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    ASTM_E587_94

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    Normative

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    4 views8 pages

    Astm E587 94

    Uploaded by

    mario fisga
    Normative

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    a) Designation: E 587 - 94 ‘Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by the Contact Method’ ‘his saa set under te aed designation E87: the mumber mae follwing the esgaton ides he eof ‘rial aepon on thee este yer oa revo, A urbe epee date er fa eapponA ‘Sper pon) ndene a etna change nace iat revon Gap 1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of mate- rials by the pulse-echo technique, using continuous coupling ‘of angular incident ultrasonic vibrations. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilty of the user ofthis standard to cotablish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior 10 use. 2. Referenced Dooumonte 2. ASTM Standards: E 114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam, Examination by the Contact Method? E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments? F $43 Practice fr Fusluating Agenciog that Proform, ‘Nondestructive Testing™ E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations? 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E 1316. 4. Significance wad Use 4.1 An electrical pulse is applied to a piezoelectric trans- ‘ducer which converts electrical to mechanical energy. In the angle-beam search unit, the transducer is generally a thick- ness expander wnich creates compressions and raretactions. This longitudinal (compressional) wave travels through @ ‘wedge (generally a plastic). The angle between transducer face and the examination face of the wedge is equal to the angle between the normal (perpendicular) tothe examination sur- face and the incident beam. Figure | shows the incident angle 6 and the refracted angle ¢,, of the ultrasonic beam, 4.2 When the examination face of the angle-beam search ‘unit is coupled to a material, ultrasonic waves may travel in the materia. As shown in Fig. 2, the angle in the material (measured from the normal to the examination surface) and mode of vibration are dependent on the wedge angle. the ultrasonic velocity in the wedge, and the velocity ofthe wave in the examined material. When the material is thicker than a few wavelengths, the waves traveling in the material may Ts et nee of AST Comite oo vesine Sete tants Sia ona a TOS la "al oo Aor So be longitudinal and shear, shear alone, shear and Rayleigh, ‘or Rayleigh alone. Total reflection may occur at the inter- face. (Refer to Fiz. 3.) In thin materials (up to a few wave- lengths thick), the waves from the angle-beam search unit traveling in the material may propagate in different Lamb ‘wave modes. 143 All ultrasonic moder of vibration may be used for angle-beam examination of material. The material forms and the probable flaw locations and orientations determine selection of bear directions and modes of vibration. The use SPaugle beans aun Ue scletivu uf the pruyer wave aide presuppose a knowledge of the geometry of the object the probable location, size, orientation, and reflectivity of the expected flaws; and the laws of physics governing the ‘propagation of ultrasonic waves. Characteristics ofthe exam ination system used and the ultrasonic properties of the ‘material being examined must be known or determined. 43.1 Angle-Beam Longitudinal Waves—As shown i. Fig, 4,angle-beam longitudinal waves with refracted angles in the range from I 10 40° (where coexisting angle-beam shear waves are weak, as shown in Fig. 3) may be used to detect Fatigue cracks in aules and shafts from the end by dieect reflection or by comer reflection. AS shown in Fig. 5, a crossed-beam dual-transducer search unit configuration, an- le-beam longitudinal waves may be used to measure thick- ea orto detect reflectors lougitudinal wanes day Uy von to measure thickness or to detect reflectors parallel to the examination surface, such as laminations. As shown in Fig. 6, reflectors with @ major plane at an angle up to 40" with respect to the examination surtsce, provide optimum rentec- tion to an angle-beam longitudinal wave that is normal to ‘the plane ofthe reflector. Angle-beam longitudinal waves in the range from 45 to 8S* become weaker as the angle ‘mereases; atthe same time, the coexisting angle-beam shear ‘waves become stronger. Equal amplitude angle beams of approximately 55° longitudinal wave and 29° shear wave will | i a a \ [ae FIG. 1 Refraction FIG. 2 Mode of Vibration nei oF reansoucex wince ocx (otctts) Fi FHantun Anolon inthe Staal versus Wedoe Anas in Acre Plastic i sin 74 hae T R FIG. 5 Thickness ‘coexist in the material, as chown in Fig. 7. Confusion created by two beams traveling in different directions at different ‘velocities has limited use ofthis range of angle beams. 43.2 Angle-Beam Shear Waves (Transverse Waves)— Angle-beam shear waves iu Ue sauge fiom 40 10 75° are the ‘most used angle beams. They will detect imperfections in ‘materials by comer reflection and reradiation (as shown in Fig. 8) if the plane of the reflector is perpendicular to @ matenal surtace, and by direct rellection it the ultrasonic ‘beam is normal to the plane of the reflector (as shown in Fig. 43 FG. 7 Colncident Beams 9). Reflectors parallel to the examination surface (such as laminations in plate, as shown in Fig. 10) can rarely be detected by an angle beam unless accompanied by another reflector, for example, a lamination at the edge of a plate (as shown in Fig. 11) can be detected by corner reflection from the lamination and plate edge. Generally, laminations should bbe detected and evaluated by the straight-beam technique. AAngle-beam shear waves applied to weld testing will detect tacomplete penetration (as snown in Fig. 12) by cornet 1e- flection, incomplete fusion (as shown in Fig. 13) by direct fb © 587 FIG. @ Normal Plane —— FIG. 19 Laminar reflection (when the beam angle is chosen to be normal to the plane of the weld preparation), slag inclusion by evlindri- cal reflection (as shown in Fig. 14), porosity by spherical fetlection, ana cracks (as snown In Fig. 13) by direc ot cue: ‘eflection, depending on their orientation. Angle-beam shear ‘waves of 80 to 85° are frequently accompanied by a Rayleigh wave traveling on the surface. Confusion created by two ‘beams at slighty different angles, traveling at dflerent veioc- ities, has limited applications in this range of angle beams. 