Giaotrinh SXsachhon DHCNTPHCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn
MC LC
Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................... 3
1.1. KHI NIM SN XUT SCH HN ......................................................... 3
1.1.1. nh ngha sn xut sch hn ca UNEP................................................ 3
1.1.2. Cc khi nim tng t vi sn xut sch hn ....................................... 3
1.2. LI CH CA SN XUT SCH HN ...................................................... 4
1.2.1. Sch hn tt hn cho cc doanh nghip .................................................. 4
1.2.2. Gim nguyn liu v nng lng s dng ............................................... 4
1.2.3. Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn................................................................ 5
1.2.4. Cc c hi th trng mi v c ci thin .......................................... 5
1.2.5. To nn hnh nh cng ty tt hn ............................................................ 5
1.2.6. Mi trng lm vic tt hn .................................................................... 5
1.2.7. Tun th lut mi trng tt hn ........................................................... 5
1.3. QU TRNH KIM SOT NHIM CNG NGHIP ............................ 5
1.4. NHU CU V SN XUT SCH HN TRONG CNG NGHIP ........... 6
1.5. H THNG QUN L MI TRNG - ISO 14000 ................................. 8
1.5.1. Cc li ch ca h thng qun l mi trng .......................................... 8
1.5.2. Cc tiu chun mi trng quc t ......................................................... 9
1.5.3. Li ch ca chng nhn quc t ............................................................. 10
1.6. PHN TCH VNG I............................................................................. 10
1.6.1. Cc hn ch ca LCA............................................................................. 11
1.6.2. Ai s s dng LCA ................................................................................. 11
1.7. TUYN NGN QUC T V SN XUT SCH HN .......................... 12
1.8. CC RO CN ............................................................................................ 13
1.8.1. Ro cn v nhn thc ............................................................................. 13
1.8.2. Ro cn c tnh h thng ........................................................................ 13
1.8.3. Ro cn thuc v t chc ....................................................................... 14
1.8.4. Ro cn thuc v k thut...................................................................... 14
1.8.5. Ro cn thuc v kinh t ........................................................................ 14
1.8.6. Cc ro cn v nh nc / chnh quyn................................................. 15
CHNG 2: NH GI SN XUT SCH HN ..............................................16
2.1. KHI NIM ................................................................................................. 16
2.2. CC BC NH GI SN XUT SCH HN.................................... 16
2.2.1. Bc 1 - Khi ng ................................................................................ 16
2.2.2. Bc 2 - Phn tch cc cng on trong quy trnh sn xut................. 19
2.2.3. Bc 3 - Pht trin cc c hi sn xut sch hn ................................. 21
2.2.4. Bc 4 - La chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn ............................. 22
2.2.5. Bc 5 - Thc hin cc gii sn xut sch hn ..................................... 25
2.2.6. Bc 6 - Duy tr sn xut sch hn ....................................................... 26
Chng 3: CC K THUT THC HIN SN XUT SCH HN.................28
3.1. CI TIN QUN L NI VI...................................................................... 28
3.1.1. Qun l v lu tr nguyn vt liu ........................................................ 29
3.1.2. Nhng ci tin v iu sn xut ........................................................ 29
3.1.3. Ngn nga vic tht thot v chy trn ................................................ 30
3.1.4. Tch ring cc dng thi ........................................................................ 30
Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM
3.1.5. Rn luyn nhn s .................................................................................. 31

3.2. BO TON NNG LNG ....................................................................... 31
3.3. THAY I QU TRNH............................................................................. 32
3.3.1. Nhng thay i v nguyn liu u vo ................................................ 32
3.3.2. Nhng thay i v mt k thut v cng ngh ...................................... 32
3.3.3. Nhng ci tin v quy trnh sn xut..................................................... 33
3.4. TI CH, TI S DNG LI .................................................................... 35
3.4.1. Ti ch hay ti s dng trong nh my ................................................. 35
3.4.2. Cc cch ti sinh khc trong nh my................................................... 36
3.4.3. Bn cho mc ch s dng ..................................................................... 37
3.4.4. Ti sinh nng lng................................................................................ 37
3.5. THAY I SN PHM .............................................................................. 37
3.5.1. Cc giai on trong vic nh gi vng i sn phm ......................... 38
Chng 4: CN BNG VT CHT V NNG LNG....................................40
4.1. CN BNG VT CHT ............................................................................. 40
4.1.1. Chun b s quy trnh sn xut ........................................................ 40
4.1.2. Cn bng vt cht................................................................................... 41
4.2. CN BNG NNG LNG ....................................................................... 58
4.2.1. Quy trnh kim ton nng lng ........................................................... 58
Chng 5: PHN TCH KH THI CC D N SN XUT SCH HN .......59
5.1. XC NH CHI PH.................................................................................... 59
5.1.1. Chi ph sn xut kinh doanh .................................................................. 59
5.1.2. Yu t phn tch hiu qu u t ca mt d n .................................. 61
5.2. CC CH TIU TI CHNH ...................................................................... 64
5.2.1. Cc ch tiu ti chnh ch yu ................................................................ 64
5.2.2. NPV V IRR ......................................................................................... 65
5.3. Thi gi ca tin t ....................................................................................... 66
5.3.1. Xc nh gi tr tin t thay i theo thi gian...................................... 67
5.3.2. Mt s l thuyt v cng thc v gi tr tin t bin i theo thi gian 68
5.3.3. S dng cc hm Exel tnh chit khu ............................................. 71
5.4. Thi gian hon vn c chit khu ................................................................ 74
Chng 6: MT S KT QU NGHIN CU....................................................75
6.1. QU TRNH P DNG SN XUT SCH HN VIT NAM ............ 75
6.2. CC KT QU NGHIN CU IN HNH VIT NAM.................... 76
6.2.1. Cng ty Ch bin Lng thc v Thc phm Ninh Bnh: Phn xng Bia 77
6.2.2. Cng ty Thc phm Thin Hng ........................................................ 79
6.2.3. Vit nam K ngh sc sn VISSAN ....................................................... 79
6.2.4. Sn phm kim loi ................................................................................. 80
6.2.5. Giy v bt giy ...................................................................................... 80
6.2.6. Ngnh dt ................................................................................................ 84
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................87
Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG

1.1. KHI NIM SN XUT SCH HN
1.1.1. nh ngha sn xut sch hn ca UNEP
Sn xut l vic p dng lin tc chin lc phng nga tng hp v mi trng vo
cc qu trnh sn xut, sn phm v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut sinh thi v gim
thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng.
i vi qu trnh sn xut: sn xut sch hn bao gm bo ton nguyn liu
v nng lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c hi v gim lng v tnh c hi
ca tt c cc cht thi ngay ti ngun thi.
i vi sn phm: sn xut sch hn bao gm vic gim cc nh hng tiu
cc trong sut chu k sng ca sn phm, t khu thit k n thi b.
i vi dch v:sn xut sch hn a cc yu t v mi trng vo trong thit
k v pht trin cc dch v.
Mc tiu ca sn xut sch hn l trnh nhim bng cch s dng ti nguyn,
nguyn vt liu v nng lng mt cch c hiu qu nht. iu ny c ngha l thay v
b thi b s c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo thnh phm.
t c iu ny cn phi phn tch mt cch chi tit v h thng trnh t vn hnh
cng nh thit b sn xut hay yu cu mt nghin cu nh gi v sn xut sch hn.
1.1.2. Cc khi nim tng t vi sn xut sch hn
Gim thiu cht thi.
Phng nga nhim.
Nng sut xanh.
V c bn, cc khi nim ny u ging vi sn xut sch hn; u cng c tng
c s l lm cho cc doanh nghip hiu qu hn v t nhim hn.
1.1.2.1. Cc gii php v sn xut sch hn
Trnh cc r r, ri vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn v sn xut, hay cn gi l
kim sot ni vi.
m bo cc iu kin sn xut ti u t quan im cht lng sn phm, sn
lng, tiu th ti nguyn v lng cht thi to ra.
Trnh s dng cc nguyn vt liu c hi bng cch dng cc nguyn liu thay
th khc.
Ci tin thit b ci thin qu trnh sn xut.
Lp t thit b sn xut c hiu qu.
Thit k li sn phm c th gim thiu lng ti nguyn tiu th.
1.1.2.2. So snh Sn xut sch hn v Kim sot nhim

Sn xut sch hn khng ging nh x l cui ng ng, v d nh x l kh thi,
nc thi hay b thi rn. Cc h thng x l cui ng ng lm gim ti lng
nhim nhng khng ti s dng c phn nguyn vt liu mt i. Do , x l
cui ng ng lun lun lm tng chi ph sn xut. Trong khi , sn xut sch hn
mang li cc li ch kinh t song song vi gim ti lng nhim. Sn xut sch hn
ng ngha vi gim thiu cht thi v phng nga nhim. Sn xut sch hn cng l
mt bc hu ch cho h thng qun l mi trng nh ISO14000.
1.2. LI CH CA SN XUT SCH HN
Sn xut sch hn c ngha i vi tt c cc c s cng nghip, ln hay b, tiu th
nguyn liu, nng lng, nc nhiu hay t. n nay, hu ht cc doanh nghip u c
tim nng gim lng nguyn nhin liu tiu th t 10-15%. Cc li ch ca sn xut
sch hn bao gm:
Sch hn tt hn cho cc doanh nghip.
Gim nguyn liu v nng lng s dng.
Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn.
To nn hnh nh cng ty tt hn.
Mi trng lm vic tt hn.
Tun th lut mi trng tt hn.
1.2.1. Sch hn tt hn cho cc doanh nghip
Ti sao vy ? Cc doanh nghip p dng sn xut sch hn l doanh nghip gim
thiu cc tn tht nguyn vt liu v sn phm, do c th t sn lng cao hn,
cht lng n nh, tng thu nhp kinh t cng nh tnh cnh tranh cao hn.
Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng sn xut sch hn khng ch mang li li ch kinh
t m cn c li ch v mt mi trng. Cc li ch ny c th tm tt nh sau:
Ci thin hiu sut sn xut.
S dng nguyn liu, nc, nng lng c hiu qu hn.
Ti s dng phn bn thnh phm c gi tr.
Gim nhim.
Gim chi ph x l v thi b cc cht thi rn, nc thi, kh thi.
To nn hnh nh v mnh tt hn.
Ci thin sc kho ngh nghip v v an ton.
1.2.2. Gim nguyn liu v nng lng s dng
Do gi thnh ngy mt tng ca cc nguyn liu s dng cng nh hin trng ngy
cng khan him nc, khng mt doanh nghip no c th chp nhn vic thi b cc
ti nguyn ny di dng cht thi. Nc v nng lng l c bit quan trng, c
bit vi cc doanh nghip s dng vi khi lng ln.
1.2.3. Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn

Cc c quan ti chnh ngy mt nhn thc r s nghim trng ca vic hy hoi mi
trng v hin ang nghin cu cc d tho d n m rng hoc hin i ho m trong
cc khon vay u c nhn nhn t gc mi trng. Cc k hoch hnh ng
v sn xut sch hn s em li hnh nh mi trng c li v doanh nghip ca bn
ti cc nh cho vay, do s to iu kin tip cn d dng hn vi cc ngun h tr
ti chnh.
1.2.4. Cc c hi th trng mi v c ci thin
Vic nng cao nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v cc vn mi trng dn n s
bng n nhu cu v sn phm xanh trn th trng quc t. Chnh v vy, khi bn c
nhng n lc nhn thc v sn xut sch hn, bn s c th m ra c nhiu c hi
th trng mi v sn xut ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao hn v c th bn ra vi
gi cao hn.
Cc doanh nghip thc hin sn xut sch hn s p ng cc tiu chun mi trng,
v d nh ISO14001, hoc cc yu cu ca th trng nh nhn sinh thi.
Thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn s gip cho vic thc hin h thng qun l mi
trng nh ISO 14001 d dng hn.
1.2.5. To nn hnh nh cng ty tt hn
Sn xut sch hn phn nh v ci thin hnh nh chung v doanh nghip ca bn.
Khng cn phi nhc li, mt cng ty vi hnh nh "xanh" s c c x hi v cc c
quan hu quan chp nhn d dng hn.
1.2.6. Mi trng lm vic tt hn
Vic nhn thc ra tm quan trng ca mt mi trng lm vic sch v an ton ang
ngy mt gia tng trong s cc cng nhn. Bng cch m bo cc iu kin lm vic
thch hp thng qua thc hnh sn xut sch hn, bn c th lm tng thc ca cc
cn b, ng thi xy dng thc kim sot cht thi. Cc hot ng nh vy s gip
cho doanh nghip ca bn t c kh nng cnh tranh.
1.2.7. Tun th lut mi trng tt hn
Cc tiu chun mi trng v pht thi cc cht thi (lng, rn, kh) ang tr nn ngy
mt cht ch hn. p ng c cc tiu ny thng yu cu vic lp t cc h
thng kim sot nhim phc tp v t tin. Sn xut sch hn h tr cho vic x l
cc dng thi, v do doanh nghip s tun th cc tiu chun thi mt cch d dng,
n gin v r tin hn. Sn xut sch hn dn n vic gim cht thi, gim lng
pht thi v thm ch gim c c t theo qui lut vng trn.
1.3. QU TRNH KIM SOT NHIM CNG NGHIP
Trong vi thp nin qua, cc ngnh cng nghip lm gim nhim mi trng di
bn dng tiu biu sau:
Quan tm n vn nhim.
Lm long i cc ngun nhim.
Kim sot hay x l nhim.
Ngn nga nhim v ti s dng cht thi ti ni sn xut.

Khi cc nh nc ban hnh cc lut l v quy nh v mi trng, cc ngnh cng
nghip thc hin bc i u tin nhm gim thiu nhim l xy dng cc c s
x l nc thi v kh thi. iu ny thng c gi l gii php "X l cui ng
ng (End of Pipe)" v khng ch n nguyn nhn gy nhim chnh l sn xut.
Mt s nhc im ca cc gii php x l cui ng ng l:
t tin v khng hiu qu
Tng lng cht thi rn. Cc c s x l nc thi v kh thi hu nh bin i
tt c cc cht khng tinh khit thnh cht thi rn.
Tn tht nguyn liu v ho cht x l.
Sn xut
sch hn
Ngn nga
nhim
Pht trin
bn vng
Gim thiu (ti

s dng)
X l cui
ng ng
Thi b
1960
1980
1990
Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh kim sot nhim cng nghip

1.4. NHU CU V SN XUT SCH HN TRONG CNG NGHIP
Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip Quc (UNEP) chnh thc pht ng chng trnh
sn xut sch vo thng 9 nm 1990 ti Hi Ngh Canterbury, Lin Hip Anh. Hi
ngh ny tho thun mt chng trnh hot ng tp trung vo vic nng cao nhn
thc v trao i thng tin trn ton th gii v sn xut sch. Trung tm hot ng
chng trnh Mi Trng & Cng Nghip ca UNEP/IE Paris c giao trch nhim
gi vai tr xc tc thc y m rng v thc hin khi nim sn xut sch, cng
nh h tr cc sng kin ca cc nc thc hin chng trnh. T n nay, chng
trnh sn xut sch c m rng. Cc hot ng ca khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh
Dng cng t u tin c bit cho chng trnh sn xut sch, thng qua cc hi
ngh, xy dng cc mng li khu vc, cc d n trnh din v trao i thng tin. Cc
hot ng ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y v h tr sn xut sch

cc quc gia trong vng.
t nc ta bc sang th k 21. Vn t ra hin nay l, lm sao vn t c
pht trin bn vng, p ng cc nhu cu cn thit ca x hi, m vn gi gn c
mi trng v ti nguyn. y l thch thc thc s ca t nc ni chung v ca
cng ng cng nghip ni ring.
Khi nim pht trin bn vng ngy cng c chp nhn trn th gii v Vit Nam,
cho d n nay vn cha c mt nh ngha thc t no v pht trin bn vng c
chp nhn rng ri v cng cha c tiu ch c th no ch th tnh bn vng.
Lch s chng minh qu trnh pht trin ca th gii cng nghip ho tp trung vo
sn lng. Do vy, khng c g l khi cc nc pht trin trong nhng nm ca hai
thp nin 50 v 60 li ch theo ui m hnh tuyt i - Sn lng v Tng trng ch yu da vo khi nim hiu qu kinh t. Ci thin phn phi thu nhp l i hi
ca th gii ang pht trin v kt qu l m hnh pht trin chuyn dch sang tng
trng c bnh ng (gim ngho) trong thp k 70 v c tha nhn c ngha quan
trng nh hiu qu kinh t. u nhng nm 80, th gii khng nh suy thoi mi
trng l vt cn ch yu ca qu trnh ph trin. Bo v mi trng cho n nay
tr thnh mc tiu pht trin chnh th ba. (trong tam gic Kinh t, X hi v Mi
trng).
thot ra c tnh trng b tc ny, cng ng cng nghip cn phi nghim tc
xem xt n cch tip cn ba mc tiu (Kinh t - X hi - Mi trng), ngha l ci
tin cng ngh, nng cao hiu qu sn xut v c cc bin php ct gim cc chi ph
mi trng, nh p dng bin php gim thiu cht thi, hay gim lng ph, pht sinh
t cc cng on: khai thc (nguyn liu) - vn chuyn (khng b ri vi nguyn vt
liu) - tn tr, cho n phng nga nhim ( tng cng an sn xut) - thu gom v
ti ch/tun hon nc, ph liu, ho cht,
Mc tiu PTBV
Tng trng
kinh t
Bo v MT
Tin b XH
Hnh 1.2. S nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
Chin lc pht trin bn vng c t c hay khng, hon ton ph thuc vo s kt

hp hi ha gia ba mc tiu kinh t - x hi - mi trng. Pht trin bn vng khng
th v li ch mi trng li xem nh mc tiu tng trng kinh t v ngc li. C
nh vy chng ta mi c c phng thc t c pht trin bn vng. Tuy nhin
chng ta phi khng nh l mi quyt nh pht trin lu nay vn ch bm vo cc tiu
ch hiu qu kinh t v hu nh lng qun cc tc ng tiu cc gy ra i vi mi
trng.
Mc tiu ca ti liu ny nhm hng dn thc tin v tng bc tin hnh nh gi
v Sn Xut Sch. Ti liu s trnh by mt quy phm mang tnh h thng phc v cho
vic nh gi sn xut sch v nhng li ch do hot ng ny mang li. Ti liu cn
nu bt v gii thch cc k thut sn xut sch bao gm cc cng tc bo dng, v
sinh nh xng hng ngy, kim sot quy trnh cng ngh cng nh cng tc ti ch
sao cho tt hn.
Lun im c bn ca ti liu ny n gin ch l: nhng g c a vo nh my, s
c a ra dng ny hoc dng khc. Bng cch tng lng thnh phm c gi tr
v gim thiu lng cc cht thi khng cn thit, cc nh my c th tit kim tin
ca v gim bt gnh nng v mi trng.
NGUYEN LIEU
NC
PHU GIA
KH THAI
NGUYEN LIEU
NH MY
CH BIN
NC THAI
THANH PHAM
NGUYEN LIEU
NANG LNG D THA
Hnh 1.3. Cn bng vt cht v nng lng trong sn xut cng nghip
1.5. H THNG QUN L MI TRNG - ISO 14000
1.5.1. Cc li ch ca h thng qun l mi trng
H thng Qun l Mi trng l mt cng c qun l cc tc ng do cc hot ng
ca mt t chc gy nn vi mi trng. H thng ny cung cp mt tip cn c t
chc trong vic lp k hoch v thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng. H thng
ny c th l bc u tin cho mt t chc thc hin tin ti cc ci thin v mi
trng do h thng qun l mi trng cho php t chc xc nh c hin trng mi
trng ca mnh v nh gi thng xuyn hin trng v ci thin. pht trin mt
h thng qun l mi trng, mt t chc cn phi nh gi c cc tc ng mi
trng, xc nh c cc mc tiu gim nhng tc ng v lp k hoch lm th
no t c nhng mc tiu ny.
Cc li ch ca h thng qun l mi trng:
Gim thiu cc ri ro hay trch nhim v mi trng.
S dng c hiu qu ti a cc ti nguyn.

Gim cc cht thi.
To ra hnh nh hp tc tt.
Xy dng cc mi quan tm v mi trng cho nhn vin.
Hiu r cc tc ng mi trng ca hot ng kinh doanh.
Tng li nhun v ci thin hin trng mi trng thng qua hot ng c hiu
qu hn.
Mt h thng qun l mi trng khng phi l mt qui nh, n khng ch r mc
tiu mi trng cn phi t c nh th no. Hn na, n yu cu mt t chc phi
ch ng trong vic xem xt thc t thc hnh ca mnh, v qua xc nh vic qun
l cc tc ng ca h nh th no l tt nht. Tip cn ny h tr cho cc gii php
sng to v c ngha cho bn thn t chc .
Cng nh sn xut sch hn v hiu sut sinh thi, mt h thng qun l mi trng
c th l mt cng c c lc cho mt t chc ci thin hin trng mi trng, ng
thi nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh. Vic thc hin mt h thng qun l mi trng
to ra nhng c hi l tng thc hin sn xut sch hn, tng t sn xut sch
hn s l cng c t chc c th ci thin hin trng kinh t v mi trng ca
mnh. Nh vy sn xut sch hn l mt trong nhng ni dung c quan tm nht
trong phn mc ch cn t c ca h thng qun l mi trng.
Mc d vic thc hin h thng qun l mi trng mang tnh t nguyn, y cng l
mt cng c nh nc c hiu qu bo v mi trng v cng c ny h tr cho cc
qui nh. V d cho cc t chc c th t c cc tiu chun ra, cc h thng
qui ch c th khuyn khch vic thc hin h thng qun l mi trng bng cch a
ra nhng ch khch l vi cc hin trng mi trng tt v tip tc gi nhng qui
nh nghim ngt a vo p dng trong tng lai.
1.5.2. Cc tiu chun mi trng quc t
C nhng t chc mong mun t c cc chng nhn quc t v h thng qun l
mi trng. iu ny s to ra nhng u im cnh tranh, c bit l i vi cc
doanh nghip c quan h thng mi quc t. T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO)
a ra mt m hnh mang tnh chin lc v thc t i vi vic qun l mi trng
trong qu trnh vn hnh.
ISO ang xy dng cc tiu chun quc t cho cng tc qun l mi trng thng qua
mt b tiu chun ISO14000. y l cc tiu chun mang tnh t nguyn, va cung
cp m hnh h tr cho quan l mi trng, va l ti liu hng dn m bo
cc vn mi trng c quan tm n trong qu trnh ra quyt nh chnh. ISO
14001 (c th ho cho h thng qun l mi trng) l tiu chun u tin trong b
tiu chun ny.
Vic thc hin ISO14001 m c s l h thng qun l mi trng khng nn thc
hin nu nh phn kt qu mong i v cc li ch thy ngay i vi mi trng hoc
c s nn vn cha c xc nh mang tnh thc t. iu ny cng ging nh vic
xc nh ra mt khong rng cc mc ch v mc tiu mi trng ca cc doanh
nghip v cc nc khc nhau. Nu iu ny xy ra th khng th trng ch bn thn

vic p dng ISO 14001 s dn n ci thin hin trng mi trng.
Mc d vy, qu trnh thc hin h thng qun l mi trng da trn ISO14001 s
khuyn khch t chc xem xt li vic qun l mi trng ca mnh, v quan tm n
cc cng c ci thin hin trng. Nh c sn xut sch hn trnh din, qu
trnh nh gi thng khng ch xc nh cc li ch v mi trng m c cc li ch
v kinh t ca vic ci thin hin trng mi trng. Cc tim nng v li ch kinh t
ny s to ra ng c cho doanh nghip thc s thc hin ci thin mi trng.
Cc khi nim v sn xut sch hn i cng hng vi cc mc tiu ca ISO14001 l
yu cu c s chuyn hng t tp trung vo cc gii php cui ng ng sang vic
kho st tt c cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut, dch v v vng i sn phm.
1.5.3. Li ch ca chng nhn quc t
Cc li ch ca vic t c chng nhn ISO14001 thng c phn ln cc t chc
ln nhn dng, do cc doanh nghip va v nh c doanh thu thp hn v do t l
hon li chi ph cho chng nhn cng thp hn.
Mc d c chng nhn y , h thng qun l mi trng ISO c th khng ph
hp vi cc t chc nh. H thng cung cp cc hng dn h tr cho t chc xem xt
cc vn c ngha v qua thu c nhiu li ch nht t h thng qun l mi
trng, thm ch khng cn c chng ch. Do cc doanh nghip va v nh c th
s dng ISO 14001 nh mt m hnh thit k h thng qun l mi trng ca
mnh.
Mc d vy, cc t chc ln hn c th nhn thy chng ch cn c gi tr cao hn khi
xem xt n tim nng thng mi v cc u th th trng ca mt h thng qun l
mi trng c cp chng ch v c quc t cng nhn. y l mt yu t c
ngha cho cc doanh nghip ang tm kim cc chng ch sau tiu chun v cht lng
ISO 9000, v iu ny cng ging nh mt yu t nh hng ti cc quyt nh c lin
quan n chng ch ISO 14001. Chng ch ISO 14001 c cc li ch sau:
L mt trnh din r rng vi cc khch hng v cc c quan ti chnh v qun
l mi trng c trch nhim.
Ci thin hnh nh ca t chc.
Cho php t chc nh gi v qun l cc tc ng mi trng ca mnh mt cch c
hiu qu.
1.6. PHN TCH VNG I
Tng hp v nh gi ton b cc kt qu thu c. Trong giai an ny ngi ta
thng s dng phng php hi ng chuyn giai (Delphi system), hoc nh gi
da trn thang im thit lp t cc tiu chun trong lut mi trng v cc quy nh
v mi trng. Qu trnh nh gi s xem xt cc mt nh:
Cc hu qu c th xy ra
Kh nng c th gy nn cc nh hng
Tnh mt chiu ca nh hng
10
Chi ph ci thin cc nh hng ny.
Nng lng
v nguyn liu
Pht thi
Pht
thi
Pht thi
Pht
thi
Nguyn, ph
liu
Nh my
S dng
Qun l
cht thi
Hnh 1.4. nh gi vng i T ci ni n ngi m

