Kin trc my tnh

Chng 5
B NH MY TNH

Ni dung chng 5
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

5.1. Tng quan h thng nh

1. Cc c trng ca h thng nh
2. Phn cp h thng nh ca my tnh

1. Cc c trng ca h thng nh
V tr:

Bn trong CPU: tp thanh ghi

B nh trong: b nh chnh v cache
B nh ngoi: cc thit b nh

Dung lng:

di t nh (tnh bng bit)

S lng t nh

n v truyn:

Theo tng t nh
Theo tng khi (block) nh

Phng php truy cp:

Truy cp tun t (bng t)

Truy cp trc tip (cc loi a)
Truy cp ngu nhin (b nh bn dn)
Truy cp lin kt (cache)
4

Cc c trng ca h thng nh
Hiu nng:

Thi gian truy cp

Chu k nh
Tc truyn

Kiu vt l:

B nh bn dn
B nh t
B nh quang

Cc c tnh vt l:

Kh bin (mt in th mt thng tin) / Khng kh bin

Xa c / Khng xa c

T chc
5

2. Phn cp h thng nh ca MT
B vi x l
CPU

Tp
thanh
ghi

B
nh
Cache
L1

B
nh
Cache
L2

B
nh
chnh

B
nh
ngoi

B nh
mng

Dung lng , tc , tn sut CPU truy cp , gi thnh / bit thng tin ,

6

H thng nh ca my tnh (tip)

Tp thanh ghi (Registers):

L thnh phn nh nm trong CPU, c coi l mc nh u tin

Cha cc thng tin phc v cho hot ng thi im hin ti ca
CPU

B nh m nhanh (Cache):

B nh c tc nhanh c t gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm

tng tc truy cp b nh ca CPU.
Thng c chia thnh mt vi mc (L1, L2)

B nh chnh (Main Memory):

Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng.

B nh ngoi (External Memory):

Cha cc ti nguyn phn mm ca my tnh.

5. B nh my tnh
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

5.2. B nh bn dn

1. Phn loi
2. M hnh c bn ca chip nh

1. Phn loi
Kiu b nh
Read Only Memory
(ROM)
Programmable ROM
(PROM)
Erasable PROM
(EPROM)
Electrically Erasable
PROM (EEPROM)

Tiu
chun
B nh
ch c

B nh
hu nh
ch c

Flash memory
Random Access
Memory (RAM)

B nh
c-ghi

Kh nng xo

Khng xo
c
bng tia cc tm,
c chip
bng in,
mc tng byte

C ch ghi

Tnh
kh bin

Mt n

Bng in

Khng
kh bin

bng in,
tng khi
bng in,
mc tng byte

Bng in

Kh bin
10

ROM (Read Only Memory)

B nh khng kh bin
Lu tr cc thng tin sau:

Th vin cc chng trnh con

Cc chng trnh iu khin h thng (BIOS)
Cc bng chc nng
Vi chng trnh

ROM (tip)
Cc loi b nh ROM:

Maskable ROM (ROM mt n): thng tin c ghi khi ch to

PROM (Programmable ROM):
Khi ch to cha c thng tin
Cho php ghi thng tin c 1 ln bng thit b chuyn dng

EPROM (Erasable PROM):

Cho php xa bng tia cc tm
Ghi li bng thit b np EPROM

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM):

C th xa bng tn hiu in v ghi li thng tin ngay trong mch lm
vic (khng cn thit b ghi ring)
C th xa v ghi li mc tng Byte
Dung lng nh

Flash Memory: ging EEPROM nhng:

c/ghi theo tng block
Tc rt nhanh
Dung lng ln
12

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory): b nh truy cp
ngu nhin
c im:

L b nh c/ghi (Read/Write Memory RWM)

B nh kh bin
Cha cc thng tin tm thi

13

RAM (tip)
Cc loi b nh RAM:

SRAM (Static): RAM tnh

Mi phn t nh l mt mch lt 2 trng thi n nh thng tin trn
SRAM n nh
Tc nhanh
Dung lng chip nh nh
Gi thnh t
Thng dng lm b nh Cache

DRAM (Dynamic): RAM ng

Mi phn t nh l mt t in rt nh c sau mt khong thi gian
th in tch trn t in s b mt, cho nn thng tin trn DRAM khng
n nh khc phc bng mch lm ti (refresh) DRAM
Tc chm (do mt thi gian lm ti DRAM)
Dung lng chip nh ln
Gi thnh r
Thng dng lm b nh chnh
14

Cc DRAM tin tin

Enhanced DRAM
Cache DRAM
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): lm vic c
ng b bi xung clock
DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)

2. M hnh c bn ca chip nh
T nh 0
T nh 1

A0
A1
A2
.
.

