , x 0
f
.
f f() = R.

iii) H f
.
f f ( ) = [2, + ).

1.1 1.2

iv)

ln x, 0 < x < 1
.
f ( x) =
1 x
ln x,
f
.
f
f ( ) = [0, + ).

7. i)  f A = R, g = [0, +).
f g .
x 0
f ( x) = x 2 = x =

( x)

= g ( x).

f, g [0, +).
ii) f, g R*. x R* :
2

f ( x) =

x 1
2

x + x

( x 1) ( x + 1) =
x ( x + 1)

x 1
x

= g ( x).

f = g.
iii)  f = [0,1) (1, +) . x ,
f ( x) =

x 1
x 1

( x + 1) = ( x 1) ( x + 1) =
x 1
( x 1) ( x + 1)
( x 1)

x + 1.

g = [0, +). f
g , . f(x)
= g(x) x [0,1) (1, +). f, g [0,1) (1, + ).
8.  f = R *, g = R {1}. ,
x R {0,1} :
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) =

1
x +1
x
1 x2 + x2
+
=
=
x (1 x )
x
x(1 x)
1 x

( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) =

x +1
x
1 x2 x2 1 2 x 2

=
=
x (1 x )
x
x(1 x)
1 x
9

1.1 1.2

( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) =
f
f ( x)
=
( x) =
g ( x)
g

1+ x
x +1 x

=
x 1 x 1 x

x +1
2
x = 1 x ,
x
x2
1 x

x R {0,1} g(x) 0.
9.  = (0, +),
x :
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = 2 x
2

( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) =

( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = x

1 x2 1
=
,
x
x

, x g ( x) 0, x l :
f
f ( x)
=
( x) =
g
g
( x)

1
x = x +1 .
1
x 1
x
x

x+

10. i)  f Df = R, g Dg = [0, +) .
g(f(x))
( x D f f ( x) Dg ) (x R x 2 0) x R.
, g f x R :
(g=
f )( x) g=
( f ( x)) g (=
x2 )

=
x2

x.

ii) f Df = R, g Dg = [1,1].
g( f (x)) :
(x D f f ( x) Dg ) (x R f ( x) [1,1] )
x [1,1] x R.
10

1.1 1.2

, g f x R

iii)  f Df = R g
.

R
g( f(x)) :
( x D f f ( x) Dg ) (x R

+ , ) x R.
4
2

, g f x R

( g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g = = 1 .
4
4
11.  f Df = R g Dg = [2, +) .
g(f(x)) :
(x D f ( x 2 + 1) Dg ) (x R x 2 + 1 2 )
x2 1 0

x 1 x 1
x (, 1] [1, +) = 1 .
, g f 1, :
( g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + 1) =

x 2 1.

f(g(x))
( x Dg g ( x) D f ) ( x 2 x 2 R) x [2, +) = 1 .
, f g 1
( f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f

) (

x2 =

11

x2

+1 = x 2 +1 = x 1 .

1.1 1.2

12. i)  f(x) = (x2 + 1) h(x) = x2 + 1 g(x) = x.

ii)  f(x) = 223x + 1 h(x) = 3x,
g(x) = x (x) = 2x2 + 1.
iii)  f(x) = ln(e2x 1) h(x) = 2x,
g(x) = ex l (x) = lnx.
iv)  f(x) = 23x h(x) = 3x, g(x)
2
= x (x) = x .

1.1 2.2

1. i)  (1,0) (0,1)
1
=
= 1, :
1
y 0 = (1)( x 1) y = x + 1.
(2,0) (l,1)
1
1
=
= 1, :
=
1 2 1
y 0 = (1)( x 2) y = x + 2.

x + 1, 0 x < 1
f ( x) =
x + 2, 1 x < 2
ii) H (0,0) A(1,2) = 2
y = 2x.
2
= 2
A(1,2) (2,0) =
1
y 0 = 2( x 2) y = 2 x + 4.

0 x 1
2 x,
f ( x) =
2 x + 4, 1 < x 2
iii) 
1, x [0,1) [2, 3)
f ( x) =
.
0, x [1, 2) [3, 4)
12

1.1 1.2

2.  2x2,
2xh, h . V = x h = 628,
628 200
h =
2 :
x2
x
200 400
2 x 2 =
. , (x) :
x
x
400
500
( x) = 2 x 2 4 +
1, 25 = 8 x 2 +
x > 0.
x
x
522 = 50,
504 = 200 (.).
258 = 80,
801,25 = 100.
300 942 = 9,42 .
3. 0 < x 1 , :
BE ,
x
( )
x ( )
=
=
1
2
( ) ( )
( ) = 2x.
,
,

( x) =

1
1
x ( ) = x 2 x = x 2,
2
2
0 < x 1.

1 x 3,
1
( x) = 1 2 + ( x 1)2
2
= 1 + 2 x 2 = 2 x 1, 1 < x 3.

x2 ,
0< x 1
( ) =
2 x 1, 1 < x 3
13

1.1 1.2

4. , :

10
5
=

=
2(5 x) = .

5 x
,

= ( x) = = 2(5 x) x = 2 x 2 + 10 x, 0 < x < 5

P = P ( x) = 2 + 2 = 2 2(5 x) + 2 x = 20 2x, 0 < x < 5.
5. i) x < 1,
f ( x) =
1 x < 1,

x 1 x +1
= x
2

f ( x) =

x +1 x +1
=1
2

f ( x) =

x +1+ x 1
= x.
2

1 x ,

x < 1
x ,

f ( x ) = 1, 1 x < 1 .
x,
x 1

f
.
f
f
[1, + ) .
ii)
x, x [0, ]
.
f ( x) =
0, x ( , 2 ]
f
.
f [0,1].

14

1.1 1.2

6. i) : f(g(x)) = x2 + 2x + 2, f (x + l) = x2 + 2x + 2. =
x + 1 , , x = 1,
f ( ) = ( 1) 2 + 2( 1) + 2 = 2 2 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 = 2 + 1.
f(x) = x2 + 1.
ii)  f ( g ( x)) = 1 + x 2 , f ( x 2 ) = 1 + x 2 . = x2,
f ( ) = 1 , 0.
f ( x) = 1 x , x 0.
iii) g ( f ( x)) = x 1 f 2 ( x) = x 1 f 2 ( x) = 2 x
f 2 ( x) = 1 2 x
f 2 ( x) = 2 x f ( x) = x .
..
f(x) = x f(x) = x ...

7. f g R.
f(g(x)) :
(x R g ( x) R) x R.
( f g )( x)
( f  g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 2) = x + 2 + 1 = x + 3.

g(f(x)) : (x R f ( x) R) x R.
( g f )( x)
( g  f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x + 1) = ( x + 1) + 2 = x + ( + 2).

f g = g f ,
(x + 3 = x + + 2, x R) + 2 = 3 = 1.
8. f Df = R\{}, g Dg = [0, +) .
) f( f(x)) :
( x D f f ( x) D f ) ( x

x+
)
x

( x a 2 ) x D f .
15

1.1 1.2

, f f R\{}

x+
+
2 x + + x x( 2 + )
x
=
=
= x.
f ( f ( x)) =
2
2
x+

+
x
x

) g(g(x)) :
(x Dg x 2 x + 1 Dg ) (x 0 x 2 x + 1 0)
(x 0

x 1 0)

x 0 x Dg .
g g [0, +)
g ( g ( x)) =

g ( x) 1 =

) (
2

= 1 x 1 = x

x 1 1 =

x 1 1 =

= x , 0 x 1.

9. i) :

2
(t ) = 10 2 t + 4 + t + 4 = 10 2 t + 8 t + t + 20 = 10 2 t + 9 t + 20 .

ii) :

10 2 t + 9 t + 20 = 120 2 t + 9 t + 20 = 12

2 t + 9 t + 20 = 144
t + 9 t + 20 = 72
t + 9 t 52 = 0
t = 4 ( t = 13, .) t = 16 .
16 120.000.

16

1.3

1.3

1. i)  f ( x) = 1 x = (,1]. x1 , x2
x1 < x2 . :
x1 > x2
1 x1 > 1 x2
1 x1 > 1 x2
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
f (,1].
ii)  f ( x) = 2 ln( x 2) 1 = (2, +) .
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 . :
x1 2 < x2 2
ln( x1 2) < ln( x2 2)
ln( x1 2) 1 < ln( x2 2) 1
f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
f (2, +).
iii)  f ( x) = 3e1 x + 1 R. x1 , x2 R
x1 < x2. :
x1 > x2
1 x1 > 1 x2
e1 x1 > e1 x2
3e1 x1 > 3e1 x2
3e1 x1 + 1 > 3e1 x2 + 1

f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
f R.
iv) H f ( x) = ( x 1) 2 1 = (,1].
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 . :
17

1.3

x1 1 < x2 1 0
( x1 1) 2 > ( x2 1) 2
( x1 1) 2 1 > ( x2 1) 2 1
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ).
f (,1].
2. i)  f R.
x1 , x2 R f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) . :
3 x1 2 = 3 x2 2
3 x1 = 3 x2
x1 = x2.
f 11 R.
f , y = f(x)
x. , :
f ( x) = y 3 x 2 = y 3 x = y + 2 x =

y+2
.
3

y+2
, f
3
x+2
f 1 ( x) =
.
3
ii)  f(x) = x2 + 1, , 11,
f(1) = f(1), 1 1.
f 1 ( y ) =

iii)  f(1) = f(2) = 1 1 2. f 11 R.

.
iv) f ( x) = 3 1 x = (,1] .
x1 , x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) . , :
3

1 x1 = 3 1 x2
1 x1 = 1 x2
x1 = x2
x1 = x2 .
18

1.3

f 11 R.
y = f(x) x.
:
f ( x) = y 3 1 x = y
1 x = y3 , y 0
x = 1 y3 , y 0 .
f 1 ( y ) = 1 y 3, y 0, f f 1 ( x) = 1 x 3,
x 0.
v)  f(x) = ln(l x) (,1) = .
x1 , x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) .
ln(1 x1 ) = ln(1 x2 )
1 x1 = 1 x2
x1 = x2
x1 = x2 .
f 11 .
f y = f(x)
x. :
f ( x) = y ln(1 x) = y 1 x = e y x = 1 e y
f 1 ( y ) = 1 e y , y R , f
f 1 ( x) = 1 e x , x R.
vi) f(x) = ex + 1 R.
x1 , x2 R f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) . :
e x1 + 1 = e x2 + 1
e x1 = e x2

x1 = x2
f 11 R.
19

1.3

f y = f(x)
x. :
f ( x) = y e x + 1 = y
y 1 = e x
ln( y 1) = x, y > 1
x = ln( y 1) , y > 1
f 1 ( y ) = ln( y 1), y > 1, f
f 1 ( x) = ln( x 1), x > 1.
vii) f ( x) =

ex 1
R.
ex + 1

x1 , x2 R f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) . :
e x1 1 e x2 1
=
e x1 + 1 e x2 + 1
e x1 + x2 e x2 + e x 1 1 = e x1 + x2 e x 1 + e x 2 1
2e x 1 = 2e x 2

x1 = x2.
f 11 R.
f y = f(x), :
f ( x) = y

ex 1
=y
ex + 1

e x 1 = ye x + y
e x ye x = y + 1
e x (1 y ) = y + 1
ex =

1+ y
1+ y
,
> 0.
1 y
1 y

x = ln
20

1+ y
, 1 < y < 1 .
1 y

1.3

f 1 ( y ) = ln
f 1 ( x) = ln

1+ y
, y (1,1) , f
1 y

1+ x
, x (1,1).
1 x

viii) f 11, f(0) = f(2) = 0 2 0. f .

3.  f, ,
x

. g .


.

4. i)  f , x1 , x2 x1 < x2
:
f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
( f )( x1 ) > ( f )( x2 ).
f .
ii)  x1 , x2 x1 < x2 . f, g

f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) g ( x1 ) < g ( x2 ) ,
21

1.4

, ,

f ( x1 ) + g ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) + g ( x2 ),
( f + g )( x1 ) < ( f + g )( x2 ).

, f + g .
iii)  x1 , x2 x1 < x2 . f, g ,

f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) g ( x1 ) < g ( x2 )
, , f ( x1 ) 0 g ( x1 ) 0,
f ( x1 ) g ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) g ( x2 ) ,

( fg )( x1 ) < ( fg )( x2 ).

fg .

1.4

1. :
i) lim f ( x) = 0 f (3) = 2
x 3

ii) lim f ( x) = 2 f (2) = 4

x2

iii)  lim f ( x) = 2 lim+ f ( x) = 1, f 1,

x 1

x 1

f(1) = 1.

lim f ( x) = 0 lim+ f ( x) = 1, f 2.
x2

x2

, f 2.
iv)  lim f ( x) = 0 lim+ f ( x) = 1, f 1,
x 1

x 1

f (1) = 1.
lim f ( x) = 1 lim+ f ( x) = 2 , f 2,
x2

x2

f(2) = 2.
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 2 , f 3.
x 3

x 3

22

1.4

2. i)  f R {2}

f ( x) =

( x 2)( x 3)
= x 3.
x2

f (
) : lim f ( x) = 1.
x2

ii) 
f ( ) : lim f ( x) = 1
x 1

iii) 
f ( )
lim f ( x) = 1 lim+ f ( x) = 0, ,

x 1

x 1

f x0 = 1.

iv) H f
R {0}
x x + 1, x > 0
f ( x) = x + =
x x 1, x < 0
f Cf
( ) :
lim f ( x) = 1 lim+ f ( x) = 1.

x 0

x 0

, f x0 = 0.
23

1.4

3. i) H f R {1,1} :
f ( x) =

x( x 2 1) + 3( x 2 1) ( x 2 1)( x + 3)
=
= x + 3.
x2 1
x2 1

f
:
lim f ( x) = 2 lim f ( x) = 4.

x 1

x 1

1
ii)  f R
3
:
f ( x) =

( x + 1) (3x 1) 2 ( x + 1) 3x 1
,
=
3x 1
3x 1

( x + 1), x < 3
f ( x) =
x + 1, x > 1

3
f
:
lim f ( x) =

1
x
3

4
4
lim+ f ( x) = .
1
3
3
x
3

1
, f x0 = .
3
4. i) , lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = 2.
x 2

x 2

ii) , lim+ f ( x) = 2.
x 1

iii)  , lim f ( x) = 1 lim+ f ( x) = 2 ,

x 1
x 1
f x0 = 1.
24

1.5

iv) , lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = 3.

x2

x2

) , lim f ( x) = 3.
x 3

vi) , lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = 3.

x4

x4

5. lim f ( x) ,
x x0

lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) 2 6 = = 3 = 2.

x x0

x x0

1.5

1. i) lim( x 5 4 x 3 2 x + 5) = 05 4 03 2 0 + 5 = 5
x 0

10

ii) lim( x 2 x 3 + x 1) = 110 2 13 + 1 1 = 1

x 1

iii) lim ( x8 + 2 x + 3) 20 = lim ( x8 + 2 x + 3)

x 1
x 1

20

= 220

iv) lim ( x 5)3 x 2 2 x 3 = lim( x 5)3 lim x 2 2 x 3 = (2)3 0 = 0

x 3
x 3
x 3
x 4 + 2 x 5) 2
x 4 + 2 x 5 lim(
1
x 1
v) lim
=
=
=
x 1
x+3
4
2
lim( x + 3)
x 1

vi) lim

x 2 3x + x 2

x 0

x + x +1

lim x 2 3 x + x 2
x 0

)= 2=2
1

lim( x + x + 1)
x 0

vii) lim 3 ( x + 2) 2 = 3 lim( x + 2) 2 = 3 32 = 3 9.

x 1

x 1

x2 + x + 2 2
x 2 + x + 2 2 lim
0
x 1
=
= = 0.
viii) lim
x 1
8
x2 + 4x + 3
lim( x 2 + 4 x + 3)
x 1

2. :
i) lim g ( x) = lim[3( f ( x)) 2 5] = 3 42 5 = 43.
x2

ii) lim g ( x) =
x2

x2

lim 2 f ( x) 11
x2

lim( f ( x)) + 1
x2

3
16 + 1

25

3
.
17

1.5

iii) lim g ( x) = lim( f ( x) + 2) lim( f ( x) 3) = (4 + 2)(4 3) = 6 .

x2

x2

x2

3. i) x = 2 . x 2 :
f ( x) =

x 4 16
( x 2 4)( x 2 + 4)
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4)
=
=
3
2
x 8 ( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
x2 + 2x + 4

,
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4) 4 8 8
=
= .
x2
12 3
x2 + 2x + 4

lim f ( x) = lim
x2

ii) x 1 :
f ( x) =

2 x 2 3 x + 1 (2 x 1)( x 1) 2 x 1
=
=
x +1
( x 1)( x + 1)
x2 1

lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

2x 1 1
= .
x +1 2

iii) x 1:
1
1
1
1
x
1
x
x
f ( x) =
.
=
=
=
1 1 1
1 x +1
1 2 1 1 + 1 +
x
x
x x
,
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

1
x
= .
x +1 2

iv) x 0 :
f ( x) =

( x + 3)3 27 ( x + 3 3)[( x + 3) 2 + ( x + 3) 3 + 9]
=
x
x

= ( x + 3) 2 + 3( x + 3) + 9 .
,
lim f ( x) = lim[( x + 3) 2 + 3( x + 3) + 9] = 27 .
x 0

x 0

4. :
i) lim
x 9

3 x
3 x
= lim
x

9
9 x
32 x

( )

= lim
x 9

3 x

(3 + x ) (3 x )

26

= lim
x 9

1
3+ x

1
6

1.5

)(

1 1 x2 1 + 1 x2
1 1 x2
1 (1
x2 )
=
ii) lim
lim
=
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 2
x2
x2 1 + 1 x2
x 1 + 1 x2
= lim
x 0

iii) lim
x2

x+2 2
x2 + 5 3

1
1+ 1 x

= lim
x2

= lim
x2

= lim
x2

iv) lim
x4

x+2 2

)(

x2 + 5 + 3

( x 2)

( x 4)

)(

x2 + 5 + 3

x2 + 5 3

x+2+2

x+2+2

)(

x+2+2

x2 + 5 + 3
( x + 2)

)(

x+2+2

x2 + 5 + 3

1
2

)
=

6 3
=
16 8

x 2
x 2
x 2
= lim
= lim
x 5 x + 4 x 4 ( x 1)( x 4) x 4 ( x 1) x 2 22

( )

= lim
x4

= lim
x4

( x 1)

x 2
x +2

( x 1)

x +2

)(

x 2

1
.
12

5. i) x < 1 f ( x) = x 2, lim f ( x) = 1.
x 1

x > 1 f(x) = 5x, lim+ f ( x) = 5.

x 1

f 1.
ii) x < 1 f ( x) = 2 x , lim f ( x) = 2.
x 1

x > 1 f ( x) = x + 1, lim+ f ( x) = 2.
x 1

lim f ( x) = 2.
x 1

27

1.5

6. :
i) lim
x 0

ii) lim
x 0

3 x
3 x
= 3 lim
= 3 1 = 3
x 0 3x
x
x
x
1
x 1
= lim

lim
= 1 1 = 1
= lim
x 0
x 0 x
x 0 x
x
x

4 x

4x
4 x
4 x
1
1
1 1
iii) lim
= lim

= 2 = 2
= 2 lim
x 0 2 x
x 0 2 x 4 x
x 0 2 x 4 x
1 1

2x

x
x x
x
= 11 = 0
iv) lim
= lim
1
= 1 lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x

v) lim
x 0

vi) lim
x 0

1
x
x
= lim
lim 2
= 1 1 = 1
3
x

0
x

0
x
x +x
x +1
5 x
5x + 4 2

= lim
x 0

= lim
x 0

5 x

5x + 4 + 2

5x + 4 4
5 x
lim
5 x x 0

5 x + 4 + 2 = 1 4 = 4.

7. i) ,
1 2 x
2 x
(1 x)(1 + x)
= lim
= lim(1 x) = 2.
= lim
x 1 + x
x 1 + x
x
x
(1 + x)

lim

ii) ,

1 2 x
2 x
x
= lim
= lim
=0
x 0
x 0 2xx
x 0 2x
2 x

lim
iii) ,

lim
x 0

x
x
1
1
= lim
= lim
= .
x

0
x

0
2 x
2x x
2x 2

8. i) , lim(1 x 2 ) = 1 lim(1 + x 2 ) = 1,
x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) = 1.
x 0

ii) , lim(1 x 4 ) = 1 lim

x 0

x 0

1
= 1 , lim f ( x) = 1.
x 0
2 x
28

1.5

9. :

lim f ( x) = 10 lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = 10

x 3

x 3

x 3

lim (2 x + ) = lim+ ( x + 3 ) = 10
x 3

x 3

6 + = 3 + 3 = 10

6 + = 10

3 + 3 = 10
=

1.5

4
= 2.
3

1. i)  x = 2 . Horner
x 3 x 2 x 2 = ( x 2)( x 2 + x + 1),
lim
x2

ii) lim
x 1

x3 x 2 x 2
x2 + x + 1
7
( x 2)( x 2 + x + 1)
= lim
= lim 2
=
3
2
x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
x2 x + 2 x + 4
12
x 8

x +1 ( + 1) x +
x +1 x x +
x( x 1) ( x 1)
= lim
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
( x 1)[ x( x 1 + x 2 + ... + x + 1) ]
x 1
x 1

= lim

= lim[ x( x 1 + x 2 + ... + x + 1) ] = = 0
x 1

iii)
lim
x 1

x = t ,
x 1

x x + x 2

t 2 1
(t 1)(t + 1)
( Horner)
= lim
t 1 t 3 + t 2
t 1 (t 1)(t 2 + t + 2)

= lim
= lim
t 1

t +1
2 1
= = .
t2 + t + 2 4 2

2. i) :
f ( x) =

( x + 5) 2 1, x < 5
x 2 + 10 x + 25
,
=
=
x+5
x+5
1, x > 5
29

1.5

lim f ( x) = 1 lim+ f ( x) = 1.

x 5

x 5

f 5.
ii) x < 5 :
f ( x) =

x 5 + x2 4 x 5
x5

( x 5) + x 2 4 x + 5 x 2 5 x
=
=x.
x5
x5

lim f ( x) = lim x = 5.
x 5

x 5

iii) x > 5 :
f ( x) =

x 5 + x2 4x 5
x5

x 5 + x 2 4 x 5 x 2 3 x 10
=
= x+2
x5
x5

lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x + 2) = 7.
x 5

iv)

x 5

x = t ,
lim
x 1

x2 x
x 1

t4 t
t (t 1)(t 2 + t + 1)
= lim
t 1 t 1
t 1
t 1

= lim

= lim t (t 2 + t + 1) = 3.
t 1

3. i) =

,
= =

1
1
lim( ) = lim

= lim

2
2
2
= lim

1 2

= lim
= 0.
(1 + ) 1 +
2

ii) lim( ) = lim(1) = 1

iii) lim

= lim( ) = 1.

2

4. i)  g ( x) = 4 f ( x) + 2 4 x, f ( x) =
lim g ( x) = 10 ,
x 1

30

1
1
g ( x) + x .
4
2

1.6

1 1
1
1
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) + x = (10) + 1 = 2.
x 1
x 1 4
2
4
2

f ( x)
, f ( x) = ( x 1) g ( x), x 1.
ii) g ( x) =
x 1
lim g ( x) = 1,
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim( x 1) lim g ( x) = 0 1 = 0.

x 1

x 1

1.6

x 1

1. i)  lim( x 4 + 3 x 2 ) = 0 x 4 + 3 x 2 > 0 x 0, lim

x 0

x 0

, , lim( x + 5) = 5,

1
= + .
x + 3x 2
4

x 0

lim
x 0

x+5
1

= lim ( x + 5) 4
= +
x 4 + 3 x 2 x 0
x + 3 x 2

ii) lim 4( x 1) 4 = 0 4( x 1) 4 > 0 1, lim

x 1

x 1

1
= +.
( x 1) 4

, , lim(2 x 3) = 1 < 0,
x 1

lim
x 1

2x 3
1
= lim (2 x 3)
= .
4
4
x

1
4( x 1)
4( x 1)

iii) f R {0}
2
, x < 0
f ( x) = x
,
0, x > 0

2
= , lim+ f ( x) = 0 .
x 0
x
f x0 = 0.
lim f ( x) = lim

x 0

x 0

2. i) f R {1,1} :
f ( x) =

3
4
3( x + 1) 4 3 x 1
=

=
.
1 x 1 x2
1 x2
1 x2

x0 = 1 (0,1) (1, +)
f .
31

1.6

x (0,1) 1 x 2 > 0 lim(1 x 2 ) = 0, lim

x 1

x 1

lim(3 x 1) = 2 > 0 ,

1
= + .
1 x2

x 1

lim

x 1

3x 1
1

= lim (3 x 1)
= +.
2
x

1
1 x
1 x 2

x (1, +) 1 x 2 < 0 lim(

1 x 2 ) = 0, lim+
+
x 1

lim(
3 x 1) = 2 > 0,
+

x 1

1
= .
1 x2

x 1

lim

x 1+

3x 1
1

= lim+ (3 x 1)
= .
2
x

1
1 x
1 x 2

, f x0 = 1.
ii) f R {0} :
x 2 + 3x 2
,x<0

x2
f ( x) = 2
x + 3x 2 , x > 0

x2
x < 0 x 2 < 0 , lim ( x 2 ) = 0 lim ( x 2 + 3 x 2) = 2 < 0 ,
x 0
x 0
1
lim 2 =
x 0 x
1

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 + 3 x 2) 2 = + .
x 0
x 0
x
x > 0 x2 > 0, lim+ x 2 = 0 lim+ ( x 2 + 3 x 2) = 2 < 0 ,
x 0
x 0
1
lim 2 = +
x 0+ x
1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x 2 + 3 x 2) 2 = .
x 0+
x 0
x
, f x0 = 0.
iii) f R {0} :
x3 + 1 x3 + 1
1

f ( x) = x 2 1 + 3 = x 2 3 =
.
x
x
x

1
x < 0 x < 0, lim x = 0 lim ( x 3 + 1) = 1 > 0, lim =
x 0
x 0
x 0 x

32

1.6

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 + 1) = .
x 0
x

x 0

1
x > 0 x > 0, lim+ x = 0 lim+ ( x 3 + 1) = 1 > 0, lim+ = +
x 0
x 0
x 0 x

1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x 3 + 1) = + .
x 0+
x 0
x
, f x0 = 0.

