Network Graphs and Tellegens Theorem

The concepts of a graph

Cut sets and Kirchhoffs current laws
Loops and Kirchhoffs voltage laws
Tellegens Theorem

The concepts of a graph

The analysis of a complex circuit can be perform systematically
Using graph theories.
Graph consists of nodes and branches connected to form
a circuit.

Fig. 1
M

Network

Graph

The concepts of a graph

Special graphs

Fig. 2

The concepts of a graph

Subgraph
G 1 is a subgraph of G if every node of G 1 is the node of G and
every branch of G 1 is the branch of G
1

Fig. 3

G2

G1
1

3
3

G3

G4

G5

The concepts of a graph

Associated reference directions
The kth branch voltage and kth branch current is assigned as reference
directions as shown in fig. 4

jk
vk

vk

jk

Fig. 4

Graphs with assigned reference direction to all branches are called

oriented graphs.

The concepts of a graph

1

2
5

Fig. 5 Oriented graph

Branch 4 is incident with node 2 and node 3

Branch 4 leaves node 3 and enter node 2

The concepts of a graph

Incident matrix
The node-to-branch incident matrix Aa is a rectangular matrix of nt rows
and b columns whose element aik defined by

aik = 1
0

If branch k leaves node i

If branch k enters node i
If branch k is not incident with node i

The concepts of a graph

For the graph of Fig.5 the incident matrix Aa is

1
1

Aa = 0

0
0

0
0

1
0

1
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

0
0

1
0

0
0
0

1
1

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

If a connected graph were to partition the nodes into two set by a closed
gussian surface , those branches are cut set and KCL applied to the cutset

Fig. 6 Cutset

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

A cutset is a set of branches that the removal of these branches causes
two separated parts but any one of these branches makes the graph
connected.
An unconnected graph must have at least two separate part.

Fig. 7
Connected Graph

Unconnected Graph

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

Connected Graph

removal
removal

Unconnected Graph

Fig. 8

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

Fig. 9

3
2

19
5

6
7

11

15
8

16

10
14

18 21

22
24
23
25
26
29 27
17

28

13
12
Cut set

(c)
Fig. 9

20

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

For any lumped network , for any of its cut sets, and at
any time, the algebraic sum of all branch currents
traversing the cut-set branches is zero.
From Fig. 9 (a)

j1 (t ) j2 (t ) + j3 (t ) = 0

for all

for all

And from Fig. 9 (b)

j1 (t ) + j2 (t ) j3 (t ) = 0

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

Cut sets should be selected such that they are linearly independent.

Fig. 10
Cut sets I,II and III are linearly dependent

Cutset and Kirchhoffs current law

Cut set I

j1 (t ) + j2 (t ) + j3 (t ) + j4 (t ) + j5 (t ) = 0

Cut set II

j4 (t ) j5 (t ) j8 (t ) j10 (t ) = 0

Cut set III

j1 (t ) + j2 (t ) + j3 (t ) j8 (t ) j10 (t ) = 0
KCLcut set III = KCLcut set I + KCLcut set II

Loops and Kirchhoffs voltage laws

A Loop L is a subgraph having closed path that posses the following
properties:
 The subgraph is connected
 Precisely two branches of L are incident with each node

Fig. 11

Loops and Kirchhoffs voltage laws

II

III

V
IV
Cases I,II,III and IV violate the loop

Fig. 12

Case V is a loop

Loops and Kirchhoffs voltage laws

For any lumped network , for any of its loop, and at any
time, the algebraic sum of all branch voltages around
the loop is zero.

Example 1

Write the KVL for the loop shown in Fig 13

KVL

v2 (t ) v5 (t ) v7 (t ) + v8 (t ) + v4 (t ) = 0
for all
Fig. 13

Tellegens Theorem

Tellegens Theorem is a general network theorem

It is valid for any lump network

For a lumped network whose element assigned by associate reference

direction for branch voltage v k and branch current jk
The product
element k

vk jk

is the power delivered at time

t by the network to the

If all branch voltages and branch currents satisfy KVL and KCL then

k =1

vk jk = 0

= number of branch

Tellegens Theorem
Suppose that v1 , v2 ,......vb and j1 , j2 ,...... jb
jk
voltages and branch currents and if vk and
Then

k =1

is another sets of branch

satisfy KVL and KCL

vk jk = 0

k =1

vk jk = 0

and

k jk

k =1

=0

Tellegens Theorem
Applications
Tellegens Theorem implies the law of energy conservation.

Since

k jk

=0

k =1

The sum of power delivered by the independent sources

to the network is equal to the sum of the power absorbed
by all branches of the network.

Applications

Conservation of energy
Conservation of complex power
The real part and phase of driving point
impedance
Driving point impedance

Conservation of Energy
b

v (t ) j (t ) = 0
k

For all t

k =1

The sum of power delivered by the independent sources

to the network is equal to the sum of the power absorbed
by all branches of the network.

Conservation of Energy

Resistor

2
k k

R j

For kth resistor

Capacitor

1
2
Ck vk
2

For kth capacitor

Inductor

1 2
Lk ik
2

For kth inductor

Conservation of Complex Power

b

1
Vk J k = 0

k =1 2

Vk = Branch Voltage Phasor

J k = Branch Current Phasor
J k = Branch Current Phasor Conjugate

J2

V2

J4

J1

V1

V4
J3

V3

1
1
V1 J 1 = Vk J k
2
k =2 2

V1

V2

Jk

J1

J2

N Linear
time-invariant
RLC Network

Vk

Conservation of Complex Power

The real part and phase of driving point

impedance
Jk
J1

V1

Vk

Z in

V1 = J 1Z in ( j )
From Tellegens theorem, and let P = complex power
delivered to the one-port by the source

1
1
2
P = V1 J 1 = Z in ( j ) J 1
2
2
b
1
1
2
= Vk J k = Z k ( j ) J k
2
2 k =2

Taking the real part

1
2
Pav = Re[Z in ( j )] J 1
2
b
1
= Re[Z k ( j )] J k
2 k =2

All impedances are calculated at the same angular

frequency i.e. the source angular frequency

Driving Point Impedance

1
2
P = Z in ( j ) J 1
2
1 b
2
= Z m ( j ) J m
2 k =2
1
1
1
1
2
2
= Ri J i + j Lk J k +
Jl
2 i
2 k
2 l jCl

Exhibiting the real and imaginary part of P

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
P = Ri J i + 2 j Lk J k 2 J l
2 i
4 l Cl
4 k

Average
Average
Average
power
Magnetic
Electric
dissipated
Energy
Energy
Stored
Stored
P
av

P = Pav + 2 j ( M E )

From

1
2
P = Z in ( j ) J 1
2

Z in ( j ) =

2P
J1

P = Pav + 2 j ( M E )

Driving Point Impedance

Given a linear time-invariant RLC network
driven by a sinusoidal current source of 1 A
peak amplitude and given that the network is
in SS,
The driven point impedance seen by the
source has a real part = twice the average
power Pav and an imaginary part that is 4

times the difference of EM and EE