4.33 Surface Beam Rayleigh Waves—Surface-beam Ray- leieh waves travel at 90° to the normal of the examination surface on the examination surface. In material greater than ‘wo wavelengths thick, the energy of the Rayleigh wave penetrates to a depth of approximately one wavelength; but, ‘eto the exponential dictibntion of the enerey. one half of the energy is within one-quarter wavelength of the surface. Surface cracks with length perpendicular to the Rayleigh FIG. 15 Cracks wave can be detected and their depth evaluated by changing the frequency of the Rayleigh wave, thus changing its wavelength and depth of penetration. Wavelength equals velocity divide Uy fieyueuy. ¥ AF Subsurface rflectors may be detected by Rayleigh waver if they lie within one wavelength of the surface. 434 Lamb Waves—Lamb waves travel at 90° to the nor ‘mal ofthe test surface and fill thin materials with elliptical particle Vibrations, nese vibrations occur tn various muir bers of layers and travel at velocities varying from slower than Rayleigh up to nearly longitudinal wave velocity, de- ‘pending on material thickness and examination frequency. Asymmetrical-type Lamb waves have an odd number of ‘liptical layers of vibration, while symmetrical-type Lamb hc so7 waves have an even number of elliptical layers of vibration. [Lamb waves are most useful in materials up to five wave- lengths thick (based on Rayleigh wave velocity im a thick specimen of the same material. They will detect surface it- perfections on both the examination and opposite surfaces. Centrally located laminations are best detected with the first or second mode asymmetrical Lamb waves (one or three Cliptical layers). Small thickness changes are best detected with the third or higher mode symmetrical or asymmetrical- type Lamb waves (five or more elliptical layers). A change in plate thickness causes a change of vibrational mode just as a lamination causes a mode change. The mode conversion is imperfect and may produce indications at the leading and the trailing edges of the lamination or the thin area. 5. Apparatus S.1_A complete ultrasonic system shall include the fol towing: S..t Instramentation—The ultrasonic instrument shall te capable of generating, receiving, amplifying, and display- ing high-frequency slctieal pulse 3.1.2 Search Units—The ultrasonic search units shall be capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves in the material at frequencies and energy levels necessary for Mibwatinuity detection an cteraiined by the calivation procedure. The earch units are fited with wedges in order to transmit ultrasonic waves into the examination object atthe ‘desired angle and mode of operation SuL3 Couplani—A couplam, Usually & quid oF semi- liquid, is required between the face ofthe search unit and the ‘examination surface to permit the transmission of ultrasonic waves from the search unit into the material under examina- tion. ypial coupiants include glycerin, water, cellulose gel, oil, water-soluble oils, and grease. Corrosion inhibitors ot ‘wetting agents or both may be used. Couplants must be selected that are not detrimental to the product or the process. The couplant used in calibration should be used for the examination. The calibration and examination surface temperatures should be within 25°F (14°C) to avoid large Attenuation and velocity diferences in the wedge material 5113.1 The coupling medium should be selected so that its viscosity is appropriate for the surface finish of the ‘material to be inspected. The examination of rough surfaces seneally requires high viscosity couplant. The temperature ofthe materials surface can change the couplant’s viscosity. Asan example, in the case of oil and greases, see Table 1. 5.13.2 At elevated temperatures (above 125°F (52°C), bea Fesistant coupling materials such a3 silicone ols, ges, of fxeases should be used. Further, intermittent contact of the search unit withthe surface or auxiliary cooling ofthe search unit may be necessary to avoid temperature changes that affect the ultasonie wave Uauinision properties of the ‘wedge material or the characteristics of the transducer. At higher temperatures, certain couplants based on inorganic sais or thermoplastic organic materials, high-temperature edge materials, and transducers that are not damaged bY high temperatures, may be required. 5.1.3.3 Where constant coupling over large areas is needed, 4 in automated examination, oF where severe changes in Stace roughness are found, other couplings such as iquid- ‘@p coupling will usually provide a better examination. In TABLE 1 Suggested Viscosites—Oil Couplants Nore—TRe ale sa sce ety an snot moar fo exch the une of 2 onto unpatt 2 fet wrn satmacny pa are avant Caspar Vieosy, waht 5 100 BETO sao 00 se20 On 100 expense this case, the search unit face does not contact the examina- tion surface but is spaced from ita distance of about 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) by integral rails ora fixture. Liquid flowing through the search unit fills the gap. The flowing liquid provides the coupling path and has the additional advantage of keeping the search unit temperature low ifthe examination surface is hot ‘S134 An alternative means of direct contact coupling is provided by the wheel search unit. The transducer is ‘mounted at the required angle to a stationary axle about Which rolatee 2 liquidflled Mevible fire A mini amount of couplant provides ultrasonic transmission into the examination surface since the elastic tire material is in rolling contact and conforms closely to the surface. S.1-t Calibration Reflectorg Reflectors of known dimen sion, artificial reflectors, or distance-amplitude relationships of known reflector sizes for a particular search unit and material may be used for calibration. The artificial reflectors tuigy Ve ia dhe fous of sideshilled Lule, mulches, ut flat-bottom holes. The reference material and the production ‘material should have similar velocity attenuation, curvature, and surface finish. 6. Calibration, 6.1 If quantitative information is to be obtained, vertical ‘or horizontal linearity or both should be checked in accor-

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