1.6

1. :

f ( x) =

x x 2x 4 x + 8
9
( x 4)

x 2

) (

x 2 4 x 2

) (

x 2

9
x +2

f = [0, 4) (4, +).

x

x 2

lim

x +2

x4

> 0 lim
x4

x 2

= 0, lim

9
,
4

lim f ( x) = lim
x4
x4

x 2

x4

x 2

= + .

9
= .
x + 2

1

= + .
2. i)  lim x = 0 x > 0 x 0, , lim

x
2
x
x
2

lim (x) = 1 ,
x

lim (x) = lim x

= +.

x
x
x
2

1

, lim+ (x) = 0 x < 0 x , , lim+
= .
x

x
x
2

lim+ (x) = 1,
x

33

1.6

lim+ (x) = lim+ x

= .

x
x
x
2

, f(x) = x

1

= + .
ii)  lim+ (x) = 0 x > 0 x 0, , lim+
x 0
x
0
2
x

lim+ ( x ) = 1 ,
x 0

1
lim+ x = lim+ x
= + .
x 0
x 0
x

1

, lim (x) = 0 x < 0 x , 0 , lim
= .
x 0
x 0 x
2
lim ( x ) = 1,
x 0

1
lim (x) = lim x
= .
x 0
x 0
x

, f(x) = x 0.
3.

lim( x 2 1) = 0 lim[( 1) x 2 + x 2] = 2.
x 1

x 1

2 > 0 > 2, lim+ f ( x) = + lim f ( x) = ,

x 1
x 1
f 1.
2 < 0 < 2, lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) = + ,
x 1
x 1
f 1.
= 2, f ( x) =
lim f ( x) =
x 1

x 2 + x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) x + 2
, x 1,
=
=
( x 1)( x + 1) x + 1
x2 1

3
R.
2

lim f ( x) R = 2.
x 1

, :

lim x = 0 lim( x 2 + 2 x + ) = .
x 0

x 0

> 0, lim+ g ( x) = + lim g ( x) = ,

x 0
x 0
g 0.
34

1.7

< 0, lim+ g ( x) = lim g ( x) = + ,

x 0
x 0
g 0.
x2 + 2x
= x + 2 x 0 , lim g ( x) = 2 R.
x 0
x

= 0, g ( x) =

, lim g ( x) R = 0.
x 0

x4
. lim g ( x) = + , g(x) 0 1.
4. i)  g ( x) =
x 1
f ( x)

x4
f ( x) =
, 1.
g ( x)
lim( x 4) = 3 < 0 lim g ( x) = + :
x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

ii)  g ( x) =

x 1

1
x4
= lim ( x 4)
= 0.
g ( x) x 1
g ( x)

f ( x)
, f(x) = (x + 2)g(x) 1.
x+2

lim( x + 2) = 3 > 0 lim g ( x) = , :

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim[( x + 2) g ( x)] =

x 1

x 1

iii) g(x) = f(x)(3x2 2), f ( x) =

lim g ( x) = + lim
x 1

x 1

g ( x)
1.
3x 2 2

1
= 1 > 0, :
3x 2 2

lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) 2
= + .
x 1
x 1
3 x 2

1.7

1. i) lim (10 x 3 + 2 x 5) = lim (10 x 3 ) = 10 lim x 3 =

x +

x +

x +

ii) lim (5 x 2 x + 1) = lim (5 x ) = 5 lim x =

x

5
5
iii) lim 3
= lim 3 = 0
x x + 8
x x
x 4 5 x3 + 2 x 1
x4
=
= lim x = +
lim
x +
x + x 3
x +
x3 3x + 2

iv) lim

35

1.7

2 x3 1
2 x3 + x 1
= lim 3 =
3
2
x + 4 x x + 2
x + 4 x

v) lim
vi) lim

x +

x+2
x
1
= lim
= lim
=0
x10 + x + 3 x + x10 x + x 9

x2 + 2 x 5x2 5
4 x 2 + 2 x 5
5
x
= lim
= lim 3

vii) lim 2

2
x + x + 1
x + x + 2 x 2 + x + 2
x + 2 x + ( x + 1)( x + 2)

4 x 2
4
= lim
=0
x + x 3
x + x

= lim

x2 + 5 x2 + 3
2 x 2 + 2 x + 10
2x2

viii) lim
= lim
= lim 2 = 2.

2
x +
x + x
x + 2 x + x + 2 x
x
2. i)  = 4 443 < 0 f ( x) = 4 x 2 2 x + 3
R. (0, +) f :
2 3

f ( x) = 4 x 2 2 x + 3 = x 2 4 + 2 = x
x x

2 3
2 3
+ 2 = x 4 + 2 .
x x
x x

2 3
lim f ( x) = lim x 4 + 2 = + .
x +
x x

2
ii)
 x + 10x + 9 9 1,
x +

f ( x) = x 2 + 10 x + 9 = (, 9] [1, +).
(, 9] f :
10 9
f ( x) = x 2 + 10 x + 9 x 2 1 + + 2
x x

= x 1+

10 9
10 9
+ 2 = x 1+ + 2 .
x x
x x

10 9
lim f ( x) = lim x 1 + + 2 = + .
x
x
x x

iii)  f ( x) = x 2 + 1 + x 2 3x + 2 = (,1] [2, +).

[2, +) f :
36

1.7

f ( x) = x 1 +

3 2
1
3 2
1
+ x 1 + 2 = x 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 .
2
x x
x x
x
x

1
3 2
lim f ( x) = lim x 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 = + .
x +
x x
x

x +

iv) To = (, 1 ] [ 2 , +) , 1, 2
(x + )(x + ) = 0, , . , f
(, ) < 0. ,
:
f ( x) = x 2 + ( + ) x + x = x 1 +

+
+ 2 x
x
x

+
= x 1 +
+ 2 + 1 .
x
x

+
lim f ( x) = lim x 1 +
+ 2 + 1 = +.
x
x
x
x

v)  f ( x) = 2 x 1 4 x 2 4 x + 3 R.
(0, +) , f(x) :
f ( x) =

(2 x 1) 2 (4 x 2 4 x + 3)
2

2x 1 + 4x 4x + 3

2x 1 x 4

4 3
+
x x2

1
lim f ( x) = lim lim
x + x x +

x +

= 0

2
2x 1 + 4x2 4x + 3

2
.

1
4 3
x 2 4 + 2
x
x x

2
2

1
4 3
4 + 2
x
x x

2
20 40+0

37

= 0.

1.7

3. i)  f ( x) =
(0, +),

x2 + 1
R*.
x

1
1
x 2 1 + 2
x 1+ 2
x 1+ 2
x

x =
x = 1+ 1 .
=
x
x
x
x2

f ( x) =

lim f ( x) = 1.
x +

ii) To f ( x) = x 2 + 1 x R.
(0, +) ,

(
f ( x) =
=

x2 + 1 x

)(

x2 + 1 + x

x2 + 1 + x
1

1
x 1+ 2 + x
x

)=

x2 + 1 x2
1

x 2 1 + 2 + x
x

1
.

1
x 1 + 2 + 1
x

lim f ( x) = 0.
x +

x2 + 1
R*. x

iii)  f ( x) =
(, 0) ,

f ( x) =

x 2 1 + 2 x 1 + 12
x
x = 1+ 1 .
=
x
x
x2

lim f ( x) = 1.
x

iv)  f ( x) = x 2 + 1 + x R.
(, 0) ,
f ( x) =

x2 + 1 + x

)(

x2 + 1 x

x +1 x

38

)=

1
1

x 2 1 + 2 x
x

1.7

x 1+

1
x
x2

1
x 1 + 2 + 1
x

lim f ( x) = 0.
x

)  f ( x) =

x x2 + 1

x x2 1
(1, +),
f ( x) =

(x
(x

)(
1) ( x +

)(
1) ( x +

= (, 1) (1, +) .

) = (1) ( x + x 1)
+ 1)
1 ( x + x + 1 )

x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1 x + x2 1
x2

x2

x2

1
1
1
x 1 + 1 2
1+ 1 2
2
x
x .
x =
=
=

1
1
1
1+ 1+ 2
x + x 1+ 2
x 1 + 1 + 2
x
x
x

,
x + x 1

1
1+ 1 2
x
= 1 + 1 = 1.
lim f ( x) = lim
x +
x +
1+1
1
1+ 1+ 2
x

vi) To f ( x) = x x 2 + 2 x + 2 x 2 R .
(0, +),
f ( x) = x

x2 + 2x + 2 x = x

x2 + 2x + 2 x

)(

x2 + 2x + 2 + x

x2 + 2x + 2 + x

2
x2 +
2+
2x + 2
x

x
.
=x
=x
=x
2

2
2
2 2
x + 2x + 2 + x
1+ + 2 +1
x 1 + + 2 + 1
x x
x x

, lim f ( x) = +.
x +

39

1.7

1.7

1. i) (, 0),
f ( x) = x 1 +

1
1
1
+ x = x 1 + 2 + x = x 1 + 2 .
2
x
x
x

1
lim ( x) = + lim 1 + 2 = 1 , :
x
x
x

1 > 0 < 1, lim f ( x) = +

x

1 < 0 > 1, lim f ( x) =

x

= 1, f ( x) = x + 1 + x ,
lim f ( x) = lim

= lim

= lim

ii) f ( x) =

x +1 + x
1
2

1+ x x

(
= lim

x2 + 1 + x

1
( x) 1 + 2 + 1
x

x +1 x

x 1+

1
x
x2

1
1
= 0 = 0.
= lim
x x
2

1
1 + 2 + 1

( 1) x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3
x2 5x + 6

= 1, f ( x) =

2x2 + 3
,
x 5x + 6
2

2x2 + 3
2x2
= lim 2 = 2
x + x 5 x + 6
x + x

lim f ( x) = lim

x +

= 0, f ( x) =

x3 + 2 x 2 + 3
,
5 x + 6

x3 + 2 x 2 + 3
x2
x3
= lim
= +.
= lim
x +
x + 5 x
x + 5
5 x + 6
lim

40

= lim

x2 + 1 x

)(

1.7

0, 1,
( 1) x 3
x +
x2

lim f ( x) = lim

x +

= lim

x +

+, (, 0) (1, +)
( 1)
x=
.

, (0,1)

2. (0, +) , :
5 10
f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 10 x = x 2 1 + + 2 x =
x x

5 10
x 1 + + 2 .
x x

5 10
lim x = + lim 1 + + 2 = 1 .
x +
x +
x x

:
1 > 0 < 1, lim f ( x) = +
x +

1 < 0 > 1, lim f ( x) =

x +

= 1, :

5 x + 10

f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 10 x =

x + 5 x + 10 + x

10
10
x5 +
5+
x

x
.
=

5 10
5 10
1+ + 2 +1
1 + + 2 + 1
x x
x x

lim f ( x) =

x +

5+0
1 +1

5
R.
2

lim f ( x) R = 1.
x +

3.
f ( x) =

x2 + 1
x2 + 1 x2 + x x +
x + =
x +1
x +1
=

1,

(1 ) x 2 + ( ) x + 1 +
x +1

+, < 1
(1 ) x 2
.
= lim (1 ) x =
x +
x +
x
, > 1

lim f ( x) = lim

x +

41

1.7

= 1 ,
lim f ( x) = lim

x +

x +

( ) x
= 0 .
x

= = 1, lim f ( x) = lim
x +

x +

1+1
= 0.
x +1

lim f ( x) = 0 = = 1.

x +

4. i) To f ( x) =
(, 0),
f ( x) =

x2 5x + x
x 2 3x + 2

R {1, 2}.

x2 5x + x
x2 4x
=
.
x 2 3x + 2 x 2 3x + 2
x2
=1
x x 2

lim f ( x) = lim

x2 + 1 + 5 x
ii) To f ( x) =
R.
x + 4 + 3x 2
(, 0),
1
1
+ 5 x x 1+ 2 + 5 x
2
x
x
f ( x) =
=
4
4
x+ x
+3
x x 2 +3
2
x
x
x 1+

1 5
1 5
x 1 + 2 + 1
1+ 2 +1
x
x
x .
x

=
=
4

4
+ 3 1
x 2 + 3 1
x2
x

lim f ( x) = lim

1 5
+1
x2 x
4
+ 3 1
x2

1+

1+1
3 1

2
3 1
42

)=

3 +1
2

3 + 1.

1.8

iii) (1, +),

f ( x) =

x 2 x x( x 1)
=
= x.
x 1
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim x = +.

x +

1.8

x +

1. i) f x0 = 1,

2 = lim f ( x) lim+ f ( x) = 1
x 1

x 1

, ,
f .
ii)  f 1, lim f ( x) = 2 f (1) = 3.
x 1

, , f .
2. i) : lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 + 4) = 8, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x 3 = 8 f (2) = 8,
x2

x2

x2

x2

lim f ( x) = f (2).
x2

f x0 = 2.
ii) :
lim f ( x) = lim( x 2 + 1) = 2, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ 3 + x = 2 f (1) = 2,
x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = f (1).
x 1

f 1.
iii) x 2 f ( x) =

x 2 + x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2)
= ( x 1),
=
x+2
x+2

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 1) = 3 = f (2).

x 2

x 2

f x0 = 2.
2
x , x < 1

3. i) f(x) f ( x) = 2 x 2 , 1 x 1.
2
, x >1
x
43

1.8

(1,1) f
(, 1) (1, +) f .
x0 = 1 :
2
= 2, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ 2 x 2 = 2 f (1) = 2.
x 1
x 1
x
f
1. x = 1 :
lim f ( x) = lim

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim 2 x 2 = 2,

x 1

x 1

2
= 2 f (1) = 2.
x
f 1.
f
.
lim f ( x) = lim+

x 1+

x 1

ii) x 2
f ( x) =

x 2 5 x + 6 ( x 2)( x 3)
=
= x 3,
x2
x2

f
(, 2) (2, +) , .
x = 2
lim f ( x) = lim( x 3) = 1 f (2) = 5,
x2

x2

f x = 2.
f
.
iii)  (,1) f
. (1, +) f
.
x0 = 1 :
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1,

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( ln x ) = 0 f (1) = 0.

x 1+

x 1

f x0 = 1.
f .
44

1.8

iv)  (, 0) f f (x) = ex .
(0, +) f f ( x) = x 2 + 1
.
x0 = 0 :
lim f ( x) = lim e x = 1,

x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x 2 + 1) = 1

x 0+

x 0

f (0) = 1.
f x0 = 0.
f
.
4. i)  (,1) f . (1, +)
f .
x0 = 1 :
lim f ( x) = lim(2 x 2 3) = 1,

x 1

x 1

lim+ f ( x) = lim+

x 1

x 1

x 1
x 1

= lim+

( x 1)

x 1

x 1

) = lim

x +1

x 1+

x +1 = 2

f (1) = 1.
f x0 = 1.
ii) (, 0) f .
(0, +) f .
x0 = 0 :
lim f ( x) = lim

x 0

x 0

x
= 1, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x = 1 f (0) = 1.
x 0
x 0
x

f x0 = 0.
5. i) H f y = u u = x.
ii) H f y = lnu u =
x2 + x +1.

45

1.8

iii) H f y = u
1
u= 2 .
x +1
iv) H f y = eu u = x.
) f y = lnu u = lnx.
6.  f ( x) = x x + 1 [0,]
f (1) f ( ) = 1(1 ) < 0,
Bolzano. , f(x) = 0, x x + 1 = 0,
, , (0,).
7. i)  : f(0) = 1 f(1) = 1,
f(x) = x3 + x l [0,1]
Bolzano. , f(x) = 0, x3 + x 1 = 0 ,
, , (0,1). ,
= 0.
ii) , = 1
iii) , = 1
iv) , = 1.
8.
f ( x) = ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ) + ( x )( x ).
f [, ] f ( ) f ( ) < 0,
f ( ) = ( )( ) > 0 f ( ) = ( )( ) < 0.
, Bolzano , ,
x1 ( , ) , f(x1) = 0.
, , x2 ( , ) f(x2) = 0.
f , .
9. i) :
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 x 2 = x 2 ( x + 2) ( x + 2) = ( x + 2)( x 2 1)
= ( x + 2)( x + 1)( x 1),

f ( x) = 0 x = 2 x = 1 x = 1.
46

1.8

f .

(, 2)

x0

f(x)
f

(2, 1)

(1,1)

(1, +)

3
2

5
8

12

ii) f ( x) = x 2 ( x 2 9) = x 2 ( x 3)( x + 3),

f ( x) = 0 x = 0 () x = 3 x = 3.
f .

(, 3)

(3, 0)

(0, 3)

(3, +)

x0

f (x0)

112

112

iii) :

2
x = , x ( , ).
3
3
o f .
x = 3 x =

x0

3
4

2
,

2
3

7
12

,
2 3

,
3 2

,
2

5
12

3
4

f (x0)

1 3

1 3

47

1.8

iv)  f(x) = 0 [0,2]

x + x = 0 x = x
x = 1

x=

3
7
x=
.
4
4

f(x) = x + x :

3
0, 4

3 7
,

4 4

, 2

x0

f(x0)

10. i)  f(x) = lnx l [1,e].

[f(1), f(e)] = [1,0].
ii)  f(x) = x + 2 (0,2).
, (0,2), lim f ( x) = 0
x2
lim f ( x) = 2.
x 0

iii)  f(x) = 2x + 1 0, .
6
( g(x) = x
). , [1,2),
f(0) = 1 lim f ( x) = 2.
x

iv) H f(x) = ex + 1 (, 0].

, (1,2], lim f ( x) = 1
x +
f(0) = 2.

48

1.8

1.8

1. f x0 = 2,
lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (2) lim ( x 2 2 ) = lim+ ( x + 5) = 4 2

x2

x2

x2

x2

4 = 2 + 5
2 + 2 + 1 = 0

= 1.
2. f x0 = 1,
lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (1) lim( 2 x 2 + x 12) = lim(
x + ) = 5
+

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

+ 12 = + = 5.

( = 4, = 1) ( = 3, = 8).
3. i) f x0 = 0. ,
2 x
x 1
2 x 1
= lim
= lim
x 0
x 0 x (x + 1)
x 0 x (1 + x )
x

f (0) = lim f ( x) = lim

x 0

1
1
x
= lim (x)
= 0 1 = 0.

x 0
2
x 1 + x

ii) g 0 g (0) = lim+ g ( x) = lim g ( x).

x 0

, lim+ g ( x).
x 0
x > 0 :
xg ( x) x x 2
x 2 xg ( x) x x 2
x 2 + x xg ( x) x 2 + x
x +

x
x
g ( x) x +
.
x
x

x
x

lim+ x +
= 1 lim+ x +

= 1,
x 0
x 0
x
x
49

x 0

1.8

, , lim+ g ( x) = 1. g(0) = 1.
x 0

4.

(x) = f(x) g(x).

[0,1] (0)(1) < 0,

(0) = f (0) g (0) < 0 (1) = f (1) g (1) > 0

, Bolzano, , ,
(0,1) , () = 0, f() = g().
5. ) (1,2)
( x 4 + 1)( x 2) + ( x 6 + 1)( x 1) = 0.
,
f ( x) = ( x 4 + 1)( x 2) + ( x 6 + 1)( x 1)
, , (1,2).
f [1,2]
f(1) f(2) = (2)(65) < 0.
, Bolzano, f , ,
(1,2).
) (1,2)
( x 2)e x + ( x 1) ln x = 0
,
f ( x) = ( x 2)e x + ( x 1) ln x
, , (1,2).
f [1,2]
f(1) f(2) = ( e) ln2 < 0.
, Bolzano, f , ,
(1,2).
6. i)  f(x) = g(x) (, 0) (0, +).
1
f(x) = ex > 0 x R* g ( x) = > 0 x > 0,
x
1
g ( x) = < 0 x < 0, , f(x) = g(x), ,
x
(0, +).
50

1.8

, f(x) = g(x) (0, +) , ,

f(x) g(x) = 0 (0, +).
1
( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = e x , x (0, +). x
:
(0, +).
(0, +). , x1 , x2 (0, +) x1 < x2. :
e x1 < e x2

1 ,
1
x > x
2
1

e x1 < e x2
1
1

x
x
1 , e 1 < e 2 , (x1) < (x2).
1
x1
x2
x < x
2
1

, ( , +) R,
lim+ ( x) = lim ( x) = +. , ,
x 0

x +

(0, +). , , (0, +),

.
, f(x) = g(x) (0, +) .
ii)  f(x) = g(x) (0, +) , ,
1
(0, +).
x
1
( x) = ln x , x (0, +). :
x
(0, +).
(0, +).

ln x =

x1 , x2 (0, +) x1 < x2. :

ln x1 < ln x2
ln x1 < ln x2
1
1

1
1
1 , ln x1 < ln x2 ,

1
>

<

x
x
1
2
x
x
x2
1 x2
1
(x1) < (x2).
, (, +) = R,
lim+ ( x) = lim ( x) = +. , ,
x 0

x +

(0, +). , , , .
f(x) = g(x) (0, +) .
51

1.8

7. i) x [1,1]
f 2 ( x) = 1 x 2

(1)

) f(x) = 0 [1,1] :
(1)

f ( x) = 0 f 2 ( x) = 0 1 x 2 = 0 x = 1 x = 1.
, f(x) = 0 [1,1] 1 1.
)  f (1,1) . ,
(1,1) f .
f(x) > 0 (1,1), (1) f ( x) = 1 x 2
f (1) = f (1) = 0,
f ( x) = 1 x 2 , x [1,1]
f(x) < 0 (1,1), (1) f ( x) = 1 x 2
f (1) = f (1) = 0,
f ( x) = 1 x 2 , x [1,1]

f
.

ii) ) f ( x) = 0 f 2 ( x) = 0 x 2 = 0 x = 0.
, f(x) = 0 R x = 0.
)  f (, 0) . f (, 0). :
f(x) < 0 (, 0) ,
f 2 ( x) = x 2 f ( x ) = x , x < 0,
f(x) > 0 (, 0) ,
f 2 ( x) = x 2 f ( x ) = x, x < 0.
, f(0) = 0,
f(x) = x, x (, 0]
f(x) = x, x (, 0] .
52

1.8

,
f(x) = x, x [0, +)
f(x) = x, x [0, +).
, f :
) f(x) = x, x R ,
) f(x) = x, x R
x, x < 0
, , f ( x) = x
) f ( x) =
x, x 0
x, x < 0
, , f ( x) = x .
) f ( x) =
x, x 0
f
(), (), (), () .

53

1.8

8. i)
y0 =

1 0
( x 0) y = x.
1 0

1 0
( x 1) y = x + 1.
0 1
ii)  f [0,1]
. ,
[0,1]. 0 f ( x) 1 x [0,1].
y0 =

, , Cf y = x.
f(x) = x , , [0,1].
(x) = f(x) x [1,1]
(0) = f(0) 0 (1) = f(1) 1 0.
(0) = 0, f(0) = 0, f (x) = x x = 0
Cf (0,0).
(1) = 0 , f(1) = 1, f (x) = x x =
1 Cf (1,1).
(0)(1) < 0, , Bolzano, ,
, x0 (0,1) , (x0) = 0, f(x0) = x0 Cf
(x0,x0).
Cf .
.
9. i) (x, f(x)) Cf .
d = d ( x) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( f ( x) y0 ) 2 x [ , ].
ii)  d [, ]
. ,
, x1 [ , ] d
x2 [ , ] d .