1.6.1. Cc hn ch ca LCA
Kh xc nh chnh xc phm vi, gii hn ca LCA. Do , d tin hnh cc nghin
cu trn lan, tn thi gian, tin ca.
Cc nh hng ca cht thi c th thay i theo tng nghin cu v mang c th v
thi gian v khng gian (v d: cng mt cht thi, cng mt lng phng thch cc tc
ng n mi trng ca n vo thi gian hn hn s nghim trng hn lc bnh
thng).
Mt hn ch khc l vic rt kh xc nh mc quan trng tng i gia cc nh
hng khc nhau n mi trng (v d khi so snh hai sn phm, mt sn phm c
th c rt nhiu u im trong vic t gy nhim mi trng, ch tr mt khuyt
im, nhng khuyt im ny c th c tm quan trng rt cao; do sn phm ny s
c nh gi thp hn).
Vic nh gi cc sn phm thng da trn cc tiu chun mi trng c cng
b. Tuy nhin, vic thnh lp cc tiu chun ny cng gy tranh ci. Do , cc kt
qu LCA cng khng th no trnh khi vic gy tranh ci.
1.6.2. Ai s s dng LCA
LCA c th c s dng trong ni b cc cng ty :
Thit k mt sn phm.
Ti u ha cc sn phm hin hnh trn c s lm gim cc tc ng n mi
trng ca cc sn phm trong sut vng i ca n.
Ngi tiu dng v chnh quyn s dng LCA :
Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v cc tc ng n mi trng ca sn
phm.
Thit lp cc tiu chun v mi trng cho cc cng ngh.
Chng nhn, dn nhn cc sn phm hp sinh thi ngi tiu dng la chn
11
Ci thin cc dch v v tiu dng trong cng ng.

Bo m cc nh sn xut c tnh n cc yu t mi trng trong qu trnh thit k v
sn xut cc sn phm.
1.7. TUYN NGN QUC T V SN XUT SCH HN
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam h tr Cc Mi trng, thuc B Khoa hc,
Cng ngh v Mi trng trong vic ph bin v k Tuyn ngn Quc t v Sn
xut sch hn ngy 22 thng 9 nm 1999. Thay mt chnh ph Vit nam, B trng
B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng Chu Tun Nh k vo tuyn ngn ny.
Ni dung ca tuyn ngn:
Chng ti nhn thc c rng t c s pht trin bn vng l trch nhim chung
ca cng ng. Hnh ng bo v mi trng ton cu phi bao gm vic p dng
hot ng sn xut v tiu dng bn vng c ci thin.
Chng ti tin tng rng Sn xut sch hn v cc chin lc phng nga khc nh
Hiu sut Sinh thi, Nng sut Xanh v Phng nga nhim l nhng la chn c
u tin. Cc chin lc ny i hi s pht trin, h tr v thc hin cc bin php ph
hp.
Chng ti hiu rng Sn xut sch hn l s p dng lin tc mt chin lc phng
nga tng hp i vi cc qu trnh, cc sn phm v dch v v li ch kinh t, x hi,
sc kho, an ton v mi trng. t c mc tiu ny, chng ti cam kt:
Bng 1.1. Mc tiu ca bng tuyn ngn
Cp Lnh o Da vo nh hng ca mnh khuyn khch p dng hot ng
sn xut v tiu dng bn vng thng qua mi quan h vi cc bn
tham gia.
Nng cao
nhn thnc,
gio dc v
o to
Xy dng nng lc thng qua pht trin v thc hin cc chng

trnh nng cao nhn thc, gio dc v o to trong cc t chc ca
mnh; khuyn khch a cc khi nim v nguyn tc ca Sn xut
sch hn vo gio trnh ging dy tt c cc cp.
Chng trnh
lng ghp
Khuyn khch lng ghp cc chin lc phng nga tt c cc cp

trong t chc ca mnh; trong cc h thng qun l mi trng;
thng qua vic s dng cc cng c nh nh gi hot ng mi
trng, hch ton mi trng v cc nh gi tc ng mi trng,
vng i sn phm v sn xut sch hn.
Nghin cu v Xy dng cc gii php i mi thng qua thc y chuyn i t u

pht trin
tin dng phng thc x l cui ng ng sang chin lc phng
nga trong chnh sch v hot ng nghin cu v pht trin ca
mnh; h tr pht trin cc sn phm v dch v t hiu qu mi
trng v p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Truyn thng Chia s cc kinh nghim thng qua tng cng i thoi v thc hin
cc chin lc phng nga v cung cp thng tin cho cc bn tham
12
gia v nhng li ch ca n.
Thc hin
Thc thi p dng chng trnh sn xut sch hn thng qua t ra

cc mc tiu c tnh thch thc v bo co nh k cc tin b t
c t cc h thng qun l thit lp; khuyn khch h tr ti
chnh, u t mi v b sung cho cc la chn cng ngh c tnh
phng nga, thc y hp tc v chuyn giao cng ngh c hiu qu
v mt mi trng gia cc quc gia; hp tc vI UNEP cng cc
i tc v cc bn tham gia khc trong vic h tr tuyn ngn ny v
nh gi cc thnh cng ca vic thc hin tuyn ngn.
1.8. CC RO CN
1.8.1. Ro cn v nhn thc
1.8.1.1. Cc tr ngi thuc v nhn thc
Thi tc trch i vi qun l mt bng sn xut v cc vn mi trng.
Tr lc i vi s thay i, s tht bi (hay thi khng mun thay i ci
hin c).
1.8.1.2. Cc bin php khc phc
Sm c kt qu.
S tham gia ca cc nhn vin.
Khuyn khch cc th nghim.
Cng b nhanh chng cc kt qu ca Sn xut sch.
1.8.2.
Ro cn c tnh h thng
1.8.2.1. Cc ro cn c tnh h thng

Thiu k nng qun l chuyn nghip trong cc lnh vc.
Lnh o.
Gim st.
S bo m vic lm.
Cc ghi chp v sn xut c cht lng thp.
H thng qun l khng thch hp v khng hiu qu.
Cc cn tr trong h thng qun l th hin r rng trong cc lnh vc sau:
Vic nng cao trnh chuyn mn ca cc nhn vin.
K hoch ho sn xut.
1.8.2.2. Bin php khc phc
Cung cp ti liu v s nh my mt cch y
13
Xem xt vic bo dng Sn xut sch ti ch

o to mt i ng Sn xut sch mc nh my
Pht trin cc ch tiu qun l n gin
Thc hin qun l mt bng sn xut t trn xung di
Tuyn truyn cc kt qu t c.
1.8.3. Ro cn thuc v t chc
1.8.3.1. Cc ro cn mang tnh t chc
S tp trung quyn ra quyt nh.
S ch trng qu mc i vi sn xut.
Thiu s tham gia ca cc nhn vin.
Chia x thng tin
T chc mt nhm thc hin d n c nng lc
Ghi nhn v khen thng cc c gng thc hin sn xut sch
a vo chi ph sn xut v pht sinh cht thi.
1.8.4. Ro cn thuc v k thut
Sn xut sch thng i hi nhng thay i k thut v vic lp t, dng c, vt liu
u vo, cc cht ph tr, cc quy trnh v thit b. Khi vic thc hin Sn xut sch
ph thuc vo cng ngh th cc tr ngi thng l cc y t k thut.
1.8.4.1. Cc tr ngi v k thut trong cc x nghip va v nh
Nng lc k thut b hn ch.
Thiu hoc khng c lc lng lao ng c o to.
Thiu cc cng c kim sot.
Thiu cc thit b bo dng.
Thiu thng tin k thut.
Hn ch v cng ngh.
i ng cn b c chuyn mn k thut.
Cc thit b gia cng ti ch.
Tuyn truyn cc kt qu ca cng ngh v k thut Sn xut sch.
S tr gip c bn cho cc nghin cu trin khai v mi trng.
1.8.5. Ro cn thuc v kinh t
1.8.5.1. Cc ro cn chnh v kinh t
14
S thnh hnh ch kch thch ti chnh lm ngi ta quan tm n lng sn

phm hn l quan tm n chi ph sn xut.
Cc nguyn liu r tin v d kim.
Chnh sch u t c bit.
Chi ph cao v thiu vn u t.
Cc nh my c c s ti chnh vng chc v cc c s khng ngn ngi thc hin cc
gii php khng tn hoc tn t chi ph c nhiu kh nng vt qua c cc cn tr v
kinh t. Cc cng ty c th s dng cc bin php khc phc sau vt qua cc ro
cn ny:
S vng vng v ti chnh.
Thc hin cc bin php hp dn v mt ti chnh.
u t c k hoch v phn phi chi ph hp l.
Cc chnh sch cng nghip di hn.
Cc ch khen thng v ti chnh.
1.8.6.
Cc ro cn v nh nc / chnh quyn
1.8.6.1. Cc ro cn v pha nh nc / chnh quyn

Cc chnh sch cng nghip c kh nng ngn chn vic thc hin sn xut
sch.
Cc chnh sch v mi trng nhm khuyn khch nhng gii php cui ng
ng thay v cc bin php phng nga.
Cc bin php kch thch v ti chnh
Cc i sn xut sch tnh nguyn hot ng trn din rng.
Cng ch thi hnh lut mi trng.
15
CHNG 2: NH GI SN XUT SCH HN

2.1. KHI NIM
nh gi sn xut sch hn l qu trnh tng hp nhm nghin cu v trin khai cc
gii php SXSH, nh gi hiu qu qu trnh SXSH phc v cho vic duy tr v ci
thin hot ng SXSH.
Sn xut sch hn l mt qu trnh lin tc, do khi nh gi sn xut sch hn kt
thc, nh gi tip theo c th c bt u ci thin hin trng tt hn na hoc
tip tc vi phm vi c chn khc.
2.2. CC BC NH GI SN XUT SCH HN
Hnh 2.1. Cc bc nh gi sn xut sch hn

2.2.1. Bc 1 - Khi ng
Trc tin, ban lnh o cn phi cam kt vi chng trnh sn xut sch hn. nh
gi sn xut sch hn s yu cu mt khong thi gian thu thp thng tin v pht
trin cc gii php. Hn na, c th cn mt s chi ph nh lp t ng h nc hoc
phn tch mu.
2.2.1.1. Thnh lp nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn
Ban lnh o cn ch nh mt i thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn. Khi thc hin
vic ny, ban lnh o cn nh rng cc thnh vin trong nhm cn c mt s quyn
hn, k nng v thi gian cn thit thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn.
Nhm thc hin nn bao gm i din ca cc thnh phn:
Cp lnh o
Cam kt ca Ban Lnh o:
o Nu bt cc li ch kinh t
o Khuyn khch thc trch nhim
16
o Cc li ch v mi trng
o Mt thnh vin Ban Gim c tham gia nhm
o Bo co thng xuyn ln Ban Gim c
o Li ch c th nhn thy c
o Cam kt thc hin thnh cng
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn nhm sn xut sch hn
Chc danh trong nhm
Trng nhm
Chc danh trong nh my

Ph Gim c Sn Xut hoc
Ph Gim c K Thut
Thnh vin
o Qun c Phn xng

o K s trng
o K Thut vin hoc Nhn vin Phng Bo tr.
o Trng ca, kp
o i din Phng K Ton. K Hoch, K Thut
o Kim tra cht lng sn phm
o Chuyn gia bn ngoi nh my
Mc tiu sn xut sch hn ca Nh my;

o Tiu chun ni b nh my v nng sut
o Cc lut l, quy nh v mi trng
o So snh cng ngh gia cc cng ty
o S liu sn xut trong thi gian qua
Bn cnh , vic a vo nhm mt thnh vin l chuyn gia v sn xut sch hn t

bn ngoi s l rt c ch v s c thm mt tip cn qua mt nhn th ba.
Ngoi ra cn phn bit mc tiu ngn hn v di hn.
2.2.1.2. Lit k cc cng on / qu trnh sn xut
V c bn, nhm sn xut sch hn nn c mt tng quan v ton b hot ng sn
xut ca doanh nghip thng qua vic lit k tt c cc qu trnh sn xut, u vo v
u ra.
Cn c mt s dy chuyn sn xut chi tit v c th (hoc s ca cc ng tc)
c th c mt khi qut v hiu bit ng v qu trnh sn xut.
Cn ch c bit ti cc hot ng theo chu k, v d nh lm sch hoc ti sinh v
qu trnh ny thng gy nhiu lng ph.
u vo v u ra ca s cn c ghi tn ph hp lm ti liu i chng sau
ny
17
Hnh 2.1. Lit k cc cng on sn xut
18
2.2.1.3. Xc nh v chn cc cng on lng ph

Da trn s v thng qua vic kho st hin trng, nhm nh gi sn xut sch
hn cn xc nh c cc cng on gy lng ph.
Cng vi cc thng tin hin c v lng nguyn liu v ti nguyn tiu th, cng vic
ny l c s cho vic quyt nh phm vi nh gi sn xut sch hn.
Phm vi nh gi cn c chn sao cho th hin tnh hp dn v kinh t khi gii php
sn xut sch hn c xc nh. Nh vy, cc cng on gy ra tn tht nguyn
liu/sn phm ln hoc nhng cng on c t l x l li cao cn c u tin a
vo trong phm vi nh gi.
2.2.2. Bc 2 - Phn tch cc cng on trong quy trnh sn xut
2.2.2.1. Cn bng vt liu
Trong bc ny, cc cn bng vt liu v nng lng cn c thc hin nhm nh
lng cc cht thi c pht sinh, chi ph v cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi. Cc cn
bng s cn l c s cho bit lng ti nguyn tiu th v cc cht thi pht sinh trc
khi thc hin sn xut sch hn.
Lm th no cn bng vt liu?
Hy xc nh cc thng s u vo v u ra c o c nh th no. Hy
lp k hoch o c cho mt ngy sn xut, hoc ghi li lng tiu th/cc
dng thi cho mt thi gian di.
Trong trng hp khng th o c, hy c tnh mt cch chnh xc nht.
Cn bng vt liu cn c da trn cc s liu thc. Cc s liu c ly t
l thuyt cng vic, m t thit b, hay cc s liu "cn phi th" l nhng s
liu khng th s dng c.
Bng 2.2. Bng cn bng vt liu
Cng
on
u vo
Tn
Lng
u ra
Tn
Lng
Dng thi
Lng
Rn
Kh
1
2
3
Vi (nhng) phm vi c chn thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn, (cc) s
cng ngh cn phi c c th ho hn m bo m t tt c cc cng on/cc
ng tc v c y cc u vo v u ra trong s .
Tip theo, cn phi thu thp cc thng tin lm cn bng. C th s c rt nhiu vic
phi lm v o c. Cc ng h xc nh lng nc v in tiu th c th s rt
hu ch v cn thit.
19
nh lng u vo v u ra l cch duy nht xc nh cc tn tht m bnh

thng khng c nhn dng.
2.2.2.2. Cn bng nng lng
Lm cn bng nng lng thm ch cn phc tp hn cn bng vt liu. Thay v vic
lp cn bng thc, vic iu tra ghi li lng vo v mt mt cng c th l rt c
ch.
i vi h thng cp hi, bn cn o c lng nhin liu s dng, tn tht ca ni
hi v c tnh cc tn tht nhit o b mt bo n km, r r hi v thi nc ngng.
Bng 2.3. Xc nh tnh cht dng thi
c trng dng thi
Dng
thi
nh lng
dng thi
c trng dng thi
S hoc Bao nhiu v Dng thi bao gm:

tn ca
mc
Cc gi tr v kinh t (kim d...)
dng thi
thng
Cc gi tr v mi trng (pH,
xuyn
BOD, COD...)
Chi ph
Tn tht nguyn liu
Tn tht do x l li
Chi ph x l
Vic xc nh tnh cht dng thi gm 3 phn:

nh lng dng thi (cc s liu cn c ly t phn cn bng vt liu).
nh lng tc ng mi trng bng cch o c/c tnh, v d BOD v
COD ca nc thi.
Xc nh chi ph cho dng thi bao gm chi ph ca cc thnh phn c gi
tr trong dng thi v chi ph x l mi trng.
Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi s cho mt bc tranh v lng tin mt mt i vi
mi dng thi. Bn cnh , kt qu ny cn to nn s cam kt, ch ra tim nng tit
kim v u t cn ln bao nhiu c th gim thiu hoc loi b c dng thi.
2.2.2.3. Phn tch nguyn nhn
Vi mi mt dng thi cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn tm ra cc nguyn nhn
tim n ca dng thi.
Vic phn tch nguyn nhn vi l do "thit b c" hay "cht lng thp" l khng .
Bn cn phi tm ra cc nguyn nhn tht c th i vi vic pht sinh ra dng thi, v
d "nguyn liu c hn 2% tp cht c chp nhn". Vic phn tch nguyn nhn
cng chi tit thi vic xut ra c hi cng d dng.
Nh vy, lm c vic phn tch nguyn nhn tt cn phi nm chc qu trnh v
cc thng s vn hnh.
20
Hi Ti sao ?
Vic phn tch nguyn nhn da trn c s hi cc cu hi ti sao. Bn cu hi chnh
l:
Ti sao c dng thi ny, cn c cng on ny?
Ti sao khng tiu th t nguyn liu, ho cht v nng lng hn? nhiu cht
thi?
Ti sao dng thi c tnh cht ny, vn hnh thit b v qu trnh iu kin
ny?
Ti sao thi ? Sao khng tun hon?
2.2.3. Bc 3 - Pht trin cc c hi sn xut sch hn
Da trn kt qu lm cc bc trc, bc ny s pht trin, lit k v m t cc
gii php sn xut sch hn c th lm c.
2.2.3.1. Tm nguyn nhn
Bng 2.4. Bng lit k cc nguyn nhn v gii php
Dng thi
1. Git chy
trn 1 sau
khi nu ty
Nguyn nhn
1.1. Lng nc dng
cho git ph thuc vo
cng sut bm v thi
gian mt vng vi chy
trong my Jet;
Gii php sn xut sch hn
1.1.1. iu chnh tc quay ca

vi trong my (nhanh hn) tng
hiu qu git, rt ngn thi gian;
1.1.2. S dng nc nng t cc
ngun khc (nc tun hon);
1.1.3. iu chnh lu tc trong git

chy trn gi nhit cao ca
dch;
1.2. Cng nhiu nc s 1.2. nh 1.1.1;

dng cho git cng d
loi b cc tp cht (pha
long) nhng s h nhit
dung dch thp hn;
Vi mi mt nguyn nhn c xc nh s c mt, nhiu hoc thm ch khng c gii

php sn xut sch hn no tng ng. xc nh cc nguyn nhn cn phi c kin
thc v tnh sng to.
Tho lun v "ng no" trong tranh lun c th h tr vic pht trin cc gii php.
Phn tch nguyn nhn tt s to iu kin thun li hn nhiu trong xut c hi.
Nn xem xt vic mi cc chuyn gia t cc nh cung cp tham d vic xut c hi
sn xut sch hn.
21
Bng 2.5. Sng lc cc c hi sn xut sch hn

Cc c hi sn
xut sch hn
Hng mc
C th
thc hin
ngay
Kim sot nhit Gim st qu

nu
trnh tt hn
Thay my Winch
bng my Jet
Thit b mi
Cha ng ng
nc ngng
Qun l ni vi
Cn
nghin
cu tip
Loi
Ghi ch / L do
Cn th nghim
x
u t ln
Cn 2 gi lm
vic, tit kim 20
kg than mt ngy
2.2.3.2. Chn la cc c hi c th thc hin

Danh mc cc c hi sn xut sch hn cn c xem xt xc nh:
Cc c hi c th thc hin c ngay.
Cc c hi cn c nghin cu tip.
Cc c hi b loi b v khng mang tnh thc t hoc kh thi.
Cc c hi c th thc hin c ngay cn c lm ngay. Hy lu gi danh mc cc
c hi ny ghi li hiu qu ca cng vic sn xut sch hn.
Cc c hi cn c nghin cu tip nn c nh gi bc tip theo.