B
gii
m
a
ch

.
.
.

D0

T nh 2

Ma trn
nh
n
2 x m bit

.
.

B
m
d
liu

An-1

D1
.
.
Dm-1

T nh 2n-1

iu khin c/ghi

CS

WE

OE
16

M hnh c bn ca chip nh (tip)

C n chn a ch (An-1 A0) : vn chuyn vo chip nh
c n bit a ch ng thi trong chip nh c 2n t nh.
C m chn d liu: (Dm-1 D0) : cho php vn chuyn ng
thi c m bit d liu di t nh l m bit.
Dung lng ca chip nh l: 2n x m bit
Cc chn tn hiu iu khin:

CS (Chip Select): tn hiu iu khin chn chip nh lm vic

OE (Output Enable): tn hiu iu khin c d liu ca 1 t nh
c xc nh.
WE (Write Enable): tn hiu iu khin ghi d liu vo 1 t nh
c xc nh.

17

Hot ng ca chip nh
Hot ng c:

Cc bit a ch c a n cc chn a ch.

Tn hiu iu khin chn chip nh lm vic c a
n CS
Tn hiu iu khin c a n OE
D liu t ngn nh tng ng vi a ch c s
c a ra cc chn d liu.

18

Hot ng ca chip nh (tip)

Hot ng ghi:

Cc bit a ch c a n cc chn a ch
D liu cn ghi c a n cc chn d liu
Tn hiu iu khin chn chip c a n CS
Tn hiu iu khin ghi c a n WE
D liu t cc chn d liu s c ghi vo ngn nh
tng ng.

19

5. B nh my tnh
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

20

5.3. B nh chnh

1. Cc c trng ca b nh chnh
2. T chc b nh an xen

21

1. Cc c trng ca b nh chnh
L thnh phn nh tn ti trn mi h thng my
tnh
Cha cc chng trnh ang c thc hin v
cc d liu ang c s dng
Bao gm cc ngn nh c nh a ch trc tip
bi CPU
Dung lng vt l ca b nh chnh khng gian
a ch b nh m CPU qun l
Vic qun l logic b nh chnh ty thuc vo h
iu hnh
22

2. T chc b nh an xen
rng ca bus d liu trao i vi b nh
chnh M = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit
Cc ngn nh c t chc theo tng Byte nh
T chc b nh chnh khc nhau

23

M = 8 bit
VD: Intel 8088
BN chnh l 1 bng (bank) nh tuyn tnh
1 Byte
0
1
2

Bus a ch
i
AN-1 A0

Bus d liu
D7 D0

24

M = 16 bit
VD: Intel 8086 80286
B nh chnh gm 2 bng (bank) nh an xen
Bng 1

A0
Byte
Word

BE1
To tn
hiu chn
Byte nh

Bng 0
1
3
5

0
2
4

2i+1

2i

BE 0
Bus a ch
AN-1 A1

BE 0

BE1
D15 D8

Bus d liu 16 bit

D7 D0

25

Cc trng hp khc
Vi M = 32 bit (80386, 80486): b nh chnh gm 4
bng nh an xen
Vi M = 64 bit (cc b x l Pentium): b nh
chnh gm 8 bng nh an xen

26

5. B nh my tnh
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

27

5.4. B nh cache
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Nguyn tc chung ca cache

Cc phng php nh x
Thut gii thay th
Phng php ghi d liu khi cache hit
Cache trn cc b x l Intel

28

1. Nguyn tc chung ca cache

Nguyn l cc b ho tham chiu b nh: Trong
mt khong thi gian nh CPU thng ch tham
chiu cc thng tin trong mt khi nh cc b
V d:

Cu trc chng trnh tun t

Vng lp c thn nh
Cu trc d liu mng

29

1. Nguyn tc chung ca cache (tip)

Cache c tc nhanh hn b nh chnh
Cache c t gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc
truy cp b nh ca CPU
Cache c th c t trn chip CPU

30

V d v thao tc ca cache
CPU yu cu ni dung ca ngn nh
CPU kim tra trn cache vi d liu ny
Nu c, CPU nhn d liu t cache (nhanh)
Nu khng c, c Block nh cha d liu t b
nh chnh vo cache
Tip chuyn d liu t cache vo CPU