54

 2

2.1

1. i) x 0 :
f ( x ) f ( 0) x 2 + 1 1 x 2
=
= x,
=
x0
x
x

lim
x 0

f ( x) f (0)
= lim x = 0.
x 0
x0

f (0) = 0 .
ii) x R * {1} :
1
1
f ( x) f (1) x 2
1 x2
( x + 1)
,
=
= 2
=
x 1
x 1 x ( x 1)
x2

f ( x) f (1)
( x + 1)
= 2
= lim
x 1
x 1
x2
f (1) = 2.
lim
x 1

iii) x 0 :
f ( x) f (0) 2 x x
=
=
x,
x 1
x
x

f ( x) f (0)
x

x
x = 1 0 = 0.
lim
= lim
x = lim
x 0
x 0 x
x 0
x 1
x

f (0) = 0.
lim
x 0

2. i) x 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x x 0
= x,
=
x0
x
55

2.1

f ( x) f (0)
= lim x = 0.
x 0
x0
f (0) = 0.
lim
x 0

ii) x > 1 :
f ( x) f (1) x 1 0
=
= 1,
x 1
x 1

lim

x 1+

f ( x) f (1)
= lim(
1) = 1
x 1+
x 1

x < 1 :
f ( x) f (1) ( x 1) 0
=
= 1,
x 1
x 1

lim

x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= lim(1) = 1.
x 1
x 1

f ( x) f (1)
f ( x) f (1)
lim
, f
lim+
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x0 = 1.
iii) x (0,1) (1, 3) :
f ( x) f (1) x 2 + 3 x 2 ( x 1)( x 2)
=
=
= x + 2,
x 1
x 1
x 1

lim
x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= lim( x + 2) = 1.
x 1
x 1

f (1) = 1.
iv) x < 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x 2 + x + 1 1 x( x + 1)
= x + 1,
=
=
x0
x
x

lim

x 0

f ( x) f (0)
= lim ( x + 1) = 1.
x 0
x0
56

2.1

x > 0 :

f ( x) f (0) x + 1 1
= 1,
=
x0
x

lim+

x 0

lim
x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim+ (1) = 1.
x 0
x0

f ( x) f (0)
f ( x) f (0)
, f
= 1 = lim+
x 0
x0
x0

x = 0, f (0) = 1.
3. x f x 0 :
g ( x) g (0) xf ( x) 0 f (0) xf ( x)
=
= f ( x),
=
x0
x
x

lim
x 0

g ( x ) g ( 0)
= lim f ( x) = f (0),
x 0
x0

f x0 = 0.
g 0 g(0) = f(0).
4. i) :
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 + 1) = 1, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x 3 = 0 f(0) = 0.

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) lim+ f ( x), f 0 .

x 0

x 0

f 0. f 0,
.
ii) :

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 1 + 1) = 1 f(1) = 1.

x 1

x 1

f x0 = 1.
x < 1 :

f ( x) f (1) ( x 1) + 1 1
=
= 1,
x 1
x 1
lim

x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= 1.
x 1
57

2.1

x > 1 :
f ( x) f (1) x 1 + 1 1
=
= 1,
x 1
x 1

lim+

x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= 1.
x 1

f ( x) f (1)
f ( x) f (1)
, f x0 = 1.
lim+
x 1
x 1
x 1
5. 1 :
lim
x 1

i) f ( x) = x 2 + 1, f (0) = 1 f (0) = 0.
Cf (0,1) :
y 1 = 0 ( x 0) y = 1.
1
ii) f ( x) = 2 , f(1) = 1 f (1) = 2.
x
Cf (1,1) :
y 1 = 2( x 1) y = 2 x + 3.
iii) f(x) = x, f(0) = 0 f (0) = 0.
Cf (0,0) :
2

y 0 = 0 ( x 0) y = 0.
2 :
i) f ( x) = x x , f(0) = 0 f (0) = 0.
(0,0) :
y 0 = 0 ( x 0) y = 0
f ( x) f (1)
.
x 1
Cf (1,0).

ii) f ( x) = x 1 , f(1) = 0 lim

x 1

iii) f ( x) = x 2 3 x , f(1) = 2 f (1) = 1.

Cf (1,2) :
y 2 = 1( x 1) y = x + 1
x 2 + x + 1, x < 0
, f(0) = 1 f (0) = 1.
iv) f ( x) =
x0
x + 1,
58

2.1

Cf (0,1) :
y 1 = 1( x 0) y = x + 1.

2.1

1. x 0 :
f ( x) f (0) 2 x + x x 2 x ( 1 + x )
= 1 + x ,
=
=
x0
x
x

f ( x) f (0)
= lim ( 1 + x ) = 1, lim ( x ) = 0.
x 0
x 0
x0
, f (0) = 1.
lim
x 0

2. i) h = 0 f(1) = 2.
ii) h R * :
f (1 + h) f (1) h3 + 3h 2 + 3h + 2 2 h(h 2 + 3h + 3)
=
=
= h 2 + 3h + 3,
h
h
h

f (1 + h) f (1)
= lim(h 2 + 3h + 3) = 3.
h 0
h
f (1) = 3 .
lim
h 0

3. x < 0 :

1
1
f ( x ) f ( 0) 1 x
11+ x
1
=
,
=
=
x0
x
x(1 x) 1 x
lim
x 0

x > 0 :

f ( x) f (0) x + 1 1 x
,
=
=
x0
x
x
lim
x 0

f (0) = 1.

f ( x) f (0)
1
= lim
= 1.
x

0
x
1 x

f ( x) f (0)
x
= lim
= 1.
x

0
x0
x

59

2.1

, Cf (0,1)
= f (0) = 1,

= 1 = .
4
4. x 0 :
1 x
0
f ( x) f (0)
1 x
1 2 x
x
=
= 2
=
2
x0
x
x
x (1 + x)
2

2 x
1
x
,
=

2
x (1 + x) x 1 + x

lim
x 0

x 2

f ( x) f (0)
1
1 1
= lim

= 1 = .

x 0
x0
x
1
+
x

2 2

1
, f (0) = .
2
5. x R :
( x + 1) f ( x) x 2 + x + 1

(1)

i) x = 0, (1) :
1 f (0) 1, f(0) = 1.

(1) :
x f ( x) 1 x 2 + x x f ( x) f (0) x( x + 1)

(2)

ii) x < 0, (2) :

f ( x) f (0)
1
x + 1.
x0
x > 0, (2)

(3)

f ( x) f (0)
x +1
x

(4)

iii)  (3) lim 1 = 1 = lim ( x + 1),

x 0
x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
lim
= 1.
x 0
x0
(4) lim+ 1 = lim+ ( x + 1) = 1,
x 0
x 0

60

2.1

lim

x 0+

f (0) = 1.

f ( x) f (0)
= 1.
x0

6. x R :
2 x x 4 xf ( x) 2 x + x 4

(1)

i) f 0
f (0) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x)
x 0

x 0

, lim+ f ( x).
x 0
x > 0, (1),

, ,

2 x x 4
2 x x 4

f ( x)
+
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x 3 f ( x)
x + x 3 .
x
x

x x 3 = 1 0 0 = 0
lim+
x 0 x

lim
x + x 3 = 1 0 + 0 = 0,
x 0+ x

lim+ f ( x) = 0. f(0) = 0.
x 0

ii) x 0, (1),

, ,

2 x x 4 f ( x) 2 x x 4
2
2 + 2
x
x2
x
x
x
2

f ( x) f (0) x
x
2
2

x
+x .
x
x
x

x 2
x 2
2

+ x 2 = 1 + 0 = 1,
lim
1
0
1

lim
x
=

x 0
x 0
x
x

f ( x) f (0)
= 1.
x
f(0) = 1.

(2)

lim
x 0

61

2.1

7. i) f 0
lim f ( x) = f (0).
x 0

f ( x)
f ( x)
lim f ( x) = lim
x = lim
lim x = 4 0 = 0.
x 0
x 0
x
x 0 x x 0
, f(0) = 0.
ii)
f (0) = lim
x 0

f ( x) f (0)
f ( x)
= lim
= 4, .
x

0
x0
x

8. i) f x0
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
.
x 0
h
h 0
f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + (h)) f ( x0 )
.
=
h
h

f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + (h)) f ( x0 )
lim
= lim
.
h 0
h

0
h
h
= lim

f ( x0 + (h)) f ( x0 )
h

= lim

f ( x0 + k ) f ( x0 )
( k = h )
k

h 0

k 0

ii) h 0
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 h) f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 h) + f ( x0 )
=
h
h
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
=

,
h
h

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 h)
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
lim
= lim
lim
h 0
h

0
h

0
h
h
h
= f ( x0 ) ( f ( x0 ))
= 2 f ( x0 ).
( i) lim
h 0

f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
= f ( x0 )).
h
62

2.1

9. i) .
ii)  ,
.
iii)  t = 2 sec ,
.
t = 4 sec ,
.
t = 5 sec ,
.
iv)  [0,4] ,
.
) .
,
:

vi)  , :
12 + 23

45 + 56 + 67
89.

63

2.2

2.2

1. i) x R f (x) = 4x3, f (1) = 4.

ii) x (0, +)
f ( x) =

1
2 x

, f (9) =

1
2 9

1
= .
6

1

iii) x R f (x) = x, f = = .
6
6
2

1
1
, f (e) = .
e
x
x
ln2
v) x R f (x) = e , f (ln2) = e = 2.

iv) x (0, +) f ( x) =

2. i) x < 1 f (x) = 2x.

x > 1 f ( x) =

.
2 x
f x0 = 1.
x < 1 :
f ( x) f (1) x 2 1
= x + 1,
=
x 1
x 1

lim

x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= lim( x + 1) = 2.
x 1
x 1

x > 1 :
f ( x) f (1)
x 1
x 1
=
=
=
x 1
x 1 ( x 1) x + 1

lim+

x 1

f ( x) f (1)
= lim+
x 1
x 1

f x0 = 1.

1
= .
x +1 2

x <1
2 x,

f ( x) = 1
.
2 x , x > 1

64

1
x +1

2.2

ii) x < 0 f (x) = x.

x > 0 f (x) = 1.
f x0 = 0.
x < 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x 0 x
,
=
=
x0
x
x

lim

x 0

f ( x) f (0)
x
= lim
= 1.
x

0
x
x

x > 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x 0
= 1,
=
x0
x

lim

x 0+

f ( x) f (0)
= 1.
x

f (0) = 1.
x, x < 0
f ( x) =
.
x0
1,
iii) x < 2 f (x) = 3x2.
x > 2 f (x) = 4x3.
f x0 = 2.
lim f ( x) = lim x 3 = 8 lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x 4 = 16,

x2

x2

x2

x2

f x0 = 2.
f x0 = 2.
2
3 x , x < 2
.
f ( x) = 3
4 x , x > 2

iv) x <

2
f (x) = 2x.
3

2
f (x) = 3x2.
3
2
f x0 = .
3
x >

65

2.2

:
lim f ( x) =

2
x
3

4
8
2
2
= f lim+ f ( x) =
f .
2
9
27
3
3
x
3

2
f x0 = .
3
2
f x0 = .
3
2

2 x, x < 3
.
, f ( x) =
3 x 2 , x > 2

3
3.  , 1 ( x1 , x12 ) 2 ( x2 , x22 ) x1 x2 ,
Cf . , f
, f (x1) = f (x2), 2x1 = 2x2 x1 = x2,
, x1 x2.
, Cf .
f(x) = x3 . ,
, 1 ( x1 , x13 ), 2 ( x2 , x23 )
, :
2
2
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
3 x = 3 x2
1

x1 x2

x1 x2

x 2 = x22
1
x1 x2
x1 = x2 0.
, 1 ( x1 , x13 ), 2 ( x1 , x13 ) x1 0
.
4. (2,0) f
20
2
= = 1.
0 (2) 2
(0,2) f

2 2
= 2.
20
66

2.2

(2,4) 0.
(4,6)

4+2 6
= = 3.
64 2

(6,9) f

04
4
= .
96
3

1, x (2, 0)

2, x (0, 2)

, f ( x) = 0, x (2, 4) .
3, x (4, 6)

4
3 , x (6, 9)
f

5.  [0,2) f (x) = 2. ,
f
2,
y = 2x.
(2,4) f (x) = 1. ,
f
1, y
= x. , (4,8] f(x) =
1. , f 1,
y = x.
, Cf (0,0)
f 2 4,
.
67

2.2

2.2

1. f x0 = .
:

lim f ( x) = lim x = 0,

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x + ) = + f ( ) = + .

x +

+ = 0 =
f :
x, x <
f ( x) =
.
x , x
f x0 = , :
lim

f ( x) f ( )
f ( x) f ( )
= lim+
x
x
x

x < :
f ( x) f ( ) x 0
,
=
x
x

lim

f ( x) f ( )
x
( x)
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x x
x
x
( x)

x > :
f ( x) f ( ) x
=
= ,
x
x

lim

x +

f ( x) f ( )
= .
x

= 1, (1) = .

68

(1)

2.2

2. (0, +) f ( ) =

1
2

Cf (, f()) :
y =

1
2

(x ) y =

1
2

x+

.
2

(,0),
1
2

( ) +

=
+
= 0.
2
2
2

3. x R * f(x) = 3x2, f() = 32.

Cf (,3) :
y 3 = 3 2 ( x ) y = 3 2 x 2 3 .
y = x 3

2
3
y = 3 x 2
:
3
3
3
y = x
y = x
y = x

2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
y = 3 x 2
x 3 x + 2 = 0
x( x ) 2 ( x ) = 0
3
y = x3
y = x

2
2
( x )( x + x 2 ) = 0
x = x = 2

y = 8 3
y = 3

.
x = 2
x =
Cf (,3)
Cf (2 , 8 3 ).
f (2 ) = 3(2 ) 2 = 12 2 = 4 3 2 = 4 f ( ).

69

2.2

4. i)
f ( ) = lim
x

f ( x) f ( )
x

1 1

1
1
x
= lim
= lim
= 2
x x
x x

1
1
= 2 ( x ).

y = 0

1
1
= 2 ( x ) = x x = 2 .

xx (2,0).
x = 0
y

1
1
2
= 2 (0 ) y = .

2
yy 0, .

,
2 + 0
=
2

0+
2

1
.

1
, , .

ii) O
1
1
2 1
2
= ()( ) = 2 = 2 = 2 ..
2

2
2

70

2.3

2.3

1. i) f ( x) = 7 x 6 4 x 3 + 6
ii) f ( x) = 6 x 2 +

1
x

iii) f ( x) = x 3 x 2 + x 1
iv) f ( x) = x 3x
2. i) f ( x) = 2 x( x 3) + x 2 1 = 2 x 2 6 x + x 2 1 = 3 x 2 6 x 1
ii) f ( x) = e x x + e x x = e x (x + x)
iii) f ( x) =

4 x
2 x(1 + x 2 ) 2 x(1 x 2 ) 2 x(1 + x 2 + 1 x 2 )
=
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2

iv) f ( x) =

(x x)(1 + x) + x(x + x)
(1 + x) 2

x x + 2 x x x + 2 x + x x
(1 + x) 2

1 x + x
(1 + x) 2

v) f ( x) = 2 xx x + x 2 x x x 2 x x
= x 2 x + x 2 ( 2 x 2 x)
= x 2 x + x 2 2 x = x( 2 x + x 2 x).

3. i) f ( x) =
ii) f ( x) =

e x ln x e x
(ln x) 2

1 e x ln x 1

x
x =
2
(ln x)

1
1
2 x
4 2 x
2 x 2 x
=
=

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 x
x x x x x x

71

2.3

iii) f ( x) =

xe x xe x e x (x x) x x
=
=
e2 x
e2 x
ex

iv) :
f ( x) =

( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2
4 x
= 2
,
x2 1
x 1

f ( x) =

4( x 2 1) + 8 x 2 4( x 2 + 1)
= 2
.
( x 1) 2
( x 2 1) 2

4. i) x < 0 f (x) = 4x + 3
x > 0 f ( x) = 12

1
2 x

+6 =

6
x

+ 6.

f x0 = 0.
x < 0 :
f ( x) f (0) 2 x 2 + 3 x
=
= 2 x + 3,
x0
x

lim

x 0

f ( x) f (0)
= lim (2 x + 3) = 3
x 0
x

x > 0 :
f ( x) f (0) 12 x + 6 x 12
=
=
+ 6,
x0
x
x

f ( x ) f ( 0)
12

= lim+
+ 6 = +.
x

0
x
x

f x0 = 0.
lim

x 0+

x<0
4 x + 3,

f ( x) = 1
.

+ 1 , x > 0
6
x
ii) x < 0 f (x) = 2x + x
72

2.3

x > 0 f (x) = 1.
f x0 = 0.
x < 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x 2 + x
x
,
=
= x+
x0
x
x

f ( x) f (0)
x

= lim x +
= 1.
x

0
x0
x

lim
x 0

x > 0 :
f ( x) f (0) x
= = 1,
x0
x
lim

x 0+

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim+ 1 = 1.
x 0
x0

f (0) = 1.
2 x + x, x 0
.
f ( x) =
x>0
1,
5. (x, f(x)) Cf f (x) = 0.
i) x 0 :
f ( x) = 1

4 x2 4
=
,
x2
x2

f ( x) = 0 x 2 4 = 0 x = 2 x = 2.
(2, 4) (2,4).
ii) :
f ( x) =

e x xe x e x (1 x) 1 x
=
= x ,
e2 x
e2 x
e

f ( x) = 0 1 x = 0 x = 1.
73

2.3

1
1, .
e
iii) :
f ( x) =

2 x2 x2 1 x2 1
= 2 ,
x2
x

f ( x) = 0 x 2 1 = 0 x = 1 x = 1.
(1, 2) (1,2).
6. x 1 :
f ( x) =

4
2( x 1) 2( x + 1)
=
2
( x 1)
( x 1) 2

x [0,1) (1, +)

(
g ( x) =

) (

x +1 +

x 1

x 1

2( x + 1)
4
.
, g ( x) =
x 1
( x 1) 2

f , g, .
7. x R f (x) = 2x, f (1) = 2.
x 0 g ( x) =

1
1
, g (1) = .
2
2
2x

1
f (1) g (1) = 2 = 1,
2
f g (1,1) .
8.  (0,1), R* , Cf.
x R { } :
f ( x) =

( x + ) ( x + ) 2
=
,
( x + )2
( x + )2

f (0) =

2 1
=
.

2
74

2.3

f (0) =

1 1
1

= 2 2 = = 2.

2
2

9. i)  Cf y
2
= 9x + l f (x) = 9. f (x) = 3x 3,
3 x 2 3 = 9 3 x 2 = 12 x 2 = 4 x = 2 x = 2.

, (2,3) (2,7).
ii)  Cf y
= x : f ( x) (1) = 1 :
(1)(3 x 2 3) = 1 3 x 2 3 = 1 x 2 =

2 3
4
2 3
x=
x=
.
3
3
3

2 3 10 3 + 45
2 3 10 3 + 45
,
,

.
9
9
3

10. Cf M0(x0, f( x0)) :

y f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 )( x x0 ) y x02 = 2 x0 ( x x0 )
y = 2 x0 x x02 .

(1)

(0,1),
1 = 2 x0 0 x02 x02 = 1 x0 = 1 x0 = 1.
(1), x0
= 1 x0 = 1. , y = 2x l y = 2x 1.
11. f (1,2) (0,0),
f (1) = 2
+ + = 2

f ( 0) = 0
=0
x R f (x) = 2x + .
75

(1)

2.3

Cf y = x (0,0) :
f (0) = 1 = 1.

(2)

(1) (2) = 1, = 1 = 0.
12. i)
f ( x) = ((3 x 4 + 4 x 3 ) 2 ) = 2(3 x 4 + 4 x 3 ) 2 1 (3 x 4 + 4 x 3 )
=
=

2
(12 x 3 + 12 x 2 )
(3 x 4 + 4 x 3 )3

24( x + 1)
.
x 7 (3 x + 4)3

ii) x (1, +)
f ( x) = (( x 1) 2 / 3 ) =

2
1
2
2
( x 1) 3 ( x 1) = 3
.
3
3 x 1

iii)
1 1
f ( x) =

2
2
1+ x 1+ x

1 2 x
=
.
2
2 2
1 + x (1 + x )
iv)
1

x
1

x x
x
1

f ( x) =

2
1
x(1 + x )
2 1 =
2
2
x
(1 x ) x

x
1 x2

x2 + 1
(1 + x 2 )
=
.
x(1 x 2 ) x( x 2 1)
2

v) f ( x) = e x ( x 2 ) = e x (2 x).
76

2.3

13. i) x > 1
f ( x) = ( x 2 ) 1 + x 2 + x 2
= 2 x 1 + x3 + x 2

1 + x3
3x 2

2 1 + x3

)
= 2 x 1 + x3 +

3x 4
2 1 + x3

f (2) = 2 2 1 + 8 +

3 24
2 1+ 8

= 12 +

48
= 20.
6

ii) x > 0
2
1
2
1

1
2
2
4
f ( x) = (2 x) 3 2 + (2 x) 3 2 = (2 x) 3 + (2 x) 3 ,
3
3
3
3

2 2 4 1 1 2 5
f (4) = 8 3 + 8 3 = + = .
3
3
6 3 6
iii) x R
f ( x) = 3 x 2 3 ( x) + x 3 3 2 ( x) ( x)
= 3 x 2 [3 ( x) + x 2 ( x) ( x)],

3 1 6 + 3
1 3 1 1 3 1 1
f = +
= +
=
6 36 8 6 4 2 12 8 48 12 48
iv) x 2 :
f ( x) =

2 x(2 x) + x 2 + 2 4 x 2 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
=
=
,
(2 x) 2
(2 x) 2
(2 x) 2

f (3) =

9 + 12 + 2
= 5.
1

77

2.3
2

ln x ln x
14. i) x > 0 =
f ( x) e=
eln x ,
2

f ( x) = eln x (ln 2 x)
2
1

= eln x 2 ln x
x

1
= x ln x 2 ln x
x
= 2 x ln x 1 ln x

ii) f ( x) = e(5 x 3) ln 2 ,
f ( x) = e(5 x 3) ln 2 ((5 x 3) ln 2)
= e(5 x 3) ln 2 5 ln 2 = 25 x 3 5 ln 2.

iii) x > 1 f ( x) = e x ln(ln x ) ,

f ( x) = e x ln(ln x ) ( x ln(ln x))
1 1

= e x ln(ln x ) ln(ln x) + x

ln x x

= (ln x) x ln(ln x) +
.
ln x

iv)
f ( x) = (x ex ) = x ex + x(ex )
= x ex + x ex (x)
= ex (x 2 x).
15.
f ( x) = ( 2 x) = 2x x = 2 x

f ( x) = 2 x 2.

78

2.3

f ( x) + 4 f ( x) = 2 2 x + 4 2 x
= 2(1 2 2 x) + 4 2 x
= 2 4 2 x + 4 2 x
= 2.

2.3

1.  f, g ,
x0
f ( x0 ) = g ( x0 )

1
= x02 x0 + 1 x03 x02 + x0 1 = 0
x0

( x0 1)( x02 + 1) = 0 x 0 = 1.
, (1,1) Cf Cg.
x R * :
f ( x) =

1
g ( x) = 2 x 1,
x2

f (1) = 1 g(l) = 1

f (1) g (1) = 1.
Cf Cg (1,1) .
2.
y = 3x 2
y = 3x 2
y = 3x 2
3

3
2
y = x
x 3x + 2 = 0
( x 1) ( x + 2) = 0
y = 3x 2
x = 1 x = 2

.

x = 1 x = 2
y = 1 y = 8

, y = 3x 2 Cf (1,1) (2, 8).

x R :
f (x) = 3x2, f (1) = 3 f (2) = 12.
79

2.3

y = 3x 2 Cf (1,1).
3.  f g x0 = 1
f(1) = g(l) f (l) = g(l).
x R * :
f (x) = 2x + g ( x) =

1
x2

f (1) = 2 + g(l) = l.

+ + 2 = 1 + = 1
f (1) = g (1)

=
f
(
1
)
g
(
1
)
2 + = 1
2 + = 1

= 0
.

= 1

4. Cf (0,1) :
y 1 = f (0)( x 0) y = x + 1, f (0) = 1.
y = x + 1 g,
x0, ,
g ( x0 ) = x0 + 1 x02 x0 = x0 + 1 x02 + 2 x0 + 1 = 0

x0 = 1.