2.2.4. Bc 4 - La chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn
i vi cc c hi sn xut sch hn phc tp, cn tin hnh nghin cu kh thi mt
cch chi tit v cc mt k thut, kinh t v mi trng.
2.2.4.1. Tnh kh thi v k thut
Trong phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut cn quan tm n cc kha cnh sau:
Cht lng ca sn phm.
Nng sut sn xut.
Yu cu v din tch.
Thi gian ngng hot ng.
So snh vi thit b hin c.
Yu cu bo dng.
Nhu cu o to.
Phm vi sc kho v an ton ngh nghip.
22
Cc li ch sau cng c a vo nh mt phn ca nghin cu kh thi k thut:

Gim lng nc v nng lng tiu th.
Gim nguyn liu tiu th.
Gim cht thi.
nh gi tnh kh thi v mt k thut cc gii php sn xut sch hn.
1)
c cng ty, x nghip no c kinh nghim v thc hin gii php ny

cha?
2)
Gii php ny vn duy tr cht lng sn phm nh c?
3)
Gii php ny c nh hng tiu cc n sn xut khng?
4)
Thc hin gii php ny c cn thm nhn s khng?
5)
Cng nhn vn iu hnh c sn xut khi thc hin gii php ny?
6)
C cn hun luyn thm cho cng nhn?
7)
Bn c chc chn rng khi thc hin gii php ny s gim c lng cht
thi?
8)
Bn c chc chn rng khi thc hin gii php ny s khng chuyn cht thi
t dng ny sang dng khc (v d t cht thi rn sang kh thi)?
9)
Mt bng v b tr thit b trong nh my hin ti c ph hp thc hin gii

php khng?
10) Bn c chc chn rng gii php ny s ci thin hay gi nguyn tnh trng an
ton v sc kho cho cng nhn?
11) Gii php ny c gim lng cht thi ti ngun khng?
12) C sn cc loi vt t v nguyn liu thc hin gii php ny khng?
13) Gii php ny c d dng thc hin khng?
C ba dng cu tr li cho cc cu hi trn l C, KHNG, KHNG CHC CHN
2.2.4.2. Tnh kh thi v kinh t
Tnh kh thi kinh t cn c tnh ton da trn c s u t v tit kim d tnh.
Mt vi phng php c dng trong thm nh u t l:
So snh chi ph: so snh cc la chn c thu nhp nh nhau nhng chi
ph khc nhau.
So snh li ch: da trn thu nhp v lng tit kim ca tng la chn.
Hon vn u t: a li ch vo cng mi quan h vi vn u t.
Thi gian hon vn.
Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV).
T l hon vn ni ti (IRR).
23
Phng php dng thi gian hon vn l phng php thng c s dng v
phng php ny n gin v c th tnh ton nhanh. i vi cc gii php sn xut
sch hn tp trung u t, cn phi tin hnh phn tch kinh t chi tit hn, v d nh
NPV hay IRR.
nh gi tnh kh thi v mt kinh t cc gii php sn xut sch hn.
1) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph nguyn liu khng?
2) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph cc tin nghi sn xut khng (in,nc, hi
nc...)?
3) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph tn tr cht thi khng?
4) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph v cc khiu ni mi trng khng?
5) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph v sc khe v an ton cho cng nhn
khng?
6) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph v bo him khng?
7) Gii php ny c lm gim chi ph v vic b cht thi khng?
8) Gii php ny c thi gian hon vn chp nhn c khng?
9) Gii php ny c lm tng gi thnh ca sn phm khng (hoc tng nhng
trong gii hn chp nhn c)?
Nu mt gii php c chi ph khng ng k th vic nh gi tnh kinh t tng i
n gin. Nhng li ch kinh t c th c tnh ton t vic gim chi ph iu hnh
hay t nhng li ch v mi trng (ngn nga hoc gim cht thi).
Mt ch tiu ph bin nh gi tnh kinh t ca mt gii php l thi gian hon vn
tnh bng nm (Payback Period - PP). Thi gian hon vn cng ngn gii php cng
kh thi.
PP (nm) = Tng chi ph u t / Tng li nhun thm c do thc hin gii php
2.2.4.3. Tnh kh thi v mi trng
i vi hu ht cc gii php, tnh kh thi v mi trng l hin nhin. Mc d vy,
cn phi nh gi xem c tc ng mi trng tiu cc no vt qu phn tch cc
khng.
nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng cc gii php sn xut sch hn.
1) Gii php c lm gim tnh c hi v ti lng cht thi rn v bn khng?
2) Gii php c lm gim tnh c hi v ti lng nc thi khng?
3) Gii php c lm gim tnh c hi v ti lng kh thi khng?
4) Gii php c ci thin mi trng sn xut khng?
5) Gii php c lm gim c nh mc nguyn liu s dng cho mt n v sn
phm khng?
24
6) Gii php c lm gim c nh mc ph liu s dng cho mt n v sn

phm khng?
7) Gii php c lm gim c nh mc nng lng s dng cho mt n v sn
phm khng?
8) Gii php ny c to nn mt tc ng mi trng khc khng?
9) Gii php ny c lm tng kh nng hon lu dng thi khng?
2.2.4.4. La chn trin khai
Sau khi tin hnh nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, bc tip theo l la
chn cc gii php thc hin. R rng l nhng gii php hp dn nht l nhng gii
php c li v ti chnh v c tnh kh thi v k thut.
Trong nhng trng hp a ra nhiu gii php CP. C th dn n ln ln trong vic
xp loi v u tin chng a ra gii php thc hin. Trong khi xp loi cc gii
php CP, s c nhng kin ch quan nn nhm CP c th cho im ngay c khi
chng trong cng loi phn tch kh thi.
Vic ghi li thnh ti liu cc cng vic thc hin cho ti giai on ny l rt tt
tham kho trong qu trnh thc hin v thit lp cc chun c bn cho nh gi vic
thc hin v tng kt.
Cc kt qu nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng cn phi c kt hp chn
ra cc gii php tt nht.
C th tin hnh phng php cng c trng s sau y:
Bng 2.6. Phng php cng c trng s chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn
TT
C hi SXSH
Trng s
Tnh kh thi
K thut
Kinh t
Mi trng
30%
50%
20%
Tng
Xp
hng
Gii php 1
0.3
1.5
0.6
2.4
Gii php 2
0.9
2.5
0.2
3.6
2.2.5. Bc 5 - Thc hin cc gii sn xut sch hn

Rt nhiu cc gii php khng tn hoc tn t chi ph, v d nh sa cha r r, ng
vi ang chy khi khng s dng hoc o to cn b cn phi c thc hin ngay t
nhng bc u ca nh gi sn xut sch hn. Cc gii php ny cn c thc hin
ngay cng sm cng tt.
c th ghi li thnh cng ca nh gi sn xut sch hn, nht thit phi lu gi
danh mc ca tt c cc gii php c thc hin.
Cc gii php cn li c chn trin khai cn c a vo thc hin theo k
hoch c ban lnh o ph duyt.
25
Vic lu gi cc gii php c th s cn thit xin ph duyt cng nh xin cc khon

kinh ph cn thit tng ng.
K hoch thc hin cn nu:
o Cn lm g?
o Ai l ngi chu trch nhim?
o Bao gi hon thnh?
o Quan trc hiu qu nh th no?
Khi cc gii php c thc hin, cn thit phi quan trc lng nguyn liu tiu
th mi / mc thi nh gi li ch ca gii php.
2.2.6. Bc 6 - Duy tr sn xut sch hn
Nu nh sn xut sch hn dc bt r v tip tc thc hin, iu c bit quan
trng phi nhn mnh y l nhm sn xut sch hn khng c mt sau khi
thc hin c mt vi gii php sn xut sch hn.
2.2.6.1. Quan trc v nh gi kt qu
Duy tr sn xut sch hn s t c tt nht khi n tr thnh cng vic qun l hng
ngy. Vic quan trc nh k cp doanh nghip v qu trnh sn xut l cha kho
duy tr sn xut sch hn.
2.2.6.2. Quan trc lin tc
Bng 2.7. Bng quan trc thc hin
Ni
dung
Chu Thi gian

trch
nhim
Phng thc
Bo co vi
nhn vin
Bo co vi lnh
o
Qun c theo di S bin i cho S liu v th sn

lng sn xut
c nm
lng theo ngy,
tun
Sn
phm
(nhm)
s 1
Tn
Theo ca
(hng
ngy)
in
Tn
Hng tun
c ng h
Nh trn v so
snh vi sn
lng
S bin i theo
tun so vi sn
lng
Than
Tn
Hng tun
Tn vn chuyn
v c tnh lng
trong kho
Nh trn
Nh trn
Nc
Tn
Hng tun
c ng h
Nh trn
Nh trn
Nguyn
liu 1
Tn
Hng ngy Cng nhn ghi s Bin i thng

lng s dng
so vi sn
lng
Nh trn
26
% loi /
x l li
Tn
Hng tun B phn KCS v

bn hng
Nh trn
Nh trn
2.2.6.3. Bo co cc kt qu sn xut sch hn

duy tr cc cam kt, cc kt qu sn xut sch hn cn c bo co li vi ban
lnh o v cc nhn vin.
2.2.6.4. Chun b cho mt nh gi mi v sn xut sch hn
Sau khi kt thc, mt nh gi mi v sn xut sch hn cn c bt u m bo
s ci thin lin tc cho doanh nghip. y cng l mc tiu ca sn xut sch hn.
2.2.6.5. Lin tc a sn xut sch hn vo cng vic qun l hng ngy
Hnh thnh h thng qun l mi trng, d c chng nhn hay khng, cng s m
bo rng sn xut sch hn c duy tr trong chng trnh hot ng ca doanh
nghip. Vic thc hin chng nhn h thng qun l mi trng ISO 14000 c th s
mang tnh lin tc c gi tr ca sn xut sch hn.
27
Chng 3:
CC K THUT THC HIN SN XUT SCH HN
3.1. CI TIN QUN L NI VI
Cc kha cnh th tc ca vic vn hnh sn xut bao gm cc chc nng v mt qun
l, t chc v nhn s ca vic sn xut. Vic ci tin cc cch thc vn hnh c th
c thc hin trong tt c cc lnh vc: sn xut, bo tr, s dng v lu tr vt liu
th, sn phm, lu tr v qun l cht thi. Nhng cch thc vn hnh tt c th thc
hin n gin, khng i hi chi ph cao, nhng hon ton c kh nng mang li
nhng li nhun cao trong vic u t v thng mang li nhng kt qu tt mt cch
nhanh chng. Mt s v d v nhng thay i trong qun l ni ti v vn hnh sn
xut nhm lm gim s pht sinh cht thi:
Gim tiu hao nguyn vt liu v s mt mt sn phm bng cc bin php
chng tht thot do trn, r r.
Ln lch sn xut ph hp nhm lm gim bt vic lm sch gia cc m sn
phm.
Kim tra cc b phn trc khi chng c vn hnh gim thiu cc ph
phm.
Hp nht cc dng thit b hoc ha cht gim khi lng v chng loi cht
thi.
Ci thin cc th tc lm sch gim s pht sinh cc cht thi hn hp
c pha long bng cc phng php nh: s dng cc k thut lm sch kh,
s dng cc cn gt nc c kh hay chi cao su, s dng cc :pig hoc kh
nn lm sch cc ng ng v tng thi gian lm ro nc.
Tc ring cc cht thi tng cng kh nng thu hi ti sinh.
Ti u ha cc thng s vn hnh (nh nhit , p sut, thi gian phn ng,
thi gian c c,) lm gim bt cc sn phm ph hoc s pht sinh cht
thi.
Tng cng cng tc hun luyn nhn vin v gim thiu cht thi
nh gi nhu cu tng bc vn hnh v loi tr cc bc khng cn thit
Thu hi cc vt liu b trn hay tht thot s dng li.
Ci thin cng tc qun l kim k nguyn vt liu v sn phm trnh h
hng v qu hn.
Ci tin chu k bo dng trnh tn tht do h hng my mc thit b.
Tt in, kha nc cn thn khi khng s dng na.
v.v..
28
3.1.1. Qun l v lu tr nguyn vt liu

Gii php ny lin quan n tt c nhng trang thit b c s dng lu tr nguyn
vt liu, cc sn phm trung gian, sn phm v cht thi cng nghip cng nh s vn
chuyn tt c nhng vt cht ny t khu vc ny n khu vc khc trong nh my.
Vic qun l tt nguyn vt liu sch, vn chuyn v kho cha cho php hn ch n
mc thp nht kh nng chy trn, tht thot, s c chy n hay bt c thit hi no
khc c th dn n s pht sinh ra cht thi. Nhng c s sn xut no p dng bin
php khuyn khch kinh t mnh m nhm qun l v lu tr nguyn nhin vt liu
mt cch hp l th cc tn tht do vic qun l v lu tr khng hp l c th c
gim bt m khng cn phi tn nhiu tin. Nhng v d v cc th tc qun l v lu
tr nguyn vt liu, sn phm mt cch hp l nh sau:
Hun luyn nhn vin v vn hnh, sc cha v cc kh nng ca tng loi thit
b vn chuyn (xe nng, bng ti,)
Gi khong cch gia cc thng cha c th pht hin thy s n mn
hay tht that nguyn vt liu.
Sp xp cc thng cha sao cho hn ch n mc thp nht cc nguy c b
nghing, lt, rch, thng hay b v.
Nng cc thng cha ln khi mt sn trnh s n mn qua vic chy trn
hay r r.
Gi mt khong cch gia cc loi ha cht khc nhau trnh cc phn
ng ha hc hay ng c trong trng hp c s r r.
Lun ng thng cha li tr khi nguyn liu bn trong c ly ht ra.
Cung cp nh sng ti nhng khu vc lu tr.
Gi mt b mt phng, sch s trong nhng khu vc c ngi v thit b qua
li.
Xy thnh hay b cha c rnh cho cc khu vc sn xut khi c s hin din
ca cc cht nguy him v cht thi.
S dng nhng thng cha ln (cc thng vn chuyn hay cc siu ti) thay v
dng cc thng cha nh.
3.1.2. Nhng ci tin v iu sn xut
Vic sn xut mt t cc sn phm khc nhau khi s dng cng mt trang thit b
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra cc cht nhim. Vic nh gi c mt
ngha c bit trong vn hnh sn xut mt m sn phm bi v khi lng cht thi
sinh ra t vic v sinh lau chi trang thit b c lin quan trc tip n chu k lm sch
trang thit b. gim s ln lm sch trang thit b, cc qui m m sn xut nn ti
u ha v ln k hach cho cng mt sn phm tng t m khng i hi phi tin
hnh lm sch gia cc m sn xut. Hot ng ny i hi iu sn xut mt cch
chi tit v hp l, v n c nh hng n vic lu tr nguyn vt liu, cc sn phm
cui cng v cc chuyn giao hng.
29
3.1.3. Ngn nga vic tht thot v chy trn

Vic tht thot (r r) hay chy trn cc ha cht s sinh ra cht thi. Vic ra sch v
thu dn, s dng v cc vt liu c tnh hp ph cng s to ra thm cc cht thi. Mt
vi cht thi ny phi c chn vi v c yu cu nhng u tin x l hy b.
Cch thc tt nht l nhm lm gim thiu lng cht pht thi sinh do chy trn v
tht thot xy ra lc u. Mt chng trnh ngn nga s tht that c thc hin
ngay trong khu thit k v cc cch vn hnh ca nh my cng c th lm gim nguy
c chy trn hay r r. Cc yu t cn thit ca mt chng trnh ngn nga s tht
thot v chy trn c dn ra nh sau:
Qun l, nghin cu nh gi cc mi nguy c trong sut qu trnh thit k
trang thit b v trong khi vn hnh nhm hn ch ti a kh nng chy trn hay
r r.
S dng cc thng cha, b cha, cc phng tin chuyn ch c thit k
hp l v ch s dng ng ng trong nhng mc tiu c nh sn m thi.
Trang b cc b cha vi h thng bo ng v bm t ng.
Th h thng bo ng nh k.
Duy tr s ton vn cho cc thng hay b cha.
Thit lp cc kim sot hnh chnh cho cc cng vic bc d vt liu v cc
thao tc vn chuyn.
Thit k cc rnh ngn bao quanh cc khu cha hoc thit b cha 2 v bc i
vi cc nguyn vt liu v ha cht c hi.
Thit lp cc thit b kha bn trong nhm ngng dng chy vo mt b y
hay khi t ti mt mc nh im.
C v v khuyn khch s hiu bit ca cc c nhn vin v nhng hu qu ca
vic tht that hay r r.
3.1.4. Tch ring cc dng thi
Cc cht thi nguy him thng c a ra ngai khu vc sn xut v thng l mt
hn hp ca hai hay nhiu dng cht thi hoc l mt dng cht thi v nc. S tch
ring ti ngun c th gim bt lng cht thi nguy him. Khi mt cht thi khng
nguy him b trn ln vi mt cht nguy him, tan b hn hp s c xem nh l
cht nguy him, vic khng cho php cht thi khng nguy him trn ln cht thi
nguy him s lm gim thiu c khi lng cht thi nguy him phi hy b v nh
vy s tit kim hn. Hn na, vic c lp cht thi nguy him ra khi cht gy
nhim (ngha l bng cch tch ring cc cht thi) thng gim c nhng i hi
cho vic hy b cht thi. Cc loi cht thi nguy him khng nn c ln ln vi
nhau. V d nh s tch cc dung mi s dng ra khi chi tit kim lai t cc thit
b lm sch b mt kim loi v nhng du m ng c qua s dng to iu kin
thun li cho vic ti ch tng loi ring bit.
30
3.1.5. Rn luyn nhn s

Cc chng trnh sn xut sch hn c th thay i t nhng chng trnh nhn thc
v nhim n gin m cc nh qun l v cc cng nhn c yu cu xc
nh cc cch thc gim s pht sinh cht thi, cho ti nhng chng trnh phc tp
i hi phi b tr cc nhn s ring bit v m rng ra cc hot ng ton cu. Trong
nhng trng hp , cc cng nhn ng mt vai tr ch cht. Mt chin dch hiu
qu nhm gim thiu lng cht thi sinh ra i hi phi c kt hp vi mt chng
trnh hun luyn nhn vin c hiu qu, dy nhn vin lm th no pht hin ra s
r r, trn v tht thot nguyn vt liu. Nhng ngi vn hnh qu trnh v cc nhn
vin bo tr cn phi c tp hun b sung chuyn su v cc phng php ngn
nga nhim.
3.2. BO TON NNG LNG
Nng lng tiu th cc nh my sn xut v c bn c th chia thnh hai loi: in
nng v nhit nng. S t chy cc nhin liu m (than, du, gas,...) trong cc ngun
nhit s cp (ngun sinh nhit) nh l hi hoc cc l t trc tip cung cp mt
ngun nhit chnh cho cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip. Hu nh tt c nng lng
s dng trong phn ln cc nh my sn xut c sinh ra bi cc qu trnh m
i hi phi tiu th cc vt cht v sn sinh ra cc cht nhim (dng kh, lng v
rn) lm nhim mi trng nu chng c thi b trc tip. Bt c hnh ng no
nhm tit kim nng lng cng u gp phn lm gim lng cht nhim t cc
qu trnh sn sinh nng lng. Mt khc, nhng hnh ng lm gim thiu cc cht
nhim cng s gp phn lm gim bt chi ph nng lng cho vic qun l v x l
cht thi.
Nng lng nhit c th c bo ton bng cch quan tm n vic ngn nga cc
tht thot nhit nng trong qu trnh vn chuyn t ngun cng cp n ni tiu th.
Cng c th phc hi v s dng nhit c sinh ra bi chnh cc qu trnh sn xut.
Cc nh my sn xut tiu th mt khi lng khng l in nng cho cc qu trnh
sn xut v cho c cc hot ng sinh hot trong nh my. Mt s bin php m n c
th c s dng tit kim nng lng (nhit nng v in nng) trong qu trnh
vn chuyn v s dng nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Mt s bin php bo ton nng lng
Bo ton nng lng nhit
Bo ton nng lng in
o iu chnh t l khng kh v o Thc hin cc phng php qun l ni ti

nhin liu ti u cho l t
nh tt ht cc thit b v n khi khng
s dng n
o Ci thin hoc tng cng cch ly
o t cc u dn khng kh lnh v my
iu ha khng kh nhng ni c bng
o Tin hnh bo tr nh k nhm
rm
gim s tht thot
o Ci thin hiu qu nhit ng ca o S dng l nhit v t lnh hiu qu hn
qu trnh bng cc s la chn o S dng cc ng c in hiu qu hn
nh:
o Loi tr tht thot cc ng cung cp
gia cc dng nng v dng lnh
31
kh nn
- S dng cc bnh ngng hay cc
thit b trao i nhit ti sinh o Ci thin vic tra du bi trn cho cc
tn dng nhit
thit b c gn motor
- S dng cc bm nhit hay thit o S dng cc dy truyn ti in nng hiu
b tng t ph hi nhit ti
qu hn
ct chng ct
o S dng cc bng n hunh quang v
- S dng cc thit b trao i
nhng n thp p hay ballasts
nhit hiu qu hn
o t ch gi v nhit nhm kim sot
- Kt hp sn xut nhit v in
tt hn nhit v mt.
3.3. THAY I QU TRNH
Nhng thay i v qu trnh lin quan n vic mt sn phm c to ra nh th no.
Chng bao gm nhng thay i v nguyn vt liu u vo, nhng thay i v cng
ngh v thit b. Tt c nhng s thay i ny nhm lm gim bt s vt b cc cht
gy nhim trong qu trnh sn xut. Nhng thay i v qu trnh c th c thc
hin nhanh chng hn l nhng thay i v sn phm. Nhng th tc vn hnh c
ci thin nh cp trn cng l nhng thay i v qu trnh v nhng thay i
ny c th c thc hin nhanh chng hn v t tn km nguyn liu u vo hn
nhng thay i v k thut.
3.3.1. Nhng thay i v nguyn liu u vo
Cc cht nguy hi c th c a vo trong mt qu trnh m cc vt liu u
vo c s dng sn xut ra sn phm. Cc vt cht nguy hi c th hin din
c trong cc vt liu s cp (vt liu th) c s dng sn xut ra mt sn phm
(v d nh Hydrocacbon c s dng sn xut ra nha) v c trong cc vt liu
th cp. Cc vt liu th cp khng phi l mt thnh phn ca sn phm nhng li
c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut (v d nh dung mi c s dng trong vic
lm sch cc thit b cng ngh). Nhng thay i v nguyn vt liu u vo ri vo
hai dng ch yu.
Thay i hn nguyn vt liu c tnh c hi cao bng nhng nguyn vt liu c
tnh c hi thp hn hoc khng c hi, v d nh c th s dng cc tc
nhn ty ra c kh nng ha tan trong nc thay th cho cc dung mi c
hi.
Lm sch nguyn vt liu th trc khi s dng gim thiu lng cht thi
sn sinh ra. V d nh loi b cc ht u phng b su mt hay b lp trc khi
chin trong du hn ch lng du kht phi thi b,...
3.3.2. Nhng thay i v mt k thut v cng ngh
Vic ci tin cng ngh c s dng sn xut ra mt sn phm l mt trong
nhng phng php hiu qu nht trong vic ngn nga s pht sinh nhim. Mt
cng ty c th ngn nga nhim v tng kh nng sn xut v sn lng; ci thin
cht lng sn phm, gim chi ph cho nguyn vt liu,... Nhn chung, nhng thay i
v cng ngh lin quan n nhng khon u t v vn cng nh nhn lc hn l
nhng thay i v quy trnh sn xut v do nhng kt qu t c thng phi mt
32
thi gian lu hn, v vy, chng thng c n sau nhng thay i v th tc

c thc hin.
Mt d mt s cng ngh ngn nga nhim c th ch c p dng i vi cc qu
trnh c th no , nhng nhn chung cc kiu thay i cng ngh c th p dng
trong k thut ngn nga nhim cng nghip l:
Nhng ci tin v quy trnh sn xut.
iu chnh cc thng s vn hnh qu trnh.
Nhng ci tin v my mc, thit b.
Nhng ci tin v t ng ha.
3.3.3. Nhng ci tin v quy trnh sn xut
Ci tin mt quy trnh sn xut nhm ngn nga nhim c ngha l pht trin mt
quy trnh sn xut khc sao cho vn m bo kh nng sn xut ra cng mt sn phm
c th so vi quy trnh c, nhng lng cht thi pht sinh ra t hn, hay ni khc
hn, l mt qu trnh hp l ha quy trnh sn xut c. Vic thay th nhng quy
trnh c hay lc hu bng nhng cng ngh mi hn c th lm gim thiu lng cht
thi. Ngn nga nhim c th c kt hp y vo quy trnh pht trin cc hot
ng. S nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic nghin cu v pht trin s khuyn khch
p dng nhng quy trnh sn sinh t cht thi hn. Nhng quy trnh mi m pht sinh
ra t cht thi hn c th c pht trin nh l nhng sn phm mi c mua thng
xuyn. Nhng thay i trong vic thit k bnh phn ng cng c th lm gim ng
k lng cht thi bng cch khuy trn thch hp to iu kin cho s tip xc tt
gia cc cht xc tc v cc cht phn ng, gim thiu nhit v cc gradient nng
v ti u ha cc th tc ca qu trnh phn ng. Mt s v d v ci tin quy trnh
sn xut c trnh by trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Mt s v d ci tin quy trnh sn xut
Cc bc qu trnh
Phn ng ha hc
Cc k thut ci tin nhm ngn nga nhim

Ti u ha cc thng s phn ng v ci tin cc kim sot qu
trnh:
- Ti u ha phng php np thm cc cht phn ng vo
- Loi tr vic s dng cht xc tc c hi
- Ci tin vic thit k bnh phn ng
Lc v ra
Loi tr hoc gim thiu vic s dng cc cht tr lc:

- Tho ht nc thit b lc trc khi m ra
- S dng bin php ra ngc dng
- S dng li nc ra qua s dng
- Tng cng ti a vic kh nc khi bn
33
Lm sch cc chi tit Bao quanh tt c cc b phn lm sch bng dung mi:
- S dng phn ni c lm lnh trn cc b phn ty
nhn bng hi nc
- Ci tin vic tho nc cc chi tit trc v sau khi lm sch
- S dng cc my mc lm sch c hc
- S dng cc ht nha bn ph lm sch b mt
Hon tt b mt
Ko di thm chu k lm vic ca b ngm (b m) bng cch

loi b cc cht gy nhim:
- Thit k li cc gi chi tit nhm gim s ri, trt
- S dng li nc ra
- Lp t h thng vi phun nc ra dng sng m
- Thit k v vn hnh chnh xc tt c cc b ra
- Lp t cc thng thu gom cc cht ri vi s dng li
- Lp t cc van kim sot lu lng nc ra
- Lp t h thng nh nc v mt ro nc
3.3.3.1. Cc iu chnh v vn hnh

Cc iu chnh v vn hnh l nhng thay i v mt vn hnh thit b cng ngh,
khng trong qu trnh hay thit b thc s. Nhng iu chnh nh vy thng nm
trong s cc phng thc gim thiu nhim d dng nht v t tn km. Phn ln cc
thit b cng ngh c thit k vi cc s ci t ti u (ngha l: nhit , p sut,
tc np liu,...) t c hiu qu vn hnh cao nht. Nh vy, cht thi c th
pht sinh ra t nht vi cc thng s ci t ti u. Ngi vn hnh c khuyn nn
chy cc ch th c th ci t c cc thng s ti u.
3.3.3.2. Cc ci tin v trang thit b
Nhng ci tin v trang thit b c th gim s pht sinh cc cht nhim bng vic
gim s dng cc trang thit b khng hiu qu. Trang thit b c ci tin trong khi
qu trnh vn gi nguyn khng thay i.
3.3.3.3. Cc ci tin v t ng ha
Mt h thng ci t t ng nhm gim st v iu chnh cc thng s vn hnh qu
trnh s cho php t c cc ch vn hnh hiu qu nht. H thng ny c th
c ci t ch n gin hoc phc tp. T ng ha c th gim thiu cc sai
st ca nhn vin v nh vy s gim thiu cc kh nng lm trn v tht that nguyn
vt liu. Ngoi ra, vic t ng ha c ci thin ni chung c th lm tng nng sut
(v gim bt cht thi hoc sn phm) bng cch duy tr cc lch nh nht so vi
cc ch ti u c ci t
34
3.4. TI CH, TI S DNG LI

Cc gii php ti ch v ti s dng l cc gii php c a chung k tip theo sau
cc gii php k thut gim thiu cht thi ti ngun trong h thng th t u tin v
qun l mi trng. Lnh vc ti sinh cht thi c th ni l mt lnh vc rt rng, bao
gm nhiu vn chn la vi cc mc khc nhau t vic chuyn ch, qun l, n
cch ch bin. Thng nhng la chn ny c bit n vi mt lot cc tn gi khc
nhau nh: ti sinh (recycle), ti s dng (reuse), ti ch (reclamation) hoc phc hi
(recovery). D bt c tn gi no, phng php lun ny u c li v:
Tit kim c cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
Trnh c cc la chn mang tnh bt buc v qun l cht thi, chng hn
nh x l hoc chn lp.
Gim nhu cu s dng cc nguyn vt liu th cho qu trnh sn xut, v do
s gim c cc chi ph v nguyn vt liu.
Tuy nhin cc la chn v gii php ti ch v ti s dng c th gnh chu mt phn
ri ro v trch nhim do phi x l b sung v qun l cc nguyn vt liu.
Mt s la chn v ti ch hay ti s dng c sp xp vo cc gii hn ca s gim
tnh a chung tng qut, da trn cc ri ro hoc trch nhim ln hay nh.
Ti ch v ti s dng ngay ti ch.
Cch phc hi khc ti nh my.
Phc hi bn ngoi nh my.
Bn ti s dng trong mt qu trnh ngoi nh my.
Phc hi nng lng.
3.4.1. Ti ch hay ti s dng trong nh my
Cc cht thi sinh ra t mt qu trnh sn xut trong nhiu trng hp c th c ti
s dng trong quy trnh gc c hoc khng c x l hay loi b cc tp cht. V d
nh cc dung mi hu c c s dng trong qu trnh lm sch cc chi tit v cc
qu trnh sn xut dc phm thng c thu gom li, chng ct v ti s dng trong
qu trnh gc. Nu cht thi nguyn liu khng c s dng li trong qu trnh gc do
cc cht gy c hi tim nng, n c tm mt cch s dng khc (vi cc nguyn vt
liu t c trng hn) trong phm vi nh my. Lc ny, vic nhim bn l mt im
ch yu lin quan n cng nghip in t. Nhng dung mi c s dng lm
sch cc bng ngt in c th cha ng rt t cc cht c hi v c th ti s dng
nh l mt tc nhn lm sch trong cc vn hnh ty nhn hoc lm cht pha long
hay thnh phn trong vic ch to sn. Trong nhng trng hp khc, mt nh sn
xut my m in c th c mt khch hng yu cu mt gii php m in mi c
chun b cho cc b phn my mc ca ng ta m thi. Mt khi nhng b phn ny
c hon tt, gii php m in vn p ng c cc tiu chun c th cho cc
hot ng m thng l. Kt qu l gii php ny c th c s dng trc tip cho
cc hat ng m in khc, do c th tit kim nguyn vt liu v gim cc chi
ph. Mt ln na s chn la ny trnh c vic x l t tin ca cc gii php thu
hi.
35
3.4.2. Cc cch ti sinh khc trong nh my

Khng phi lc no cng kh thi v c tnh kinh t khi ti sinh cht thi ngay ti cng
an sn xut pht sinh ra cht thi. Nu mt nh my c mt s cng on v qu
trnh khc nhau sn sinh ra cht thi dung mi, mt b phn chng ct tp trung trong
nh my c th mang li nhng thun li v mt kinh t. Nhng im bt li ca
phng php ti sinh ny l yu cu phi c thm cc ch cha cht thi, phi tch
ring v cc i hi v qun l, tt c nhng iu ny l tng tin mng v nhng rc
ri v trch nhim v mt mi trng. Ni chung vic thnh lp mt trung tm ti sinh
cht thi trong nh my phi c thm nh ty theo tng trng hp c th.
Nu cc gii php ti sinh bn trong nh my khng kh thi, bc k tip l xc tin
nghin cu vic k kt cc hp ng dch v cho vic ti sinh bn ngoi nh my. Mt
ln na, kh nng v khon n tng ln i cht vi s di di ti mt nh my qun l
cht thi bn ngai nh my. Mt dng cht thi phi c c trng ha (thnh phn
v t l pht sinh) trc khi c a ra khi nh my. Nhng nh my ti sinh cht
thi thng yu cu phi m t r rng thnh phn cht thi v cc loi cht thi c t
l pht sinh tng i cao. Nhng yu cu ny dn dn t khc khe hn do s cnh
tranh gia cc nh my ti sinh tng dn ln cng p lc hn ch bt v trnh s dng
cc bin php x l cht thi thu hi. Cc gii php ti sinh c bn thay i ty thuc
vo thnh phn, ni sn sinh ra cht thi hoc mc ch ti sinh ca nh my ti sinh
cht thi l ly li nhng nguyn vt liu g. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc nh
my ti ch th trng ha cc nguyn liu c ti ch.
Hnh 3.1. Ti sinh cht thi
36
3.4.3. Bn cho mc ch s dng

Vic bn cc sn phm ph hay cc dng cht thi i khi cng c th thc hin. iu
ch cht y l phi lm th no p ng nguyn vng ca c hai pha: ngi sn
sinh ra cht thi v ngi c tin nng s dng cc lai cht thi . Li thot cho cc
nguyn liu c th tm thy thng qua vic trao i nguyn liu, trao i cht thi,
ngi m gii cht thi, nhng nh ti ch thng mi, hay cc t chc hp tc.
Nhng nh my ln thng c nhng hot ng u t ti ch c th gip nh hnh
cc nh s dng tim nng sau ny. Theo thng l, cc dng cht thi hay sn phm
ph c to ra vi nhng c tnh c th c bn thng qua cc t chc tip th
trong nhiu nh my. Nhng nguyn liu ny c th c qun l ging nh cc sn
phm in hnh.
3.4.4. Ti sinh nng lng
Hnh thc cui cng ca vic ti ch l tn dng li nng lng hn l cc nguyn vt
liu th. S la chn ny c a chung hn cc k thut ph hy nh thiu t hoc
chn lp. Cht thi c th c ch bin theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau nh l a
vo cc l ximng hay cc nh my nha ng, cc nh my lc du hay nhng l
thiu c trang b h thng thu hi nng lng. Cc c trng ca cht thi, nh l c
cha cht clo hay cha ng bi c th hn ch cch s dng lm nhin liu do
nhng vn mi trng pht sinh khi chng b t chy. Tt c cc nh my c s
la chn cho vic pha trn cc nhin liu thng mi. Nhng chng trnh trn nhin
liu thng c tin hnh kt hp cc nh my x l hay tiu hy. Nhng nh my
ny trn rt nhiu cc cht thi c nng Btu cao vi nhiu loi thnh phn, t mt
s ngun pht sinh rc to ra nhin liu vi cc c trng ring bit. Nhng nhin
liu pha trn ny c t cc l ximng hay cc nh my sn xut nha ng.
Nhng ni sn sinh ra cht thi xem xt cc cch thc khc, nh vy nn thc hin
nhng iu tra ti khu sn xut v iu tra nhng nh my thc hin vic pha trn v
nhng ngi s dng cui cng nhin liu ny. S cn nhc v lut l v lut php y
nn c tin hnh.
Thiu hy l hnh thc cui cng ca vic ti ch nng lng. Mt vi l t cht thi
nguy hi v l t rc c trang b vi cc thit b thu hi nng lng. Trong khi
mt vi c s ln vn hnh c hai loi l t, phn ln cc nh my phi iu tra cch
thc x l thu hi bn ngai ni sn xut. Nhng c s ny cng nn c iu tra
theo trn gc v kinh t, lut l v vn hnh. Trong khi cc c s ny gim thiu
khi lng v tnh c hi ni chung, vic pht sinh ra cc cht gy nhim khng kh
v cc tro thi b cui cng t l t phi c cn nhc v n c th tc ng n
khon n ca mt nh sn sinh ra rc.
3.5. THAY I SN PHM
Nhng sn phm tng hp vi mi trng s cho php gim thiu cc tc ng xu
ln mi trng t lc sn xut ra chng, ko di trong sut qu trnh s dng n lc
vt b (tc l cc tc ng c kh nng pht sinh trong sut vng i sn phm).
Nhng tc ng mi trng ca mt sn phm c xc nh trong sut giai an thit
k. Bng nhng s cn nhc v mc mi trng trong sut tin trnh sn xut, thit k
v pht trin, mt cng ty c th gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng
do sn phm ca h.
37
Nhng thay i v vn thit k sn phm nhm mc ch ngn nga nhim nn

c thc hin theo mt cc thc m cht lng cng nh chc nng ca sn phm
khng b tc ng ngc li. Thit k cho mi trng c th t c bi nhng ngi
trc tip c lin quan trong khun kh chnh sch ca cng ty v vi s h tr qun l
ca cng ty, nu c hay khng tng ng vi cc khuyn khch bn ngoi ti cng ty.
Nhng tiu chun mi trng cn c cn nhc khi thit k sn phm:
S dng nhng nguyn vt liu c th ti sinh.
S dng nguyn vt liu ti ch.
S dng nhng dung mi t c hi hn hoc thay th nhng dung mi ny
bng nhng nguyn liu khc (s dng lm sch c hc thay v dung mi cho
vic loi b lp sn).
S dng li cc nguyn liu tha v cc nguyn liu ri vi c thu gom.
S dng nc thay v dung mi.
Sn xut nhng sn phm kt hp hoc c c nhm gim nhng i hi v bao
b.
Hn ch vic sn xut cc sn phm c lin khi (ngha l tng cng nhng b
phn c th thay th c nhiu hn).
Gim thiu vic nhi nht v ng gi sn phm.
Sn xut nhng sn phm c bn hn.
Sn xut nhng hng ha v bao b ngi tiu th c th s dng li cho
mc ch khc.
Sn xut nhng sn phm cui cng c kh nng ti ch c.
3.5.1. Cc giai on trong vic nh gi vng i sn phm
Vo nm 1990, USEPA t chc mt Hi ngh ngn nga nhim quc t v nhng
cng ngh v cc sn phm sch. Bin bn hon tt ca Hi ngh cung cp s gii
thiu khi qut sau y (USEPA 1990)
nh gi vng i sn phm l mt nh chp nhanh cc u vo v ra. N c
th c s dng nh l mt cng c k thut khch quan nhm xc nh v
nh gi cc c hi lm gim nhng tc ng ln mi trng c lin quan n
mt sn phm, quy trnh sn xut hay hot ng c th no . Cng c ny
cng c th c s dng nh gi cc tc ng ca s la chn cc ngun
qun l khc nhau c thit k to ra nhng h thng bn vng. nh gi
vng i sn phm thc hin mt cch tip cn mi bng vic phn tch ton b
vng i bao quanh phn loi, v ch bin cc nguyn vt liu th, sn xut,
vn chuyn v phn phi, s dng, ti s dng, bo tr, ti ch v ch bin thnh
phn trn v thi b cui cng.
Ba thnh phn ca vic nh gi vng i sn phm bao gm:
Xc nh v nh lng vic s dng nng lng v ti nguyn v nhng
phng thch cht thi (phn tch kim k).
38
nh gi hu qu ca cc cht thi c tc ng ln mi trng (phn tch tc

ng).
Lng gi v thc hin cc c hi ci thin nhng tc ng ln mi trng
(phn tch ci tin). nh gi vng i sn phm khng nht thit phi l
qu trnh mt ng thng hay tng bc. Hn na thng tin t bt c mt
thnh phn no trong s 3 thnh phn trn c th han thin thng tin t hai
thnh phn kia. V d: bn kim k mt mnh n c th c s dng xc
nh nhng kh nng lm gim s tht thot, tiu th nng lng, hay s
dng nguyn liu. Phn tch tc ng c th, xc nh nhng hot ng vi
nhng tc ng ln hn hay t hn ti mi trng, trong khi phn tch tc
ng ci tin gip nhm m bo bt c chin dch gim nhim tim mng
no c ti u ha v nhng chng trnh ci thin khng gy ra nhng tc
ng ph thm v khng lng trc i vi sc khe ca con ngi v
mi trng.
39
Chng 4:
CN BNG VT CHT V NNG LNG
4.1. CN BNG VT CHT
4.1.1. Chun b s quy trnh sn xut
4.1.1.1. Xem xt cc cng on sn xut
Qu trnh sn xut bao gm nhiu cng on sn xut. Mt cng on sn xut phi c
thit b, nguyn liu u vo sau khi thc hin mt cng on th cho sn xut u ra.
V d qu trnh sn xut c th bao gm: ni cha nguyn liu, x l nguyn liu,
trng, in, lm kh, kho thnh phm v x l cht thi.
Cuc kho st ban u trong nh my phi thu thp c nhng thng tin v ton b
qui trnh sn xut v mi quan h qua li gia chng. iu ny s gip cho i kim
ton s quyt nh m t qui trnh sn xut bao gm cc cng on sn xut nh th
no. c bit ghi chp y nhng iu quan st v thng qua tho lun v v s
phc tho v mt bng nh my, h thng cp, thot nc, h thng thng gi, v cc
khu vc chuyn giao nguyn vt liu khc m bo rng cc yu t quan trng
khng b b qua.
i kim ton phi tham kho cc cn b sn xut v iu kin vn hnh bnh thng
ca nh my, v cc im x thi, cc ni c kh nng x thi khng nh trc, cc s
c nh: trn, ra tri, v c th cung cp quy trnh vn hnh thc t. Cc kho st thc
t c th pht hin ra rng cc quy trnh vn hnh vo ca m c th khc vi ca ngy,
thc t vic m bo nguyn vt liu c th khc vi nhng iu vit trong bo co.
Mt nhn vin lm vic lu nm trong nh my c th cho bit chi tit cc vn
thng ny sinh. Khi khng c s liu quan trc trc y, thng tin ny rt c ch.
Khi thm nh my phi n nhng vn cn cp ti trc khi cuc kim ton
hon thnh. i kim ton phi hiu c chc nng v cc qu trnh lin quan ti
tng cng on sn xut. Tng t cc thng tin sn c v cng on sn xut v qu
trnh sn xut ni chung phi c v, vit vo tng h s ring nu c th, hoc lp
thnh bng.
Bng 4.1. Lit k cc cng on sn xut
Cng on sn xut
Chc nng
Ti liu s
(A) X l b mt
X l b mt cc sn phm kim loi: 10m3

nc phun, 6 bnh,
(B) Ra
Ra sn phm kim loi trc khi sn
Cc cch x l, np nguyn vt liu cng cn c ch r: x l bng tay, th s, t

ng, thng. Vic chuyn giao quy trnh vn chuyn v sn phm cng l mt lnh
vc quan trng c th a vo bng trn v coi l quy trnh m cho vic xy dng
k hoch cn bng nguyn liu.
40
4.1.1.2. Xy dng s quy trnh sn xut.

S quy trnh sn xut c xy dng bng cch ni cc cng on sn xut vi
nhau di dng s khi.. Cc hot ng trung gian nh: ra, lm sch, ln khun
hay ngm trong b c th phn bit bng cch dng ng k gch t on ni vi
cc khi vi nhau.
i vi cc quy nh phc tp nn chun b mt s cc khu vc sn xut chnh, sau
v s chi tit cho tng khu vc ra tng t ring bit.
Mc chi tit ca cc s khi cc quy trnh sn xut ph thuc vo cc yu cu
cn t c v mc ch ca kim ton. Nn thy rng mc chi tit ny ph thuc
vo quy m ca cc cuc kim ton. Kim ton cng t chi tit v quy m cng rng
th cng d mt thng tin nhiu hn hoc thng tin nhn c qu s si.
Phi c bit ch ti cc mc thi pht sinh c th gim hoc ngn nga c
mt cch d dng hoc trc khin chuyn sang xy dng cc cn bng vt cht. Nhng
thay i ny chc chn s mang li hiu qu thit thc v s l ng lc thc y cc
cn b cng nhn tham gia vo chng trnh kim ton v gim thiu cht thi tng
th.
4.1.2. Cn bng vt cht
Cn bng vt cht hay cn i nguyn liu l bc quan trng nht ca mt cuc kim
ton cht thi. Cn bng vt cht c th ni l s tnh ton chnh xc u vo v u ra
ca mt hot ng sn xut. Giai on ny m t phng thc thu thp v b tr d
liu u vo v u ra. Phng php ny c th c p dng cn i nguyn liu
ca mt nh my, mt quy trnh hot mt n v vn hnh.
Cn lu l u ra khng u (v d thnh thong mi nc m in phn chng
hn) c th cng quan trng nh nhng cht thi ra lin tc hang ngy. Cn phi nhn
mnh rng cc thong tin v u ra c th thu thp cng lc hoc trc s liu u vo,
tu thuc vo vic b tr thi gian ca kim ton vin cho hu hiu.
Cc thnh phn in hnh ca mt cn bng vt cht nh hnh sau:
41
U VO
U RA
Quy trnh
sn xut
NGUYN LIU TH
SN PHM,
PH PHM
Cht pht tn
Nc thi,
kh thi,
cht thi
rn
NNG LNG
(kh t, du, than)
Ha cht, nc,
khng kh,.
Nhit tha,
ting n,
Hnh 4.1. Cn bng vt cht
4.1.2.1. Bc 1: Xc nh u vo
u vo ca mt quy trnh hoc ca mt n v sn xut c th bao gm nguyn liu,
nc, khng kh v in. u vo ca mt quy trnh v ca mi n v cn c lng
ha.
Bc u tin lng ha vic s dng nguyn liu, qua xem xt s sch ghi chp v
vic mua bn nguyn liu c th cho bn thy nhanh s lng ca tng loi. Trong
nhiu trng hp cc n v sn xut c tiu hao nguyn liu ln l do lu kho v vn
chuyn nguyn liu. Bn cn phi xem xt cc n v ny c lin quan nhiu n s
sch ghi chp cc nguyn liu c mua xc nh tng u vo ca quy trnh.
Ghi chp cht tt c nhng vn liu quan n lu kho v x l nguyn liu th.
Xem xt c vic bc hi, trn, r r ca cc b cha di lng t v tiu hao do bc
hi khi p thi kh v nhim ca nguyn liu th. Thng nhng vn ny c th
sa c mt cch n gin. Ghi chp nguyn liu c mua v tiu hao trong kho
cha, cng nh trong vic x l vo trong mt bng c th bit tng u vo ca
quy trnh.
Bng 4.2. Tiu hao nguyn liu khi lu kho v vn chuyn
Nguyn liu
Khi lng
Nguyn liu 1
95kg
Lng Loi kho

mua/nm
100kg
kn
Thi gian lu
Lng tht
thot d tnh
1 thng
5kg
Nguyn liu 2
Nguyn liu 3
42
Mt khi tng nguyn liu u vo a vo quy trnh c xc nh, bn c th tin

hnh lng ha u vo ca nguyn liu cho tng n v sn xut. Nu thng tin chnh
xc v t l tiu th nguyn liu th cho tng n v khng th c c th bn cn
phi cn o xc nh con s trung bnh. Vic o lng cn phi c tin hnh
trong khong thi gian thch hp.
V d: nu mt m cn phi mt mt tun th vic o lng cn c tin hnh trong
thi gian t nht l 3 tun; cc con s ny c th suy lun ra con s ca hng thng v
hng nm. Mt s nguyn liu c th lng ha c qua quan st hoc s dng mt
vi phng thc tnh ton n gin.
i vi nguyn liu rn, mi cng nhn vn hnh kho xem c bao nhiu kin c lu
kho vo u tun hoc trc khi n v sn xut vn hnh sau hi li anh ta vo
cui tun hoc hi n v sn xut. Cn th mt vi kin v kim tra n ghi chp c
th v cc kin .
i vi nguyn liu lng nh nc, cht ha tan th kim tra dung lng ca b cha
v hi nhn vin vn hnh xem v khi no b c cha y trong gn y nht. Dung
tch ca b c th d tnh c bng cch tnh ng knh v chiu su ca b. Kim
tra mc nc trong b v s lng cc b hin c trong khu nh my.
Trong khi iu tra u vo, hi chuyn cng nhn vin nh my v quan st cc n v
trong khi ang vn hnh, cn phi suy ngh cch ci thin c hiu sut ca n v
sn xut. Hy cn nhc qua nhng cu hi sau:
Liu vic kim k nguyn liu c ph hp vi vic m bo gim tiu hao khi
x l nguyn liu khng?
Khong cch vn chuyn t kho n dy chuyn sn xut hoc gia cc n v
sn xut th no liu c th gim khong cch ny b tiu hao khi vn
chuyn?
Liu cng b c th cha cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau ty thuc vo m
sn phm khng? liu c nguy c b nhim bn nu cha cc loi nguyn liu
khc nhau?
Cc bao ti ng nguyn liu c ht ra hoc c ri li ch no khng?
C s dng cc nguyn liu huyn ph ti nh my khng? liu c th gim bt
cht lng ng li y b khng?
Khu vc cha nguyn liu th c m bo khng? c c kha vo bui ti
khng? hay cc khu vc xy ro trnh ngi khng phn s ra vo khng?
Lm th no nguyn liu c bo v khng b nh sng chiu trc tip vo
v khng b nc ma?
Khu vc kho cha c bi khng?
Thit b s dng bom hoc vn chuyn nguyn liu c vn chuyn tt
khng? chng c c bo dng thng xuyn khng?
Liu c th trnh khng b trn khng?
Quy trnh c c thc hin tt khng?
43
Lm th no gim st c u vo ca nguyn liu?