31

Cu trc chung ca cache / B nh chnh

32

Cu trc chung ca cache / B nh chnh

B nh chnh c 2N byte nh
B nh chnh v cache c chia thnh cc
khi c kch thc bng nhau

B nh chnh: B0, B1, B2, ... , Bp-1 (p Blocks)

B nh cache: L0, L1, L2, ... , Lm-1 (m Lines)
Kch thc ca Block = 8,16,32,64,128 byte

33

Cu trc chung ca cache / B nh chnh

Mt s Block ca b nh chnh c np vo cc
Line ca cache.
Ni dung Tag (th nh) cho bit Block no ca b
nh chnh hin ang c cha Line .
Khi CPU truy nhp (c/ghi) mt t nh, c hai kh
nng xy ra:

T nh c trong cache (cache hit)

T nh khng c trong cache (cache miss).

34

2. Cc phng php nh x
(Chnh l cc phng php t chc b nh cache)
nh x trc tip
(Direct mapping)
nh x lin kt ton phn
(Fully associative mapping)
nh x lin kt tp hp
(Set associative mapping)

35

nh x trc tip
Mi Block ca b nh chnh ch c th c np
vo mt Line ca cache:

B0 L0
B1 L1
....
Bm-1 Lm-1
Bm L0
Bm+1 L1
....

Tng qut

Bj ch c th np vo Lj mod m
m l s Line ca cache.
36

Minh ha nh x trc tip

37

c im ca nh x trc tip
Mi mt a ch N bit ca b nh chnh gm ba
trng:

Trng Word gm W bit xc nh mt t nh trong Block

hay Line:
2W = kch thc ca Block hay Line
Trng Line gm L bit xc nh mt trong s cc Line
trong cache:
2L = s Line trong cache = m
Trng Tag gm T bit:
T = N - (W+L)

B so snh n gin
Xc sut cache hit thp
38

nh x lin kt ton phn

Mi Block c th np vo bt k Line no ca
cache.
a ch ca b nh chnh bao gm hai trng:

Trng Word ging nh trng hp trn.

Trng Tag dng xc nh Block ca b nh chnh.

Tag xc nh Block ang nm Line

39

Minh ha nh x lin kt ton phn

40

c im ca nh x lin kt ton phn

So snh ng thi vi tt c cc Tag mt nhiu

thi gian
Xc sut cache hit cao.
B so snh phc tp.

41

nh x lin kt tp hp
Cache c chia thnh cc Tp (Set)
Mi mt Set cha mt s Line
V d:

4 Line/Set 4-way associative mapping

nh x theo nguyn tc sau:
B0 S0
B1 S1
B2 S2
......

42

Minh ha nh x lin kt tp hp

43

c im ca nh x lin kt tp hp

Kch thc Block = 2W Word

Trng Set c S bit dng xc nh mt trong s
V = 2S Set
Trng Tag c T bit: T = N - (W+S)
Tng qut cho c hai phng php trn
Thng thng 2,4,8,16Lines/Set

44

V d v nh x a ch

Khng gian a ch b nh chnh = 4GB

Dung lng b nh cache l 256KB
Kch thc Line (Block) = 32byte
Xc nh s bit ca cc trng a ch cho ba
trng hp t chc:

nh x trc tip
nh x lin kt ton phn
nh x lin kt tp hp 4 ng

45

3. Thut gii thay th (nh x trc tip)

Khng phi la chn

Mi Block ch nh x vo mt Line xc nh
Thay th Block Line

46

Thut gii thay th (nh x lin kt)

c thc hin bng phn cng (nhanh)

Random: Thay th ngu nhin
FIFO (First In First Out): Thay th Block no nm
lu nht trong Set
LFU (Least Frequently Used): Thay th Block no
trong Set c s ln truy nhp t nht trong cng mt
khong thi gian
LRU (Least Recently Used): Thay th Block trong
Set tng ng c thi gian lu nht khng c
tham chiu ti.
Ti u nht: LRU
47

Phng php ghi d liu khi cache hit

Ghi xuyn qua (Write-through):

ghi c cache v c b nh chnh

tc chm

Ghi tr sau (Write-back):

ch ghi ra cache
tc nhanh
khi Block trong cache b thay th cn phi ghi tr c
Block v b nh chnh