2 x0 1 = 1
x0 = 1
g ( x0 ) = 1
, y = x + l Cg (1,0).
5.  f ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + ,
, , , R 0.
x R :
f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 2 x + , f ( x) = 6 x + 2 f (3) ( x) = 6 .
:

f ( 0) = 4
= 4
= 4
f (1) = 2
3 2 + = 2
= 9

f
(
2
)
=
4

4
12
+
2
=

= 4

6 = 6
= 1
f (3) (1) = 6

80

2.3

f ( x) = x 3 4 x 2 9 x + 4.
6.  f ( x) = x 2 + x +
.
f(0) = 1 f (0) = 1 f(1) = 2 f (1) = 3.
, f (x) = 2x + . ,
= 1 = 1 + + = 2 2 + = 3.
, , =
0, = 1 = 1, .
7. i) x
xf ( x) f ( ) xf ( x) xf ( ) + xf ( ) f ( )
=
x
x
=

x( f ( x) f ( )) f ( )( x )
f ( x) f ( )
+
=x
+ f ( ).
x
x
x

f x0 = ,
lim
x

lim
x

f ( x) f ( )
= f ( ).
x

xf ( x) f ( )
f ( x) f ( )
= lim x
+ f ( ) = f ( ) + f ( ).
x
x
x

ii) x
e x f ( x) e f ( ) e x f ( x) e x f ( ) + e x f ( ) e f ( )
=
x
x
= ex

e x e
f ( x) f ( )
.
+ f ( )
x
x

h(x) = ex x0 =
e x e
= h( ) = e .
x x

lim

81

2.3

,
e x f ( x) e a f ( )
f ( x) f ( )
e x e
= lim e x
+ f ( ) lim
x
x
x x
x
x

lim

= e f ( ) + f ( )e = e ( f ( ) + f ( )).
8.  Cf
x f (x) = 0 x [0, 2 ].
f ( x) = 2 2 x 4x x = 2 2 x 2 2 x,
f ( x) = 0 2 2 x 2 2 x = 0 2 x = 1
2 x = +

x=
+ .
4
2 8

x [0, 2 ] :
0

1 15
+ 2
2 8
8 2 8

1
15

= 0, 1, 2, 3, .
4
4

:
x=

13
5
9
x=
x=
.
x=
8
8
8
8

9. i) x 0
f ( x) = x

2/3

( x) 2 / 3 , x < 0
= 2/3
.
x 0
x ,

x < 0,
2
2
f ( x) = (( x) 2 / 3 ) = ( x) 1/ 3 = 3
.
3
3 x
x > 0,
2
2
f ( x) = ( x 2 / 3 ) = x 1/ 3 = 3 .
3
3 x

82

2.3

x0 = 0
f ( x) f (0) 3 x 2
,
=
x0
x

x > 0,
f ( x) f (0) 3 x 2 3 x
x
1
=
= 3 = 3
3
x

x x
x x
x

lim

x 0+

f ( x ) f ( 0)
1
= lim+ 3 = +
x 0
x0
x

x < 0
3

f ( x) f (0) 3 x 2 3 x 3 ( x)
1
=
= 3
= 3
3
x
x x
x x
x

lim

x 0

f ( x) f (0)
1
= lim 3
= .
x

0
x
x

f ( x) = 3 x 2 0. f
0, Cf (0,0) x = 0.
ii)
f ( x) = x

4/3

4/3
( x) , x < 0
= 4/3
.
x , x > 0

x > 0,
f ( x) =

4 1/ 3 4 3
x =
x.
3
3

x < 0,
f ( x) = (( x) 4 / 3 ) =

4
4 3
( x)1/ 3 =
x.
3
3

83

2.3

x0 = 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
=
x0

x4 0 3 x4
.
=
x
x

:
x > 0
f ( x) f (0)
=
x

lim+

x 0

x3 x x 3 x 3
=
= x
x
x

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim+ 3 x = 0.
x 0
x

x < 0
3
f ( x) f (0) 3 ( x ) ( x) x 3 x
=
=
= 3 x
x
x
x

lim

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
= lim 3 x = 0.
x 0
x

f (0) = 0.
Cf (0,0) y = 0.
10. f R
g ( x) = f ( x 2 + x + 1) (2 x + 1), g (0) = f (1) = 1.
g (0) = f (0 + 0 + 1) 1 = f (1) 1.
, Cf (1, f(1))
y f (1) = f (1)( x 1) y = x 1 + f (1),

(1)

Cg (0, g(0))
y g (0) = g (0)( x 0) y f (1) + 1 = 1 x
y = x + f (1) 1.

(2)

(1) (2) y = x + f(1) 1

Cf, Cg , .
84

2.4

11. i)
( f (x)) = (e x x)
f (x) x = e x x + e x (x)
f (x) x = e x (x x).

f (0)0 = e0 (0 0),

f (0) = 1.
ii)
f (0) = e0 0 f(0) = 1.
, Cf
(0,1)

: y 1 = 1( x 0) y = x + 1

(0,1) B(1,0) (O) = (OB) =
1. O .

2.4

1. E(t) = 4r2(t) r(t) = 4 t2 :

(t ) = 8 r (t ) r (t )
= 8 (4 t 2 ) (2t ) = 16 t (4 t 2 ).

(1) = 16 (4 1) = 48 cm2/s.

4
V (t ) = r 3 (t ),
3
85

2.4

V (t ) = 4 r 2 (t ) r (t ) = 4 (4 t 2 ) 2 (2t )
= 8 t (4 t 2 ) 2 .

V (1) = 8 1(4 12 ) 2 = 72 cm3/s.

2.

4
V (t ) = r 3 (t )
3
V (t ) = 4 r 2 (t )r (t ) t = t0
V (t0 ) = 4 r 2 (t0 )r (t0 ).

V(t0) = 100 cm3/s r(t0) = 9 cm

100 = 4 92 r (t0 ).

r (t0 ) =

100
25
=
cm/s.
4 81 81

3.
P ( x) = ( x) ( x)
= 420 x 2 + 40 x 600
= x 2 + 40 x 180.

(x) > 0 x x 2 + 40 x 180 ,

x (20 220 , 20 + 220 ).
4. i)  x(t), y(t) 1, 2 .

1 = x(t ) = 15 2 = y (t ) = 20

x(t) = 15t y(t) = 20t,
1, 2 .
86

2.4

ii) 12
d 2 (t ) = x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t ) = (15t ) 2 + (20t ) 2
= 225t 2 + 400t 2 = 625t 2 .

d(t) = 25t, d

d (t ) = 25 Km/h.
1

5. x(t ), x 2 (t ) , t t 0. :
4

1
1

x (t ) = x 2 (t ) x(t ) = 2 x(t ) x(t )

4
4

1=
x(t) = 2, y (t ) =

1
x(t ) ( x(t) > 0 t 0).
2

1 2
2 = 1. (2,1).
4

2.4

1. r = r(t) , t. :
4
V (t ) = r 3 (t ),
3

4
V (t ) = 3r 2 (t ) r (t ) = 4 r 2 (t ) r (t ).
3

(t ) = 4 r 2 (t ),

(t ) = 8 r (t )r (t ) r (t ) =

1
E (t ).
8 r (t )

(1)
V (t ) = 4 r 2 (t )

1
1
(t ) = r (t ) (t ).
8 r (t )
2
87

(1)

2.4

V (t0 ) =

1
85 10 = 425 cm3/s.
2

2. :
T = T ( x) = ( ) =

1
x ln x, x > 1.
2

x t,
T (t ) =

1
x(t ) ln x(t ),
2

T (t ) =

1
1
1
x(t ) ln x(t ) + x(t )
x(t )
x(t )
2
2

1
x(t )(ln x(t ) + 1).
2

t0 x(t0) = 5,
T (t0 ) =
=

1
x(t0 )(ln x(t0 ) + 1) =
2
1
4(ln 5 + 1) = 2(ln 5 + 1) cm2/s.
2

3. .

5
1
y
s
=
y=
s y = s.
5 20
20
4
y s
t,
y (t ) =

1
s (t ).
4

y (t ) =

3
1
s (t ) = m/s.
4
4
88

2.4

4.  t.
h(t )
(t ) =
.
100
h(t )
( (t )) =

100
1
1
(t ) =
h(t )
100
2 (t )

(t ) =

(t0 ) =

1
h(t ) 2 (t ),
100
1
h(t0 ) 2 (t0 ).
100

(1)

, t0 100 m :
2
h(t0 ) = 50 (t0 ) = 45 =
.
2

(t0 ) =

1
2 1
50 = rad/min.
100
4 4

5.
s
1, 6
=
.
x+s
8

(1)

x, s t , x(t) = 0,8 m/s s(t)

.
(1) :
0, 2 =

s
1
s = 0, 2( x + s ) 0, 8s = 0, 2 x s (t ) = x(t ).
x+s
4

s (t ) =

1
x(t ) = 0, 25 x(t )
4

s (t ) = 0, 25 0, 8 = 0, 2 m/s.
89

2.4

6. 
Cf , .
1

Cf , 3 .
3

1
f ( x) = x 3 = x 2 f ( ) = 2 . , AM
3
:
1
y + 3 = 2 ( x ).
3
y = 0,
1 3
2
2
= 2 x + 3 2 x = 3 x = .
3
3
3
2
, x(t ) = (t ). ,
3
2
2
x(t ) = (t ) = (t )
3
3
t0 , , (t0) = 3,

7. x, y, t :

= y (t ) = x(t ) = 0,1 m/s.

t0 2,5 m
y(t0) = 2,5 x(t0 ) = 32 y 2 (t0 ) = 2, 75 m.
i) x(t ) = 3 (t ), x(t ) = 3 (t ) (t )

(t ) =

(t0 ) =

1
x(t ).
3 (t )

1
1
1
x(t0 ) =
0,1 =
rad/s.
2, 5
3 (t0 )
25
3
3
90

2.4

ii) x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t ) = 9,
2 x(t ) x(t ) + 2 y (t ) y (t ) = 0 y (t ) =

x(t )
x(t ).
y (t )

,
y (t0 ) =

x(t0 )
x(t0 ),
y (t0 )

y (t0 ) =

2, 75 1
2, 75
=
m/sec.
2, 5 10
25

8.  x = x(t) y = y(t) , t.
1 3
t0 ,
,
2 2
1
3
x(t0 ) = y (t0 ) =
.
2
2
:
y (t0 ) = 3 /sec.
2
2
x + y = 1,

x2(t) + y2(t) = 1,

( x 2 (t )) + ( y 2 (t )) = 0 2 x(t ) x(t ) + 2 y (t ) y (t ) = 0
x(t0 ) x(t0 ) + y (t0 ) y (t0 ) = 0.

x(t0 ) =

y (t0 )
(3) 3 / 2
y (t0 ) =
= 3 3 /sec.
x(t0 )
1/ 2

91

2.5

2.5

1. i) H f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 1
[0,2] ,
(0,2) f ( x) = 2 x 2
f(0) = f(2) = 1.
, . Rolle,
(0, 2) ,
f ( ) = 0 2 2 = 0 = 1.
ii) H f(x) = 3x :
2
0, , ,
3
2
0,
3
2
f (0) = f
3

, f (x) = 33x

= 0.

, . Rolle,
2
0,
,
3
f ( ) = 0 33 = 0
3 = 0

3 =
=

3
3 =
, 0 < 3 < 2
2
2

= .
6
2

iii) f(x) = 1 + 2x
[0, ],
(0, ) f (x) = 22x
f(0) = f() = 2.
, . Rolle,
(0, ) ,
92

2.5

f ( ) = 0 2 2 = 0
2 = 0
2 = , 0 < 2 < 2

.
2

iv)  f ( x) = x [1,1],
.
f, , x0 = 0,
lim

f ( x) f (0)
x
= lim+ = 1
x 0 x
x0

lim

f ( x) f (0)
x
= 1.
= lim
x

0
x0
x

x 0+

x 0

f (1,1).
. Rolle.
2. i) H f(x) = x2 + 2x
[0,4],
(0,4) f ( x) = 2 x + 2.
, ...,
(0, 4) ,
f ( ) =

24
f (4) f (0)
2 + 2 =
40
4
2 + 2 = 6
=2

ii) f(x) = 32x

0, , ,
2

0, f (x) = 62x.
2
, ...,

, 0, ,
2
93

2.5

f f ( 0)
2
f ( ) =
6 2 = 0

0
2
2 = 0

2 =
=

, 2 (0, )
2

.
4

iii) f [3,2]
x [3, 1) f , .
x (1, 2] f , .
x0 = 1
lim f ( x) = lim (2 x + 2) = 0

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x 3 x) = 0 f (1) = 0,

x 1+

x 1

f 1.
, f [3,2].
f (3,2).
f (3,1), f (x) = 2.
2
f (1,2), f (x) = 3x 1.

lim

f ( x) f (1)
2x + 2
= lim
= 2
x

1
x +1
x +1

lim+

f ( x) f (1)
x3 x
= lim+ x( x 1) = 2.
= lim+
x 1 x + 1
x 1
x +1

x 1

x 1

, f (1) = 2.
, f (3,2)
x (3, 1]
2,
f ( x) = 2
.
3 x 1, x (1, 2)
94

2.5

..., (3, 2) ,

f ( ) =

f (2) f (3)
6 (4)
f ( ) =
f ( ) = 2.
2 (3)
2 (3)

(3, 1], (1, 2) :

3 2 1 = 2 3 2 = 3 2 = 1 = 1.
3.  f ( x) = ex [, ] (, )
f (x) = ex. x0 ( , )
,
f ( x0 ) =

e e
f ( ) f ( )
.
e x0 =

(1)

< x0 < y = ex e < e x0 < e .

, (1),
e <

e e
< e .

g(x) = lnx [, ] 0 < <

1
(, ) f ( x) = . , ... x0 ( , )
x
,
f ( x0 ) =

f ( ) f ( ) ln ln
1 ln ln
.
=

=
x0

0 < < x0 < ,

1 1 1
<
< , , (1),
x0
1 ln ln 1
<
< .

95

(1)

2.5

2.5

1. i) f [1,0] .
f(1) = 1 + 20 25 + 1 + 1 = 2 f(0) = 1

f(1) f(0) = 2 < 0.

, Bolzano
x1 (1, 0) , f(x1) = 0.
f [0,1] f(0) = 1, f(1) = 1 20 25 1
+ 1= 44.
,
f(0) f(1) = 44 < 0.
, Bolzano, x2 (1, 0)
, f(x2) = 0.
ii) H f Rolle
[ x1 , x2 ] [1,1], x1 (1, 0) x2 (0,1),
[x1, x2]
(x1, x2)
f ( x) = 4 x 3 60 x 2 50 x 1
f ( x1 )= 0= f ( x2 ).
( x1 , x2 ) (1,1), , f ( ) = 0 , ,
4 3 60 2 50 1 = 0.
, 4 x 3 60 x 2 50 x 1 = 0
(1,1).
2. i) f Rolle [0,1],
[0,1]
(0,1) f ( x) = x + ( x 1)x
f(0) = (0 1)0 = 0, f(1) = 01 = 0.

96

2.5

, (0,1), , f () = 0, f (x) = 0
(0,1).
ii) x = 1 x (0,1)
x
= 1 x x = (1 x)x x + (1 x)x = 0 f ( x) = 0
x
i) (0,1). ,
x = 1 x (0,1).
.: To ii) . Bolzano
i) .
3.  f(x) = x f(x) x = 0. g(x) = f(x) x,
x R g(x) = 0 x1, x2 R.
g Rolle
[x1, x2]
 [x1, x2] . ( f R
R).
(x1, x2) g(x) = f (x) 1
g(x1) = 0 = g(x2).
, ( x1 , x2 ) , ,
g ( ) = 0 f ( ) 1 = 0 f ( ) = 1,
, f (x) 1 x R . g(x) = 0,
f(x) = x .
ii)
x
f ( x) = .
2
f ( x) =

0
x
= x 0, = 0.
2
2

1
x
x
1 x R ( 2 ).
2
2
2

x
i) f(x) = x, = x ,
2
. , , 0,
.
97

2.5

4. i)
x
1
2 x 1 + x2 2 x 1 + x2
2
2
1+ x
x 2 2 x + 1 0 ( x 1) 0, .
2

ii) =
, f ,
... ( , ) ,
f ( ) =

f ( ) f ( )
f ( ) f ( ) = f ( )( )

f ( ) f ( ) =

( ).
1+ 2

,
f ( ) f ( ) =

1
, i).
2
2
1+

5.  f ... [0,4],
(0, 4) ,
f ( ) =

f (4) f (0) f (4) 1

.
=
40
4

, 2 f ( x) 5 x (0, 4),
2

f (4) 1
5 8 f (4) 1 20 9 f (4) 21.
4

6.  f ... [1,0],
[1,0] (1,0) f ( x) 1.
, 1 (1, 0),
f (1 ) =

f (0) f (1) f (0) (1)

= f ( 0 ) + 1.
=
0 +1
1

(1)

f ... [0,1],
[0,1] (0,1).
, 2 (0,1) ,
98

2.6

f ( 2 ) =

f (1) f (0) 1 f (0)

=
= 1 f (0).
1 0
1

(2)

f ( x) 1 x (1,1)
f (1 ) 1
f ( 0) + 1 1 f ( 0) 0

f ( 2 ) 1 1 f (0) 1 f (0) 0
f (0) = 0.
7.  f(0) = g(0) = 1 f(1) = g(l) = 2.
f , g .
1 < 2 < 3
. , :
f ( 1 ) = g ( 1 ), f ( 2 ) = g ( 2 ) f ( 3 ) = g ( 3 ).
, ,

( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = 2 x + x 2 2 x 1.
. Rolle [1, 2]
[2, 3], R ( x) = 2 x ln 2 + 2 x 2
( 1 ) = ( 2 ) = ( 3 ) = 0.
, 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 2 , 3 ) , (1) = 0 (2) = 0.
, , [1, 2],
. Rolle. (1 , 2 ) , ( ) = 0.
, ( x) = 2 x ln 2 2 + 2 > 0 x.
, (x) = 0 , 0 1.

2.6

1. x R

( x) = 2 f ( x) f ( x) + 2 g ( x) g ( x)
= 2 f ( x) g ( x) 2 g ( x) f ( x) = 0.
, (x) = c.
2. i) x R
99

2.6

f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 3 = 3( x 2 + 1) > 0.
f R.
ii) x R : f ( x) = 6 x 2 6 x 12 = 6( x 2 x 2).
x 2 x 2 2 1, f
f .
x

f (x)

1
0

+
+

f(x)
f :
(, 1], (, 1]
f ( x) > 0, (, 1).
[1, 2], [1, 2]
f ( x) < 0, (1, 2),
[2, +), [2, +)
f ( x) > 0, (2, +) .
iii) x R
f ( x) =

1 x2
x2 + 1 2x2
=
.
2
2
( x + 1)
(1 + x 2 ) 2

f ( x) = 0 1 1, f
f .
x

f (x)

1
+

f(x)
f (, 1], [1, +)
[1,1].
100

2.6

3. i) x < 1 f ,
x > 1
x = 1 :
lim f ( x) = lim(4 x 2 ) = 3, lim+ f ( x) = lim( x + 2) = 3 f(1) = 3,

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

f 1.
f R.
f R{1}
2 x, x < 1
f ( x) =
.
1, x > 1
f ( x) = 0 x = 0. f
f .
x

f (x)

+
+

f(x)
f :
(, 0] [1, +)
[0,1].
ii) H f :
x 2 1, x (, 1]

f ( x) = 1 x 2 ,
x (1,1)
2
x 1, x [1, +)
f R, .
x 1
2 x, x (, 1)

f ( x) = 2 x,
x (1,1) .
2 x, x (1, +)

f (x) = 0 x = 0. f
.
101

2.6

x
f (x)

f(x)
f :
(, 1], [0,1]
[1,0], [1, +).
e x xe x 1 x
= x .
e2 x
e

4. i) x R f ( x) =

f (x) = 0 x = 1. f
f .
x

f (x)
f(x)
f
(,1]
[1, +).
ii) x > 0 f ( x) =

1
1 x
1 =
.
x
x

f ( x) = 0 x = 1. f f
.
x
f (x)

0
+

f(x)
f
(0,1]
[1, +).
102

2.6

iii) f
2x, 0 x
.
f ( x) =
0, < x 2
f [0,].
f [0,]
x (0, ) f ( x) = 2x

f (0,) x = . f [0,]
2
.
x

f (x)

f(x)
f

0, ,
2

,
2
[,2].
5. i) x R f ( x) = 5 x 4 + 5 = 5( x 4 + 1) > 0.
f R.
g [0, +) (0, +) ,
g ( x) = 2

1
2 x

+1 =

1
x

+ 1 > 0 x (0, +).

g [0, +).
ii) :
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 5 ) = lim f ( x) = lim x 5 = +.
x

x +

x +

f , R,
(, +), R.
103

2.6

g(0) = 3 lim g ( x) = lim 2 x + x 3 = +.

x +

x +

g, ,
[3, +).
iii)  f ( x) = 0 g(x) = 0
x = 1. f g ,
x = 1 .
1
> 0. f
6. i)  x > 1 f ( x) = e x +
1+ x
(1, +).
ii) e x = 1 ln( x + 1) :
e x 1 + ln( x + 1) = 0 f ( x) = 0.
f(0) = 0. f
f(0) = 0, x = 0 f(x) = 0.

2.6

1. x0 R. , , x x0
2

f ( x) f ( x0 ) x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
x x0
x x0

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
x x0 .
x x0

lim ( x x0 ) = lim x x0 = 0.

x x0

x x0

, :
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
= 0 f ( x0 ) = 0.
x x0

f ( x0 ) = 0, x0 R f R.
104

2.6

2. i) f [1,1]
f ( x) = 3 x 2 3 = 3( x 2 1) < 0 x (1,1).
f [1,1].
ii)  f [1,1],
[f(1), f(1)] = [ 2, + 2].
iii)  f ( x) = x 3 3 x + [1,1]
[ 2, + 2] 0, 2 < < 2. ,
x0 (1,1) , f(x0) = 0. ,
f (1,1).
3.

(t ) = x(t ) = 4t 3 24t 2 + 36t 16,

(t ) = x(t ) = 12t 2 48t + 36 = 12(t 2 4t + 3).

i)  Horner
(t ) = 4(t 1) 2 (t 4) t = 1 t = 4.

(t ) = x(t ) [0,5].
x(t ) = 0 1 4, x(t )

t
x(t )

5
+

ii)  (0,4) ,
(4,5) .
iii) o (t ) = x(t )
t
a(t)

0
+

1
0

3
0

5
+

[0,1] [3,5] ,
[1,3] .
105

2.6

4. V t > 0

25t 2
100t
V (t ) = 50
=
<0
2
(t + 2)
(t + 2)3

V [0, +) ,
.

25t 2
V(0) = 50 lim V (t ) = lim 50

t +
t +
(t + 2) 2

25t 2
= 50 25 = 25,
t + t 2 + 4t + 2
V (25,50].
,
.
= 50 lim

5. i) H f
= (, 1) (1,1) (1, +),
, ,
f ( x) =

( x 3 9 x)( x 2 1) ( x 2 1)( x 3 9 x)
( x 2 1) 2

(3 x 2 9)( x 2 1) 2 x( x 3 9 x)
( x 2 1) 2

x 4 + 6 x 2 + 9 ( x 2 + 3) 2
= 2
> 0.
( x 2 1) 2
( x 1) 2

f
x

f (x)

f(x)

+
+

, f (, 1),
(1,1) (1, +) .
x3
x3 9 x
=
lim
= +
x + x 2 1
x + x 2

lim f ( x) = lim
x +

106

2.6

x3
=
x x 2

lim f ( x) = lim
x

lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

x3 9 x
= +
( x 1)( x + 1)

lim+ f ( x) = , lim f ( x) = + lim+ f ( x) = .

x 1

x 1

x 1

f
R.
ii)  1 1 x 3 x 2 9 x + = 0.
, (, 1), (1,1)
(1, +).
x3 x 2 9 x + = 0 x3 9 x = x 2

x3 9 x
=
x2 1

f ( x) = .
f (, 1), (1,1)
(1, +) R, f(x) =
, ,
f.
6. x R f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 6 x + 1.
f = 36 12 = 12(3 ).
1
= 3 , f .
3
1
1
f (x) > 0 x , f
3
3
x R.
f x =

< 3 f
R. , < 3 f R.
> 3 f R > 0 f (x) > 0
x R. , > 3 f R.
f R 3.
107

2.6

7. i)
f ( x) = (x xx) = x x + xx = xx.

x 0, f ( x) > 0 f
2
.

0, 2

ii)  f 0, , x, 0 < x <
2
2
f(0) < f(x), x xx > 0.

iii)  x 0,
2
x x x
< 0 ( ii),
x2

f 0, .
2


8. i)
 f 0, , x 0,
2
2
:
f ( x) =

f ( x) = 2x +

1
2 3 x 3 2 x + 1
3 =
2
x
2 x

2 3 x 2 2 x 2 x + 1 2 2 x(x 1) ( 2 x 1)
=
2 x
2 x

(x 1)(2 2 x x 1) (x 1) 2 (2x + 1)
=
> 0.
2 x
2 x

f 0, .
2

ii)  f 0, , 0 x <
2
2

f (0) f ( x). f(0) = 0, x 0, :
2
0 2x + x 3 x 2x + x 3 x.
108

2.7

2.7

1.  f R,
f (x) = 0, 1, 2 3.
f , f .
x

f (x)

..

f(x)

..

f ,
x = 1
x = 3 .
2. ) i)  x R f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x + 3 = 3( x 1) 2 . f(x) = 0 x = l. f , f
+ .
x
f (x)
f(x)

+ 0 +
+

f R.
ii) x R g ( x) = 3 x 2 3.
g(x) = 0 1 1. g, g,
, + .
x
g(x)
g(x)

4
T.M.

g :
109

0
0
T.E.

+
+
+

2.7

x = 1 g(l) = 4
x = 1 g(l) = 0.
iii) x R h( x) = 6 x 2 6 x = 6 x( x 1).
0 1. h,
h + .
x

h(x)
h(x)

0
0
1
..