C cc thit b c th no cn phi sa cha khng?
ng ng c t thot nc khng?
Nc c tun hon khng?
D liu u vo c th c ghi vo biu quy trnh ca bn hoc trong biu nh
bn mun. Nc thng c s dng trong mt quy trnh sn xut lm mt, c
ra, ra sn phm... vic s dng nc nh th ny cn phi c lng ha, coi l
u vo. Mt s n v vn hnh c th nhn c cht thi c ti ch t cc n
v sn xut khc. y cng l mt u vo.
giai on ny, nng lng u vo cho mi cng on sn xut phi c xem xt.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng nng lng cn c kim ton y . V mc ch kim
ton cht thi, ghi ch ngun nng lng v xem liu vic gim cht thi c th gim
chi ph nng lng khng. Nu vic s dng nng lng l yu t cp thit th kim
ton nng lng ring.
Bng 4.3. Bng v d s liu u vo
Cng on (n v sn xut)
Nguyn liu 1
(m3/nm)
Nguyn liu
1 (m3/nm)
Nc
(m3/nm)
Nng
lng
X l b mt thnh phm (A)

Trng ra (B)
Sn (C)
.
Tng nguyn liu dng cho qu
trnh ra
4.1.2.2. Bc 2: Ghi chp tiu th nc
Vic s dng nc, ngoi vic s dng cho quy trnh l mt yu t cn phi xem xt
trong cn bng vt cht. Vic s dng nc lm sch, ra b, lm lnh thng b
coi nh, mc d n i din cho mt lnh vc ni thng c t kt qu gim cht
thi mt cch n gin v r tin.
Xem xt nhng dim chung v ni cp nc trc khi tin hnh nh gi vic s dng
nc cho tng n v.
Xc nh ngun nc? nc t ging khoang sng hay h? nc cha trong b
ti nh my hay m ph?
Cng sut cha nc ti nh my.
Nc c chuyn bng cch no-bng trng lc hay bng tay?
Lng nc ma c phi l yu t quan trng trn hin trng khng.
44
i vi mi n v sn xut cn phi xem xt:

Nc s dng lm g cho mi n v? lm ngui c ra, trng, ra sn
phm, lm m kho cha nguyn liu, bo dng chung, ngm nhng lm ngui
...
Tn sut d dng.
Lng nc s dng cho mt ln.
C th l nhng cu tr li cho cc cu hi ny sn c, bn ch cn thc hin mt
chng trnh quan trc nh gi tnh trng s dng nc ca mi n v. Mt ln
na vic o c phi c tin hnh trong qung thi gian m bo tt c mi
hot ng c gim st. Ch c bit n cc hot ng khng thng xuyn nh
vic ra hi v ra b; nc thng c s dng theo cc mc khc nhau trong
cc hot ng ny. Hy tm hiu xem khi no cc hot ng ny c tin hnh c
th o c c chi tt.
Ghi thng tin vo vic s dng nc vo mt bng, m bo nu cc n v c m
t c hot ng s dng nc khng u trong qung thi gian c th.
Mi s o theo n v tiu chun, v d o m3/nm hoc m3/ngy.
Bng 4.4. Bng lng nc tiu th
Cng on sn xut
Ra
Hi
Lm sch
Mc ch khc
Cng on sn xut A
Cng on sn xut B
Cng on sn xut C
Vic s dng t nc c th l mt thc hnh tit kim. Hy xem xt cc im sau y
trong khi iu tra vic s dng nc:
Qun l cht ch vic s dng nc c th gim c lc nc thi cn phi
x l v tit kim c chi ph-i khi c th gim c lng nc v tng
hm lng n mc lm cho vic thu hi nguyn liu rt kinh t, thay th cho
vic x l nc thi rt tn km.
Ch n cc thng l bo dng tt hng ngy c th gim c lng
nc s dng v gim c lng nc thi ra cng thot nc.
Chi ph cha nc thi dng cho vic ti s dng c th t hn l chi ph x
l nc thi v tiu hy.
Vic ti s dng nc trng v trng ngc dng c nhn mnh tronh cc
trng hp nghin cu nh l nhng gi hu hiu cho vic gim lng nc
s dng.
4.1.2.3. Bc 3:Tnh ton lng cht thi ti s dng/ti ch hin ti.
Mt s cht thi c th ti s dng trc tip vo sn xut v c th chuyn sang cho
cc n v khc s dng (v d: ti s dng nc trng trong dy chuyn ra chai cho
45
vic sn xut nc ngt ng chai); cn cc loi cht thi khc cn phi c s thay i
trc khi chng c th ti s dng cho mt quy trnh sn xut. Dng nc thi ti s
dng ny cn phi c lng ha. Nu ti s dng cht thi khng c ghi chp li
cn thn th c th gy phn tc dng trong vic cn i nguyn liu, c bit l mc
dy chuyn sn xut hoc trong mt nh my, ngha l, cht thi phi c lng
ha nh l u ra ca mt quy trnh v nh u vo ca quy trnh khc. Vic ti ch
hay ti s dng cht thi c th lm gim lng nc ngt v nguyn liu th cn thit
cho mt quy trnh sn xut. Trong khi xem xt u vo ca mt n v, hy ngh n
kh nng ti s dng v ti ch u ra ca cc hot ng ca n v khc.
Tm tt bc 1, 2, 3
n cui bc 3 phi lng ha c tt c u vo ca quy trnh.
Tng nguyn liu u vo v nc cho quy trnh phi c thit lp c tnh n
tiu hao xy ra trong qu trnh lu kho v vn chuyn.
Bt c u vo ti ch v ti s dng no u phi c ghi chp y .
Mi ghi chp lin quan n vic x l nguyn liu, s quy trnh, tiu hao
nc, nhng khu vc c vn cn phi c lu tr y xem xt cc
bc sau.
4.1.2.4. Bc 4: Lng ha u ra ca quy trnh

tnh tan c vic cn i nguyn liu th u ra ca cc n v v quy trnh phi
c lng ha.
u ra bao gm: sn phm chnh, bn thnh phm, nc thi, kh thi, cht thi lng,
cht thi rn cn c cha v/hoc chuyn ra ngai nh my ti s dng v ti ch,
c th dng bng thng k thng tin u ra. iu quan trng l xc nh n v o
lng.
Bng 4.5. u ra ca qu trnh sn xut
Cng on
(n v sn
xut)
Sn
phm
Bn sn
phm
Cht thi
ti s dng
Nc
thi
Kh
thi
Cht
thi lu
kho
Cht
thi x
l
n v (A)
n v (B)
n v (C)
Tng cng
Vic nh gi tng sn phm chnh hoc cc sn phm c th s dng c l mt yu
t quan trng t hiu qu ca quy trnh hoc mt n v sn xut. Nu sn phm
c a ra ngoi nh my bn, th tng sn phm phi c ghi chp trong h s
46
ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, nu sn phm li c s dng l bn sn phm l nguyn liu

u vo ca quy trnh khc hay mt quy trnh sn xut khc th u ra c th khng
lng ha c mt cch d dng. T l sn xut phi c tnh trong mt khong
thi gian tng t nh vy, vic lng ha bt c bn thnh phm no cng u yu
cu o lng y .
Gi v phng php lng ha nc thi, kh thi v cht thi thi ra ngoi khu vc
nh my c nu trong bc trn.
4.1.2.5. Bc 5: tnh ton nc thi
nhiu khu vc c lng nc thi ln th nc sch v nc bn cng thi vo h
thng cng rnh hoc ra sng sui. Trong nhiu trng hp, nc thi ny c nh
hng ti mi trng v tn km chi ph x l. Ngoi ra, nc thi c th lm tri i
nhng nguyn liu qu cha s dng.
V vy, iu cc k quan trng l phi bit c bao nhiu nc thi chy vo cng
thot nc v nc thi c cha nhng g. Cc dng nc thi t mi cng on
sn xut v t nh my u phi c nh lng v ly mu phn tch.
Sau y l mt vi gi cho vic tin hnh ny cc dng nc thi khu vc sn
xut:
Xc nh cc im thi. Ngha l trong khu vc nh my nc thi x t u?
Nc thi c th c a ti nh my x l hay chy thng ra cng rnh cng
cng hoc cc dng chy. Mt yu t hay b xem nh l i khi c mt vi
im thi khc nhau. Quan trng l phi xc nh c v tr, kiu quy m ca
ton b dng thi.
Xc nh ni hi t ca cc dng thi t cc cng on sn xut vo dng thi
ca ton nh my. Cn phi thit lp mt h thng mng li cng thot nc
t nh my. iu ny gip ta pht hin xem nc thi chy ra u v ngun
pht sinh dng thi.
Khi c h thng cng, th c th thit k chng trnh o lng v ly mu
ph hp theo di dng nc thi cng nh cng ca dng nc thi t
mi cng on sn xut.
Lp k hoch chi tit cho chng trnh quan trc v c gng ly mu tht cn
thn trong iu kin hot ng khc nhau ca ton b quy trnh sn xut t khi
bt u vn hnh cho ti khi ngh k c cc vic nh ra my v.v. Trong trng
hp nc thi v nc ma cng chung h thng thot nc cn ly mu v o
dng thi vo ma kh.
i vi dng thi nh hoc theo m th c th thu thp ton b dng thi bng
thng hoc ng h eo tay. i vi cc dng thi ln v lin tc th cn phi
dng k thut o dng chy (c th dung cc p trn n gin).
Tng lng nc thi t tt c cc cng on sn xut phi gn bng lng nc a
vo qu trnh sn xut. Nh nu trong bc 6, cn lu rng nc thi ti s dng c
th c tnh hai ln. iu ny cho thy vic kim ton cn nm vng cc hot ng
ca n v sn xut v mi quan h gia cc n v ny.
47
Nc thi phi c phn tch c xc nh cc thnh phn nhim.

Cc thng s cn phn tch bao gm: pH, nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD), nhu cu
oxy sinh ho (BOD), cn l lng, cht m v du.
Cc thng s khc cn o ph thuc vo nguyn liu th u vo. V d qu
trnh m in phn c dung Ni, Cr. Phi o hm lng kim loi trong nc thi
m bo khng qu quy nh, ng thi m bo nguyn liu khng b tiu hao
do nc thi cun i. Bt c cht c no s dng trong qu trnh sn xut u
phi c o.
Ly mu phn tch trong phng th nghim. Cc mu hn hp cn c ly
trong dng nc thi chy lin tc. V d, mi gi ly mt khi lng nh
100ml trong vng 10 gi sn xut lin c mt lt mu hn hp. Mu ny i
din cho iu kin nc thi trung bnh trong khang thi gian . Khi c s
thay i ln ca dng chy nc thi trong thi gian thi, cn phi xem xt k
lng nc khc nhau ca tng mu theo t l cq dng chy m bo thu
c mt mu hn hp i din i vi cc b cha cho mi t sn xut v
nc ra chy ra theo t, c th ch n ly mt mu n ti ch l (kim tra
s khc nhau gia cc m trc khi quyt nh phng php ly mu cho ph
hp).
Bng 4.6. Bng dng chy nc thi v hm lng cc cht
Thi vo
Ngun nc thi
H thng cng Thot nc

cng cng
ma
Ti s
dng
Cha
Tng lng
nc thi u ra
Lu lng/hm lng
Cng an sn xut A
Cng an sn xut B
Cng an sn xut C
4.1.2.6. Bc 6: Tnh tan lng pht thi
t c cn i nguyn liu chnh xc cn phi lng ha mt s kh thi c lin
quan n quy trnh. iu quan trng l phi xem xt cc loi kh thi tim nng v
thc t lin quan n tng n v sn xut, t kho cha nguyn liu n kho cha
thnh phm. Kh thi khng phi lc no cng nhn thy r v c th rt kh o, c th
o kh thi qua l that bng ming ti. Ni no khng th o c th c tnh bng
vic s dng thng tin sn c.
V d: xem xt vic t than trong mt l hi. C th khng o c khi lng kh
sunfat dioxyt ra khi ng khi l hi do kh n gn c hoc do khng ly c
mu trong ng khi, ch c mt thng tin duy nht, l than cht lng km, c cha
3% lu hynh v trung bnh mi ngy t 1.000 kg than.
48
Trc ht tnh tng lng lu hynh t.

1.000kg than x 0,03kg S/kgthan = 30kgS/ngy
Phn ng t l
O2
SO2
32
64
30
60
V vy, c th c tnh mi ngy thi ra t ng khi l hi l 60kg sunfua dioxyt. Ghi

s liu v kh thi c nh lng vo mt bng v nu r con s no l c tnh v
con s no l o thc.
Cn phi xem xt c im nh tnh ng thi vi vic nh lng kh thi.
C kh thi c mi ra t n v sn xut no khng?
Kh thi no ra nhiu hn? s thay i lng kh thi khi cc thong s khc thay
i (nhit , tc gi)
C cc thit b kim sot nhim no khng?
Cc thit b thng kh khng?
Cc thit b lc kh, ht kh thi khng? C th ti s dng khng?
Cc thit b c bo h lao ng, ngn nga kh thi (eo mt n phng kh c).
C bit kh thi ra t mt im c th no ra ngoi khng?
4.1.2.7. Bc 7: Tnh ton lng cht thi a i x l bn ngoi a im sn xut
Qu trnh sn xut i khi thi ra nhng cht khng th x l ti ch m phi chuyn
ch ti nh my x l hoc n im thi quy nh. Cht thi loi ny thng l cht
thi dng lng khng c cn lng, bn thi hoc l cht rn.
Thng chi ph x l v chuyn ch cc cht thi rt cao v vy gim thiu cc cht
thi ny s a li hiu qu trc tip v thit thc. o s liu v ghi thnh phn bt c
loi cht thi no lien quan n quy trnh nghin cu cn phi mang ra thi b bn
ngoi. Nn a tt c s liu vo bng.
Bng 4.7. Lng cht thi a vo x l/ thi b (m3/nm hoc m3/ngy)
n v sn xut
Khi lng cht

lng
Khi lng thnh

phn cn lng
Khi lng cht

rn
Cng on sn xut A
Cng on sn xut B
Cng on sn xut C
Nhng cu hi sau cn ch khi thu thp d liu
Ngun gc cht thi?
49
Liu dy chuyn sn xut c th ti u ho gim cht thi khng?

Liu thay i nguyn liu th c th gim thiu lng cht thi ra khng?
C thnh phn c bit trong ton b cc cht thi c hi khng? Liu c th
tch ring phn ny khng?
Cht thi c cha nguyn liu c gi tr khng?
Trc khi a cht thi i x l, cht thi phi c cha tm ti ch hay
trong kho. Cn ch xem:
Qu trnh tn tr ny c gy ra nhng mc thi thm khng? V d: cht thi
dung mi cha trong b, thng c kn khng?
Thi gian lu tr cht thi?
Cc bi thi rn c an ton khng?
Sau cc bc ny i kim ton phi thu thp y s liu cho vic nh gi cc cn
bng vt cht cho tng cng on sn xut v ton b quy trnh sn xut.
Tt c mi cht thi hin c hoc tim tang u phi c lng ho. Ni no khng
th o m c th phi nh gi trn c s nhng thong tin thu thp c.
Cc s liu phi c a vo bng r rng vi n v tnh ton chun. Trong sut giai
on thu thp s liu, cc cn b kim ton phi ch ra c cc hot ng, quy trnh,
v cng on sn xut yu km v mt qun l t gc hiu qu sn xut v bo v
mi trng c bin php ci thin tnh hnh.
4.1.2.8. Bc 8: Tng hp thng s u vo, u ra cho cc cng on sn xut
Mt trong nhng nh lut c bn ca ho k thut p dng cho cn bng vt cht l:
tng hp cc thng s u vo cho mt qu trnh bng tng u ra (input = output).
Chun b cn bng vt cht quy m ph hp vi mc c th do nghin cu i
hi. V d: cn bng vt cht cho tng cng on, hay cho c qu trnh sn xut.
Lp cn bng vt l hiu r hn u vo, u ra c bit l cht thi ca mt cng
on sn xut, nhng ni thiu thng tin hoc khng xc nh chnh xc c. S
khng cn bng i hi phi c nhng s nghin cu, kho st thm. Mt cn bng
hon ho l kh c th t c. Cn bng ban u l phi c xem xt l s b cn
phi hon thin thm.
Tng hp ton b thong tin u vo v u ra cho tng cng on sn xut v quyt
nh c cn phi a tt c u vo, u ra vo trong phng trnh cn bng khng?
V d: khng quan trng nu nh nc lm lnh u vo bng u ra.
n v o chun: lt, tn, kg/ ngy, nm, hay m
4.1.2.8. Bc 9: Thnh lp cn bng vt cht s b cho tng cng on sn xut
i vi tng cng on sn xut, s dng s liu c c t bc 1 10 xy dng
cn bng vt cht.
Cch biu din cc thng tin cho cn bng vt cht nh bng 3.2
50
Ch rng cn bng vt cht thng dng n v khi lng v n v th tch khng

phi lc no cng an ton. Thnh phn no m n v khi lng phi chuyn sang
n v th tch th phi tnh n t trng ca cht lng, kh v rn lin quan.
Bng 4.8. Cn bng vt cht s b cho tng cng on sn xut
u vo
n v chun/nm
Nguyn liu th 1
Nguyn liu th 2
Nguyn liu th 3
Cht thi ti s dng
Nc
Tng
Cng on sn xut A
(n v chun/nm)
u ra
Sn phm
Sn phm ph
Tht thot do bo qun v vn chuyn, s ch nguyn liu th
Cht thi ti s dng
Kh thi
Cht thi lu kho
Cht thi lng c hi vn chuyn ra ngoi nh my
Cht thi rn c hi vn chuyn ra ngoi nh my
Cht thi lng khng c hi vn chuyn ra ngoi nh my
Cht thi rn khng c hi vn chuyn ra ngoi nh my
Tng
Khi cn bng vt cht cho tng cng on sn xut c thit lp cho vt liu th
v cht thi u ra, nn lp li qu trnh ny cho tng cht nhim. Nn thit lp cn
bng nc cho tng cng on v thong qua c th tm ra cc vn tim n
nghim trng nh: r r, chy trn? C th tng hp tng cn bng ring bit thnh cn
bng cho ton quy trnh hay mt khu vc sn xut ca nh my.
4.1.2.10. Bc 10: nh gi cn bng vt cht
Cn bng vt cht s b phi c xem xt nh gi xc nh cc thiu ht v
thng tin v nhng im khng chnh xc. Nu pht hin ra s khng cn bng ln th
phi c nhng nghin cu thm. Vi d: nu u ra nh hn u vo, xem xt cc kh
nng tht thot cht thi nh bay hi u ra c th ln hn u vo nu trong o
c hoc nh gi, c nhng sai st ln hoc mt u vo b b st.
51
giai on ny, phi kim tra li ton b cng on sn xut tm ra cc tht thot
c th xy ra. Thm ch c th thu thp li mt vi s liu.
Nh rng cn c mt cn bng vt cht tho ng. Cn bng vt cht khng nhng
phn nh y ca vic thu thp s liu v bn cht m cn m bo rng cc qu
trnh sn xut c tm hiu k cng.
4.1.2.11. Bc 11: Hon thin cn bng vt cht
Ti giai on ny c th hon thin cn bng vt cht bng cch thm vo cc yu t
c xc nh t cc bc trn. Nu cn th cc c lng v cc tht thot khng tnh
c c th s phi tnh ton thm.
Trong trng hp quy trnh sn xut n gin th c th kt hp bc 10 v 11 lm
mt.
Trong trng hp phi c mt cc cht thi t c hi n rt c hi th phi ch
n s chnh xc ca php o nhm thit k cc bin php gim thiu cht thi.
S tng hp chnh xc v tnh ton din ca s liu m bo thnh cng ca kim
ton v sau l cc k hoch gim thiu cht thi.
a. Tng hp
Da trn cn bng vt cht nhm tm ra cc khu vc sn xut hoc cc thnh phn c
vn .
Cn bng vt cht l mt trng tm ch ca cc cn b kim ton cht thi. S sp
xp cc thng s u vo v u ra di dng cn bng vt cht lm cho ta d dng
hiu c dng vt cht qua qu trnh sn xut.
gii c bi ton cn bng vt cht cn phi hiu c cc hot ng bnh thng
ca qu trnh sn xut. S khng nh gi c qu trnh sn xut l hiu qu nu
khng bit th no l hot ng bnh thng. Mt thnh vin ca i kim ton phi
c kim thc tt v qu trnh sn xut. Kin thc ny c th h tr bng cc vn bn
nh ti liu nh gi nhanh cc ngun nhim khng kh, dt, v nc ca WHO,
1992.
Cn phi s dng cn bng vt cht xc nh cc ngun thi quan trng, xem xt
pht sinh cht thi khng ng tiu chun, xc nh cc khu vc c cc cht tht thot
khng gii thch c v chi ra cc cng on sn xut c mc thi vt tiu chun
thi ca quc gia hay khu vc. Hiu qu ca cc qu trnh sn xut ng ngha vi
gim thiu cht thi.
Cc bin php gim thiu cht thi khc nhau i hi thi gian, ngun ti chnh, vv
khc nhau. Bao gm hai loi:
Cc bin php gim thi tc thi: bao gm cc k nng qun l, v cc bin php
qun l tt ni sn xut, nguyn vt liu sn xut c th p dng nhanh chng v
r tin.
Cc bin php gim thiu cht thi di hn: lien quan n ci tin quy trnh sn
xut, hay thay th quy trnh sn xut gim vn cht thi.
52
Tng cng vic ti s dng v quay vng cht thi lm gim cht thi i hi phi
c cc bin php gim cht thi trc mt v lu di. Cc bc 15, 16, 17 m t lm
th no xc nh c cc bin php gim thiu cht thi.
b. Xem xt cc bin php gim thiu
C th p dng cc bin php ny ngay c trc khi c cn bng vt cht. By gi c
th xem xt cn bng vt cht kt hp vi cc quan st c c trong qu trnh thu
thp s liu ch ra nhng khu vc m nhng iu chnh n gin trong qu trnh sn
xut bng cch gim nhng tht thot khng cn thit.
Dng nhng thng tin c c trong tng cng on sn xut xy dng quy trnh
vn hnh tt hn cho tt c cc cng on sn xut.
Vic gim ng k cht thi c th t c bng cch ci thin qu trnh sn xut, cn
thn hn khi vn hnh. Cc gi gim thiu cht thi sau y c th p dng ngay
khng tn ph hoc chi ph thp.
c. Xc nh v mua nguyn vt liu
Khng qu nhiu nguyn vt liu c bit l loi d h hng, kh bo qun.
C gng mua loi nguyn liu di dng d gia cng, bo qun v chuyn ch.
d. Nhn nguyn liu
i hi nguyn vt liu cht lng t ngi cung cp. Khng nhn cc thng b
h hng, r r, khng nhn. Kim tra ton b nguyn liu khi nhn.
Kim tra trng lng v th tch.
Kim tra thnh phn v cht lng.
e. Bo qun nguyn liu
Trnh chy trn.
Dng thng cha trn cnh d ra.
Dng thng chuyn ng mt loi nguyn liu trnh ra thng xuyn.
Bo m cc thng cha c bo qun ni bng phng trnh h hng.
Kim tra thng xuyn trnh nhm ln cc thng cha.
Gim tht thot do bay hi bng cch che ph.
f. Vn chuyn, x l nc v nguyn liu
Gim thi gian vn chuyn
Kim tra chy trn v r r trn ng vn chuyn.
Gim lng nc dung lng ph.
g. Kim tra qu trnh sn xut
Cc b phn vn hnh phi c gii thch v cc thay i trong qu trnh vn
hnh l t c mc ch nng cao hiu qu sn xut ng thi gim thiu
cht thi.
53
Lp chng trnh kim sot cc cht thi v kh t mi cng on sn xut.