48

5. Cache trn cc b x l intel

80486: 8KB cache L1 trn chip
Pentium: c hai cache L1 trn chip

Cache lnh = 8KB

Cache d liu = 8KB

Pentium 4: hai mc cache L1 v L2 trn chip

Cache L1:
mi cache 8KB
Kch thc Line = 64 byte
nh x lin kt tp hp 4 ng

cache L2
256KB
Kch thc Line = 128 byte
nh x lin kt tp hp 8 ng
49

5.5. B nh ngoi

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a t
a quang
Flash disk
Cc chun ni ghp a
RAID

50

1. a t
Cc c tnh ca a t:

u t c nh hay di ng
a c nh hay thay i
Mt mt hay hai mt
Mt a hay nhiu a
C ch u t:
Tip xc
Khng tip xc

Gm 2 loi ph bin:

a mm
a cng
51

a. a mm

8, 5.25, 3.5
Dung lng nh ( 1.44MB)
Tc chm
Thng dng
R tin
Tng lai c th khng dng na

52

a mm (tip)

53

b. a cng

Mt hoc nhiu a
Thng dng
Dung lng tng nhanh
Tc c/ghi nhanh
Tng i r tin

54

a cng (tip)

55

2. a quang
Cc loi chnh:

CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)

CD-R (Recordable CD)
CD-RW (Rewriteable CD)
DVD (Digital Video Disc)

56

a. CD-ROM
Thng tin c ghi ngay khi sn xut a.
D liu tn ti di dng cc mt phng (land) v
cc l (pit).

Bit 1 tng ng vi s thay i t mt phng thnh l

hay ngc li;
cn nhng l hay mt phng ko di (khng c s thay
i) tng ng vi bit 0.

Tc c c s ca mt a CD-ROM ban u
l 150KB/s (tc 1X).
Cc a hin nay c tc c l bi s ca tc
c s ny (v d 48X, 52X,...)
57

CD-ROM (tip)

58

b. CD-R
Khi sn xut ra, cc a ny u l a trng (cha
c thng tin). Sau c th ghi d liu ln a ny
nhng ch ghi c mt ln nh ghi CD-R ring.
CD-R c cu trc v hot ng tng t nh CDROM.

Cu to gm nhiu lp, trong lp cha d liu l mt

lp mu polymer hu c.
Khi b tia laser t chy, lp mu ny chuyn sang mu
en v ng vai tr nh cc l (pit) ca CD-ROM.

Cc a CD-R sau khi ghi c th c c t

CD-ROM hoc t CD-R. Cc a CD-R cn c
gi l WORM (write one read multiple).
59

c. CD-RW
CD-RW c cu trc v hot ng tng t nh
CD-R. Trong lp cha d liu l mt lp kim
loi.
Nguyn tc ghi d liu da trn s thay i trng
thi ca lp kim loi:

trng thi tinh th (phn x nh sng - mt phng)

v trng thi v nh hnh (khng phn x nh sng vng l trong CD-ROM hay mu b t en trong CD-R).

Qu trnh thay i trng thi ny c th thay i bt

k ty theo cng sut laser nn a CD-RW c th
c ghi ri xa i ghi li nhiu ln.
60

d. DVD
y l loi a quang c dung lng ln v c tc
nhanh hn so vi cc a quang trn.
a DVD c th lu tr thng tin trn hai mt, mi
mt c th c n 2 lp d liu.
Cc a DVD hin nay thng c dung lng l
4.7GB/mt hoc 9.4GB/mt.
Tc truy nhp c bn ca a DVD l
1.321MByte/s.
DVD cng c nhiu loi

61

3. Flash disk
Thc cht l b nh bn dn tc cao (flash
memory)
Thng c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua giao
tip USB
Dung lng tng nhanh
Thun tin, gi thnh hp l

62

Flash disk (tip)

63

4. Cc chun ni ghp a
Giao din IDE-ATA (Integrated Drive Electronics AT
Attachment):

c IBM thit k ni trc tip cng km mch iu khin vi

Bus ca my tnh AT gi l giao din ATA. Sau giao din ny
c kt hp vi a v b iu khin trong cc a giao din
IDE/ATA.
Giao din IDE (mch in t tch hp trong a) ch bt c a
no c tch hp b iu khin a gn bn trong.
Cp IDE chun: gm 40 dy, tn hiu truyn song song trn c dy chn
v dy l nn di ca cp b hn ch 46 cm.
Gii hn dung lng a ti a l 504MB v c tc tng i chm.