1
0

+
+
+

2
T.E.

h :
x = 0 , h(0) = 1
x = 1 , h(1) = 2.
) i)  f ( x) = x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1
R
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 ) = , lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 ) = +,

x +

x +

f (, +), R.
x R , f(x) = 0, x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1 = 0
. f
R.
ii) g ( x) = x 3 3 x + 2.
(, 1]
lim g ( x) = lim ( x 3 ) = g(l) = 4,
x

(, 4]. (, 1] x 3 3 x + 2 = 0
.
[1,1] .
[g(l), g(l)] = [0,4], [1,1]
x 3 3 x + 2 = 0 x = 1.
[1, +)
lim g ( x) = lim ( x 3 ) = + g(l) = 0,
x +

x +

110

2.7

[0, +). [1, +) x 3 3 x + 2 = 0

x = 1 .
, R .
iii)  h( x) = 2 x 3 3 x 2 1,
f g, 2 x 3 3 x 2 1 = 0
R [1, +).
3. i) x < 1 f .
x > 1 f .
x = 1
lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 1, lim+ f ( x) = lim e1 x = 1 f(1) = 1.
x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

f R.
:
2 x, x < 1
f ( x) = 1 x
.
e , x > 1
f 0. f ,
f .
x

f (x)

f(x)

0
T.E.

1
T.M.

f
x = 0 f(0) = 0
x = 1 f(1) = 1.
ii) x < 1 g
x > 1 g .
x = 1 :
lim g ( x) = lim( x 2 2 x + 3) = 0

x 1

x 1

lim g ( x) = lim(
x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 0 g(1) = 0.
+

x 1+

x 1

111

2.7

g R.
:
2 x 2, x < 1
g ( x) =
.
2 x 4, x > 1
g 2. g,
g .
x

g(x)

g(x)

1
min

g x = 2 g(2) = 1.
4. i) x R f ( x) = e x 1.

f ( x) = 0 e x = 1 x = 0.
f , f
.
x
f(x)
f(x)

+
+

1
min

f x = 0 f(0) = 1.
x
ii) x > 0 f ( x=
) x=
e x ln x .

f ( x) = e x ln x ( x ln x) = x x (ln x + 1).

:
1
f ( x) = 0 x x (ln x + 1) = 0 ln x = 1 x = .
e
f , f .
112

2.7

1
e
0

f (x)

1

e
min

f(x)

+
+
1
e

1
1 1 e
f x = f = .
e
e e
5.  f R f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 2 x 3. f x1 = 1 x2 = 1, :
f (1) = 0
3 2 3 = 0
6 6 = 0
= 1

f (1) = 0
3 + 2 3 = 0
4 = 0
= 0
( ).
, f f ( x) = x 3 3 x + 1
f ( x) = 3 x 2 3. f , f
.
x

f (x)

3
T.M.

f(x)

+
+

1
T.E.

= 1 = 0 f x1 = 1 f (1)
= 3 x2 = 1 f(1) = 1.
6.  x, m m = 400
400
m2. xy = 400, y =
.
y
400 m2
x
x
, P = 2x + 2y, x,
P( x) = 2 x + 2

400
400

= 2 x +
, x > 0.
x
x

x > 0 :

x 2 400
400
P ( x) = 2 1 2 = 2

2
x

113

2.7

P ( x) = 0 x 2 400 = 0 x = 20.

,
.
x

P(x)

20

P(x)

+
+

80
min

x = 20 (2) = 80.
x = 20.
400
y =
x = 20 y = 20,
x
.
7.  x, y m 80 m. 2x +
2y = 80, y = 40 x.
E = xy, x, (x) = x(40 x)
0 < x < 40.
y
x (0, 40) ( x) = 40 2 x

( x) = 0 x = 20.

x
,
.
x
(x)
(x)

20
+

40

400
max

, x = 20.
y = 40 x x = 20 y = 20,
.
8. 
3
h( x) = T ( x) = 2 x x 2 .
4
6x
x (0, 3) h( x) = 2 ,
4
114

2.7

6x
4
=0 x= .
4
3
h, h
.
h( x) = 0 2

4
3

h(x)

4
3
max

h(x)

,
4
x x = mgr.
3
9. i)
 , , . =
x, = 2 x.
:
( EZ ) 2 = x 2 + (2 x) 2 = 2 x 2 4 x + 4
ii) (x)

( x) = ( ) 2 = 2 x 2 4 x + 4, x (0, 2).
.
x (0, 2) ( x) = 4 x 4 = 4( x 1),

( x) = 0 x = 1.
,
.
x
(x)

(x)

2
+

2
min

x = 1 (1) = 2.
x = 1, , , ,
.
10. :
115

2.7

1
P( x) = ( x) ( x) = 420 x 2 x 2 x 3 + 20 x 2 600 x 1000
3
1
= x 3 + 18 x 2 180 x 1000, x [0,105].
3
x [0,105] P ( x) = x 2 + 36 x 180, P ( x) = 0 x = 6
x = 30.
,
.
x

P(x)
P(x)

30

1000
..

105

800
..

..

..

,
30 .

2.7

1. i)  f ( x) = 2x 1. f (x) = 0 [0,]

. f .
x
f (x)
f(x)

/3

0
+

0
3 3 + 9
3
max

, f 0, , ,
3

3
:

3 3 + 9
, f =
3
3
3
x = 0, f(0) = 3

x =

x = , f() = 3 .
116

2.7

ii) H x =

1
3
x
2
2

2x = x 3 2x x + 3 = 0 f ( x) = 0.

3 3 + 9

x 0, f 3,
,
3
3

0.

3 3 + 9

x , , f 3 ,
,
3
3

0. f(x) = 0

, (0, ) , f
3

, .
3
1
+ 1 > 0, x (0, +). , f
x
. f x = 1,
, (0, +) , f .
f(1) = 0, f,

2. i)  f ( x) =

f(x) < 0, x (0,1) f(x) > 0, x (1, +).

ii)

( x) = 2 ln x + 2 + 2 x 4 = 2(ln x + x 1) = 2 f ( x), x (0, +).

( i)),
.
x
(x)

(x)

0
min

117

+
+

2.7

, x = 1, (1) = 0.
iii)  Cf Cg g(x) =
h(x).
1
3
g ( x) = h( x) x ln x = x 2 + 2 x
2
2
2 x ln x + x 2 4 x + 3 = 0

( x) = 0.
ii) x = 1.
Cf , Cg (1,0).
g(x) = lnx + l h(x) = x + 2, g(l) = l h(1) = 1.
Cf , Cg .
x

3. i) ) e x l > 0, x.
f(x) = ex x l, x R.
f (x) = ex 1,
f ( x) = 0 e x = 1 x = 0.
f .
x

f ( x)
f(x)

+
+

0
min

[0, +) f . , x > 0
f(x) > f(0), ex x l > 0.
1 2
x x 1 > 0.
2
1
g ( x) = e x x 2 x 1, x R,
2
[0, +) (0, +) g(x) = ex x l > 0,
x (0, +) (() ). g [0, +)
x > 0

) e x

118

2.7

g(x) > g(0) e x

1 2
x x 1 > 0.
2

ii) ) x +

1 2
x 1 > 0.
2

f ( x) = x +
R f (x) = x + x.

1 2
x 1, x R
2

x 0 x < x , x < x < x , x > 0

x < x x + x > 0.
,
f (x) > 0 x > 0,
f [0, +) .
, x > 0 f(x) > f(0) = 0.

1
x + x 2 1 > 0 x > 0.
2
) x +

1 3
x x > 0.
6

g ( x) = x +
g ( x) = x +

1 3
x x, x R.
6

1 2
x 1 = f ( x) ( ).
2

f(x) > 0 x > 0, g(x) > 0 x > 0.

g , [0, +), x > 0 g(x) > g(0)
, ,
x +

1 3
x x > 0.
6

iii) ) (1 + x) 1 x > 0. ,
f ( x) = (1 + x) 1 x, x 0.

f ( x) = (1 + x) 1 = [(1 + x) 1 1] > 0, 1 + x > 1, x > 0.

119

2.7

, f [0, +), f
0.
, x > 0 f(x) > f(0) , , (1 + x) 1 x > 0,
f(0) = (1+0) 1 0 = 0.
) :
(1 + x) 1 x

( 1) 2
x > 0.
2

g ( x) = (1 + x) 1 x

( 1) 2
x , x 0.
2

g ( x) = (1 + x) 1

( 1)
2x
2

= (1 + x) 1 ( 1) x
= [(1 + x) 1 1 ( 1) x] > 0, ).
g(x) > 0, x (0, +) g
0, g [0, +). x > 0 g(x) >
g(0) , ,
(1 + x) 1 x

( 1) 2
x > 0.
2

4.  f R,
f (x) = 0. x R :
6( f ( x)) 2 f ( x) + 6 f ( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 f ( x)[( f ( x)) 2 + 1] = x 2 + 1 > 0.
f (x) = 0 R. f .
5.  , Cf Cg.
h(x) = f(x) g(x) x [ , ],
Cf Cg.
[,]. h
. , Fermat :

120

2.7

h( ) = 0 f ( ) g ( ) = 0 f ( ) = g ( ).
(, f()), (, g()) Cf Cg
.
6. f R
f ( x) = 2( x )( x ) 2 ( x ) 2 + ( x ) 2 2( x )( x ) 2 + ( x ) 2 ( x ) 2 2( x ).

f ( ) = f ( ) = f ( ) = 0.

(1)

f Rolle
[,] [,],
,
(,) (,)
f ( ) = f ( ) = f ( ) = 0.
, 1 ( , ) 2 ( , ) , f (1 ) = 0
f ( 2 ) = 0. (1) (2) f
< 1 < < 2 < . f ,
. f (x) = 0 ,
, 1, , 2, R.
f , f .
x
f (x)
f(x)

1
+

..

2
+

+
+

..

..

..

..

f f(), f() f()

f(1) f(2).
7. i) 3x + 4y = 4,
y=

4 3x
.
4

121

2.7

( x) = 1 + 2 =

x2 3
+ y2
4
2

x 2 3 4 3x
+

4
4

x 2 3 16 24 x + 9 x 2
+
4
16

1
9 + 4 3 x 2 24 x + 16 .

16

1
4
ii) x 0, ( x) = 2 9 + 4 3 x 24 ,

16
3

( x) = 0 x =

12
9+4 3

12 9 4
81 48

)
3 ) 4 (9 4 3 )
=x.
=
11

,
.
x
(x)

4
3

x1

(x)

(x1)

,
4
x =
9 4 3 0, 75 m.
11

8. i)  (x, f(x)) Cf .

9
9

() 2 = x + ( f ( x)) 2 = x + x.
2
2

,
,

2

g ( x) = x + x, x [0, +).
2

122

2.7

x [0, +) g ( x) = 2 x + 1 = 2 x 8,
2

g ( x) = 0 x = 4.
g, g
.
x

g(x)

+
+

17
4

g(x)

17
.
4
(AM)2 (AM) x = 4.
(4,2).
g x = 4 g(4) =

1
,
2 x
1
(4,2) = f (4) = .
4
AM :

ii)  x > 0 f ( x) =

, =
AM.

2
20
=
= 4.
1
9

4
2
2

1
(4) = 1,
4

9.  (A) = 2x () = y
.
2x + 2y
2 x + 2 y = 400 y = 200 x.

( x) = 2 x y = 2 x(200 x) = 2 x 2 + 400 x.
123

2.7

200
x 0,
(x) = 4x + 400,

100
( x) = 0 x =
.

,
.
x

100

(x)

max

(x)

100
100 20.000

.
=

, ,
:
100 200
100
( ) = 2
=
m ( ) = 200
= 100 m.

x =

10.  x(x > 100) . ,

1000
, (x 100) 5 ,
:
1000 ( x 100)5 = 1000 5 x + 500 = 1500 5 x .
, x :

( x) = x(1500 5 x) = 5 x 2 + 1500 x.
x > 100 ( x) = 10 x + 1500, ( x) = 0 x = 150.
,
.
x
(x)
(x)

100

150
+

0
112.500
max
124

2.7

, x0 = 150 (150) = 112.500.

, 150
.
11.  r1 (t ) = 0, 05, r1 (t ) = (0, 05t ) r1 (t ) = 0, 05t + c1 .
r1(0) = 3, r1 (t ) = 0, 05t + 3. r2 (t ) = 0, 04t + 5.
i)
r1 (t ) = r2 (t ) 3 + 0, 05t = 5 + 0, 04t 0, 01t = 2 t = 200.
, 200 s .
ii) , t,

(t ) = r22 (t ) r12 (t )
= (5 + 0, 04t ) 2 (3 + 0, 05t ) 2 .

(t ) = 2 (5 + 0, 04t ) 0, 04 2 (3 + 0, 05t ) 0, 05
= 2 (0, 20 + 0, 0016t 0,15 0, 0025t )
= 2 (0, 05 0, 0009t ).

(t ) = 0 t 55, 6 s.

, .
t

(t)

55,6
+

max

(t)

, t 55, 6 s
.
12. i)  .

= 2 = 2.
,
125

2.7

= = 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 4 .

E=

+
2 + 2 + 4
=
2
2
2
= (4 + 4 )
= 4 (1 + ).

ii)

( ) = 4 (1 + ), 0, .
2

( ) = 4 (1 + ) + 4 ( )
= 4 2 4 2 + 4
= 4 2 4(1 2 ) + 4
= 8 2 + 4 4

= 4(2 2 + 1).

( ) = 0 2 2 + 1 = 0
=

1
= 1
2

, 0, .
3
2

.
=

()
()

/3

0
+

max

,
3
.
, =

126

2.7

13. i)  t1
t2 .

t1 =

x 2 + 1002
( ) 300 x
t2 =
=
.
3
2
5

( KM )
=
1

( x) =

x 2 + 1002 300 x
+
.
3
5

ii)
x 2 + 1002 300 x
+
, x (0, 300).
3
5

( x) =

1
x
1
.
( x) =
3 x 2 + 1002 5

(x) = 0 75.

.
x
(x)
(x)

75

300
+

(75)
min

, x = 75 ft.
, x = 75ft,
.
14.  1 1 2
2.

P
8P
1 ( x) = k 2 2 ( x) = k
, k R.
x
(12 x) 2
127

2.7

( x) = 1 ( x) + 2 ( x)
=k

P
8P
+k
x2
(12 x) 2

8
= kP 2 +
.
2
(12 x)
x

8
( x) = kP 2 +
, x (0,12)
2
(12 x)
x

2 x 16(12 x)
( x) = kP 4 +

(12 x) 4
x
2
16
= kP 3 +
.
12
x
(
x )3

( x) = 0

2
16
+
=0
3
x
(12 x)3

16 x 3 2(12 x)3 = 0
(2 x)3 (12 x)3 = 0
2 x (12 x) = 0
3 x = 12 x = 4.
,
.
x
(x)

(x)

12
+

min

, , x = 4.
,
4 km 1.
128

2.8

2.8

1. i)  x R
f ( x) = 15 x 4 20 x 3 f ( x) = 60 x 3 60 x 2 = 60 x 2 ( x 1),

f ( x) = 0 x = 0 () x = 1.

f .
x

f (x)

f(x)

..

f (, 0] [0,1] [1, +).

1 . (1,0)
Cf .
ii) x R * :
g ( x) =

g ( x) =

6 x 4 3 x 2 (3 x 2 2) 6 3 x 2
=
x6
x4

6 x 5 4 x 3 (6 3 x 2 ) 6( x 2 4)
=
,
x8
x5

g ( x) = 0 x = 2 x = 2.

g .
x
g(x)
g(x)

0
+

..

+
+

..

, g [2,0) [2, +),

(, 2] (0,2]. g
5

2, 2 2,
4

129

2.8

5
2, Cg.
4
2. i) x R
f ( x) = e1 x xe1 x f ( x) = e1 x ( x 2),

f ( x) = 0 x = 2.

f .
x

f (x)

+
+

2
e
..

f(x)

, f (, 2]
[2, +) .
f 2 ,
e
2, Cf .
2
ii) x (0, +) :
g ( x) = 2 x(2 ln x 5) + 2 x = 4 x(ln x 2)

g ( x) = 4(ln x 2) + 4 = 4(ln x 1),

g ( x) = 0 ln x = 1 x = e.
g .
x
g(x)
g(x)

0
3e 2
..
130

+
+

2.8

, g (0,e]
[e, +) . g e
, A(e,3e2) Cg.
iii) x < 0 h(x) = 6x.
2
x > 0 h(x) = 3x + 6x
x = 0 :
lim

h ( x ) h ( 0)
3 x 2 + 1 1
= lim
= 0
x 0
x
x

lim+

h( x) h(0)
x3 + 3x 2 + 1 1
= lim+
= lim+ ( x(3 x)) = 0.
x 0
x 0
x
x

x 0

x 0

, h x = 0 h(0) = 0.
x<0
6 x,
.
h( x) =
2
3 x + 6 x, x 0
x<0
6,
,
x 0 h( x) =

6
x
+
6
,
x
>0

h( x) = 0 x = 1.
h .
x
h(x)
h(x)

+
1
..

3
..

, h (, 0] [1, +)
[0,1].
0 h h(0) = 0,
Ch (0,1) h 0
, (0,1) Ch.
h 1 ,
(1,3) Ch.
131

2.8
2

3. i) x R f ( x) = 2 xe x
2

f ( x) = 2e x 2 x(e x ) = 2e x (2 x 2 1),
2
2
x=
.
2
2
f .
f ( x) = 0 x =

x
f (x)

2
2
0

f(x)

2
2
0

..

+
+

..

, f

2
2
, + ,
,

2

2 2
,

.
2 2
2
2
,

2
2

2 12

2 12
,
, e ,
, e Cf .
2

1

ii) x , g ( x) =

2 x
2 2
g ( x) =

2x(x) 2x
=
,
4 x
3 x

g ( x) = 0 x = 0 x = 0.
g .
x
g(x)
g(x)

/2

/2

0
..
132

2.8

, g , 0 ,
2

0, . g 0
2
, (0,0)
Cg.
x 2 , x 0
.
iii) h( x) = 2
x , x < 0
h R .
:
2 x, x > 0
2, x > 0
.
h( x) =
h( x) =
2 x, x < 0
2, x < 0
x0 = 0
lim+

h( x) h(0)
x2 0
= lim+
= 0,
x 0
x
x

lim

h ( x ) h ( 0)
x2
= lim
= 0.
x 0
x
x

x 0

x 0

h(0) = 0.
h h [0, +),
(, 0] (0,0) .
iv) R .

x , x 0
( x) =
,
x , x < 0

1
x>0
2 x ,

( x) =
1 , x < 0
2 x

1
4x x , x > 0

( x) =
.
1 , x<0
4 x x

0 .

133

2.8

x > 0, lim+

( x ) ( 0)
x
1
= lim+
= lim+
= +.
x

0
x

0
x0
x
x

x < 0, lim

( x ) ( 0)
x
1
= lim
= lim
= .
x 0
x 0
x0
x
x

x 0

x 0

, 0. C
(0,(0)), x = 0.
, .
x
(x)

(x)

(0,0) C ,
0 .
v) x < 0 x > 0 .

lim ( x) = lim x = 0,
x 0

x 0

lim ( x) = lim+ x = 0 (0) = 0.

x 0+

x 0

0.

1
2 x ,

( x) =
1 ,
2 x

4 x x ,

( x) =
1 ,
x>0
4 x x
x<0

x<0
.
x>0

x0 = 0
lim

( x ) ( 0)
x
1
= lim+
= lim+
= +
x

0
x

0
x
x
x

lim

( x) (0)
x
1
= lim
= lim
= +.
x

0
x

0
x
x
x

x 0+

x 0

134

2.8

0.
0, C
(0,0) x = 0.
.
x
(x)

+
0
..

(x)

, (, 0] [0, +).
0 C
(0,0), C.
4.  f [1,1] f ( x) > 0
x (1,1). , f [1,1].
f [1,4], [4,8]
[8,10].
 f [1,0] f (1,0).
f [1,0]. f
[0,2]
[2,5]
[5,6]
[6,7]
[7,10].
1, 4, 6, 8
f f ,
1, 10 f.
1, 8 , 1, 4, 10
. 6
f .

135

2.8

, 0, 2, 5, 6, 7 .
5. i)  S [0,t2],
t [0, t2 ] . S
[t2 , +), t t2 .
ii)  (t ) = S (t )
h C .
:
[0,t1] S S (t ) = (t )
. [0,t1] .
[t1,t3] S S (t ) = (t )
. [t1,t3] .
[t3 , +) .
t

t3

t1

(t)
, [t1,t3]
[0,t1] [t3 , +) .

2.8

1. x R :
f ( x) =

1 x2
x2 + 1 2x2

=
( x 2 + 1) 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2

f ( x) =

2 x(1 + x 2 ) 2 2( x 2 + 1) 2 x(1 x 2 ) 2 x( x 2 3)
=
,
( x 2 + 1)3
( x 2 + 1) 4

f ( x) = 0 x = 0 x = 3 x = 3.
f .

136

2.8

x
f (x)

3
4
..

f(x)

f 3, 0

3
4
..

0
..

3
3
, 3 ,
, (0,0) 3 ,

4
4

Cf .

.
2. x R :
f ( x) = 2e x 2 x f ( x) = 2e x 2 = 2(e x 1),

f ( x) = 0 e x = 1 x = .
f .
x
f (x)

+
+

2 2
..

f(x)

f ,
( , 2 2 ), R Cf.
y = x 2 + 2, 2 2 = 2 + 2.
3. x R :
f ( x) = 4 x 3 6 x 2 + 12 x + 2
f ( x) = 12 x 2 12 x + 12 = 12( x 2 x + 1).
f = 2 4 < 0 ,
(2, 2). , f (x) > 0 x R.
137

2.8

f R.
4. i) x R
f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x = 3 x( x 2),

f ( x) = 0 x = 0 x = 2

f ( x) = 6 x 6 = 6( x 1),

f ( x) = 0 x = 1.
f f ,
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

0
2
T.M.

0
0
..

+
+
+

2
T.E.

, f :
0 f(0) = 2
2 f(2) = 2.
f 1
(1,0) Cf .
ii)  , , ,
= .
:

2 2
02
= 2 =
= 2.
20
1 0

= .
5. :
2 f ( x) f ( x) 2 f ( x) + 2 x = 0
138

2.9

f ( x) f ( x) f ( x) + x = 0

f ( x) f ( x) + f ( x) f ( x) f ( x) + 1 = 0
( f ( x)) 2 + f ( x)( f ( x) 1) + 1 = 0.
x0 .
f (x0) = 0,
( f ( x0 )) 2 + f ( x0 )( f ( x0 ) 1) + 1 = 0 ( f ( x0 )) 2 + 1 = 0
.
f .

2.9

1. i)
1
1
= lim+ f ( x) = lim+
= +,
x2
x2 x 2
x2

lim f ( x) = lim

x2

x2

x = 2 Cf .
ii) :
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x
x

= lim+ x
= ,

x
x

lim+

x
2

1
= + lim+ x = 1.

x
x
2

x =

Cf .
2

lim f ( x) = lim x = lim x

= + ,

x
x
x
x
2

lim

x
2

1
= + lim x = 1.

x
x
2

139

2.9

x =

Cf .
2

iii) :
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

x 2 3x + 2
( x 1)( x 2)
= lim
= lim( x 2) = 1.
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

, x = l Cf .
iv)

lim f ( x) = lim x = 0 lim+ f ( x) = lim+

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

1
= +.
x

, x = 0 Cf .
2. i) :

x2
x2 + x + 1
=
= 1, y = 1
lim
x +
x +
x + x 2
x2 + 1
Cf +.
lim f ( x) = lim

x2 + x + 1
= 1, y = 1 x
x
x2 + 1
Cf .
lim f ( x) = lim

ii) :
lim f ( x) = lim
x +

x +

x 2 + 1 x = lim

x +

1
2

x +1 + x

= lim

x +

1
x 1 + 2 + 1
x

1
= lim
= 0,
x + x

1+
+ 1

x2

y = 0 Cf +.

1
1

lim f ( x) = lim x 2 1 + 2 x = lim x 1 + 2 + 1 = +,

x
x
x

x
x

Cf .
140

2.9

3. i) f (,1) (1, +).

-
Cf y = x + ,

= lim

f ( x)
x2 x 2
x2
= lim
=
lim
= 1
x
x x 2
x
x2 x

x2 x 2

2
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
x = lim
= 0..
x
x
x 1
x x 1
, y = x.
y = x Cf +.

:
lim f ( x) = lim

x 1

x 1

x2 x 2
x2 x 2
= + lim+ f ( x) = lim+
= ,
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

x = 1 Cf .
ii) H f (, 2) (2, +).
-
Cf y = x + ,

= lim

f ( x)
x2 3
= lim 2
= 1
x x 2 x
x

x2 3

2x 3
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
x = lim
= 2..
x
x
x

x2
x2

, y = x + 2.
, y = x + 2 Cf +.