Thng xuyn bo dng thit b cng gim c nhng tht thot.
h. Quy trnh ra
Gim lng nc dung ra.
Nghin cu ti s dng nc ra trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Tng cng bin php qun l ti ni sn xut, cc chn chnh sa i nhanh
chng nng cao c hiu qu sn xut, gim thiu cht thi. Ni no nhng bin
php ny khng c gii quyt tn gc vn th cn phi c gim thiu cht
thi khc.
i. Xc nh mc tiu x l cht thi v m t c tnh cc ngun thi
Cn bng vt cht c th gip ch ra ngun cht thi c gi thnh x l cao, hoc
ch ra cc cht thi no gy ra cc vn v sn xut trong cng on no. Cn
bng vt cht phi c dung t trng tm u tin cho k hoch gim thiu
cht thi lu di.
bc ny cc nguyn nhn nh: ti sao cht thi li c sinh ra, cc yu t
no dn n qu trnh ny? V d: nguyn nhn do cng ngh lc hu, thiu bo
dng, khng tun th cc qui trnh cng ty.
Ly thm mu v c im ca cht thi i khi cn thit nghin cu su hn
m bo chnh xc hm lng nhim.
Lit k cc cht thi cn phi gim thiu theo th t u tin.
j. Tch lung
L mt trong cc bin php dn n vic gim thiu cc cht thi, tch lung l mt
trong cc bin php trung tm.
Tch lung cc cht thi c th cho nhng c hi xoay vng v ti s dng cht thi,
kt qu l gim gi thnh nguyn liu. Cht thi m c c nhiu kh nng c gi tr
hn l cht thi tng hp hay pha long.
Trn cht thi c th lm tng nhim. Nu cht thi c hm lng cao trn vi mt
lng ln cht thi c hm lng thp khng nhim s to ra m lng ln cc
cht thi cn phi x l. Tch cht thi c hm lng cao ra khi cht thi c hm
lng thp c th gim c chi ph x l. Cht thi c hm lng cao c th quay
vng ti s dng hoc x l trc khi thi. Trong khi dng thi yu hn c th
tao s dng hoc ch cn lng trc khi thi.
V vy tch lung cht thi c iu kin quay vng ti s dng cht thi ng thi
gim chi ph x l.
k. Pht trin cc bin php gim thiu cht thi di hn.
Vn cht thi khng th gii quyt n gin bng cc bin php chn chnh qun l
m i hi cc thay i thc s lu di.
Cn phi pht trin cc gii php phng nga cho vn cht thi.
54
Thay i qua 1trnh sn xut c th nng cao hiu qu sn xut v gim cht thi. Bao
gm:
Thay i qu trnh sn xut: chng hn nh duy tr sn xut lin tc ch khng
theo m.
Thay i thit b
Thay i s kim sot qu trnh sn xut: t ng ho.
Thay i iu kin sn xut: thi gian, nhit , p sut, cht xc tc
Gim s lng hoc loi nguyn liu dung trong sn xut.
Thay i nguyn liu th, dung cc nguyn liu cho t cht thi, t c hi.
Chuyn sang dung cng ngh sch..
Phi xc nh c mi gii php gim cht thi c th thc hin c.
l. nh gi cc gii php gim thiu cht thi v mt kinh t mi trng
quyt nh gii php no nn pht trin thnh k hoch gim thiu cht thi, cc
bin php ny cn phi c xem xet di gc mi trng v li ch kinh t.
m. nh gi mi trng
Thng th gim thiu cht thi em li li ch mi trng, tuy nhin i khi c nhng
ngoi l. V d: gim thiu mt cht thi c th lm tng pH hoc sn sinh ra mt cht
khc cn kh x l hn, kt qu cui cng l nh hng xu n mi trng.
Trong nhiu trng hp li ch c th nhn thy nagy nh vic tch cc nguyn t c
hi ra khi dng cht lng bng cch tch lung hay l thay i qu trnh sn xut sao
cho cht thi b ngn nga.
Trong trng hp khc th li ch mi trng c th kh thy c. Chng hn to mi
trng lm vic sch, lnh mnh, s nng cao hiu qu sn xut nhng kh c th o
c.
Loi nhng cu hi sau y phi c cp ti khi xem xt tng gii php.
Xem xt nh hng ca tng gii php ln th tch v mc nhim ca cc
cht thi trong qua trnh sn xut.
Qu trnh gim thiu cht thi ny c sinh ra cht thi khc khng?
C thay i c, phn hu hay kh nng x l cht thi khng?
Gii php c dng t nng lng hn khng?
n. nh gi kinh t
Cn c phn tch kinh t mt cch ton din cc gii php gim thiu cht thi. Ch
no m li ch khng th nh lng c th phi c cc nh gi nh tnh. Nu cn
th xin kin ca cc chuyn gia v vic nh gi cc thay i.
Khi nh gi kinh t cc gii php phi tnh n chi ph vn hnh chng t rng ni
no chi ph c gim bt. V d: bin php gim tht thot nguyn liu th trong
55
khi ra, lm gim chi ph cho nguyn liu th. Thay i nguyn liu th c th gim
thiu cht thi rn chuyn ch x l. V vy, chi ph chuyn ch cht thi s gim bt.
Trong nhiu trng hp nn so snh chi ph x l cht thi c th thay i khi p dng
bin php gim thiu cht thi v iu ny phi c xem xt n trong nh gi kinh
t.
Bng 4.9. Chi ph vn hnh sn xut v x l cht thi hng nm
Hng mc
Chi ph vn hnh sn xut hng nm
Nguyn liu th 1
Nguyn liu th 2
Nc
Nng lng (in)
Nhn lc
Bo dng
Chi ph qun l
Cc chi ph khc
Tng
Hng mc
Chi ph vn hnh x l nc thi hng nm
Nguyn liu th 1 (vi)
Nguyn liu th 1 (cht kt ta)
Nc
Nng lng
Nhn lc
Bo dng
Hnh chnh
Cc chi ph khc (vi phm, ho hon)
Tng
Tnh ton chi ph vn hnh hng nm k c x l nc thi v xem chi ph ny c th
thay i nh th no sau khi p dng cc bin php gim thiu cht thi. Lp bng v
so snh cc thay i ny. Bng 3.10 nu cc thnh phn chi ph tiu biu.
Ngoi ra, nu c nhiu li ch v kinh t (v d nguyn vt liu hoc cht thi ti ch
hoc ti s dng), th c th tr vo chi ph x l cht thi hay tng quy trnh nu ph
hp.
Sau khi xem xt cc chi ph cho vn hnh th xem xt n cc chi ph u t cho tng
gii php trn c s xem xt thi gian hon vn. Thi gian hon vn l thi gian
cho mt d n c th thu li s tin u t ban u. Phn tch u t chi tit hn c th
56
cn trn c s nh gi t l hon vn ni to IRR (Internal rate of return) v gi tr

hin ti rng (NPV Net present value) ca u t.
Phn tch ri ro u t cho php xp th t cc gii php.
Trn c s nh gi cc li ch v mi trng cng nh v kinh t cho php chn ra
mt gii php hu hiu nht.
Lp c danh sch cc gii php gim cht thi bn vng i vi mi trng
v kinh t.
o. Pht trin v p dng k hoch hnh ng gim thiu cht thi, nng cao hiu
qu sn xut
Chun b cho k hoch hnh ng gim thiu cht thi. Nu cn th phi thuyt phc
nhng ngi ng dng quy trnh mi rng thay i l thuyt t x l cht thi cui
ng ng sang ngn nga cht thi va nng cao hiu qu sn xut va bo v mi
trng.
Dng nhng qung co p phch treo gn ni lm vic cao tm quan trng ca vic
gim thiu cht thi v gim chi ph x l cht thi ci thin scb kho, bo m
hn na cho vcng nhn nh my.
nh ra k hoch thc hin vi thi gian ph hp. Nn nh rng cn phi c thi gian
cho cc cn b cng nhn cm thy thoi mi vi cch ngh mi. V vy cc tng
thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cht thi l rt tt nhng phi tin hnh t t cho
php mi ngi c thi gian thch nghi vi nhng thay i.
Thnh lp m k hach gim st song song vi cc bin php gim thiu cht thi
c th nh gi c mc ci thin nng cao hiu qu sn xut khi p dng cc bin
php gim thiu cht thi ny. p dng h thng ghi chp cn thn cc s liu cho cn
bng vt cht v cc nh gia gim thiu cht thi.
Cn phi ch cc l hng v thng tin trong qu trnh kho st kim ton cht thi.
Phi tp trung vo cc l hng ny v tm cch ly c cc s liu thiu ht.
Mt trong nhng bin php gim thiu cht thi l thit lp m h thng thu kinh ph
cht thi ni b: nhng cng on no thi ra nhiu cht thi, kh x l th phi gp
nhiu kinh ph hn cho vic x l trn c s t l thi. Mt bin php khc l thng
bng vt cht cho cc c nhn c gng trong gim thiu cht thi trong tng th k
hoch gim thiu.
Kim ton cht thi c th coi l mt hot ng thng xuyn nhm pht trin mt
cch tip cn ring cho vic kim ton cht thi tng ni, ng thi ng dng cc cng
ngh tin tin, tin ti gim thiu cht thi v tin ti pht trin cc sn phm sch.
o to cn b thc hin kim ton cht thi c th nng cao c thc mi trng
ca lc lng cng nhn. Thiu s ng h ca cc cn b cng nhn nh my. K
hoch gim thiu cht thi s khng c hiu qu.
p. Tm tt
Chun b c s k hoch hnh ng gim cht, m bo s ng h ca qun l
cp cao i vi vic tin hnh kim ton. Thc hin k hoch chm cho cng
nhn vin chc c thi gian thch nghi.
57
Hiu qu ca quy trnh gim st

Thng bo phn hi kt qu cho cng nhn vin h c th thay i li ch trc
tip.
o to cng nhn vin thc hin kim ton cht thi nhm gim cht thi.
4.2. CN BNG NNG LNG
Nghin cu c th v s dng nng lng c th l rt tt i vi nhiu nh my. Tiu
th nng lng thng c th gim bng cch thc hin cc quy trnh vn hnh c hiu
qu hn v thit b c hiu qu.
Li ch ca vic nghin cu nh th c th tng ln gp i v n xc nh cc kh
nng tit kim tin ch yu cho Cng ty v c th gim cc tc ng trc tip n mi
trng t vn chuyn nhin liu cng nh pht thi CO2 t s dng nhin liu.
Kim ton nng lng tng t vi khi nim cc kim ton khc. Chun b cn thn
v theo di thng xuyn l cha kha dn n thnh cng. Tip theo kim ton, cng
cn xc nh cc bin php tit kim nng lng thch hp.
4.2.1. Quy trnh kim ton nng lng
4.2.1.1. Giai on 1: Kim ton cc s liu sn c
Thu thp v phn tch cc s sch v s dng nng lng ca cng ty.
Xc nh chi ph v nh lng vt l ca nng lng s dng.
nh gi khuynh hng theo ma v theo nm v nng lng s dng v cc chi
ph.
Tnh ton nng lng s dng trn mi n v sn phm.
4.2.1.2. Giai on 2: Kho st sng lc
Kh nhanh, vi chi ph thp kho st s b bt k cng on sn xut no dng cc s
liu sn c ch ra:
Tiu th nng lng chnh ca cc qu trnh sn xut v ca nh my.
Lng ph v km hiu qu v nng lng hin nhin.
Khu vc khng o c v bo co v s dng nng lng mi.
Cc khu vc u tin cho kho st h thng nng lng km hiu qu v khng
thch hp.
4.2.1.3. Giai on 3: Kho st c th v phn tch
Cc qu trnh v phn xng c xc nh trong giai on kho st s b l phi
kho st thm s c kim tra xc nh quy m ca tht thot nng lng c th
trnh c v chi ph cho gim thiu cht thi ny.
Kho st c th c th cn chi ph v thi gian ng k, do ch chn nhng qu
trnh, khu vc dng nh chc chn tit kim c ng k vi n lc hp l.
58
Chng 5:
PHN TCH KH THI CC D N SN XUT SCH HN
5.1. XC NH CHI PH
5.1.1. Chi ph sn xut kinh doanh
Chi ph SXKD trong k cng ty no l ton b cc khon chi ph b ra trong k
hoc chi ph b ra trong k trc phc v cho k ny. Chi ph kinh doanh c th
c xem xt di nhiu gc .
Di gc k ton v bo co kt qu kinh doanh.
y l gc phc v cho vic theo di cc khon chi ph, ghi s k ton ng
quy nh v tnh kt qu kinh doanh theo mu bo co k ton. Theo chi ph
SXKD c th hin theo hai ch tiu l gi vn hng bn v chi ph qun l.
Gi vn hng bn bao gm gi vn hng bn hoc gi thnh sn xut.
Chi ph qun l bao gm cc chi ph gin tip phc v cho SXKD, li vay,...
Di gc phn tch ti chnh v lp k hoch kinh doanh: y l gc phc
v cho vic phn tch hiu qu SXKD trong mi quan h gia doanh thu v chi
ph, mi quan h gia sn lng v hiu qu kinh doanh, ng thi phc v cho
vic lp k hoch kinh doanh. Trong phm vi nghin cu im ha vn chng
ta quan tm chi ph di gc ny v n phc v trc tip cho vic tnh hiu
qu u t. Theo chi ph SXKD ca mt doanh nghip sn xut c phn
loi nh sau:
o Bin ph
o nh ph
5.1.1.1. Bin ph
Bin ph l nhng chi ph s bin i vi t l tng ng theo sn lng sn xut v
tiu th. Nhng bin ph ch yu bao gm:
NVL, nhin liu, in nc, v ph tng.
Nhn cng sn xut.
Chi ph qung co thng xuyn.
Chi ph phc v bn hng trc tip.
Chi ph x l cht thi.
Chi ph duy tu bo dng thng xuyn.
Li vay vn lu ng,
59
5.1.1.2. nh ph
nh ph l cc khon CF rt t bin i theo sn lng. Thng thng nu u t ln
v my mc thit b s lm tng nh ph, nhng nu tng sn lng tiu th th bin
ph/n v sn phm s gim mnh, y l yu t gim gi thnh trong iu kin c
c th phn ln. Cc nh ph chnh bao gm:
Khu hao nh xng, MMTB.
Chi ph qun l doanh nghip.
Chi ph duy tu bo dng nh k.
Li vay vn u t,
NHN XT
-
Vic phn loi chi ph thnh bin ph v nh ph, ch mang tnh tng i. Trong
thc t c nhng khon nh ph vn bin ng theo sn lng, tuy nhin vic bin
ng ny khng ln, do vy thun li trong vic phn tch, chng ta xem nh n
khng bin i.
Trong cng ty, c mt s nh ph c th bin ng mnh theo doanh thu nh chi

ph qun l vn phng. Chng ta c th xy dng nh mc chi ph ny da trn
sn lng k hoch, v cho chng tng gim vi mt t l thch hp so vi mc
tng gim sn lng. Th d tng 20% ca mc t l tng doanh thu, tc l nu
doanh thu tng 20%, th chi ph ny tng 4% v ngc li.
Theo quan im phn tch ti chnh im ha vn, vic tch chi ph qung co
thnh bin ph v nh ph ph thuc vo chin lc v mc ch qung co. Nu
chi ph qung co trong nm k hoch c lp vi mt chng trnh v chi ph
xc nh, th n phi c xem l nh ph, bi v d doanh thu c tng hay gim
trong k th chi ph ny l khng thay i.
Li vay vn lu ng c xem l bin ph do ph thuc vo sn lng sn xut v

tiu th trong k. Ngc li, li vay vn u t xem l nh ph do chi ph ny
c n nh sn, phi tr trong tng k khng ph thuc vo bin ng ca sn
lng.
Nu cng ty sn xut nhiu nhm sn phm cng loi, th d sn xut ng nha.

Khi chng ta khng cn tnh im ha vn cho tng loi sn phm c th m
tnh gi bn im ha vn ca mt sn phm tiu biu theo quan im tnh bnh
qun ca thng k, sau da trn mc tiu hao vt t ca tng loi sn phm
suy ra gi bn im ha vn ca chng. Nu n v c nhiu loi sn phm khc
nhau, th d cng ty cao su Bnh Long va SXCB cao su nguyn liu va sn xut
cc sn phm bn gh t g cao su. Khi chng ta phi da trn quan im yu t
ti chnh ca chi ph v thng k phn b cc nh ph ph hp. Nu vic phn
tch qu chi tit theo phng php k ton, s gip cho tin cy tng nhng s rt
hn ch trong vic phn tch nhy o lng mc nh hng ca nhng bin
60
s quan trng (gi NVL, gi in,) n kt qu phn tch, y l nhim v ny

ht sc quan trng vi vic phn tch ti chnh1.
Cn nh rng vic tch bin ph v nh ph ch c ngha xc nh gi thnh sn
phm k hoch, phc v cho cc chin lc v gi v kinh doanh. Do vy cc sai s l
chp nhn c trong phm vi cho php. Vn l khi chn lc v phn b ch ph
cn phi da trn cc nguyn l ca ti chnh kt hp vi cc o lng ca thng k
gim mc sai s v hp l trong s liu.
5.1.2. Yu t phn tch hiu qu u t ca mt d n
CHI PH
U T
NGUN
VN U
T
DOANH
THU
LI
NHUN
CHI PH
SXKD
DNG
TIN
LI VAY
Hnh 5.1. Hiu qu u t ca d n

Bng 5.1. Xc nh chi ph
YU T
Chi ph u
t
CHI TIT
GHI CH
Chi ph u t cc ti sn Tng ng vi CF u t s xc
c nh (nh xng, thit
nh cng ngh, cng xut, cc
b).
thng s k thut v vn hnh v
sn xut dng lm c s tnh
Chi ph nghin cu, chuyn
chi ph SXKD.
giao cng ngh.
Cc chi ph u t hnh thnh ln
Chi ph chun b u t
TSC s tnh khu hao trong thi
(giy php, nghin cu th
hn hp l.
trng, t vn,).
Cc chi ph chn b u t khc
Chi ph vn hnh SX th
nu khng th hin chung vi gi
tr TSC s c phn b hp
Hu nh cc phn tch ti chnh phc v cho nhng quyt nh qun l cn phi c phn tch theo quan
im ri ro (Risk), o lng ht mi kh nng kt qu c th xy ra.
61
l.
Ngun vn
u t
Vn ch s hu (gp vn, Ngun vn u t thng thng

u t, c phn).
bao gm vn ch s hu v vn
huy ng.
Vn huy ng.
Ngun vn huy ng hin nay ti
Thu mua MMTB.
VN ch yu l vay trung di hn
Tr chm, tr gp.
t ngn hng. Theo nguyn tc
an ton tn dng NH thng ch
Vay trung - di hn.
cho vay ti a 70% tng vn u
Tri phiu.
t.
..
Chi ph sn
xut
Bin ph:
Bin ph s bin i theo sn

lng sn xut v tiu th.
NVL, in nc v ph
tng.
Nhu cu vn L s cn c vo
tng loi hnh sn xut v sn
Nhn cng sn xut.
lng SX. Nu nh u t b vn
ch s hu ra p ng nhu cu
Chi ph qung co.
VL th s khng c chi ph li
Chi ph x l cht thi.
vay.
Chi ph duy tu bo dng
nh ph l cc khon CF rt t
thng xuyn.
thay i so vi sn lng. Thng
thng nu u t ln v MMTB
Li vay vn lu ng.
s lm tng nh ph, nhng bin
nh ph :
ph/n v sn phm s gim
mnh theo sn lng, y l yu
Khu hao nh xng,
MMTB.
t gim gi thnh trong iu kin
c c th phn ln.
Chi ph qun l doanh
nghip.
Chi ph duy tu bo dng
nh k.
Li vay vn u t.
Doanh thu
Doanh thu sn xut chnh Doanh thu SX chnh ph thuc

(SP chnh).
vo sn lng v n gi bn.
Doanh thu sn phm ph v Phn tch doanh thu cn da vo
ph liu.
phn tch th trng. Doanh thu
c vai tr quyt nh hiu qu u
Doanh thu dch v,
t.
Li nhun
Li nhun trc thu bng Li nhun sau thu l cn c

doanh thu tr chi ph SX.
tnh hiu qu u t.
Li nhun sau thu bng li C nhng d n c min thu
62
nhun trc thu tr i thu

thu nhp.
Dng tin
d n
(cashflow)
Dng tin chi :

Chi u t vo nm 0.
Chi tr vn vay u t.
Chi u t b sung.

Dng tin thu :
thu nhp trong nhng nm u.

Chng ta khng a doanh thu v
chi ph vo dng tin m a li
nhun (l kt qu ca doanh thu
chi ph thu TN).
Khu hao l chi ph khng mt,
n c ngun gc t doanh thu,
c coi l mt trong nhng
ngun thu chnh ca d n.
Thu vay vn u t vo nh ph l cc khon CF rt t

nm 0.
thay i so vi sn lng. Thng
thng nu u t ln v MMTB
Li nhun sau thu cc
s lm tng nh ph, nhng bin
nm ca d n.
ph/n v SP s gim mnh theo
Khu hao theo tng nm.
sn lng, y l yu t gim gi
thnh trong iu kin c c th
Phn gi tr cha khu hao
phn ln.
vo nm cui ca vng i
d n.
Cc ngun thu chi cn th hin
ng nm pht sinh, th d thu
Thu thanh l ti sn.
thanh l ti sn thng vo nm
.
cui ca vng i DA.
Cc khon chi - thu u t trc
khi i vo hot ng c xem l
nm 0, mc d c nhng d n
thi gian u t ko di vi nm.
Dng tin cn i (dng Dng tin nm 0 s l s m do
chi u t lun ln hn thu do
tin thu tr i dng tin
vay vn. Con s m ny chnh l
chi)
vn ch s hu b ra u t.
Dng tin cc nm k tip t nm
1 (l nm i vo SXKD) n nm
cui ca vng i d n thng l
dng. y l chnh l cc khon
thu rng (thu sau khi tr i ht
cc khon chi) ca d n.
Ngi ta so snh tng thu rng
ca cc nm vi s vn ch s
hu b ra trong nm 0, nu s thu
ln hn th d n ca hiu qu v
ngc li.
Tuy nhin do yu t gi tr tin t
bin i theo thi gian, do vy
mun so snh s thu rng cc
nm vi vn CSH b ra nm 0 th
63
cn quy s thu rng cc nm v

nm 0, sau mi so snh. Nu
s thu rng cc nm (quy v nm
0) ln hn vn CSH b ra nm 0
th da n c hiu qu, tc l sau
khi thu hi vn ch u t cn
thu c mt khon ng bng
hiu s ca php ton tr ny.
Hiu s chnh l NPV ca d
n.
5.2. CC CH TIU TI CHNH

5.2.1. Cc ch tiu ti chnh ch yu
Bng 5.2. Cc ch tiu ti chnh ch yu
Ch tiu
NPV, IRR
Kh nng hon
vn vay theo k
hoch
ngha
Phm vi p dng
Th hin hiu qu ti
chnh (mc sinh li ca
d n).
p dng cho cc d n u
t quyt nh c tham gia
u t hay khng.
y l ch tiu ti chnh
quan trng nht khi phn
tch ti chnh d n u t
Tuy nhiu c mt s d n
mang tnh cng ch nh d
n Y t - gio dc, d n cu
ng - h tng c th khng
tnh ch tiu ny
xem xt kh nng tr
n vay u t t hot
ng ca d n.
Cn xem xt k trong nhng

d n c c cu t l vn vay
cao, thi gian tr n ngn
hn nhiu so vi vng i
d n.
i khi c d n t hiu
qu ti chnh cao (NPV
dng, Irr cao) nhng
khng o bo tr n vay
vn u t ng hn s
lm xu hiu qu ti chnh
d n
Thi gian hn
vn
Trong bao nhiu lu s

thu hi vn u t
b ra.
Thi gian hon vn nn
tnh theo dng tin chit
khu.
Nhng d n c vn u t
ln, vng i d n di cn
phi quan tm n thi gian
hon vn
64
5.2.2. NPV V IRR