EIDE (Enhanced IDE - IDE c nng cao):

Gia tng dung lng a ln ti hn 8GB
Tng tc truyn ti d liu ln hn hai ln kh nng ca IDE
Tng gp i s lng a m mt my PC c th c

64

Cc chun ni ghp a (tip)

Giao din ATA gm nhiu phin bn:

ATA-1 (1986-1994)
ATA-2 (1996)
ATA-3 (1997)
ATA-4 (1998, cn gi l Ultra-ATA/33 MHz)
ATA-5 v ATA-6 (t 1999 n nay, cn gi l UltraATA/66/100/133 MHz). Cp cho cc chun ny c thit k
gm 80 dy truyn d liu tc cao (cc dy ni t v dy
tn hiu xen k nhau nhm mc ch kh nhiu)

65

Cc chun ni ghp a (tip)

Giao din Serial ATA:

Do mt s cty ln a ra vo nm 1999
Giao tip Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
(Serial ATA) cho cng v thit b ATA Packet Interface
(ATAPI)
So vi Parallel ATA, Serial ATA dng in p thp, u
chn cm nh gn v t dy hn.
Serial ATA tng thch hon ton vi phn mm trc
y dnh cho thit b Parallel ATA v ATAPI.
Th h sn phm Serial ATA u tin xut hin trn th
trng vo gia 2002, t tc 150MBps. Trong tng
lai, cc phin bn k tip c th t bng thng
300MBps v 600MBps.
66

Cc chun ni ghp a (tip)

Giao din SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface):

Dng kt ni nhiu loi thit b c tc trao i d

liu cao trong mt my tnh, thng c dng trong cc
my ch.
Mt bus SCSI h tr ti a 7 hoc 15 thit b
C nhiu chun SCSI:
SCSI-1 (1986): truyn d liu trn bus song song 8 bit, tc 5
MB/s, dng cp 50 dy.
SCSI-2 (1994): truyn d liu trn bus song song 16 bit, tc
10 MB/s, dng cp 50 dy mt cao.
SCSI-3: c thit k cho cc my tnh i mi hin nay, gm 2
phin bn: Ultra 2 SCSI (tc truyn ti 40 MB/s) v Ultra 3
SCSI (tc truyn ti 80 MB/s hoc 160 MB/s)
67

5. RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
L tp hp cc a cng vt l m h iu hnh
coi nh l mt a logic duy nht
Khi ghi ln h thng RAID, cc tp d liu c
phn mnh v lu tr phn tn trn cc cng vt
l
C kh nng to ra v lu tr thng tin d tha
m bo khi phc li thng tin trong trng hp
a b hng
C 7 loi ph bin: RAID 0 6
68

5. B nh my tnh
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

69

5.6. B nh o
Khi nim b nh o: l b nh bao gm b nh
chnh v b nh ngoi m c CPU coi nh l
mt b nh duy nht.
Cc k thut thc hin b nh o:

K thut phn trang: Chia khng gian a ch b nh

thnh cc trang nh c kch thc bng nhau v nm
lin k nhau
Thng dng: kch thc trang = 4KBytes
K thut phn on: Chia khng gian nh thnh cc
on nh c kch thc thay i, cc on nh c th
gi ln nhau.
70

5. B nh my tnh
5.1. Tng quan h thng nh
5.2. B nh bn dn
5.3. B nh chnh
5.4. B nh cache
5.5. B nh ngoi
5.6. B nh o
5.7. B nh trn my tnh c nhn

71

5.7. H thng nh trn PC

B nh cache: tch hp trn chip vi x l

Thng c chia thnh nhiu mc:

Cache L1: Cache lnh + Cache d liu
Cache L2: 128, 256, 512 KB, 1 MB

B nh chnh: Tn ti di dng cc m-un

nh RAM

SIMM Single Inline Memory Module

30 chn: 8 ng d liu
72 chn: 32 ng d liu

DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module

64 ng d liu

RIMM Rambus DRAM

H thng nh trn PC (tip)

ROM BIOS cha cc chng trnh sau:

Chng trnh POST (Power On Self Test)

Chng trnh CMOS Setup
Chng trnh Bootstrap loader
Cc trnh iu khin vo-ra c bn (BIOS)

CMOS RAM:

Cha thng tin cu hnh h thng

ng h h thng
C pin nui ring

Video RAM: qun l thng tin ca mn hnh

Cc loi b nh ngoi