141

2.9

lim f ( x) = lim

x2 3
=
x2

lim+ f ( x) = lim+

x2 3
= +,
x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

x = 2 Cf .
iii) f = (, 1) [0, +).
-
Cf y = x + ,
f ( x)
x2 + x
= lim
= lim
= lim
x
x
x
x
x

= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
x

= lim

x 1+
x

x 2 + x + x = lim

1
x = 1

1
x 1 + + 1
x

x2 + x x2
x2 + x x

= lim

1
1+

1
+1
x

1
= .
2

1
y = x .
2
y = x +

1
Cf +.
2

Cf , 1 0 .
4. i) lim(x) = 0, lim ln( x + 1) = 0
x 0

x 0

lim
x 0

(x)
x
= lim
= lim( x + 1)x = 1,
x

0
x 0
1
(ln( x + 1))
x +1

lim
x 0

x
= 1.
ln( x + 1)
142

2.9

ii) lim(1 x 2 ) = 0, lim x 4 = 0

x 0

x 0

x 2 2 x
1 x 2 1
(1 x 2 )
lim
=
lim
= .
=
x 0
x 0
x 0 2
2
x2
4 x3
( x 4 )

lim
:

1 x 2 1
= .
x 0
2
x4

lim

iii) lim( x x) = 0, lim(1 x) = 0

x 0

lim
x 0

x 0

( x x)
1 x
(1 x)
x
= lim
= lim
=0
= lim
x

0
x

0
x

(1 x)
x
(xx)
x

:
lim
x 0

2.9

x x
= 0.
1 x

1. i)
lim ( f ( x) + x + 1) = 0.

lim ( f ( x) + x + 1) = lim

= lim

x 2 + 2 x + 2 ( x + 1) 2
2

x + 2 x + 2 ( x + 1)

= lim

1
lim
x x

x2 + 2x + 2 + x + 1

= lim

1
1+

2 2
1
+ 2 +1+
x x
x

1
2 2
x 1 + + 2 x 1
x x
= 0

1
= 0.
2

lim ( f ( x) ( x + 1)) = 0.

x +

lim ( f ( x) ( x + 1)) = lim

x +

x +

143

x 2 + 2 x + 2 ( x + 1)

2.9

x 2 + 2 x + 2 ( x + 1) 2

= lim

x + 2 x + 2 + ( x + 1)

x +

= lim

x +

1
lim
x x +

= lim

x +

1
1+

2 2
1
+
+1+
x x2
x

2 2
1
x 1+ + 2 +1+
x x
x

= 0

1
= 0.
2

ii)
x 2 + 2 x + 2 > x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1) 2 .
:

f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2 > ( x + 1) 2 = x + 1 = x 1 ( x < 1)
Cf y = x 1
+
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2 > ( x + 1) 2 = x + 1 = x + 1 ( x < 1)
Cf y = x + 1.
2. i) f R.
-

= lim

f ( x)
x2
x
1
= lim
= lim x = lim x x =
x x 2 x
x 2
x 2
x

1
1
= lim = + lim x = ,
x 2 x
x 2
x

lim

Cf .
Cf + y = x + ,

= lim

x +

f ( x)
x2
x
1
( x )
= 0
= lim
= lim x = lim x = x
x + x 2 x
x + 2
x + ( 2 )
x
2 ln 2
144

2.9

x2

2x
( x2 )
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim x 0 = lim x = lim x
x +
x + 2
x + ( 2 )
x + 2 ln 2

2
( 2 x )
= lim x
= lim x 2 = 0.
x + ( 2 ln 2)
x + 2 ln 2
, y = 0.
ii) f (0, +).
-
Cf + y = x + ,
1
f ( x)
1
ln x
(ln x)
= lim
= lim 2 = lim
= lim x = lim 2 = 0
2
x +
x
+
x
+
x
+
x
+
x
2x
x
2x
( x )
(ln x)
1
ln x
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
= lim
= lim = 0.

x +
x +
x + x
x x + ( x)
, y = 0 .

lim

x 0+

ln x
1

= lim+ ln x = .
x

0
x
x

x = 0 Cf .
3. f x0 = 0, :
lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (0).

x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) = lim (x + ) = , lim+ f ( x) = lim+ e x = 1 f(0) = .

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

= 1, f
x + 1, x 0
f ( x) = x
x>0
e ,
145

(1)

2.9

1 , x0 = 0.
, (1)
x0 = 0.
x < 0

f ( x) f (0) x + 1 1 x
,
=
=
x0
x
x
lim

x 0

x > 0
lim+

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
= lim
= 1.
x 0
x0
x

f ( x ) f ( 0) e x 1
,
=
x0
x

f ( x) f (0)
e x 1
e x
(e x 1)
= .
= lim+
= lim+
= lim+
x 0
x 0
x 0
x0
x
1
( x )

, f x0 = 0, = 1 = 1.
4. i) 0 < x 1 f .
x = 1
lim
x 1

x ln x
( x ln x)
ln x + 1
= lim
= lim
= 1 f(1) = 1.
x

1
x

1 x
(1 x)
1

f .
ii) 0 < x 1 :
x ln x
+1
x ln x + 1 x
f ( x) f (1) 1 x
,
=
=
x 1
x 1
( x 1) 2

lim
x 1

f ( x) f (1)
1 x + x ln x
(1 x + x ln x)
= lim
= lim
2
x

1
x

1
x 1
(( x 1) 2 )
( x 1)
= lim
x 1

1 + ln x + 1
ln x
= lim
x 1 2( x 1)
2( x 1)

1
1
(ln x)
= lim
= lim x = .
x 1 ( 2( x 1))
x 1 2
2
146

2.9

1
f (1) = .
2
5. i) x 1 f .
x0 = 1
ln( x 2 2 x + 2)
x 1
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

2x 2
2( x 1)
= lim x 2 x + 2 = lim 2
= 0.
x 1
x

1
1
x 2x + 2
2

f (1) = 0 = lim f ( x), f 1.

x 1

ln( x 2 2 x + 2)
0
f ( x) f (1)
x 1
lim
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
ln( x 2 2 x + 2)
x 1
( x 1) 2

= lim

2x 2
2
2( x 1)
x
= lim 2 x + 2 = lim
= 1.
x 1
x 1 2( x 1)( x 2 2 x + 2)
2( x 1)
f (0) = 1.
f 1.
ii)

ln x
lim g ( x) = lim x 2 = 1, lim+ g ( x) = lim+ 1 +
= 1+ 0 = 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x

x 1

g(1) = 12 = 1.
g 1.
x < 1
lim

x 1

g ( x) g (1)
x2 1
= lim
= lim( x + 1) = 2.
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1

x > 1

147

2.9

g ( x) g (1)
lim+
= lim+
x 1
x 1
x 1

1+

ln x
1
ln x
x
= lim+
x 1 x ( x 1)
x 1

1
1
x
= lim+
= lim+
= 1.
x 1 x 1 + x
x 1 x ( 2 x 1)

g ( x) g (1)
g ( x) g (1)
,
lim+
x

1
x 1
x 1
g x0 = 1.
lim

x 1

6. i) lim(1 e x ) = 0 lim x = 0,
x 0

x 0

1 e
x 0
x

lim

e x
= 1.
x 0 1

= lim

lim x = 0, lim ln x = ,
x 0

x 0

lim ( x ln x) = lim+

x 0+

x 0

ln x
1
x

1
= lim+ x = lim+ ( x) = 0.
x 0
1 x 0
2
x

ii)

lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (1 e x ) ln x = lim+

x 0

x 0

= lim+
x 0

x 0

1 e x
( x ln x)
x

1 e x
lim+ ( x ln x) = 1 0 = 0
x 0
x

i).
f (0) = 0 = lim+ f ( x), f 0.
x 0

iii)
lim+

x 0

f ( x) f (0)
1 e x
(1 e x ) ln x 0
= lim+
= lim+
lim+ ln x = .
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
148

2.10

f ( x) f (0)
= , Cf
x 0
x
(0,0) x = 0.
f 0 lim+

2.10

1. i) f A = R.
f
x R f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x 9 = 3( x 2 2 x 3),
f ( x) = 0 x = 3 x = 1.
 f ,
f .
x

f (x)

16
T.M.

f(x)

+
+

16
T.E.

x R f ( x) = 6 x 6,
f ( x) = 0 x = 1.
f
Cf
.
x

f (x)

+
+

0
..

f(x)

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 3 x 2 9 x + 11) = lim x 3 = +,

x +

x +

x +

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 3 x 9 x + 11) = lim x 3 = .

Cf + , f
. f
.
149

2.10

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

16
T.M.

3
0

+
+
+

0
..

16
T.E.

ii) f = (,1) (1, +)

f , .
2
,
x f ( x) =
( x 1) 2
f ( x) 0 x .
f , f .
x

f (x)

f(x)
x f ( x) = 2

4
2( x 1)
=
.
4
( x 1)
( x 1)3

f , f
.
x
f (x)

+
+

f(x)
150

2.10

x +1
= 1, y = 1
x
x x 1
Cf .
lim f ( x) = lim

lim f ( x) = 1, y = 1 +.
x +

x +1
= , lim+ f ( x) = +, x = 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
Cf .

lim f ( x) = lim

f
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

+
1

iii) f = R.
f R .
x R f ( x) = 4 x 3 4 x = 4 x( x 2 1),
f ( x) = 0 x = 0 x = 1 x = 1.
f ,
f.
x
f (x)

f(x)

0
+

0
T..

1
T.E.

1
T.E.

x R f ( x) = 12 x 2 4 = 4(3 x 2 1),
f ( x) = 0 x =

3
3
x=
.
3
3

151

+
+

2.10

f ,
f
.
x

3
3
0

f (x)

3
3
0

5
9
. .

5
9
. .

f(x)

lim f ( x) = lim ( x 4 2 x 2 ) = lim x 4 = +.

x

lim f ( x) = lim x 4 = +.

x +

x +

Cf , +,
.
f
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

1
0

1
T.E.

3
3

+
0

3
3

0
+

+
f(x)

5
9
. .

0
T.M.

0
5
9
. .

x R
f ( x) = ( x) 4 2( x) 2 = x 4 2 x 2 = f ( x),
152

1
0

+
+
+
+

1
T.E.

2.10

f ,
y.
2. i) f A = R*.
f R*, .
1 x2 1
x R * f ( x) = 1 2 = 2 ,
x
x
f ( x) = 0 x = 1 x = 1.
f ,
f.
x
f (x)

2
T..

f(x)

+
+

2
T..

2 x 3 2 x( x 2 1) 2
= 3 ,
x4
x
f (x) 0 x R*.

x R* f ( x) =

f , Cf
.
x
f (x)

+
+

f(x)
-
Cf y = x + ,
f ( x)
1

= lim 1 + 2 = 1
x

x
x
1
1

= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim x + x = lim = 0.

x
x
x

x x

= lim

, y = x.
, y = x Cf +.
153

2.10

lim f ( x) = lim x + =
x 0
x 0
x
1

lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x + = +.
x 0
x 0
x
x = 0 Cf . :
x2 + 1
lim f ( x) = lim
= lim x =
x
x
x x
x2 + 1
= lim x = +.
x +
x +
x

lim f ( x) = lim

x +

f
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

0
2
T..

+
+

+
2
T..

x2 + 1
( x) 2 + 1
=
= f ( x),
x
x
154

+
+

x R*
f ( x) =

2.10

f ,
.
ii) f = (,1) (1, +)
f , .
x
f ( x) =

(2 x 1)( x 1) ( x 2 x 2) x 2 2 x + 3
=
,
( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2

f (x) > 0 x .
f f.
x

f (x)

+
+

f(x)
x :
f ( x) =

4
(2 x 2)( x 1) 2 2( x 1)( x 2 2 x + 3)
=
,
4
( x 1)3
( x 1)

f ,
Cf
.
x
f (x)

f(x)
-
Cf y = x + ,

= lim

f ( x)
x2 x 2
= lim
= 1
x
x
x2 x

x2 x 2

2
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
x = lim
= 0..
x
x
x x 1
1
x

155

2.10

, y = x.
, y = x Cf +.

lim f ( x) = lim
x 1

x 1

lim+ f ( x) = lim+

x 1

x 1

x2 x 2
= +
x 1
x2 x 2
= .
x 1

, x = 1 Cf.
:
x2 x 2
= lim f ( x) = +.
x
x +
x 1

lim f ( x) = lim

f
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

3. = [ ,]
f .
x f (x) = 1+x,
156

f ( x) = 0 x = x = .
f ,
f .
x
f (x)

+
0

f(x)
x f (x) = x,
f ( x) = 0 x = x = 0 x = .
f ,
f
.
x

f(x) 0

0
+

0
..

f(x)

f( ) = f() =
f
.
x
f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

min

0
+
0
0
..

max

2
1. i) x (0, +) :
f ( x) =

1
g ( x) = 2 x 3,
x2
157

f (1) = 1 g(l) = 1.
(1,1) Cf Cg, f(1) = 1 g(l) = l.
f (1) = g(l), Cf , Cg (1,1) .
ii)  Cf Cg

1 ( x 1)3
( x) = g ( x) f ( x) = x 2 3x + 3 =
.
x
x
: (x) < 0, x (0,1)
(x) > 0 x (1, +).
:
Cf Cg,
x (0,1)
Cg Cf ,
x (1, +) ().
2.  ( x) = f ( x) g ( x). x R
( x) = f ( x) g ( x) > 0, R. :
x > 0 :

( x) > (0) f ( x) g ( x) > f (0) g (0) f ( x) > g ( x),

f(0) = g(0)
x < 0

( x) < (0) f ( x) g ( x) < f (0) g (0) f ( x) < g ( x),

f(0) = g(0).

158

3. :
() = 1 () = 1 .
() = 2() = 2
(AM) = (OA) + () = 1+

1
2 (1 + ) = (1 + ).
2
(0, ) :

= ( ) =

() = (1 + ) 2
2
2
= +

= 2 + ,

( ) = 0 2 =
2 = ( )
2 = , (0, )
=

.
3

( > 0 < 0),
6
2

.

()

/3

0
+

3 3
4
max

()

159

3 3

= .
4
3

4.  rad L = r
1
rad = r 2 .
2
, :
2r + r = 20 =

20 2r
, 0 < r < 10
r

(r ) =

1 2 20 2r
r
= 10r r 2 , r (0,10).
r
2

r (0,10) E(r) = 10 2r, (r ) = 0 r = 5.

To E (r),
.
r

(r)

5
+

10

25
max

(r)

r = 5 E(r) = 25.
, r = 5 m.
5. i) :
=

1
1
( )
()
=
=
=
() ()
( ) ( )

() =

1
1

( ) =
, 0 < <
2

ii) ( ) = () + ( ) =

1
1
+

1
1
+




0, . , x 0, :
2
2

iii)  f ( ) =

160

f ( ) =

3 3

+
=
,
2
2

2 2

f ( ) = 0 3 3 = 0 = =

,
4

0, .
2
f ,
f .

f ()

f()

2 2
min

f = 2 2 .
4
4
, , ,
, f =

, 2 2m 2, 8m.
6. i) f = (0, +)
f .
x > 0 f ( x) =

1 ln x
,
x2

f ( x) = 0 ln x = 1 x = e.
f ,
f.
x
f (x)
f(x)

0
+

0
1
e
max
161

x 2 x(1 ln x) 2 ln x 3
=
,
x4
x3

x > 0 f ( x) =

f ( x) = 0 ln x =

3
x = e3 / 2 .
2

f , Cf
.
x

3/2

f (x)

3
2e3/ 2
..

f(x)
-

Cf + y = x + ,
1
0

1
ln x 0
= lim 2 = lim x = lim 2 = 0
x + x
x + 2 x
x + 2 x
1
ln x
= lim ( f ( x) x) = lim
= lim x = 0.
x +
x + x
x + 1
, y = 0 Cf +.
ln x
1

, , lim f ( x) = lim+
= lim+ ln x = , x = 0
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
x

Cf .
f
.
x

f (x)

f (x)

f(x)

3/2

1
e
T.M.
162

0
3
2e3/ 2
..

ii) +1 > ( + 1) ln +1 > ln( + 1)

( + 1) ln > ln( + 1)

ln ln( + 1)
>

+1

f ( ) > f ( + 1).
( ) , e < < + 1
f [e, +).
iii) x > 0 :
2 x = x 2 ln 2 x = ln x 2 x ln 2 = 2 ln x

ln 2 ln x
=
f (2) = f ( x).
2
x
2x = x2 (0, +),
x > 0 f

ln 2
.
2
2
2
4
2
x
2
2 = 2 2 = 4 , 2 = x (0, +) x = 2
x = 4. .
i):
f (0,e] . f(2)
, x = 2.
f [e, +) . f(4)
.
f ( 2) =

163

, 2x = x2 , x1 = 2 x2 = 4.
7. i)  f ( x) = x + x , R
.
f(0) = 2 :
f ( x) f (0) x R ,
f x0 = 0 ,
Fermat f (0) = 0.
f ( x) = x ln + x ln ,
f (0) = 0 ln + ln = 0 ln( ) = 0 = 1.
ii)  x R . , , f ( x) = x x 1,
R .
f (0) = 0 0 1 = 0,
f(x) f(0) x R.
f x0 = 0 ,
Fermat, f (0) = 0. :
f ( x) = x ln 1

f (0) = 0 0 ln 1 = 0 ln = 1 = e.
8. i) x R :
x
x
f (x) = e f (x) = e > 0 x R.

f R.
x (0, +) :
g ( x) =

1
1
g ( x) = 2 < 0.
x
x

f (0, +).
ii) Cf (0,1) :
y 1 = f (0)( x 0) y 1 = x y = x + 1,
164

Cg (1,0) :
y 0 = g (1)( x 1) y = x 1.
iii) )  f R
Cf (0,1)
Cf . :
e x 1 + x x R.

x = 0.
)  g (0, +)
Cg (1,0)
C g. ,
:
x 1 ln x x (0, +).
x = 1.
iv) x R

x 1 x + 1,

, iii),
ln x x 1 < x + 1 < e x , x > 0.

ln x < e , x > 0.

x
9. i) H f(x) = e x R f ( x) = e x .

f ( x) = 0 e x = 0 x = ln .

f , f .
x
f (x)
f(x)

ln

+
+

min

, f x = ln
165

f (ln ) = eln ln = ln = (1 ln ).
ii)
R

min f ( x) 0
(1 ln ) 0
1 ln 0
ln 1
e.
, , e x x x R,
= e.
x

iii)  y = ex g(x) = e ,
x0 , Cg (x0,g(x0))
y = ex. ,
e x0 = ex0
g ( x0 ) = e x0

x0 = 1.

x0
e = e
g ( x0 ) = e
y = ex Cg (l,e).

1 : y e x0 = e x0 ( x x0 ).
10. i) x 0
f ( x) f (0)
=
x0
x

1
x
x
x x

1
x = x 1 .
x
x

x 2

1
x.
x

lim x = lim ( x ) = 0.
x 0

x 0

166

(1)

lim x = 0.
x 0
x

f (0) = 0.
f(0) = 0 f (0) = 0, y = 0 Cf (0,0).
ii)  Cf y = 0
f(x) = 0.
x 0
f ( x) = 0 x 2

1
1
= 0 = 0
x
x

1
1
= , * x =
, *.
x

(1)

x = 0 f(0) = 0.
, (0,0)
, * (1). (
, x
0).
iii)
lim ( f ( x) x) = 0 lim ( f ( x) x) = 0

x +

:
1

lim ( f ( x) x) = lim x 2 x
x +
x

x +

1
1
= lim 2 t
t 0 t
t

= lim

0
t t

0
t2

= lim

t 1
0

2t
0

= lim

t
= 0.
2

t 0

t 0

t 0

167

lim ( f ( x) x) = 0.

11. . i) H R
(x) = 2(x)(x) + 2(x)(x)
= 2(x)( (x) + (x))
= 2(x)0 ( )
= 0.
, R.

(0) = ( (0)) 2 + ( (0)) 2 = 0 + 0 = 0,

( x) = 0, x R

ii)  (x) = 0, ( ( x)) 2 + ( ( x)) 2 = 0 x R. (x) =

0 (x) = 0 x R,
(x) = 0, x R.
.

( x) = f ( x) x
( x) = f ( x) + x.

( x) + ( x) = f ( x) + x + f ( x) x
= f ( x) + f ( x)
= 0 ( )

(0) = f (0) 0 = 0

(0) = f (0) 0 = 1 1 = 0.
(1) ().
, :

( x) = g ( x) + x
168

( x) = g ( x) + x.
( x) + ( x) = g ( x) + x + g ( x) x
= g ( x) + g ( x) = 0 ( ).

(0) = g (0) 0 = 1 1 = 0
(0) = g (0) + 0 = 0.

, y (1) .
ii)  , (1)
, (), (x) = 0 (x) = 0 x R,
f(x) = x g(x) = x x R.
12. i)  
 (,).
= ( x, ) = (1 x, ) .
,
 
x
det( , ) = 0
=0

1 x
( x) (1 x) = 0
= x x

x=
ii)
lim x( ) = lim

= x( ).

= lim

= lim

= lim

169

= lim
0

2
= 2.
1

13. A. i) s
s = 2

= = 2 ,
2
s
= .
2

l / 2 l
=
=
=
2
2
2
4

l = 4 .
2
ii)  = 4 km/h, t
l
s = 4t. = ,
2
4t
2t
= = 2t l = 4 = 4t.
2
2
. l (t ) = 4t , :
) =

2
,
3

1

t = 3 = l = 4 = 4 = 2 km/h.
2
3
3
2
3
) = ,
t=
) =

l = 4 = 0 km/h
2
2
2

4
,
3
t=

2
2
l
3
3

= 2 km/h.
= 4
3

170

14.  x ,
t .
125 , t x
.

125 xt = 12500 xt = 100 t =

100
.
x

(1)

= 6t x + 10t + 10( x + 1).

, (1),

( x) = 6

100
100
x + 10
+ 10( x + 1)
x
x

( x) = 600 +

1000
+ 10 x + 10.
x

x > 0

( x) =

1000
10 x 2 1000 10( x 2 100)
10
+
=
=
.
x2
x2
x2

( x) = 0 x 2 100 = 0 x = 10, x > 0.

,
.
x
(x)

10

(x)

+
+

K(10)
min

, x = 10 ,

(10) = 600 +

1000
+ 10 11 = 810.
10

, 10 .
100
=
t = 10
810 ,
x
.
171

 3

3.1

1. :
i) ( x 3 + x + x)dx = x 3 dx + xdx + xdx
=
ii)

x4
x + x + c
4

x2 + x + 1
1
x dx = xdx + 1dx + x dx
=

x2
+ x + ln x + c
2
3
2

+1

6 5
x2
iii) 3 x xdx = 3 x dx = 3
+ c = x2 + c
3
5
+1
2
iv)

x3 + 8
dx = x 2 dx + 2 xdx + 4dx
x+2
=

x3
+ x2 + 4x + c
3

3
dx

v) e x + 2 x dx = e x dx 3 + 2 xdx
x
x

= e x dx 3

dx 1
+
( 2 x)dx
x 2

1
= e x 3 ln x + 2 x + c.
2
1
1
1
1
2 dx =
dx 2 dx
vi)
2
2
x
x
x x
= x + x + c
173

3.1

vii)

x+3

x + 2 dx =

x + 2 +1
dx
dx = 1dx +
x+2
x+2

= x + ln x + 2 + c.
2.

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c,

dx = f ( x) + c

1
2

dx = f ( x) + c
1

x2
= f ( x ) + c,
1
2
f ( x) = 2 x c.
f(9) = 1, 2 9 c = 1, c = 5.
f ( x) = 2 x 5.
3.

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c, :
3dx = f ( x) + c,
f ( x) = 3 x c.

f (1) = 6 3 c = 6, c = 3.
f ( x) = 3 x + 3.

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c, :
(3x + 3)dx = f ( x) + c
f ( x) =

f(0) = 4

3
0 + 3 0 c1 = 4, c1 = 4.
2
f ( x) =

4. :

3 2
x + 3 x c.
2

3 2
x + 3 x + 4.
2

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c
174

3.1

(12 x

+ 2)dx = f ( x) + c

4 x 3 + 2 x = f ( x) + c,
f ( x) = 4 x 3 + 2 x c.
f (1) = 3, 4 + 2 c = 3, c = 3.
f ( x) = 4 x 3 + 2 x 3.

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c

(4 x

+ 2 x 3)dx = f ( x) + c1
x 4 + x 2 3 x = f ( x) + c1 ,
f ( x) = x 4 + x 2 3 x c1 .

(1,1) f, :
f (1) = 1 1 + 1 3 c1 = 1 c1 = 2.

f ( x) = x 4 + x 2 3 x + 2.
5. (t ) =

1 20t
e ,
20
(t )dt = (t ) + c
1

20 e

t / 20

dt = (t ) + c

et / 20 = (t ) + c

(t ) = et / 20 c
, 60 , :

(60) (0) = (e60 / 20 c) (e0 c) = e3 1 19 .