NPV v IRR l hai ch s ti chnh quan trng ca d n u t. Qu trnh phn tch
tiu chnh xc nh NPV v IRR, t nh gi hiu qu d n l cng vic ch
yu ca chuyn vin ti chnh.
hiu NPV v IRR chng ta theo v d minh ha sau:
Cng ty C phn Hong Dao u t mt nh my ch bin m gi theo cng ngh mi
(chin m gin tip) vi vn ca ch u t l 8.123 triu ng, vng i ca d n l
5 nm. Theo tnh ton dng tin ca d n trong 5 nm nh sau (VT triu ng):
Bng 5.3. Dng tin theo thi gian
Nm
Dng tin d n
-8123
750
2660
3040
2780
1790
NHN XT:
Vn ch u t l 8.123 triu ng. Tng thu rng cc nm = 11.020. Chnh lch (li
nhun) = 11.020 8.123 = 2.897. Qua cc tnh ton ny chng ta thy d n c hiu
qu do sau vng i d n tr n ht n vay, thu hi vn u t v d c 2.897
triu ng
Tuy nhin cch tnh ny cha ph hp ch chng ta i so snh gia vn b ra trong
hin ti l 8.123 triu vi s tin thu hi trong 5 nm ti vi nhng mc thi gian khc
nhau.
c th so snh s tin thu c trong tng lai vi vn b ra trong hin ti th
chng ta phi quy cc gi tr tin t trong tng lai v hin ti c th so snh trc
tip vi s vn u t b ra.
Trong nm u t, li sut di hn ngn hng 12%/nm. Nh vy nu thay v u t,
dng tin gi Ngn hng th va an ton hn u t mang nhiu ri ro. 12% c
xem l t sut chit khu hay chi ph s dng tin t.
Nh vy chng ta c th quy s tin cc nm tng lai v nm 0 theo t sut chit
khu 12%, khi chng ta c th so snh trc tip chng vi nhau. Chng ta ln lt
t X1,X5 l gi tr quy v hin ti ca s tin cc nm tng ng.
Chng ta ln lt gii cc phng trnh sau y tnh cc gi tr:
X1 + (X1 * 12%) = 750 X1 = 669,6
(X2 + (X2*12%)) + ((X2 + (X2*12%))*12%) = 2660 X2 = 2120.5
65
KT QU :
Nm
Dng tin d n
-8123
750
2660
3040
2780
1790
Quy v nm 0 (12%)
-8123
670
2,121
2,164
1,767
1,016
Nhn xt 2:
Tng thu (X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 ) = 7736 triu. Chnh lch (li nhun) = 7.736
8.123 = - 387. Nh vy vi cch tnh dng tin c chit khu, th d n khng c
hiu qu (s tin thu v nh hn vn u t b ra).
Con s 387 va tnh chnh l NPV ca d n. Do vy khi tnh hiu qu ca d n,
chng ta s i tnh NPV, v khi thy n dng tc l d n c hiu qu ti chnh, c
th u t v ngc li.
Nhn xt 3 :Nu TSCK khng phi 12% m l 8% th NPV c kt qu sau :
Nm
Dng tin d
n
-8123
750
2660
3040
2780
1790
Quy v nm 0
(8%)
-8123
694
2,281
2,413
2,043
1,218
NPV = 8650 8123 = 527

Vi cch tnh va trn NPV khng ch ph thuc vo dng tin thu rng ca d n m
cn ph thuc vo t sut chit khu.
Trong th d trn, vi TSCK 12% th NPV m d n khng c hiu qu; cn vi
TSCK 8% th NPV dng, d n c hiu qu.
Mun nh gi mc hiu qu DAT nhiu hay t, chng ta cn bit thm t l sinh
li bnh qun hng nm ca ng vn u t, l IRR.
xc nh IRR, ngi ta tnh gi tr IRR chnh l gi tr ca TSCK m ti NPV
bng 0. Theo th d trn th IRR ca d n l 9.98%
Nhn xt 4 :
Mc no NPV tng t nh li nhun sau thu, cn IRR tng t nh ROE.
Gi tr ca NPV ph thuc vo TSCK, cn IRR ch ph thuc vo dng tin d n.
Khi thy NPV dng, chc chn IRR ln hn TSCK dng tnh NPV, tc l t l
sinh li ca d n ln hn TSCK hay cn gi l chi ph s dng vn ca nh u t.
5.3. Thi gi ca tin t
Chnh t quan im gi tr ng tin khc nhau theo thi gian, trong ng tin
nm k tip lun nh hn ng tin nm hin ti vi mc t l chnh lch r; m
66
xut hin cc bi ton ti chnh phc tp, khng cn l bi ton cng tr ca vic
so snh ngun thu v chi ph b ra.
Gi tr tin t c phn tch, nhn nh t nhiu gc ; vi gc ti chnh n c
so snh mt cch lnh lng gia kh nng sinh li ca ng tin (gi ngn hng, mua
tri phiu, c phiu, u t kinh doanh). Trong mc cao hn, n l s nhn nhn
gia nng lc sn xut v nhu cu tiu dng trong nn kinh t hng ha, trong c
th ng tin khng t dng sinh ra li. Nhng cc nh kinh t tha nhn ng tin
ln ln theo thi gian, l phn thng cho ngi tiu dng sau v phn thng cho
ngi chp nhn mo him kinh doanh; v n to ra t sut sinh li r, l sut sinh
li mc ri ro ti thiu1 (1 t sut ny thng thng l li sut tri phiu Chnh Ph).
T y th trng ti chnh sinh ra mt t s lm cng c quan trng cho cc nh ti
chnh hoch nh, tnh ton v kinh doanh ng vn di nhiu hnh thc a dng, gp
phn thc y nn kinh t pht trin vc bc trong th k 20 v s cng pht trin
mnh trong th k 21.
5.3.1. Xc nh gi tr tin t thay i theo thi gian
Trong nn kinh t sn xut hng ha s dng ng tin trao i, th gi tr tin t
c tha nhn s tng theo thi gian. Xt v quan im gi tr s dng ng tin
trong u t, khng tnh n ng tin mt gi v lm pht, th vi cng mt s tin,
gi tr ti thi im hin ti lun ln hn s tin thi im tng lai. Th d mt
ngi u t b ra 100 triu ng kinh doanh, sau 4 nm ngi thu li c 110
triu ng, nh vy trc quan cho thy nh u t kinh doanh c hiu qu lm tng
thm 10 triu ng. Tuy nhin nu tnh n gi tr tin t bin i theo thi gian th
110 triu ng thi im 4 nm sau cha chc ln hn 100 triu ng hin ti.
Ti sao gi tr tin t bin i theo thi gian, chng ta c nhiu cu gii p theo nhiu
gc nhn nh :
Trong nn kinh t sn xut hng ho, ti nguyn v hng ha l c hn khng tha
mn cng lc nhu cu tiu dng cho mi ngi, r rng ngi no mun tiu si
trc phi chp nhn thit thi mt phn so vi ngi ng tiu si sau. Nh vy,
gi tr tng thm ca ng tin trong tng lai l phn thng dnh cho nhng
ngi chp nhn tiu si sau.
Trong hot ng thc t chnh l li sut ngn hng, mt ngi c tin c th
chn hai hnh vi, mt l mua sm hng ho g tha mn nhu cu tiu dng
tc thi ca mnh, hai l gi v ngn hng mt thi gian s tin c tng thm
do li tin gi.
Trong hot ng kinh doanh, nh u t phi tnh n chi ph s dng tin t, tc l
s tin d kin thu li qua hot ng kinh doanh phi ln hn s tin li do gi v
ngn hng.
Chng ta cn lu cc lp lun trn y da trn mt nn kinh t hot ng bnh
thng, trong yu t lm pht c d tr v khng c bin ng t ngt.
tnh c gi tr tin t bin i theo thi gian, chng ta phi s dng mt s cng
thc ton hc, th d mt khch hng gi 100 triu ng vo Ngn Hng vi li sut
hng qu l 2%, th sau 5 nm ng ta c bao nhiu. Nu li hng qu ng ta u rt
67
ra v tiu si ht th php tnh kh n gin, nhng nu ng ta khng rt lui m nhp

vo vn th vic tnh ton kh phc tp.
Qua cc nhn nh nu cho thy vic tnh ton gi tr tin t theo thi gian l rt cn
thit cho cc nh phn tch ti chnh, cc nh u t.
5.3.2. Mt s l thuyt v cng thc v gi tr tin t bin i theo thi gian
5.3.2.1. Chit khu theo thi gian
Gi tr theo thi gian ca tin chi phi nhiu quyt nh kinh doanh, v s am hiu thi
gi khi son tho mt quyt nh l yu t cn thit hiu thu o vn ti tr vn.
Nghin cu chit khu theo thi gian nhm ra cc phng cch xc nh gi tr
tng ng hin ti ca mt trong nhiu khon tin trong tng lai v gi tr tng
ng trong tng lai ca mt s tin ang c.
Bng 5.4. Cc k hiu tnh chit khu theo thi gian
K
HIU
NGHA
Ct
Dng tin mt cui k hn t
Ch s thi gian (1 , 2 ,3 n)
S k hn
T sut chit khu
(1+r)-t
Gi tr hin ti ca 1 ng nhn cui k hn t vi

t sut chit khu r
PV
Gi tr hin ti ca dng thu chi tin mt
FV
Gi tr hin ti ca dng thu chi tin mt cui k hn

n
S ln nhp li vo vn trong k
Li sut danh ngha
Cc cng thc tnh chit khu:

(A1)
PV = ( (1 + r)-t ct
(A2)
FV = PV (1 + r)
(A3)
(t = 1- n)
= ( 1 + j/m)m 1
Nhn xt:
Phng trnh A1 l phng trnh chun cho ta gi tr tng lai ca mt s tin hin ti.
Tha s (1 + r)n c gi l h s tch ly.
68
C mt quy lut xc nh thi gian n m s tin tng gp i ng vi li sut r l

0,72/r.
Khi d tn vn th cn phi xc nh gi tr tng ng vi hin ti ca khon tin
pht sinh trong tng lai phn tch dng tin c chit khu (DCF).
5.3.2.2. Gi tr tng lai v qui theo hin ti
a. Tng ng gi tr hin ti
T cng thc (A2) ta d dng quy gi tr tng lai v hin ti :
PV = FV (1 + r)-n
Th d Cng ty DS s nhn c khon tin 100.000 USD sau 3 nm, vy gi tr hin
ti l bao nhiu vi t sut chit khu nm l 10%
PV = FV (1 + r)-n = 100.000 x (1,1)-3 = 75.130 USD
b. Cc khon tin tng ng hng nm
Cng ty DS mun vay 10.000 USD ca Vietcombank vi li sut 10%/Nm. S tin
Li + Vn c tr u trong 3 nm, mi nm 1 ln. Nh vy mi nm cng ty DS
phi tr bao nhiu?
Theo nhn xt, ta c:
PV = C x B(n,r)
C = PV / B(n,r)
10.000 / B(3 , 0.1) = 10.000 / 2,4869 = 4.021 USD
c. Li sut danh ngha v li sut thc
Khch hng A gi tin vo ACBANK mt s tin vi k hn 1 nm, li sut danh
ngha nm l 10% tr lm 4 k (Li sut qu 2,5%). Nu khch hng A ch lnh 1 ln
vo cui nm th li sut thc r ca nm l bao nhiu?
Ta c: m = 4 , j = 10%
= ( 1 + j/m)m 1
r = (1,025)4 1 = 0,1038 = 10,38%
d. nh tin v chit khu lin tc

Trong trng hp dng tin pht sinh lin tc nhp vn, tc m v hn. Khi ta c
cng thc sau :
PV = e-jn , FV = ejn
( vi e l c s napier = 2,71828)
= ej 1
= ln (1 + r)
ejn l h s lin tc, ta da vo ejn tnh gi tr tng lai v e-jn tnh gi tr hin ti
cho n nm
Th d vi 1 ng nhn ti k 1 vi nhp li lin tc ng vi li sut 5% l :
PV = e-jn = (2,71828)-0,05 = 0,951229
69
Nhn xt:
Phng thc gp li lin tc cho gi tr tng lai ln hn gp li ri rc.
Chnh lch gia gi tr hin ti ca chit khu lin tc v chit khu 1 ln s khng
ng k nu li sut thp hn 10% . Ngc li chnh lch cng cao khi li sut cao.
Ta c th chuyn i tng ng gia li sut r (li nhp vn 1 ln /nm) v li sut
lin tc j (= ln(1 + r) minh ha qua bng 6.2.
Bng 5.5. Mi tng quan gia li sut r v li sut lin tc j
Li sut lin tc tng ng j
Li sut nm r
0,01
0,00995
0,05
0,04879
0,10
0,09531
0,15
0,13976
Th d: Cng ty tr khon n vi li sut danh ngha 12% nm li c nhp vn.

Hy tnh li sut thc (APR):
Bng 5.6. Bng tnh li sut thc APR theo thi gian li nhp vn
Thi gian li nhp vn
APR
Mi nm mt ln
0,12 = 12%
Su thng mt ln
( 1 + 0,12/2)2 1
12,36%
Mt thng mt ln
( 1,01)12 1 = 0,1268 = 12,68%
Lin tc
E0,12 1 = 0,1275 = 12,75%
0,1236
e. Thanh ton lin tc

Thay v nhn s tin u vo cui mi nm, khon tin mi nm c chia u trong
nhiu ln thanh ton. Khi gi tr hin ti cho n nm, vi li sut j c nhp vn
lin tc l: PV = ( 1 e-jn ) / j
Th d: Cng ty DS d kin thu c 3.650.000 USD trong c nm. Cng ty p dng
t sut chit khu tng ng 5% cho k hn 6 thng, ta c gi tr hin ti PV cho
cc cch thanh ton khc nhau nh sau:
Bng 5.7. Gi tr PV ca cng ty DS
Thanh ton
Tnh r tng ng
Vo cui nm = (1,05)2 - 1 = 0,1025
Tnh PV
= 3.650.000 / 1,1025
70
= 3.310.658 USD
Vo gia nm = 1,05
= 3.650.000 / 1,05
= 3.476.190 USD
mi ( 1 + r )12 = 1,1025
Vo
thng
(1,1025)1/12 = 1,00816
=
11,38668
3.650.000/12
-> r = 0,00816
= 3.463.448 USD
B(12 ; 0,00816) = 11,38668

Vo mi ngy r = (1,1025)1/365 1 = 0,00026738
B( 365 ; r ) = 347,7105
Thanh ton ej = 1,1025
lin tc
j = ln (1,1025) = 0,09758
(1 e-j) / j = 0,95275885
= 347,7105 x 10.000
= 3.477.105 USD
=
0,95275885
3.650.000
= 3.477.570
Nhn xt:
Phn ln vic phn tch u da trn dng tin hng nm, vic chia nh thi gian l
khng nn do s thu d kin pht sinh khng u n .
a s trng hp ra quyt nh ti chnh th vic phn tch ch yu v gi tr nh tin
mt gia tng hoc cc dng tin mt khc. Thng c 3 bc trong vic phn tch ny:
1. Tnh mc gia tng dng tin mt .
2. Phn tch cc iu kin bt nh khi dng tin mt khng bit chc.
3. Phn tch gi tr theo thi gian ca tin t.
Cc vn trnh by trn gip cho vic phn tch bc 3, qua xc nh gi tr
hin ti v gi tr tng lai ca cc khon tin tin cy nhn c hay c thanh ton
trong cc thi k khc nhau. Khi nim gi tr theo thi gian l mt khi nim quan
trng nh gi ti chnh ca D n u t.
5.3.3. S dng cc hm Exel tnh chit khu
5.3.3.1. Hm FV tnh gi tr tng lai ca tin t
ngha: Hm FV tnh gi tr tng lai nhn c ng vi s tin trong hin ti.
C php:
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
Rate l li sut mi k.
Nper l tng s k gi.
Pmt l s tin gi vo mi k, s tin ny phi u nhau. Nu khng gi b
sung th i s ny l 0.
71
Pv l s tin gi ban u ngoi s tin gi b sung mi k.

Type c mt trong hai gi tr 0 v 1
0 nu li sut r tnh vo cui k, 1 nu li sut r tnh vo u k
Gi tr mc nhin l 0
Ch : li sut Rate phi cng n v tnh vi tng s k Nper, theo thng, qu, hoc
nm.
TH D 1: hiu r s dng hm FV chng ta theo di th d sau
Ngn hng CitiBank c li sut tin gi hng thng l 0,5%, li tin gi khng rt
s c nhp vn. Khch hng A gi tin vo Ngn hng l 2400 USD, Khch
hng B gi vo u k l 1200USD, mi thng gi b sung 500USD, Khch hng
C gi mi thng l 100USD.
Hy xc nh s tin nhn c sau 2 nm ca cc khch hng, c bit trong thi
gian gi, cc khch hng khng rt tin li v c nhp vn.
xc nh kt qu, chng ta s tnh gi tr tin gi theo trng hp li khng rt v
c nhp vo vn bng hm FV.
Chng ta t chc trn bng tnh Excel v s dng hm FV xc nh s tin mi
khch hng
Bng 5.8. S tin mi khch hng nhn c sau 2 nm
A
KH A
KH B
KH C
S tin nhn c trong tng lai
Li sut thng (Rate)
0.50%
S thng gi (Nper)
24
4
5
6
S tin gi hin ti (u
k) (PV)
2400
1200
S tin b sung trong k

(PMT)
50
100
S tin nhn c sau 2

nm
$ 2,705
$ 2,624 $ 2,543
Trong :
cell B8 cha cng thc =-FV($B$2,$B$3,B7,B6)
cell C8 cha cng thc =-FV($B$2,$B$3,C7,C6)
72
cell D8 cha cng thc =-FV($B$2,$B$3,D7,D6)

Nhn xt :
Hm FV lun a ra kt qu l s m, chng ta mun cho kt qu l s dng th
du tr trc hm FV.
Khi khng c thng s Type mc nhin c gi tr 0 (nhn c cui k).
Trong cng thc ca cell B8, thng s rate v Nper c a ch tuyt i autofill
sang cc cell C8 v D8.
Qua th d trn, chng ta d dng rt ra cch s dng hm FV, th d trn ch l mt
cch t chc, chng ta c th t chc trn bng tnh Excel cch khc tnh ra kt qu
bng hm FV.
5.3.3.2. Hm PV tnh theo gi tr hin ti ca tin t d kin thu c trong tng
lai
ngha: Hm PV tnh gi tr hin ti ca mt s tin d kin nhn c vo mt
thi im tng lai.
C php :
PV(rate,nper,pmt,FV,type)
Rate l li sut mi k.
Nper l tng s k gi.
Pmt l s tin gi vo mi k, s tin ny phi u nhau. Nu khng gi b
sung th i s ny l 0.
FV l s tin d kin nhn c k tng lai cn quy v hin ti.
Type c mt trong hai gi tr 0 v 1
0 nu li sut r tnh vo cui k, 1 nu li sut r tnh vo u k,
Gi tr mc nh l 0
Ch : li sut Rate phi cng n v tnh vi tng s k Nper, theo thng, qu, hoc
nm.
TH D 2: hiu r cch s dng hm PV chng ta theo di th d sau
Nh u t Ba Qunh ang nui tm hm, d kin sau 4 nm s thu c 600 triu
ng. Nh vy s tin tng ng bao nhiu trong thi im hin ti vi li sut
l 9%/nm?
Chng ta s dng hm PV tnh nh sau: =PV(9%,4,0,600,0) = - 425
NHN XT:
Nh vy s tin thu c sau 4 nm l 600 triu s tng ng vi 425 triu hin ti
ng vi li sut 9%
Hm PV lun a ra kt qu l s m, nu chng ta mun c kt qu l s dng th
chng ta a du tr vo trc hm PV.
73
Trong th d trn thng s th 3 bng 0 do chng ta khng c thu tin cc nm gia

k, v thng s t 5 bng 0 do li sut 9%/nm lnh vo cui k.
5.4. Thi gian hon vn c chit khu
Bn cnh NPV v IRR, ch tiu thi gian hon vn cng rt c quan tm. Theo th
d trn, chng ta c th tnh TGHV nh sau :
Bng 5.9. Thi gian hon vn
Nm
Dng tin d n
-8123
750
2660
3040
2780
1790
Ly k dng tin tch ly
-8123
(7,373)
(4,713)
(1,673)
1,107
2,897
Theo tnh ton trn th sau 3 nm v khong 7 thng th s tin thu b p c s tin
u t ban u. Nh vy 3 nm 7 thng l TGHV.
Tuy nhin cch tnh ny cha ph hp v chng ta khng th so snh trc tip s tin
vi nhng thi im khc nhau, m phi quy v hin ti mi c th so snh
TGHV c chit khu chnh l cch tnh m ti s tin cc nm ca d n c quy
v nm 0. Theo kt qu nh sau :
Bng 5.10. Thi gian hon vn c chit khu
Nm
Dng tin d n
-8123
750
2660
3040
2780
1790
Quy v hin ti (12%)
-8123
670
2,121
2,164
1,767
1,016
Ly k dng tin tch

ly (12%)
-8123 (7,453) (5,333) (3,169) (1,402)
(387)
Quy v hin ti (8%)
(8,123)
1,218
Ly k dng tin tch

ly (8%)
(8,123) (7,429) (5,148) (2,735) (691)
694
2,281
2,413
2,043
527
TGHVC
K
>5 nm
4nm
7thng
Vi TSCK 12%, th DA khng hon vn sau 5 nm vng i d n.

Vi TSCK 8%, th TGHV c chit khu ca DA l 4 nm 7 thng.
74
Chng 6: MT S KT QU NGHIN CU
6.1. QU TRNH P DNG SN XUT SCH HN VIT NAM
nc ta, SXSH mi c trin khai hn ch mc thm d v pilot trnh din. C
th xem ti "Nghin cu tn thu, x l cht thi cng nghip v mt s cng ngh
khng (hoc t) cht thi" (KT.02.06) trong chng trnh nghin cu cp Nh nc v
bo v mi trng (KT.02) t 1991-1995 l cng vic u tin theo hng SXSH.
ti ny do Trung tm Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (CEST) ca trng i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni thc hin vi s cng tc ca Vin Ha hc, Trung tm KHTN &
CNQG, v Vin ha Cng nghip. ti cung cp mt s tng qun v cng
nghip v mi trng v la ra cc ngnh tim tng cc c hi SXSH l cng nghip
dt, giy, thc phm v ha cht.
Tip , nm 1996, Ngn hng Th gii kt hp vi Cc Mi trng t chc cc
lp tp hun gii thiu v "Phng nga nhim cng nghip" H Ni v TP H Ch
Minh, ch yu cho cn b qun l mi trng v B Cng nghip. Cc lp hc ny
mi ch dng li mc i cng nhm nng cao nhn thc cho cc cn b hoch
nh chnh sch.
Cng t nm 1995 n nay, k thut nh gi SXSH (hay cn gi l Kim ton gim
thiu cht thi) c gii thiu trong cc d n trnh din ti mt s c s cng
nghip ngnh dt, giy, ch bin thc phm v ha cht do cc t chc quc t ti tr.
Kt qu trnh din ca d n "Gim nhim cng nghip Thnh ph H Ch Minh"
(TF/VIE/97/001) ca UNIDO-SIDA trong thi gian 1997-1999 v d n "Trung tm
Sn xut sch Vit nam (US/VIE/96/063) ca UNIDO-SECO trong giai on 1 (19982000) l rt kh qun.
Vi d n "Gim thiu nhim cng nghip Thnh ph H Ch Minh", c 6
doanh nghip ca thnh ph tham d vi s h tr v gim st ca S Khoa hc, Cng
ngh & Mi trng thnh ph. gim c 20-50% lng nc thi, 10-60% lng
pht thi kh v trn 10% cht thi rn, cc doanh nghip u t 6 t ng cho cc
gii php SXSH. im khc bit trong u t ny so vi u t x l cui ng ng
l thi gian hn vn rt ngn (2-18 thng) do li ch kinh t ca cc gii php SXSH
em li. y l cc kt qu tt cho cc doanh nghip thuc ngnh giy, dt, v thc
phm ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Vi d n "Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam", 13 doanh nghip tham gia trnh din
k thut vng 1, thng qua p dng cc gii php ngn v trung hn, cc doanh nghip
thuc ngnh dt tit kim c 0,03-1 t ng/nm; ngnh giy t 1,3 - 2,2 t
ng/nm; ngnh ch bin thc phm l 0,3 t ng/nm v ngnh sn phm kim loi
l 0,1 - 0,5 t ng/nm. T gc mi trng, vic gim tiu th nguyn, nhin liu
dn n gim 15-20% nc thi vi ti lng hu c gim cao nht l 30%; lng
kh nh knh pht sinh gim 5-35% v cc ha cht, cht thi rn gim ng k. Cc
kt qu c th cho cc gii php ang thc hin vn ang c tip tc tng kt.
75
6.2. CC KT QU NGHIN CU IN HNH VIT NAM

