Portland Cement Association (iil CONCRETE Deel Ae Underground Concrete Tanks A satisfactory reinlorced concrete tank requires correct steuctural design, gcod quality concrete, and careful construc- tion. Design tables and numerical examples illustrating procedures for design of tanks are presented in Circular Concrete Tanks Witout Prestressing' (I8072)and Rectangular Concrete Tanks” (\S003). Design. Tanks should be designed in accordance with AC! ‘350R-89, EnvirormentalEnginaaring Concrete Structures. Stuc> tural design should bein accordance with ACI318-95, Building ‘Code Requirements tor Structural Concrete. The reinforcement detailing should be as per ACI Detailing Manual, special publication SP-66, 1994. Quality of Conetete. Details of haw to make good quality ‘concrete fortanksisgiven in Watertight Concrete*(IS002), also helpful are Design snd Control of Concrete Mixtures (EB001) ‘and Concrete for Hydraulic Structures* (18012). Forms. Suggestians for good formwork can be found in Formwork for Conerete, special publication SP-4, th ed., ‘American Concrete Insitute, 1995. Impropor and inadoquats formwork may result in honeycombed areas. These areas (unless patched properly) are potential spots for seepage, and, hence deterioration of the structure. The form tos used should have waterstops—the specific requirement depending somo: what on the iquid pressure to be retained, Ties should not be, pulled completely out of the wall. The ends of tho tie metal, aftor breaking, should be at least 1-1/2 in, (38 min) from the face of the wall, Moe detailed recommendations are given in ACI 3478-94, Guide to Fermuork for Concrete, Joints. Leakage trough tank walls occurs mostly al joints, so these require specialattention. The drawings shaw construction, joints at top and bottom of walls. No other joints should be allowedifthey canbeavolded.. Themeking of good construction joints is dicussed in detall in Watertight Concrete” (IS002) Before backfilin is done or surface treatment applied, the tank should be filed with water lo test for leaks. Repairs can be made much easier at thal stage. For testing water tightness, reference should be made to ACI 350.1R-93, Testing Rein- forced Concrete Siuctures for Watertighiness. Stone pockets orhaneycomb should be chipped away to a depth of not less than 1 in, (25mm), with edges of the chipped- ‘out area perpendicular tothe surface. The area is then wetted thoroughly to prevent absorption of water from the patching ‘mortar, which is made without coarse aggregate and with as litle water as possible. Patching mortar should be retempered without adding any water by allowing it to stand for 4 hour, ‘uring which time itis sired wth a trowel, The mortars finally compacted into plaze, screeded off, and cured as prescribed {or ordinary conere, “Avaliable from the Portland Cement Association. ‘Leaking joints should be chipped to a depth of at least 1 in. (25mm), sothat a slightly dovetailed groove is provided along the joint, preferably on the pressure side, which is then filed with mortar as described for patching stone pockets. Surface Treatment. Concrete mace with the proper type of, coment and properly proportioned, mixed, placed, and cured willeedense, strong, watertight, and rsistanttomost chemical altack. Therefore, under ordinary savvice conditions, quality cconcrate does rot require protection against chemical deteric- ration or corrasion, Corrosive conditions that do requi’e concrete surface pro- tection can range ftom comparatively mid to very severe, depending on the chemicals used and the domestic and industrial wastes encountered. The type of protection er ployed against chemical attack also will vary according to the: kind and concentration of the chemical, requency of contact, ‘and physical conditions such as temperature, prossure, me” chanical wear or abrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles. General guidelines for surface treatments are given in ACI 3507-29, while detailed recommendations aro included in Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatments” (1S001) and ACI 515.1R-79{65), Guide to the Use of Waterprooting, Dampproofing, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete. Experience shows that suriace treatments or admixtures will not correct inadequale design, ‘poor concrete, or faulty construction, ‘Mechanical Installations. Depending on the use for which 1 tank is to be built, itis advisable to consult local codes, insurance company reguiations, anc equipment manutactur- es in regard to the number, location, and types of manholes, vents, and pipe connections. These and other problems in each individual job requite the services of a competent consulting engineer. ‘The drawings on the following pages are based on more ‘conservative designs than the currert code requirements and, are for relativaly small capacities only. Since every tank instal lation involves a separate group of conditions, a competent engineer is needed to make the final design and to supervise the construction, The drawings will hop in making preliminary estimates and in drawing final plans. The tanks are designed, ‘assuming a concrete strength of 3,500 psi (24.13MPa) and an, allowable stress of 20,000 psi( 137. 8MPa) for horeinforcement, ‘of members under bending moments. An allowable stress of 14,000 oi (96.53 MPa) is used forthe reinforcement of mem- bars under diroct tension, ‘Roots of the tanks are assumed to carry alive load of 100 pst (@.69MaPa)andzt (0.61 m)oteannweigning 100Ibs per cubIc © Portland Cement Association 1992, Revised 1996foot (1602 kg/cu m), making the totalload 300 psf(14.96 KPa). ordinary earth pressure, but external hydrostatic pressure is ‘Tanks are designed for the intemal hycrostatic pressure not considered here. existing when they are full of water. Walls will withstand ste chien Haur HowzonTat Section so-tars + {pare i mide nle | simian fom and, t-—Mert ah ae eget + overs i nbere r TE Naf pg rate glans P| demons : a “~~ Sntincoue i ee ane RECTANGULAR TANK. ICAL SECTION. THROUGH CENTERLINE Patequore | zi I as Se Ta cor ams LST Te ogra or Rants MawoseRectangular Tanks (sz pace 2) Dimensions, Capacities, Estimated Quantities Bont Bars, Type U glaze. | | csate| saat, | cone, | bat ae eases |F aaaee| F atece Circular Tanks (se pace 4) Dimensions, Capacities, Estimated Quantities Circular Bars in Slabs, Vari -[ rag | su, yn at nl I el ¢ 4 oe |e gs] ] @ | $ he | ee sie l & Bent Bars, Type L G [one [see [ Sacne | Hoe [vet 3 s g Se | $e 4 BUR |e es | esa) a Bl (GES i ohoom cee maa pobeestorate een ees eet seep Crmcutar TANK, Ea ets aa erat, _ ‘Vesens Secon Tanou =] --IL TL ‘vere Pare Conmtevion Deras This publication i intended SOLELY for use by PROFESSIONAL. PERSONNEL who are competent to evaluss the signieance and limitations cl the information provided hereln, and whe will cept total responsibilty for the applaton of ths formation. The Poriand Carmont ‘Association DISCLAIMS any ard ai RESPONSIBILITY and LIABILITY forthe accuracy of and the application of the information contained in {this publication tothe ful extent permitted bylaw. Portland Cement Association 5420 Old Orcharil Road, Skokie, Mlinois 60077-1083 ‘An organization of cemene manufactures to imorave {nd extend the uses of portland cement and concrete iota mare deepen ere ecu, ‘education, and public ails wor Printed in US.A.