6.  (x) , , x, ( x) = x 2 + 5 x,

( x)dx = ( x) + c

(x

+ 5 x)dx = ( x) + c,
175

3.1

( x) =

x3 5 2
+ x c.
3 2

(0) = 100, c = 100

c = 100. , :

( x) =
7. :

x3 5 x 2
+
+ 100.
3
2

R(t )dt = R(t ) + c

20 + 10t 4 t

dt = R(t ) + c,

1
R(t ) = 20t + 5t 2 t 3 c.
4
1
R(0) = 0, c = 0 R(t ) = 20t + 5t 2 t 3 .
4
8 :
1
R(8) = 20 8 + 5 82 83 = 160 + 5 82 2 82 = 352 .
4

3.1

1. T (t ) = k e kt :

T (t )dt = T (t ) + c
k e

kt

dt = T (t ) + c

(e kt )dt = T (t ) + c,
T (t ) = e kt c.
(0) + T (0) = e k 0 c = c,
T0 + = c c = T0 .

T (t ) = e kt + T0 .
176

3.1

2.

P( x)dx = P( x) + c
5, 8e

5, 8 (2000) (e

x
2000

x
2000

dx = P( x) + c

)dx = P( x) + c

P( x) = 11.600e

x
2000

c.

4.000.000
6.000.000 :
e 1
= 11600(e 2 e 3 ) = 11600 3
e
11600 0, 086 = 997, 6 = 997.600
3. P(t) t .
(t) = (t) (t),

P (t ) = (t ) (t ) = 1000 + 0, 3t 800 + 0, 6t = 200 + 0, 9t.

P(t )dt = P(t ) + c

(200 + 0, 9t )dt = P(t ) + c
t2
+ c1 .
2
3 6 :
P(t ) = 200t + 0, 9

P(6) P(2) = 200 6 + 0, 9

62
22
+ c1 200 2 0, 9 c1
2
2

= 1216, 2 401, 8 = 814, 4 .

4. i) f (x) = g(x)
f ( x) = g ( x) + c1
f ( x) = g ( x) + c1 x + c2 .
177

(1)

3.2

x = 0 f(0) = g(0) + 0 + c2, c2 = 0, f(0) = g(0).

f ( x) = g ( x) + c1 x.

(2)

x = l, (2), f(1) = g(1) + c1, c1 = 1, f(1) = g(1)

+ 1. (2)
f ( x) = g ( x) + x.
ii) H f(x) [,]
f ( ) = g ( ) + = 0 + = < 0
f ( ) = g ( ) + = 0 + = > 0.
, f ( ) f ( ) < 0, , Bolzano,
(,).

3.2

1.
i)

x e

2 x

dx = x 2 (e x )dx
= x 2 e x + 2 xe x dx = x 2 e x 2 x(e x )dx
= x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2 e x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x + c
= e x ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + c.

ii) (3 x 2 2 x + 1)e 2 x dx =

1
(3 x 2 2 x + 1)(e 2 x )dx
2

1
1
(3 x 2 2 x + 1)e 2 x (6 x 2)e 2 x dx
2
2

1
1
(3 x 2 2 x + 1)e 2 x (6 x 2)(e 2 x )dx
2
4

1
1
1
(3 x 2 2 x + 1)e 2 x (6 x 2)e 2 x + 6e 2 x dx
2
4
4
1
3
= e 2 x ( 6 x 2 4 x + 2 6 x + 2) + e 2 x + c
4
4

1 2x
e (6 x 2 10 x + 7) + c
4
178

3.2

x4
iii) x 3 ln xdx =
4

ln xdx

x4
x4
ln x (ln x)dx
4
4

1 4
1
1
x4
x ln x x 3 dx = x 4 ln x + c
4
4
4
16

iv) 2 x 2 2 xdx = x 2 ( 2 x)dx

= x 2 2 x + 2 x 2 xdx
= x 2 2 x + x( 2 x)dx
= x 2 2 x + x 2 x 2 xdx
1
= x 2 2 x + x 2 x + 2 x + c
2
1

= x 2 + 2 x + x 2 x + c
2

v) 4 x 2 xdx = 2 x ( 2 x)dx
= 2 x 2 x 2 2 xdx
= 2 x 2 x + 2 x + c

vi) ln xdx = ( x) ln xdx

= x ln x 1dx = x ln x x + c
vii)

ln x
1
1
ln x 1
1
dx
=

2
x
x ln xdx = x ln x + x 2 dx = x x + c

viii) I = e x 2 xdx = e x 2 x + 2 e x 2 xdx

= e x 2 x + 2e x 2 x 4 e x 2 xdx.
179

3.2

I = e x ( 2 x + 2 2 x) 4 I
5 I = e x ( 2 x + 2 2 x)
1
I = e x ( 2 x + 2 2 x) + c.
5

1
2. i) u = 3x, du = 3dx dx = du. ,
3
1

3xdx = 3 udu = 3 u + c = 3 3x + c
ii) u = 4 x 2 16 x + 7, du = (8 x 16)dx = 8( x 2)dx.

(4 x

16 x + 7)3 ( x 2) dx =
=

1 u4
1 3
u du =
+c

8
8 4
1
(4 x 2 16 x + 7) 4 + c.
32

iii) u = x2 + 6x, du = (2x + 6)dx = 2(x + 3)dx. ,

(x

x+3
1 du 1
1 u 3
dx = 4 = u 4 du =
+c
4
2 u
2
2 3
+ 6 x)

1 1
1
+c =
+ c.
3
2
6u
6( x + 6 x ) 3

iv) u = 2 + x3, du = 3x2dx. ,

x2
2 + x3

dx =

1
1 du 1 12
2 12
2
3 2
c
(
x
)
=
=
+
=
2
+
+ c.
u
du
u
3 u 3
3
3

v) u = x + l, du = dx x = u 1. ,
3

x x + 1dx = (u 1) udu = u 2 du u 2 du
=

2 52 2 32
u u +c
5
3

3
1
1
= 2u 2 u + c
3
5

180

3.2

3
2
( x + 1) 2 (3 x 2) + c.
15

3. i) u = ex, du = exdx. ,

e e dx = udu = u + c = e
x

+c

x
x
ii) u = e + 1, du = e dx. ,

ex
du
x
e x + 1 dx = u = ln u + c = ln(e + 1) + c
iii) u = ln x, du =

dx
ln x

1
dx. ,
x
du

1
2

u2
+c
= u du =
1
u
2

= 2 u + c = 2 ln x + c
iv) u = ln(ex + 1), du =

ex
dx. ,
e x +1

ex
du
(e + 1) ln(e x + 1) dx = u = ln u + c
x

= ln ln(e x + 1) + c
= ln(ln(e x + 1)) + c

ln(e + 1) > ln1 = 0.

v) u =

1
1
, du = 2 dx. ,
x
x

1

1
x
x 2 dx = udu = u + c = x + c.

181

3.2

3.2

1. i) u = 1 + x, du = 2xxdx du = 2xdx. ,
2 x

1 +

dx =

du
= ln u + c = ln(1 + 2 x) + c
u

ii) u = ln(x), du =

x ln(x)dx = udu =

x
dx = xdx. ,
x
1
u2
+ c = [ln(x)]2 + c
2
2

iii) u = x, du = xdx. ,

xe
2. i) u =

dx = eu du = eu + c = ex + c.

x3 + 1
3 x 2 x 3 3 x 2 ( x 3 + 1)
3
, du =
dx = 4 dx. ,
3
x
x6
x

x3 + 1 1
1
1 1
dx = udu = u 2 du
3
4
3
3
x x
1

+1

1 u2
1 u2
2 x3 + 1 2
=
+c =
+ c = 3 + c.
3 3
3 1 +1
9 x
2
2
ii) u = x 2 + 1, du =

x
2

x +1

2x
2

2 x +1

dx =

x
2

x +1

dx. ,

dx = du = u + c = x 2 + 1 + c.

iii) u = x2 +1, du = 2xdx,

x ln( x

+ 1)dx =

1
1
ln udu = (u ) ln udu

2
2

1
1
u ln u du
2
2

1
1
1
1
u ln u u + c = ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) + c.
2
2
2
2
182

3.2

3. i) :

x 3
ln x 2 dx = ln x 2 dx
3
=

x3
x3 1 2
ln x 2
( x )dx
3
3 x2

1 3
2
x 3 ln x 2 2 3
x ln x 2 x 2 dx =
x +c
3
3
3
9
x3

ii)

(ln t )

dt = (t )(ln t ) 2 dt = t (ln t ) 2 t 2 ln t (ln t )dt

= t (ln t ) 2 2 ln tdt = t (ln t ) 2 2 (t ) ln tdt
1
= t (ln t ) 2 2t ln t + 2 t dt
t
= t (ln t ) 2 2t ln t + 2t + c

iii) u = ex, du = exdx.

2x

e x dx = e x e x e x dx = uudu
= u (u )du = uu udu
= uu + u + c = e x e x + e x + c.

4. i)

xdx = x dx =

(x)
dx
x

= ln x + c

dx = x(x)dx = xx xdx
= xx + ln x + c1 .

ii) u = x, du = xdx. ,
x

du

x dx = u
2

1
1
= +c =
+ c.
u
x
183

3.2

1 + x
1
x
dx = 2 dx + 2 dx
2
x
x
x
= x

iii)

1
+ c.
x

xdx = xxdx = (1
3

x)xdx.

u = x, du = xdx. ,

xdx = (1 u
3

)du = u 2 du 1du

2 x
u3
u +c =
x + c.
3
3

xdx =
3

x xdx = (1 2 x)xdx.

u = x, du = xdx. ,

xdx = (1 u
3

)du = u

u3
3 x
+ c = x
+ c.
3
3

5.
i) 2 xdx =
=

1 2 x
1
1
dx = x 2 xdx
2
2
2

1
1
x 2 x + c
2
4

ii) 2 xdx =
iii)

x
2

1 + 2 x
1
1
dx = x + 2 x + c
2
2
4

xdx =

1
2 2 xdx
4

1 1 4 x
dx
4
2

1
1
x 4 xdx
8
8

1
1
x 4 x + c.
8
32
184

3.2

6.
i) x 2 xdx =

1
[( x) + 3 x]dx
2

=
=

1
1
xdx + 3 xdx

2
2

1
1
x 3 x + c
2
6

ii) 3 x 5 xdx =

iii) 2 x 4 xdx =
=

1
( 2 x + 8 x)dx
2

1
1
2 xdx + 8 xdx

2
2

1
1
2 x + 8 x + c
4
16

1
( 2 x 6 x)dx
2
1
1
2 x 6 x + c.
4
12

7. i) :
2x 3
( x 2 3 x + 2)
2
dx
=
x 2 3x + 2 x 2 3x + 2 dx = ln x 3x + 2 + c.
ii) :

3x + 2
3x + 2
=
, x R {1, 2}.
x 3 x + 2 ( x 1)( x 2)
2

, :
3x + 2

=
+
, x R {1, 2}.
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
:
( + )x (2 + ) = 3x + 2, x R {1, 2}
(1) x R {1, 2},
+ = 3
= 5 = 8.

2 = 2
185

(1)

3.2

3x + 2
5
8
dx =
dx +
dx
x 1
x2
3x + 2
= 5 ln x 1 + 8 ln x 2 + c.

iii) (x 2x):(x + 3x + 2) :
x 3 2 x = ( x 2 + 3 x + 2)( x 3) + 5 x + 6

x3 2 x
5x + 6
= x 3+ 2
x + 3x + 2
x + 3x + 2
2

(1)

5x + 6
5x + 6
=
.
x 2 3 x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)

, ,
5x + 6

x R {1, 2}.
=
+
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
,
( + ) x + 2 + = 5 x + 6.

(2)

(2) x R {1, 2},

+ = 5
= 1 = 4.

2 + = 6
(1) :
x3 2 x
4
dx
x 2 + 3x + 2 dx = ( x 3)dx + x + 1 + x + 2 dx
=

x2
3 x + ln x + 1 + 4 ln x + 2 + c.
2

iv)
2

=
+
, x R {1, 1}.
x 1 x 1 x +1
2

( + )x + = 2.
186

(1)

3.3

(1) x R {1, 1},

+ = 0
= 1 = 1.

= 2
,

2
1
1
dx =
dx
dx = ln x 1 ln x + 1 + c.
x 1
x +1
1

3.3

1. i) :
dy
= 4 xy 2
dx
dy
= 4 xdx
y2
dy

= 4 xdx

1
= 2 x 2 + c1
y
y=

ii)
y

1
, c R.
2x2 + c

dy
=x
dx

ydy = xdx

ydy = xdx
y 2 x2
=
+ c1
2
2
y 2 = x 2 + 2c1
y 2 x 2 = c,
y = c + x 2 , y > 0 (c R).
187

3.3

iii) :
1 dy
=2
xy dx
dy
= 2 xdx
y
1

y dy = 2 xdx
ln y = x 2 + c1
y = ex

+ c1

y = ec1 e x

y = ec1 e x

y = ce x , c = ec1 .
iv) :
dy
= e y x
dx
e y dy = xdx

e dy = xdx
y

e y = x + c
y = ln(x + c), c R .
2. i)  (x) = 2 (x) = 2x.
e2x :
y e 2 x + 2e 2 x y = 3e 2 x
( ye 2 x ) = 3e 2 x

( ye

2x

)dx = 3e 2 x dx
ye 2 x =

188

3 2x
e +c
2

3.3

3
+ ce 2 x , c R .
2
ii)  (x) = 2 A(x) = 2x. e2x

y=

y e 2 x + 2 ye 2 x = e x
( ye 2 x ) = e x

( ye

2x

)dx = e x dx
ye 2 x = e x + c
y = e x + ce 2 x , c R .

iii)  (x) = l A(x) = x. ex,

y e x + ye x = e x 2 x
( ye x ) = 2e x x

( ye

)dx = 2 e x xdx

ye x + c1 = 2 xe x 2 e x dx
ye x = 2 xe x 2e x + c
y = 2 x 2 + ce x , c R .
2

iv)  (x) = 2x A(x) = x2. e x ,

2

y e x + 2 xe x y = xe x
( ye x ) = xe x

ye x + c1 = xe x dx
2

ye x =
y=
189

1 x2
e +c
2
2
1
+ ce x , c R .
2

3.3

3. :
dy
= 2x2 y 2
dx
dy
= 2 x 2 dx
y2

dy = 2 x 2 dx

1 2 3
= x + c1
y 3

1 2 x 3 + 3c1
=
y
3
y=

y(0) = 3,

3
.
2 x3 + c

3
= 3, c = 1.
c
y=

3
.
2 x3 + 1

4.  y + 3y = 2. (x) = 3 (x) = 3x,

y e3 x + 3 ye3 x = 2e3 x
y e3 x + y (e3 x ) = 2e3 x
( ye3 x ) = 2e3 x

( ye

y(0) =

3x

)dx = 2 e3 x dx
ye3 x =

2 3x
e +c
3

y=

2 c
+
.
3 e3 x

2
2 2 c
2
= + 0 , c = 0. y = .
3
3 3 e
3
190

3.3

1
(x) = x.
2 x
ex , :

5. i)  ( x) =

y ex + ex

1
1
y=
ex
2 x
2 x
( yex ) = ex

1
2 x

yex + c1 = ex

1
dx
2 x

yex + c1 = ex (x)dx
yex = ex + c
y = 1 + ce x .
y(0) = 3, 3 = 1 + c, c = 4.
4
y = 1 x .
e
ii) x > 0, x + l > 0,
y +

1
1
y=
ln x.
x +1
x +1

1
(x) = ln(x + 1).
x +1
= x + 1,
y ( x + 1) + y = ln x

( x) =
eln( x +1)

( y ( x + 1)) = ln x
y ( x + 1) + c 1 = ln xdx
y ( x + 1) = x ln x x + c
y=
y(1) = 10,

x ln x x + c
.
x +1

1 + c
= 10, c = 21.
2
y=

x ln x x + 21
.
x +1
191

3.3

3.3

1.  (t) = 1 A(t) = t.
et :
I (t )et + I (t )et = et t
( I (t )et ) = et t
I (t )et + c1 = et tdt

e tdt = e t e tdt
t

= et t et t + et tdt ,

2 et tdt = et (t t ) + c1 .

e tdt = 2 e (t t ) + c,
t

(1)
I (t )et =

1 t
e (t t ) + c.
2

I (0)e0 =

1 0
e (0 0) + c
2

t = 0

1
0 = +c
2

1
c= .
2
I (t )et =
I (t ) =

1
1 t
e (t t ) +
2
2
1
1
(t t ) + e t .
2
2
192

(1)

3.3

2. :
ye y

dy
= e2 x
dx

ye y dy = e 2 x dx

ye

y2

dy = e 2 x dx

1 y2 1 2 x
e = e + c1
2
2
2

e y = e 2 x + 2c1
2

e y = e 2 x + c, c R .
2

y(2) = 2, e4 = e4 + c, c = 0. e y = e 2 x , y2 =
2x y = 2 x , (2,2).
1
3.  ( x) = ( x) = ln x.
x
1
ln
1
e ln x = e x = ,
x
1 1
1
y 2 y = x
x
x x

1
y =1
x
y

1
= x+c
x
y = x 2 + cx, c R .

4. y = xy, y > 0, :
dy
= xdx
y

dy
= xdx
y

ln y =

x2
+ c1, y > 0
2

193

3.3

y=e

x2
+ c1
2
x2
2

y = c e , c = ec1 > 0.
y(0) = 1, c = 1.
x2

y=e2.
5. i) (t) = A(t) = t,
y e t + e t y = e t e t
( ye t ) = e( )t
ye t + c1 = e( )t dt

y (t ) =

ye t =

( ) t
e
+c

y=

t c
e + t .

e

1
c
+
, c R .
et e t

ii) > 0, > 0 lim

t +

1
c
= 0 lim t = 0,
t
t
+
e
e

lim y (t ) = 0.

t +

6. > 0 :
d
= dt

d

= t + c1 ,

ln( ) = t + c1

= e t + c1

(t ) = T + ce t , c = ec1 .
194

3.3

(0) = 0 0 = T + c e0 c = 0 T .

(t ) = T + ( 0 T )e t .
7. i)  1(t) ,
P2(t) t.

P(t ) = P1 (t ) P2 (t )

P (t ) = P1 (t ) P2 (t ).

(1)

P1 (t ) = k P(t ), k > 0,
1(t) P(t).
P2 (t ) = m, (1)
P (t ) = kP(t ) m,

P kP = m.
(t) = k A(t) = kt. ekt
, :
P e kt ke kt P = me kt

( Pe kt ) = me kt
Pe kt + c1 = m e kt dt

P(0) = P0, P0 =

Pe kt =

m kt
e +c
k

P(t ) =

m
+ ce kt .
k

m
m
+ c, c = P0 .
k
k
195

3.3

P(t ) =
iii)

m
m
+ P0 e kt , k > 0
k
k

P (t ) = (kP0 m)e kt
m < kP0 P(t) > 0, .
m > kP0 P(t) < 0, .
m = kP0 P(t) > 0, .
8. i) t
V (t ) = r 2 y (t ) = y (t ),
r = 1m ,
V (t ) = y (t ).

2 gy = 0,12 20 y = 0, 02 5 y .
Torricelli

y = 0, 02 5 y ,

5
y
(1)
50
ii) y = 0 (1). y > 0
y =

dy
y

5
dt ,
50

dy =

5
t +c
50

2 y1/ 2 =

5
t +c
50

y1/ 2 =

5
c
t+
100
2

1/ 2

5
c
y =
t + .
2
100
196

3.3
2

c
y(0) = 36 dm, 36 = , c = 12.
2

5
y (t ) =
t + 6
100

iii) H , y(t) = 0. :
y (t ) = 0

5
600 600
t+6 = 0 t =
=
5 = 120 5 sec.
5
100
5

9. = 0 .
> 0 :
d
1
=
dt

RC
ln =

(t ) = e

1
t + c1
RC
t
+ c1
RC

(t ) = k e

(t1 ) = 0 0 = ke

t
RC

t1
RC

, k = ec .
1

t1

k = 0 e RC .

t1 t

E (t ) = E0 e RC .
10. i) )  R, L , Kirchhoff

4 I + 12 I = 60,

I = 3I + 15.

(1)

(t) = 3 A(t) = 3t.

(1) e3t, :
I e3t + 3e3t I = 15e3t

( Ie3t ) = 15e3t
197

3.3

Ie3t + c1 = 5 3e3t dt
Ie3t = 5e3t + c.

I (t ) = 5 +
)

c
.
e 3t

lim I (t ) = lim 5 + 3t = 5.
t +
e

t +

lim I (t ) = 5 t
t +

y = I(t)
y = 5.
ii) = 603t Kirchhoff :
I + 3I = 153t
I e3t + 3e3t I = 15e3t 3t
( Ie3t ) = 15e3t 3t
Ie3t + c1 = 5 3e3t 3tdt.
J = 3e 3tdt ,
3t

J = (e3t )3tdt = e3t 3t 3 e3t 3tdt

= e3t 3t (e3t )3tdt
= e3t 3t e3t 3t + 3 e3t 3tdt
= e3t (3t 3t ) 3 J .

1 3t
e (3t 3t ) + c1 , c1 R .
4

J=
(2)

Ie3t =

5 3t
e (3t 3t ) + c
4

I (t ) =

5
c
(3t 3t ) + 3t .
4
e

198

(2)

3.4

3.4

1.
i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx = 11
3

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = 9 f ( x)dx = 9 11 = 2

1

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = 9 + 13 = 4

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

1

= 11 f ( x)dx + 13 = 24 9 = 15.
1

2.
1

ln t dt = (ln 1 ln t )dt = ln tdt =

3.

ln tdt.

1
x2 4
5
dx 2
dx = 3 :
2
k x +1
x +1
k
x2 4
5
dx + 2
dx = 3
2
1
x +1
x +1

x2 4 + 5
dx = 3
x2 + 1

1dx = 3

(k 1) = 3
k = 4.
4.
3

i)

[2 f ( x) 6 g ( x)]dx = 2

ii)

[2 f ( x) g ( x)]dx = 2

f ( x)dx 6 g ( x)dx = 2 5 6 (2) = 22

1

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
3

= 2 f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
1

= 2 5 2 = 12.
199

3.5

3.5

1.
i)
ii)

(3 x 2 2 x + 1)dx = [ x 3 x 2 + x]02 = [23 22 + 2] [03 02 + 0] = 6

x +1

x3

dx =

x +1
x x

dx =

3
e
dx
+ x 2 dx
1
x

1
e
x 22
2
e
1
= [ln x]1 +
=
ln
e

ln

x 1
1
2 1
2
2 2
= 1
= 3
e
e 1
iii)

2
0

iv)

(x 2x)dx = 2 (x + 2x)dx = [x + 2x]02

+ 2 0 2 = 1 2 = 1
2
2

2
2
2
2
1
1

2
2
2
x + dx = 1 x + 2 + 2 dx = 1 x dx + 1 x dx + 1 2dx
x
x

x3 1
x 3 x 1
= + + 2(2 1) = + 2
3 1 1 1
3 1 x 1
=

8 1 1
29
1 + 2 = .
3 3 2
6

2.

3
2
2 x + 7x
1
x3 + 7 x
x
x
+
=
dx
2
dx
dx 2 2
dx
2
2
2

1
1
2
x +5
x +5
x +5
x +5

2
x2
x3 + 5 x
4 1 3
dx
xdx
=
=
= = .
2

1
x +5
2 1 2 2 2

3. :
200

3.5

2 f ( x) f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x) f ( x)dx = [( f ( x)) 2 ]dx

= [( f ( x)) 2 ] = ( f ( )) 2 ( f ( )) 2 .
4.  f (0,0) (1,1)
f(0) = 0 f(1) = 1. :

f ( x)dx = [ f ( x)]10 = f (1) f (0) = 1 0 = 1.

5. i) u = x, , :
F ( x) =

1 t 2 dt

= 1 2 x (x) = 1 2 x (x) = x x .
ii) F(x)

x
x

1
2 x

x
.
2x

6. i) :
f ( x) =

(x +

x +1

1+
=

x + x +1

2x

x2 + 1 + x

2 x2 + 1 =
x2 + 1 =
x + x2 + 1
x + x2 + 1

1
x2 + 1

ii) i) :

dx
1 + x2

= f ( x)dx = [ f ( x)]10 = f (1) f (0)

0

) (

= ln 1 + 2 ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 + 2 .

201

3.5

3.5

1. :

d
dx

( tg (t)dt ) = dxd ( x + x )
x

xg ( x) = 4 x 3 + 6 x 5 .
, x = 1 lg(l) = 413 + 615, g(1) = 10.
2. f(x) :
0

f ( x) = e 2 t dt +
x

x +1

e 2 t dt = e 2 t dt +
0

x +1

e 2 t dt ,

:
f ( x) = e 2 x + e 2 ( x +1) = e 2 x + e ( 2 x + 2 )
= e 2 x + e 2 x = 0.

f .
3. :
x2
ex2

f ( x) =

x
f (x)

f(x)

+
+

0
min

f (, 2], [2, +)
x0 = 2, f(2) = 0.
4.