Sn xut sch hn c a vo thc tin thc hnh Vit Nam trong mt vi nm
gn y. Mc d vy, s lng cc nghin cu in hnh c bo co mt cch hon
chnh cn rt hn ch. Danh sch cc nghin cu di y ch bao gm nhng doanh
nghip tham gia gn y nht.
Cc nghin cu v sn xut sch hn t d n Gim nhim Cng nghip ti Thnh
ph H Ch Minh TF/VIE/97/001 ca UNIDO:
Cng ty Thc phm Thin Hng
Vit Nam K ngh Sc sn VISSAN
Cng ty Giy Xun c
Cng ty Giy Linh Xun
Cng ty Dt Phc Long
C s Dt nhum Thun Thin
Cc nghin cu v sn xut sch hn c tin hnh di s h tr ca Trung tm Sn
xut sch Vit Nam:
Cng ty Ch bin Lng thc v Thc phm Ninh Bnh
X nghip Thu c sn xut khu Nam
Cng ty TNHH Hi Long
X nghip Ch bin hng xut khu Cu Tre
Cng ty C phn Dy li thp Nam nh.
VINAPIPE
Cng ty Giy Mai Lan
Cng ty Giy Vnh Hu
Cng ty Giy Vit Tr
Cng ty Dt nhum Trung Th
Cng ty Dt Si Gn
C s Nhum Nht Tr
Cng ty Dt la Nam nh
Bng 6.1. Tm tt cc kt qu nghin cu v sn xut sch hn trong ngnh bia
v nc gii kht
Cng ty v phm vi
trin khai
Cc kt qu
Cng ty Ch bin u t: 37,5 triu ng

Lng thc v Thc
Thi gian Vi s h
tr ca
1999-2000 Trung tm
Sn xut
76
phm Ninh Bnh Phn Tit kim: 345 triu ng / nm

xng bia
Tng 11% sn lng; 27% cht
Bia chai: 5 triu lt /nm lng sn phm; to ra 67,6% sn
phm ph, gim 7% nguyn liu
tiu th, 6,6% t tr lc, 4% nc,
11% in v 13,4% than
sch Vit
Nam
Gim 14% nc thi, 13% bia tht

thot vo nc thi, 16% ho cht,
67,8 tn kh nh knh v 10,4 tn
kh SO2
6.2.1. Cng ty Ch bin Lng thc v Thc phm Ninh Bnh: Phn xng Bia
Phn xng Bia Ninh Bnh sn xut bia cho th trng a phng vi cc thit b
tng i c. Nhm sn xut sch ca phn xng t chc cc bui lm vic
thng xuyn tho lun v kh nng gim thiu cc tn tht nng lng v cc
dng thi.
6.2.1.1. Cc kt qu
Trong qu trnh nh gi sn xut sch hn, nhm a ra c 69 gii php sn
xut sch hn. Phn ln cc gii php ny thuc nhm qun l ni vi tt v ti u ho
qu trnh sn xut. Hu ht cc gii php u c a vo trin khai. C 3 gii
php tng i phc tp cng s c thc hin trong nm nay. Cc gii php cn li
s c thc hin hoc s tip tc thu thp s liu tin hnh nh gi tnh kh thi
mt cch chi tit
6.2.1.2. Cc li ch v kinh t
Mt trong nhng gii php sn xut sch ca phn xng l thu hi dch ng t cn
lng nng. Gii php ny lm gim lng nguyn liu tiu th tro mt lt bia v tit
kim cho cng ty 162 triu ng / nm. Cc gii php khc nhm ci thin vic bo
dng v vn hnh ni hi cng tit kim cho cng ty khong 14% nhin liu.
Vi tng s tin u t l 37,5 triu ng, cng ty c tnh s tit kim c 345 triu
ng mt nm. Nh vy, thi gian hon vn l di 2 thng.
6.2.1.3. Cc li ch v mi trng
Nh c vic trin khai sn xut sch hn, cng ty gim c ti lng nhim kh
25% nh vic gim lng in v than tiu th. Vic thu hi dch ng cng ng
gp ng k vo vic gim ti lng nhim n mi trng nc.
6.2.1.3. Tip tc duy tr sn xut sch hn
Ban lnh o cng ty nhn thc rt r v hai li ch kt hp ca sn xut sch hn:
gim nhim v gim chi ph sn xut. i sn xut sch ti Cng ty vn t chc cc
bui lm vic ni b thng xuyn duy tr chng trnh ny.
Bng 6.2. Ngnh ch bin thc phm
Cng ty v
Cc kt qu
Thi gian
Vi s
77
phm vi
trin khai
h tr
ca
u t: 226 triu ng
1999-2000 Trung
Cng ty
tm Sn
TNHH Hi Tit kim: 177 triu ng / nm
xut sch
Long
Vi dy chuyn sn xut mi, cng ty mt thm
Vit
Agar-agar: 5% nguyn liu tiu th, nhng gim c 42%
Nam
36 tn/nm axit acetic, 100% borat, 25% Javen, 35% kim
v gim c ng k lng in, nc v than
tiu th (c tnh 216 triu ng)
Hng nm gim thi 2880 lt axit, 1,08 tn
borac, 19,62 tn kim, 13,57 tn Javen v 33,5%
(4,8 tn) cht thi rn ra mi trng
u t: 0,7 triu ng
X nghip
Ch bin
Tit kim: 93,45 triu ng / nm
Thu c
sn Nam Gim lng nguyn liu tiu th: 8% c ng
c, 1,5% cc ng xp, 3.1% cc sn v
Fi l c: 3.3 20.5% lng in tiu th
tn / nm
X nghip
Ch bin
hng Xut
khu Cu
Tre
Mc: 360
tn / nm
u t: 25 triu ng
Tit kim: 159,6 triu ng / nm
Gim 48% lng nc tiu th (t 44,5 m3 / tn
mc xung 23 m3/tn) v gim thi gian ch
bin 1 tn sn phm t 4 gi xung 2.5 gi.
Hng thng gim 200 lt clo tiu th
1999-2000
Trung
tm Sn
xut sch
Vit
Nam
1999-2000
Trung
tm Sn
xut sch
Vit
Nam
u t: 840 triu ng
1998-1999 UNIDO
Cng ty
TF/VIE/
Thc phm Tit kim: 8960 triu ng / nm
97/001
Thin
Gim
68%
lng
nc
thi,
30-35%
ti
lng
Hng
nhim hu c v gim lng ng k kh thi
Tp trung
Lp t h thng kim tra tiu th nguyn liu
vo qu
theo 27 ch tiu
trnh sn
xut m n Gim lng m vn t 9% xung 3%. Tng 25%
lin
cng sut sn xut.
Vit nam
K ngh
Sc sn
Vissan
Tp trung
u t: 140 triu ng
Tit kim: 392 triu ng / nm
1998-1999 UNIDO
TF/VIE/
97/001
Gim 20% lng nc thi, 33% ti lng

nhim hu c, 27% cht thi rn v gim ng
78
vo xng
git m
k lng kh thi.
Tng lng tit thu hi. Vn chuyn kh cc b
phn ni tng. Vng tun hon nc lm lnh
kn
6.2.2. Cng ty Thc phm Thin Hng

Bng 6.3. D n trnh din k thut ti Cng ty Thc phm Thin Hng
840 triu ng (62.000 la M)
u t
Tit kim hng nm 8960 triu ng (663.700 la M)

Thi gian hon vn
< 2 thng
Li ch v mi
trng
Gim 68% nc thi

Gim 30-35% ti lng nhim hu c
Gim ng k pht thi kh
Thay i trong qun Lp t h thng kim sot nguyn liu tiu th vi 27 ch tiu.
l
Xy dng h thng thng-pht i vi cng nhn ci thin
hiu qu s dng ti nguyn
Ci thin cht lng Ci thin thi gian lu gi sn phm
sn phm
Gim t l m vn t 9% xung 3%
Tng 25% cng sut sn xut
6.2.3. Vit nam K ngh sc sn VISSAN
Bng 6.4. Tm tn d n trnh din k thut ti l m Vissan
u t
135 triu ng (USD 10,000)
Tit kim
392 triu ng (USD 28,000)
Thi gian
hon vn
< 5 thng
Li ch v
mi trng
Gim 20% nc thi

Gim 33% ti lng nhim hu c
Gim 27% cht thi rn
Gim ng k pht thi kh
Thay i
trong qun
Gim st kim sot lng tiu th ca cc nguyn liu chnh
79
Lu tr s liu v bo co hp l
o to khuyn khch cc khch hng / nhn vin thu gi ti a
lng mu v cc b phn ph v gim lng nc tiu th
Thng k v lu tr tht lnh hp l
Tn thu sn
phm ph
Tng cng tn thu tit dng nui c

Vn chuyn kh cc b phn ph v ni tng dng lm phn
Tun hon kn nc lm lnh
6.2.4. Sn phm kim loi

Bng 6.5. Ngnh sn xut cc sn phm kim loi
Cng ty v phm vi
trin khai
Cc kt qu
Nm
Vi s
h tr
ca
1999-2000 Trung
Cng ty C phn Dy u t: 320 triu ng
tm Sn
li thp Nam nh
Tit kim: 139 triu ng/nm
xut
Dy m km tp trung Gim 39% sn phm cht slng km,
sch
ch yu vo khu lm 47% sn phm x l li, gim 2% HCl
Vit
sch: 9000 tn / nm
tiu th, 2% st, 4.6% in v 13,3%
Nam
than
Tng pH trong nc thi t 4,5 ln 5,0.
gim 3% nc thi v 70% pht tn
kh
u t: 191 triu ng
1999-2000 Trung
tm sn
ng m km: 15,000 tn Tit kim: 3.663 triu ng / nm
xut
/ nm
Gim lng km tiu th t 120 kg/tn
sch
sn phm xung 93 kg/tn sn phm
Vit
(22%), gim lng axit thi ra mi
Nam
trng
VINAPIPE
6.2.5. Giy v bt giy

Bng 6.6. Ngnh giy v bt giy
Cng ty v phm
vi trin khai
X nghip Giy
Mai Lan
Cc kt qu
u t: 120 triu ng
Tit kim: 1314 triu ng / nm
Nm
19992000
Vi s h
tr ca
Trung tm
Sn xut
80
Giy v sinh: 1500 Tng 4% sn lng, gim 5% sn phm

tn/ nm
x l li, gim 13% nguyn liu, 23%
nc, 19% in v 16% du FO tiu th
sch Vit
nam
Gim 4% nc thi, 35% pht tn kh,

20% thnh phn x si trong nc thi
u t: 670 triu ng
19992000
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
1999Cng ty Giy Vit u t: 245 triu ng

2000
Tr
Dy chuyn sn Tng 2% sn lng, gim lng nguyn
xut giy s 2: liu tiu th gm 6% bt giy, 2,6% xt,
9000 tn / nm
29% cht ty, 15% nc, 3,6% in v
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
Cng ty Giy
Vnh Hu
Tit kim: 1279 triu ng/ nm
Giy bao gi: 1653 Dy chuyn sn xut carton: gim 11%

tn/ nm; giy v bt giy, 18% nc v 17% du FO tiu
sinh: 643 tn/nm th
Dy chuyn giy v sinh: gim 59% bt
giy, 17% nc v 6% du FO tiu th
Gim 28% nc thi, 20% ti lng
nhim v 6,6 tn SO2 / nm
4% than
Hng nm gim 550,000m3 nc thi,
30% ti lng hu c v 330 tn kh nh
knh
Cng ty Giy
Xun c
u t: 20 triu ng
19981999
UNIDO
TF/VIE/97
/001
19981999
UNIDO
TF/VIE/97
/001
Ba carton khng Gim 33% nc thi, 20% ti lng

ty v giy duplex: nhim hu c, 30% pht thi kh v 30%
10 tn / ngy
cht thi rn
Nh vic gim t l giy rch, sn lng
ca dy chuyn sn xut tng ln 5%
Cng ty Giy
Linh Xun
u t: 700 triu ng

Giy v sinh: 2000 Gim 45% nc thi, 35% ti lng
tn / nm
nhim h c, 20% pht thi kh v 30%
cht thi rn
Tng nng sut do gim t l giy rch.
81
6.2.5.1. Cng ty Giy Xun c

Cng ty Giy Xun c l c s sn xut ba carton v duplex khng ty t loi x si
th cp vi cng sut lp t 10 tn / ngy. Cng ty c 180 ngi v tng doanh thu
hng nm l 10 triu la M. Sn phm ca cng ty c tiu th ti th trng trong
nc, ch yu l phc v cng nghip. y l mt doanh nghip nh nc c h thng
qun l c hiu qu. Cng ty cng b c quan qun l mi trng lit k vo danh
sch "s en" do thi vo h thng ca thnh ph mt lng ln nc thi khng qua
x l. Trn th gii, cng nh mt s ngnh khc, ngnh giy v bt giy qua giai
on suy thoi. Cng ty Giy Xun c cng ang chu p lc ci thin hin trng
kinh t ca mnh.
Cng ty Giy Xun c tham gia d n sn xut sch hn vi hai mc tiu gim chi
ph sn xut v gim ti lng nhim mi trng. Mc tiu th hai h tr cho
cng ty m bo tun th lut mi trng. i sn xut sch hn gm 7 thnh vin
c thnh lp di s ch o ca ph gim c v cn b iu hnh ca cng ty.
Trong giai on nh gi s b ca d n v da trn lng nguyn liu tiu th, cng
ty chn ra cc phm vi sau l i tng kim ton sn xut sch hn.
Tit kim nc
Tit kim du t (nhin liu) v nng lng in
Tit kim nguyn liu th v ho cht
Gim t l giy rch (b loi trong qu trnh hon tt / giy l)
Bng 6.7. Tm tt d n trnh din sn xut sch hn ti Cng ty Giy Xun c
u t
20 triu ng (USD 15,000)
Tit kim
1288 triu ng (USD 96,000)
Thi gian hon < 2 thng

vn
Li ch v mi Gim 33% nc thi
trng
Gim 20% ti lng nhim
Gim 30% pht thi kh
Gim 30% cht thi rn
Thay i trong H thng qun l gim st lng nguyn liu tiu th v t l giy
qun l
rch (giy l v cc loi giy loi khc) hng ngy
Ci thin cht Gim t l giy rch t b phn giy hon tt
lng sn phm Tng 5% sn lng
82
6.2.5.2. Cng ty Giy Linh Xun

Cng ty Giy Linh Xun l doanh nghip sn xut giy v bt giy qui m va t giy
loi v tre na, vi cng sut thit k cho giy v sinh l 2000 tn/nm, cho giy vng
m l 5000 tn/nm. Sau ny, cng ty chuyn b phn sn xut giy vng m cho
mt cng ty khc v do nghin cu ny ch cn gii hn trong phn sn xut giy
v sinh.
Giy v sinh ch yu c tiu th th trng trong nc nhng vic kinh doanh ny
gp mt vi cnh tranh, v c nhu cu th trng v khong li nhun thu c; do
cng ty ang tm cch m rng ra th trng xut khu v thy r s cn thit sphi
ci thin cht lng sn phm. Do ti lng nhim hu c cao v c lng v nng
t phn dch en pht sinh ra trong qu trnh lm bt giy t tre na, cng ty b
c quan qun l mi trng lit k vo danh sch trong "s en". Nhu cu ci thin
cht lng v hin trng mi trng chnh l hai ng lc ch yu cng ty tham gia
chng trnh trnh din k thut v sn xut sch hn.
Mt i sn xut sch hn gm 7 thnh vin di s gim st ca Ph Gim c ph
trch sn xut c thnh lp. i tp trung quan tm vo vn gim lng nc,
ho cht ty, tiu th, gim lng giy loi, nhin liu v nng lng in cng nh
kim sot hp l nh lng x si trong sn phm. Sau khi tin hnh nh gi chi tit
v sn xut sch hn v x l s liu, cng ty chn ra c 34 gii php sn xut
sch hn mang tnh kh thi thc hin. n nay c 19 gii php c trin khai
vi s vn u t khim tn l 700 triu ng (50.000 la M). Cc gii php ny
trc tip tit kim hng nm cho cng ty 1400 triu ng (100.000 la M). Nh
vy, thi gian hon vn trung bnh l 6 thng. Cc kt qu ti chnh v mi trng i
vi my xeo mi lp t xeo ra giy v sinh t i nh lng thp cha c tnh
vo kt qu ca nghin cu ny. Cc li ch v mi trng ch yu l gim c 45%
nc thi, gim ng k ti lng nhim hu c v hp cht hu c ca clo do gim
c 39% ho cht ty, gim c khong 35% pht thi kh do vic gim 33% nhin
liu tiu th. Sau khi thc hin cc gii php sn xut sch hn cn li, lu lng v
ti lng nhim nc thi s cn tip tc c gim thm. Cng ty cng ci thin
h thng qun l m bo kim sot tt lng nguyn liu tiu th, cht lng giy
v t l giy rch ca thnh phm, nhm gim t l x l li. Hin nay, cc bo co v
sn lng v nguyn liu tiu th c ghi li hng ngy v c thc hin cc gii php
iu chnh nu cn thit.
S liu v bo co kim ton khng c ghi chp y , km hiu bit v khi nim
sn xut sch hn v cc thi khc nhau i vi vic thay i khi thc hin l
nhng tr ngi gp phi trong qu trnh nh gi s b. Mc d vy, vi mt s kinh
nghim v mt vi kt qu v sn xut sch hn trc y, v d nh kim sot s thay
i ca nh lng giy, lm thay i v c qun l v thi ca cc cn b. Hn
50% gii php sn xut sch hn c thc hin bng chnh ni lc ca cng ty
trong thi gian tng i ngn. Ban lnh o cng quyt nh xem xt nh gi sn
xut sch hn do iu kin thay i ca vic chuyn giao qu trnh sn xut giy vng
m.
83
Bng 6.8. D n trnh din sn xut sch hn ti Cng ty Giy Linh Xun
u t
700 triu ng (USD 55,000)
Tit kim
1400 triu ng (USD 100,000)
Thi gian hon vn
< 6 thng
Li ch v mi trng
Gim 45% lng nc thi

Gim 35%* ti lng nhim
Gim 20%* pht thi kh
Gim 30% cht thi rn
Thay i trong qun l
H thng quan trc gim st lng nguyn liu tiu

th
Kim sot cht lng v t l giy rch
Ci thin cht lng sn nh lng giy ng u

phm
C kh nng sn xut giy v sinh t mng kp
Sn lng tng do gim t l giy rch
* Cc s liu c c tnh da trn lng nguyn liu tiu th gim.
6.2.6. Ngnh dt
Bng 6.9. D n sn xut sch hn mt s nh my dt
Cng ty v
phm vi
trin khai
Cc kt qu
u t: 715 triu ng
Cng ty
Dt la
Nam nh
Tng 6% sn phm cht lng cao, gim 3% t l
Vi nhum: x l li v gim 16,208m3 nc / nm
13.000 tn /
nm
C s
nhum
Nht tr
u t: 86.44 triu ng
Tit kim: 1023 triu ng/ nm
Tng 8% sn phm cht lng cao, gim 8% t l

Nhum
x l li, gim 63% nguyn liu (thuc nhum),
kho
gim 13% in, v 14,3% nhin liu
phecmtuya
:
720 Hng nm gim pht thi 4 tn thuc nhum, 88
Nm
Vi s h
tr ca
19992000
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
19992000
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
84
tn/nm
tn kh nh knh v 1,2 tn SO2 ra mi trng
Nhum si:
80 tn/nm
Cty Dt Si u t: 20.7 triu ng
Gn
Tit kim: 233 triu ng
H v
Gim 20% ho cht s dng, 25% thuc nhum,
nhum
8% in v 9% nhin liu tiu th
khn tm:
Hng nm gim pht thi 514kg thuc nhum v
144
10 tn kh nh knh ra mi trng
tn/nm
19992000
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
Cng
ty u t: 25 triu ng
Dt nhum Tit kim: 80.85 triu ng
Trung Th
Tng 17% sn phm cht lng cao (loi A), gim
Nhum vi 17% x l li, gim lng nguyn liu tiu th
qun i: (48% xt, 34% axit, 46% soa, 15% hydrosunfit v
150
cc ho cht khc)
tn/nm
19992000
Trung tm
Sn xut
sch Vit
Nam
u t: 61 triu ng
Cng ty
Dt Phc Tit kim: 565 triu ng/nm
Long
Gim 26% nc thi, gim ng k pht thi kh v
Phn xng gim ti lng nhim
nhum B
Gim t l sn phm hng v thm mt mt hng
mi
19981999
UNIDO
TF/VIE/97/
001
19981999
UNIDO
TF/VIE/97/
001
C s dt
nhum
Thun
Thin
u t: 1400 triu ng
Gim 34% nc thi, 30% ti lng nhim hu
c, 70% pht thi kh.
Xy dng h thng lu tr v bo co cc s liu
u vo v u ra, gim t l x l li. Tng sn
lng ln 30%.
Bng 6.10. Tm tt d n trnh din k thut ti Cng ty Dt Phc Long
u t
61 triu ng (USD 4,400)
Tit kim
565 triu ng/nm (USD 40,000)
Thi gian hon vn
< 2 thng
Li ch mi trng
Gim 26% nc thi
85
Gim ng k pht thi kh

Gim ti lng nhim
Ci thin cht lng sn phm
Gim t l sn phm loi do bn

a thm sn phm mi vo *
Bng 6.11. Tm tt d n trnh din k thut ti c s dt nhum Thun Thin

u t
1400 triu ng (USD 100,000)
Tit kim
1000 triu ng/nm (USD 75,000)
Thi gian hon vn
1.5 nm
Li ch mi trng
Gim 34% nc thi

Gim 30% ti lng nhim
Gim 70% pht thi kh
Thay i trong qun l
Cc h thng lu tr v bo co cc s liu u vo v
u ra
Ci thin cht lng sn Qu trnh hon tt sn phm c ci thin

phm
Gim t l loi b / x l li vi
Tng 30% sn lng
86
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Vin KHCN & QLMT Gio trnh Sn xut sch hn HCN Tp. HCM, 2008.
[1]. Cleaner production - SWECO International, 1/1998.
[2]. S dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu Vit nam - B KH-CN-MT,
12/1997.
[3]. Anton Blazel & Olav S. Nedenes - Cleaner Production: Principles and
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[4]. Cleaner production - UNIDO, 10/1999.
[5]. Cleaner Production Training - IVAM Environmental Research, 1998
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Giaotrinh SXsachhon DHCNTPHCM

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Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

3.1.5. Rn luyn nhn s .................................................................................. 31

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

1.1.2.2. So snh Sn xut sch hn v Kim sot nhim

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

1.2.3. Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Ngn nga nhim v ti s dng cht thi ti ni sn xut.

Gim thiu (ti

Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh kim sot nhim cng nghip

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

hot ng ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y v h tr sn xut sch

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Chin lc pht trin bn vng c t c hay khng, hon ton ph thuc vo s kt

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

S dng c hiu qu ti a cc ti nguyn.

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

nghip v cc nc khc nhau. Nu iu ny xy ra th khng th trng ch bn thn

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Chi ph ci thin cc nh hng ny.

Hnh 1.4. nh gi vng i T ci ni n ngi m

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Ci thin cc dch v v tiu dng trong cng ng.

Xy dng nng lc thng qua pht trin v thc hin cc chng

Khuyn khch lng ghp cc chin lc phng nga tt c cc cp

Nghin cu v Xy dng cc gii php i mi thng qua thc y chuyn i t u

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Thc thi p dng chng trnh sn xut sch hn thng qua t ra

1.8.2.1. Cc ro cn c tnh h thng

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Xem xt vic bo dng Sn xut sch ti ch

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

S thnh hnh ch kch thch ti chnh lm ngi ta quan tm n lng sn

1.8.6.1. Cc ro cn v pha nh nc / chnh quyn

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

CHNG 2: NH GI SN XUT SCH HN

Hnh 2.1. Cc bc nh gi sn xut sch hn

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Chc danh trong nh my

o Qun c Phn xng

Mc tiu sn xut sch hn ca Nh my;

Bn cnh , vic a vo nhm mt thnh vin l chuyn gia v sn xut sch hn t

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM

Gio trnh: Sn xut sch hn

Hnh 2.1. Lit k cc cng on sn xut

Vin KHCN & QLMT - Trng HCN TP.HCM