F ( x) = x f (t )dt
0

= f (t )dt + xf ( x).
0

5. :
202

3.5

1
2
1
F ( x) =
+ x
1 + x2 1 + 1
x2
=

1
1
2
= 0.
2
1+ x
x +1

F .
F(x) = c, x (0, +).
, F (1) =

1+ t
1

dt +

1
dt = 0.
1+ t2

F(x) = 0, x (0, +).

6. :

2+ h

1 2+ h

5 + t 2 dt = lim 2
lim
2
h 0 h
h 0

(
= lim

2+ h

5 + t 2 dt
0

0
h

5 + t 2 dt
( h)

h 0

) ( De L Hospital)

= lim 5 + (2 + h) 2
h 0

=
9 3.

7. i)  u = x 2 4, du = 2xdx.
u1 = 42 4 = 12 u2 = 62 4 = 32. ,
32

x 4

dx =

1 32
2 12

1
du 1 u 2
= = 32 12 = 4 2 2 3
u 2 1
2 12

ii)

2
0

[(x + x)x (x + x)]dx = 2 (x + x)[x 1]dx.

0

203

3.5

u = x + x, du = (x 1)dx. u1 = 0

+ 0 = 1 u2 = + = . ,
2 2 2

2
0

(x + x)[x 1]dx = 2 udu

0

= [u ]12 =

1 = 1.
2

8. i) :

(x
2

x 1 ) dx = ( x 2 + x 1)dx + ( x 2 x + 1)dx
1

x3 x 2
x3 x 2

= + x + + x
2
3
0 3 2
1
=

1 1
7 3
5
+ 1+ +1 =
3 2
3 2
3

ii) f [,]

f ( x)dx = xdx +
=

x2
xdx = [x]0
2

2
2
( 0) =
+ 2.
2
2

iii)  x 2 3 x + 2 1 2
:
x

x 2 3x + 2

+
+

x 2 3 x + 2 dx = ( x 2 3 x + 2)dx + ( x 2 + 3 x 2)dx + ( x 2 3 x + 2)dx

0

x3 3
x3 3
x3 3

= x2 + 2 x + + x2 2 x + x2 + 2 x
0 3 2
1 3 2
2
3 2
1 3 27 27
8
1 3
8
11
= + 2 + + 6 4 + +
+ 6 + 6 4 = .
3 2 3
2
3
3 2
3
6
204

3.5

9. i) :

e2

ln x
x

dx = 2

e2

ln x
2 x

e2

dx = 2

e2

= 2 x ln x 2

( x ) ln xdx

e2

= 2e ln e 2 2 ln 1 4

e2

1
dx
x
1

2 x

dx

e2

= 4e 4 x = 4e 4(e 1) = 4.
1

ii) :

xe x dx = x(e x )dx = [ xe x ]10 + e x dx

1 1
2 e2
= e 1 [e x ]10 = 1 = 1 =
e e
e
e
2

iii) u = 9 + x , du = 2xdx, u1 = 9 u2 = 10. :

x ln(9 + x 2 )dx =

1 10
1 10
ln udu = (u ) ln udu

9
2
2 9
10

1 10
10 ln 10 9 ln 9 1
u ln u
=
du =

(10 9)

9
2
2
2
2 9 2

9
1
= 5 ln 10 ln 9 .
2
2
iv) :

I = 2 e x 2 xdx =
0

1 2 x
e ( 2 x)dx
2 0

1
1
= [e x 2 x]02 2 2 x e x dx
2
2 0

= 0+

1 2 x
e ( 2 x)dx
4 0

1
2 1
= e x 2 x 2 e x 2 xdx
4
0 4 0

205

3.5

1 2
1
1
e e0 0 I ,
4
4
4

5
1 1
1
I = e 2 I = (e 2 + 1).
4
4
4
5
10. :

I + J = 2 x 2 xdx + 2 x 2 xdx = 2 x( 2 x + 2 x)dx

2
0

x2 2 2
xdx = =
.
8
2 0

I J = 2 x( 2 x 2 x)dx = 2 x 2 xdx
0

=
=

1
1
1 2
2

x
(

2
x
)
dx
=

[
x

2
x
]
+
2 xdx
0
2
2
2 0

2
0

1
1
2

x
]
0
2
0
4
2 2

1
1
1
= ( 0) = (1 1) = .
4
4
2

2
I
+
J
=

8

1
I J =

2
I=

2 1
2 1
+ J =
.
16 4
16 4

11. f :

f ( x)xdx + f ( x)xdx = 2.
0

f ( x)xdx = [ f ( x)x]0 f ( x)(x)dx

0

206

(1)

3.6

= f ( x)xdx
0

= [ f ( x)x]0 + f ( x)(x)dx
0

= f ( ) + f (0) f ( x)xdx
0

= 1 + f (0) f ( x)xdx
0

, (1)

f ( x)xdx + 1 + f (0) f ( x)xdx = 2,

0

f(0) = 1.
12. f g

I = ( f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x))dx

= f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x) g ( x)dx

= [ f ( x) g ( x)] f ( x) g ( x)dx [ f ( x) g ( x)] + f ( x) g ( x)dx

= f ( ) g ( ) f ( ) g ( ) [ f ( ) g ( ) f ( ) g ( )]
= f ( ) g ( ) f ( ) g ( ), ( f () = g() = 0)
= f ( ) g ( ) g ( ) g ( ), ( f ( ) = g ( ) )

= g ( )( f ( ) g ( )).

3.6

1. :
1

0 = ( f ( x) 1)dx = f ( x)dx 1dx = f ( x)dx 1,

f ( x)dx = 1

1 1
f ( x)dx = 1 f = 1.
1 0 0

2. :
207

3.6

0 = ( f ( x) k )dx = f ( x)dx kdx = f ( x)dx k ( ),

f ( x)dx = k ( )

f ( x)dx = k f = k .

3. f(x) = x, x [ , ]. x x [,] :
x= f =
=

xdx =

1 x2
1 2 2
=

x 2
2

1 2 2 +
=
.
2
2

3.6

1. :
f =

g=

x 2 dx =

1 3 3 2 + + 2
=

3
3

1
1 1
1 1 1
=
dx =

x
x2

1
1
=
,

f g =

2 + + 2 1 2 + + 2

=
.
3

, :

2 + + 2
> 1 2 + + 2 > 3
3
2 2 + 2 > 0 ( ) 2 > 0,
. f g > 1.
2. ) :

208

3.7

R
1 R
1 R P
P
(r )dr =
( R 2 r 2 )dr =
( R 2 r 2 )dr

0
0
0
4 Rn
R
R 4n

r3
P 2
=
R ( R 0)

4 Rn
3 0

=
=

P 3 R3
R

4 Rn
3
P 2 R 3 PR 2
=
.
4 Rn 3
6n

) :

(r ) =

P
Pr
(2r ) =
< 0, r (0, R).
4n
2n

= (r ) [0,R],
[0,R]. :

= (0) =

PR 2
.
4n

> .
3.

f ( x)dx = f (1).

(1)

,
(0,1) ,

f ( x)dx = f ( ).

(2)

(1) (2) f() = f(1), [,1]

Rolle. , x0 ( ,1)
, f (x0) = 0. Cf .

3.7

A
2

1.  f ( x) = x 2 x + 3 = 8 < 0,
f(x) > 0 x R . :
209

3.7
2

x3

8
14
= ( x 2 x + 3)dx = x 2 + 3 x = 4 + 6 =
. .
0
3
3
0 3
2

2. i)  x [0, +) f ( x) = 3 x 0.
:
27
4
3
4
x
27
3 4
3
35
= 3 xdx = = [ x 3 ]027 = 3 27 = ..
0
4
4
4
4
3 0

1

> 0.
ii)  x 0, f ( x) =
3
2 x

=3
0

dx
=
[
x
]
0 = 3 ..
0 =
3
2 x

3.  Cf xx
x2 3x = 0, 0 3.
f(x) < 0 x [0, 3], :
3

= f ( x) dx = f ( x)dx
3

3
x
x
= ( x 2 3 x)dx = 3
0
2 0
3
3

y
3
2

x 2 3x

3
x3
3
27 9
= x2 = 9
= ..
3 0 2
3 2
2

9
4

4.  Cf Cg
f(x) = g(x), :
f ( x) = g ( x) x3 = 2 x x 2
x( x 2 + x 2) = 0
x = 0 x = 1 x = 2.

210

3.7

f ( x) g ( x) = x 3 + x 2 2 x = x( x 1)( x + 2)
:
x

f(x) g(x)

0 + 0 0 +

f ( x) g ( x) dx

= ( f ( x) g ( x))dx + ( g ( x) f ( x))dx
0

= ( x 3 + x 2 2 x)dx + (2 x x 2 x 3 )dx
0

x 4 x3

x3 x 4
= + x2 + x2
3
3 4 0
4
2
8
1 1 10 1 37
= 4 + + 4 + 1 = =
..
3
3 4 3 4 12
5. 
f(x) = 4 x2
g(x) = x 2 f(x) = g(x),

f ( x) = g ( x) 4 x 2 = x 2
x2 + x 6 = 0

x = 3 x = 2.

f ( x) g ( x) = x 2 x + 6
.
x
f(x) g(x)

2
+

:
211

3.7

f ( x) g ( x) dx
2

x3 x 2

= ( x x + 6)dx = + 6 x
3
3 2
3
2

5 125
27 9

8 4
= + 12 18 = 20 + =
..
3
2
3
2
6
6

3.7

1. i)  f (x) = 6x f (1) = 6,
(1,3) :

: y 3 = 6( x 1) y = 6 x 3
ii)  xx
1
, 0 . ,
2
:
1

= 1 + 2 = 2 3x 2 dx + 1 (3x 2 6 x + 3)dx
0

1
3 2
0

= [ x ] + [ x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x]11
2

1
1 3 3 1
+ 1 3 + 3 + = ..
8
8 4 2 4

2.
lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (1),

x 1

x 1

f
1, R.
, , f ( x) 0
x [1, 2].
:

212

3.7
2

= f ( x)dx = ( x 2 + 3)dx + 2 xdx

1

3
x2
x

= + 3x + 2
3
1
3
2 1
1

1
1 4
= + 3 3 +
3
3 3
= 4+

23 1

8
2 ..
3

3. 
Cf xx
f(x) = 0, 1
5
5
. 1, f
2
2
f ( x) 0.
:
5

= 2 f ( x)dx
1

= ( x 2 + 4 x 3)dx + 2 (2 x + 5)dx
1

5
x3

= + 2 x 2 3 x + x 2 + 5 x 2
2
3
1

8
11
1
25 25
= + 8 6 + 2 3 + + (4 + 10) =
..
3
3
4
2
12

4. 
Cf
Cg
f ( x) = g(x),

213

3.7

f ( x) = g ( x) x 1 =
x 1 =

x +1
3

( x + 1) 2
9

x 2 7 x + 10 = 0

x = 2 x = 5.
, x 1 :
x +1
f ( x) g ( x) x 1

x 2 7 x + 10 0

2 x 5.
, :
5
5
x +1
1 5
= x 1
dx = 2 x 1dx 2 ( x + 1)dx.
2
3
3

1 u = x 1, du = dx, u1 = 1, u2 = 4 :
4

3
u 2 1 25
4

1x

= u du + x = + 5 2 2
1
3 2

2 3 3 2
2 1
1
2

2
3

1 25 1
43 1 + 1 = ..
3 2
6

5. i)  f(e) = l = g(e).
A(e,l)

Cf Cg f
g. f
, g
, C f C g
.

()
214

3.7
e

( ) = ln xdx +

e
dx.
x

ln xdx = ( x) ln xdx
1

= [ x ln x]1e dx
1

= e ln e (e 1) = 1.

( ) = ln xdx +

e
dx = 1 + e[ln x]e
x

= 1 + e ln e ln e = 1 + e(ln 1).
ii) ,

lim ( ) = lim [1 + e(ln 1)]

= (1 e) + e lim (ln ) = +.
+

6.

3x = 3, 1.

y = x
,
y = 3
3.
:

3
1
x2
x2
x
x
(
3

x
)
dx
+
(
3

x
)
dx
=
3
dx

+
3
x

0
1
0
2 1
2 0
1

1 x 1 1 9
1
[3 ]0 + 9 3 +
2 2
ln 3
2

1
2 3
9
[3 1] + 6 =
+ ..
ln 3
2 ln 3 2

215

3.7

7. 

x 2 2 x + 2 = x 2 1,
3
x = . ,
2
:

= ( x 2 1)dx + 2 ( x 2 1)dx + 3 ( x 2 2 x + 2)dx

0

3
2

x3
x3
x3

= x + x + x2 + 2x
3
0 3
1 3
3

3
3
2
1 3 3
1 1 3 3 1 8
3
= 1 + + 1 + 4 + 4 + 2
3 2 2
3 3 2 2 3 3
2

7
..
4

8. i)  1
2 Cf
:

1 : y f (0) = f (0)( x 0)
2 : y f ( ) = f ( )( x )
f (x) = x :
f (0) = 1 f () = 1,

1 : y = x 2 : y = x + .
ii)  1 2 x

= x + , x = . :
2
216

3.7

= 2 ( x x)dx + ( x + x)dx
0

x2

x2

= + x +
+ x + x
2
0 2

2 2

+ 0
+ 2 + +

8
2
2
8
2
2

2
2.
4

9. )
f ( x) =

1
2 x

, x (0, +),

1

2
:
f (1) =

1
1
1
( x 1) y = x +
2
2
2
xx 1.
:
0 1
1 1
1
1

= x + dx + x + x dx
1 2
0 2
2
2

y 1 =

3
2

x
1
x
x
x2

= + x +
+ 2
3
4 2 1 4 2
0

1 1 1 1 2 1
= + + + = ..
4 2 4 2 3 3
)  x = [1, 0]
() () .
[1, 0] , :
0

x2 x
1

1
1
1 2 x + 2 dx = 2 4 + 2 = 6
1

217

3.7

2 1 1 1
+ + = 3 2 + 6 + 1 = 0.
4 2 4 2 6

3 + 6
3 6
2 =
.
3
3
1 [1,0].
:
1 =

x=

3 + 6
.
3

[0,1],
x = . , ,
.
10.
g ( x) = ln 1 ln x = ln x,
Cg
Cf xx.

1
ln = ln 2,
x
1
x = .
2
ln x = ln2,
x = 2.
:
1
2
1
= 1 ln 2 ln dx + (ln 2 ln x)dx
1
x
2
2
1 1
= ln 2 1 + 1 ln xdx + ln 2(2 1) ln xdx
1
2 2

1
2
1
ln 2 + [ x ln x]11 1 1dx + ln 2 [ x ln x]12 + 1dx
1
2
2
2

1
1 1 1
ln 2 + 1 ln 1 ln 1 + ln 2 2 ln 2 + 1 ln 1 + 2 1
2
2 2 2

218

3.7

1
1
1
ln 2 + ln 2 ln 2 + 1
2
2
2

1
= .
2
11. i) f(0) = 2 f (x) = 2x 3.

f ( x)dx = f ( x) + c

(2 x 3)dx = f ( x) + c
x 2 3x = f ( x) + c
f ( x) = x 2 3 x c.
,
f (0) = 2 c = 2 c = 2.
,
f ( x ) = x 2 3 x + 2.
ii) 
Cf xx
x 2 3 x + 2 = 0 x1
2
= 1 x2 = 2. x 3 x + 2 < 0,
x (1, 2),
:

x3

x2
( x 3 x + 2)dx = 3 + 2 x
2
3
1
2

8 3
1 3
1
= 4 + 2 2 + + 2 = ..
3 2
3 2
6
12. i) Cf x (1,0) (3,0).
f ( x) = ( x 2 4 x + 3) = 2 x 4,
f (1) = 2 f (3) = 2.
, (1,0) :
y f (1) = f (1)( x 1) y = 2 x + 2
(3,0) :
219

y f (3) = f (3)( x 3) y = 2 x 6
ii) 
2 x + 2 = 2 x 6 x = 2.
(2, 2).
:
2

1 = 2 ( x 2 4 x + 3)dx
1

x3

= 2 2 x 2 + 3 x
3
1

1
8
4
= 2 2 4 + 3 2 + 2 3 =
3
3

2 = 2 ( x 2 4 x + 3 + 2 x 2)dx = 2 ( x 2 2 x + 1)dx
1

x3

1
8
2
= 2 x 2 + x = 2 4 + 2 + 1 1 = .
3
3
3

1
4
1 3
= = 2.

2 2
3

1. i) u = x, du = dx, u1 = , u2 = 0. :

I = xf (x)dx = ( u ) f (( u ))du
0

= f (u )du + uf (u )du

= f (u )du I .
0

2 I = f (u )du , I =
0

220

f (x)dx.
2 0

ii) (i) :
I1 =

x
x
xx
dx =
dx =
dx.
2 0 3 + 2 x
2 0 4 2 x
3 + 2 x

u = x, du = xdx. :
I1 =

1 du
1 du
= 2
.
2

1
2
2 1 u 4
4u

=
+
,
u 4 u2 u+2
, ( + )u + 2( ) = 1, u R {2, 2}.
, R , :

u R {2, 2},
+ = 0
1
1
= = .

4
4
2( ) = 1

1
1

1 4
1 4
I1 =
du +
du
2 1 u+2
2 1 u2
=

1
1

ln u 2 1 ln u + 2 1
8
8

(ln 3 ln 1) (ln 1 ln 3)
8
8

ln 3 + ln 3 = ln 3.
8
8
4
1

=
+
, ,
2. i) , 2
x 1 x 1 x +1
=

1 = ( + ) x + ( ), x R {1,1}.
x R {1,1},
+ = 0
1
1
= = .

=
1
2
2

:
1
2
0

1
1
dx
1 1 dx 1 12 dx
1
1
= 2

= ln x 1 02 ln x + 1 02
2
x 1 2 0 x 1 2 0 x +1 2
2

221

1 1

1 3
ln ln 1 ln ln 1
2 2

2 2

1
1 1
3 1 2 1 1
= ln ln = ln = ln
2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2
= ln

1
3

= ln 3.

ii) :

x
x
1
2
=
dx = 2
dx
dx.

2 x
1

x
3
3

u = x, du = xdx, u1 = = u2 = = 0.
3 2
2

1
0 du
1
du
= 2 2
= ln 3 ( i)).
dx = 1
2
0 u 1
x
1

u
2

3. u 1, 2 , R , :
1

=
+
(u + 1)(u + 2) u + 1 u + 2
, ,
1 = (u + 2) + (u + 1), u 1, 2
( + )u + 2 + 1 = 0, u 1, 2
u R {1, 2},
+ = 0
=1
.

2 + = 1
= 1

du

du

(u + 1)(u + 2) du = u + 1 u + 2
= ln u + 1 ln u + 2 + c

222

i) u = x, du = xdx.
x

du

(x + 1)(x + 2) dx = (u + 1)(u + 2)
= ln u + 1 ln u + 2 + c
= ln x + 1 ln x + 2 + c
ii) u = ex, du = exdx.
ex
du
x
x
(e x + 1)(e x + 2) dx = (u + 1)(u + 2) = ln e + 1 ln e + 2 + c
= ln(e x + 1) ln(e x + 2) + c.
4. i) :

2 + 3
1 t
t 2 +1
dt
+
0 1 + t 2 dt
0 1+ t2

I + I +1 =

1
t 2 +1 (1 + t 2 )
dt = t 2 +1dt
2
0
0
1+ t

t 2 + 2
1
=
=
2 + 2 0 2 + 2
1 1 (t 2 + 1)
t
=
dt
dt
0 1+ t2
2 0 (t 2 + 1)

ii) I 0 =

1
1
1
= [ln(t 2 + 1)]10 = (ln 2 ln 1) = ln 2.
2
2
2
i) I 0 + I1 =
I1 =

1
1 1
1
I 0 = ln 2 = (1 ln 2).
2
2 2
2

I 2 + I1 =
I2 =

1
1
= ,
20 + 2 2

1
,
2 1 + 2

1
1 1 1
1
1
I1 = + ln 2 = ln 2 .
4
4 2 2
2
4

5. g(x) 1 h(x) 2 :
223

g ( x) = x f (u )du uf (u )du

= f (u )du + xf ( x) xf ( x) = f (u )du

h( x) = f (t )dt.
0

g(x) = h(x) x R . , c
g(x) = h(x) + c , ,

f (u )( x u )du =

f (t )dt du + c, x R .

x = 0 :

f (u )(0 u )du =

f (t )dt du + c 0 = 0 + c c = 0

f (u )( x u )du =

f (t )dt du.

6. i) g (u ) = u 2 1

= (, 1] [1, +).
, f 1, t
. t [1, +), f [1, +).
, , F 1, x
[1, +) f . x [1, +),
F [1, +).
ii)
F ( x) = f ( x) =

u 2 1du

F ( x) = f ( x) = x 2 1.
F(x) > 0 (1, +) F(1) = 0, F
[1, +), :
224

F [1, +)
F (x) > F(l) = 0 x (1, +). F
[1, +).
x

7. i) F ( x) + G ( x) = et ( 2 t + 2 t )dt = e x 1,
0

(1)

F ( x) G ( x) = et ( 2 t 2 t )dt
0

= et 2tdt = ( x).
0

( x) = [et 2t ]0x + 2et 2tdt

0

= e x 2 x 1 + 2[et 2t ]0x 4 et 2tdt

0

= e x 2 x 1 + 2e x 2 x 4 ( x)

5 ( x) = e x ( 2 x + 2 2 x) 1.

( x) = F ( x) G ( x) =

ex
1
( 2 x + 2 2 x) .
5
5

(2)

(1) (2) :
2 F ( x) =
F ( x) =

ex
6
( 2 x + 2 2 x) + e x
5
5
ex
ex 6
( 2 x + 2 2 x) + .
10
2 10

(1) (3)
G ( x) = e x 1
=

ex
ex 6
( 2 x + 2 2 x) +
10
2 10

ex ex
4
( 2 x + 2 2 x)
2 10
10

ii) F (t ) = et 2 t ,
225

(3)

I = [ F ( x)]2 =
=

e 6
e 2
e 2 6 e
( 4 + 2 4 ) +
( 2 + 2 2 ) +
10
2 10 10
2 10
e 2 e 2 e 2 e
+

10
2
10 2

3
= e (e 1).
5
G (t ) = et 2 t ,
J = [G ( x)]2 =
=

e 2 e 2
e e

( 4 + 2 4 ) + ( 2 + 2 2 )
2
10
2 10
e 2 e 2 e e 2

+
= e (e 1).
2
10 2 10 5

8. 
2
x +1 = 5,
x1 = 2 x2 = 2.

x2 + 1 = 2 + 1, x1 =
x2 = .

y = 5
y = x2 + 1 :
2

x3

= (5 x 1)dx = + 4 x
2
3
2
2

8
8
32
+8 +8 = .
3
3
3

y = 2 + 1
y = x2 + 1 :

x3
= ( 2 + 1 x 2 1)dx = ( 2 x 2 )dx = 2 ( + )

3 3
2 3 4 3
3
= 2 3
+
= 2 = .
3
3
3
3
226

y = 2 + 1 ,

4
32 1
3 = 4 3 = 16 = 3 4 .
2
3
3 2

9. i) 0 < < 1,

( ) =

1
1
dx = x 2 dx
2

x
1

x 1
1
= = 1.
1
> 1,

( ) =

> 1,

( ) =

1
x 1
1
1
dx = x 2 dx = = 1.
2

1
x

1
1
1
dx = x 2 dx = = 1 .
2
1
x

x
1

ii) 0 < < 1,

( ) =

1
1
1
2
1 = = .

2
2
3

( ) =

1
1 1
1 = = 2
2
2

> 1, :

iii) :

1
1
lim ( ) = lim+ 1 = lim+ 1 = +
0
0

1
lim ( ) = lim 1 = 1.
+

10. i) f(x) g(x) > 0, x [ , ], :

( f ( x) g ( x))dx 0

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx 0

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx.

227

ii) x [ , ] m f(x) , :

mdx f ( x)dx dx

m( ) f ( x)dx ( )

iii) :
f ( x) =

x x < 0

xx x x x
=
<0
x2
x2
2 x

x2

> 0 x 0, .
x
2

f 0, .
2

)  x , x , f f ( x) f ,
6
3
6
3
6 3
f .
,
3 x 3 3
3 3 x 3

x
2
2
x

) i)

3 3
3
x
dx 3
dx 3 dx
2
x
6
6

3 3
x
3
3
dx

2 3 6
x

3 6
6

3
x
1
3
dx .
4
x
2
6

iv)
2

f ( x) = 2 xe x < 0, x (0, +)
f [0, +), f
[0, +).
228

1.1

) e x 1 + x, x x2,
2

e x 1 x 2 .

(1)

, f [0, +), x [0,1]

2

f ( x) f (0) e x 1.
(1) (2)
2

1 x 2 e x 1, x [0,1].
)
1

(1 x
0

)dx e x dx 1dx
0

1
2
2
e x dx 1.
0
3

229

(2)

 . 3966/2011 ,
, , .. ..
-
.
,
I
.


7 1129 15/21
1946 ( 1946,108, ').

,
(copyright), ,
,
/ I - .

 : 0-22-0235
ISBN 978-960-06-5176-8

(01) 000000 0 22 0235 8