reo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia Danube From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Danube (/'daenju:b/ pan-ewb, known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga River, and also the longest river in the European Union region. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe. The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,860 km (1,780 mi), passing through or touching the border of Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. Contents = 1 Names and etymology = 2 Geography = 2.1 Drainage basin = 2.2 Tributaries = 2.3 Cities and towns = 24 Islands = 2.5 Sectioning 3. Modern navigation 4 Piracy 5 Danube delta 6 Intemational cooperation = 6.1 Ecology and environment = 6.2 Navigation 7 Geology 8 History = 8.1 Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube = 8.2 Ottoman—Hungarian and Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry along the Danube 9 Economics = 9.1 Drinking water = 9.2 Navigation and transport = 9.3 Fishing = 9.4 Tourism = 9.4.1 Danube Bike Trail = 9.4.2 Sultans Trail = 9.4.3 Donausteig = 9.4.4 The Route of Emperors and Kings 10 Important national parks 11 Cultural significance 12 See also 13. References 14 External links hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube Coordinates: 45°15'9°N 29°4841°E Danube River Danube in Vienna Countries Cities Primary source location ~ elevation = length - coordinates Secondary source location - elevation = length = coordinates Source confluence = location - coordinates Mouth - coordinates Length Basin Discharge = average Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova Ulm, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Linz, ‘Vienna, Bratislava, Gyér, Budapest, Dumaiijvéros, Vukovar, Novi Sad, Zemun, Belgrade, Pandevo, Smederevo, Drobeta Turnu-Severin Breg Martinskapelle, Black Forest, Germany 1,078 m (3,537 ft) 2,860 km (1,777 mi) 48°05'44°N 08°09'18"E Brigach St. Georgen, Black Forest, Germany 940 m (3,084 ft) 2,860 km (1,777 mi) 48°06'24"N 08°16'51"E Donaueschingen 47°S7'03"N 08°31'13"E Danube Delta 45°13/3"N 29°45'41 2,860 km (1,777 mi) 817,000 km? (315,445 sq mi) for before delta 7,000 mis (247,203 cu fs) Discharge elsewhere (average) 18reo Danube - Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia Names and etymology ~ Passau oom ww) « 30km before town The Latin name Danuvius is one of a number of "Old European" ae ~ Vienna 5 river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European *danu. Other love Is 7 river names from the same root include the Don, Donets, (67,098 cu ft/s) ~ Budapest 2,350 m/s Dzvina/Duna, Dysna, Dnieper and Dniestr. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, danu means "fluid, drop", in Avestan, the same word means "river". In the Rigveda, Danu once appears as the mother of ~ Belgrade 4,000 mis Vrtra. It is possible that danu in Scythian as in Avestan was a (141,259 eu fs) generic word for "river": Dniepr and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *danu apara "far river" and *danu nazdya- “near river", (82,989 cu fs) respectively.|!] Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (‘Totpoc) a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning "strong, swift" (akin to Sanskrit isiras "swift"),1 In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius or as Ister. The Dacian’ Thracian name was Donaris/Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube.!! The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas,!) "the bringer of luck" {41 The Latin name is masculine (as is the name of the Rhine). German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw] Middle High German Tuonowell) is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix - ouwe "wetland". The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names derived from Danuvius: German: Donau ((do:nay}; Bavarian: Doana; Yiddish: "377 Duney [dongj]); Silesian: Diinaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj; Slovak: Dunaj ({'dunaj]); Hungarian: Duna ([' duno); Serbo-Croatian: Dunav / Jynae ([diinav] or [dina:v]; Romanian: Dundrea ({' dunarea]); Romani: Dunaja (['dunaja}); Bulgarian: Jlynas Dunav ({‘dunef}); Ukrainian: flynait Dunai ({du'naj)). Geography Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen—which is in the Black Forest of Germany—at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for 1,914 km (1,189 mi), passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine, Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10, countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%).!7l Its drainage basin extends into nine more. be Course of the Danube, marked in red Drainage basin In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6%), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), aly (<0.1%), Poland (<0.1%), the Republic of Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%). The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy-Switzerland border, 4,049 metres (13,284 #18) btpsilenwikipaiagwikiDanve 2672016 Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tributaries ‘The Danube's watershed extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats, From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (in order that they enter): ‘The Danube discharges into the Black Sea, ‘Where the Danube Meets the Black ‘Sea (NASA Goddard image). 1. Mller (entering at Ulm) 2. Lech . 3, Altmiihl (entering at Kelheim) 18. Tisza 4, Naab (entering at Regensburg) 19, Sava (entering at Belgrade) 5, Regen (entering at Regensburg) 20, Tami§ (entering at Panéevo) 6. Isar 21. Great Morava 7. Inn (entering at Passau) 22. Caras 8. Ilz (entering at Passau) 23. Jiu (entering at Bechet) 9. Enns 24, Iskar (entering near Gigen) 10. Morava (entering near Devin Castle) 25. Olt (entering at Tumu Magurele) 11. Raba (entering at Gyér) 26. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria) 12. Vah (entering at Komarno) 27. Arges (entering at Oltenita) 13. Hron (entering at Stiirovo) 28. Ialomita iS oe 29, Siret (entering near Galati) Si " P 16 Deiva 30. Prut (entering near Galati) 17. Vuka (entering at Vukovar) bepssenivikipedtacorgwikiDanube ane72016 Danube Wikipeda, the free encyclopedia ‘The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade. Pictured from Belgrade Fortress, Serbia Cities and towns The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from the source to the mouth they are: = BE Germany = Donaueschingen in the State of Baden-Wiirttemberg — rivers Brigach and Breg join to form the Danube = Méhringen an der Donau in Baden-Wiirttemberg = Tuttlingen in Baden-Wiirttemberg «= Sigmaringen in Baden-Wirttemberg = Riedlingen in Baden-Wiirttemberg The Donaucusammenfluss, or = Munderkingen in Baden-Wirttemberg, "Danube confluence", where the Breg, = Ehingen in Baden-Wiirttemberg and Brigach unite to form the Danube = Ulm in Baden-Wiirttemberg in Donattcechingen, Germany = Neu-Ulm in Bavaria = Giinzburg in Bavaria = Dillingen an der Donau in Bavaria = Donauwérth in Bavaria = Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria = Ingolstadt in Bavaria = Kelheim in Bavaria = Regensburg in Bavaria = Straubing in Bavaria = Deggendorf in Bavaria = Passau in Bavaria = Austria «= Linz, capital of Upper Austria ‘The Danube in Ulm from the steeple = Krems in Lower Austria of Ulm Minster, looking southwest = Tulln in Lower Austria = Vienna — capital of Austria and the most populous city on the Danube, where the Danube floodplain is called the = Lobau, though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube (it is bounded by the Donaukanal ~ "Danube canal’). = jam Slovakia = Bratislava - capital of Slovakia = Komarno = Stirovo = Hungary ; ‘The Danube in Regensburg, Germany = Mosonmagyarévar = Gyor = Komérom = Esztergom bepssenivikipedtacorgwikiDanube anerazors Visegrid Vie Szentendre Dunakeszi Szigetszentmiklés Szazhalombatta Rackeve Adony Dunadjvaros Dunaféldvr Paks Kalocsa Baja Mohies = Ze Croatia = Vukovar = Ilok = FB Serbia Apatin Batka Palanka Futog ‘Veternik Novi Sad Sremski Karlovei Zemun Belgrade — capital of Serbia Panéevo Smederevo Kovin Veliko Gradi8te Golubac Donji Milanovac Kladovo = mam Bulgaria Vidin Lom Kozloduy Oryahovo Nikopol Belene Svishtov Ruse Tutrakan Silistra = IW Moldova = Giurgiulesti = BB Ukraine = Reni = Izmail = Kiliya vylkove = BB Romania Moldova Noua = Orsova = Drobeta-Turnu Severin bepssenivikipedtacorgwikiDanube Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Budapest — capital of Hungary, the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube (about 3,300,000 people) ai Ti ft Danube in Linz ‘The Danube in Bratislava, Slovakia Basilica of Estergom (Hungary), the third largest cathedral in Europe ‘ Buda Castle, Budapest, Hungary Confluence of river Sava into the Danube beneath Belgrade citadel a8reo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia Calafat Bechet Dabuleni Corabia Turu Magurele Zimnicea Giurgiu Oltenita Cilrasi Fetesti Ceravoda Hargova Braila Galati — largest port on the Danube Isaccea Tulcea Sulina — last city through which it flows ae = Danube at Nikopol, Bulgaria in winter Se ES 0 km, Danube Delta (Ukraine) ‘The Danube in Sulina, Romania Panorama of the Danube in Vienna hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube arereo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia ™ ‘The Danube Bend is a curve of the Danube in Hungary, near the city of Visegréd. The Transdanubian Mountains lie on the right bank (left side of the picture), while the North Hungarian Mountains on the left bank (right side of the picture). ‘amo me conn Misr eae rch Ne Panorama of the Danube in Budapest Budapest at night hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube mereo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia Panoramic image of the Danube and Sava river from Kalemegdan, Belgrade Serbia, Islands Adakale Island Ostrovul Mare, Gogosu Balta Ialomitei Belene Island Csepel Island Donauinsel Great Braila Island Great War Island Island of Vukovar Island of Sarengrad Zitny ostrov Szigetkoz, Island of Szentendre Margaret Island Csepel Island Island of Mohdes Ostrovul Ciocinesti Ostrovul Mare, Islaz Ostrvo (Kostolac) Kozloduy Island Ribarsko Ostrvo, Novi Sad Vardim Island Sectioning = Upper Section: From spring to Devin Gate, Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.0012% (12 ppm), from Passau to Devin Gate the = Middle Section: From Devin Gate to Iron Gate. The riverbed gradient lessens to 0.0006% (6 ppm). ‘Aerial view of Margaret Island, Budapest, Hungary. There are 15 bridges over the Danube in Budapest Great War Island, Belgrade, as seen from Zemun, Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only .00006% (0.6 ppm). = Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0.00003% (0.3 ppm). hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube are72016 Modern navigation ‘The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Briila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Wiirttemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable. Since the completion of the German Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan- European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years, The amount of goods transported on the Danube inereased to about 100 million tons in 1987, In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005. At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam. reached 15,400 ms (540,000 cu ft/s). ‘There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube- ‘Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Batka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavoda and Constan{a (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine— Main-Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea. Piracy In 2010-12, shipping companies (especially from Ukraine) claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks", on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the Danube (i.e. inside the European Union's territory).lJ[!2]03] However, these transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery" !41 On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on “pirates”, and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft that is taking place along the river!) Danube delta bepssenivikipedtacorgwikiDanube Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ‘Adakale Island in the Danube was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which allowed it to remain a de jure Turkish territory and the Ottoman Sultan Abdillhamid II's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (de facto until Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920,)(911191 The island was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970, which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of Abdilhamid 11, ‘The Danube in Budapest Fisher in the Danube Delta onma20%68 Danube - Wikipedia, be fae encyclopedia The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dundirii pronounced [delta ‘dunorij); Ukrainian: Jlensra Jynato, Del’ta Dunaju) is the largest river delta in the European Union. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odessa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4,152 km? (1,603 sq mi), of which 3,446 km? (1,331 sq mi) are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1,015 km? (392 sq mi) of which 865 km? (334 sq mi) water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Freight ship on the Danube near Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km? Vienna (1,994 sq mi). The Danube Delta is also the best preserved river Delta in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1991) and a Ramsar Site, Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal. International cooperation Ecology and environment The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization consisting of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube river basin, which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources, Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement and rational use of waters and the Pelicans in the Danube Delta, implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. Romania Navigation The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia, It meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans. The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube. Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states, Geology Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed. btpsilenkipaiaorgwikiDanxbe sore72016 Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestem tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one. Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since _!"0" Gates, Serbia-Romania border the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine, On many days in = — the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 kilometres (7 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 litres per second (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those ‘waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the ‘ Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Donauversickerung. Station, Romania-Serbia Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will a" one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing. The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.!'61 4 History ‘The Iron Gate, on the Serbian- Romanian border (Iron Gates natural park and Derdap national park) The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. ‘The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BC Vinéa culture, (Vinéa, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BC Vuéedol culture (from the Vudedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics. Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BC in order to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus between 103-105 CE, directed by Trajan, modern Serbia and Romania, ‘Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BC. Under the Romans the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From AD 37 to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I. (364-375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the mperium Romanum, hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube annemaon6 Danube Wikipedia, be ree eneyclopecia first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a = bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was lost again. Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century. Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282). At Esztergom and Stirovo, the Danube separates Hungary from Slovakia Atthe end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It ‘was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.(17] ‘The Danube in Vienna Ottoman-Hungarian and Ottoman—Habsburg rivalry along the Danube Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Hungary and later with the Austrian Habsburgs for controlling the Danube (Turks call it Tuna), which formed the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Many of the Ottoman—Hungarian Wars (1366-1526) and Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1526-1791) were fought along the river. ‘The Danube between Belene and The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube Belene Island, Bulgaris include the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), the Siege of Belgrade (1456), the Battle of Mohdes (1526), the first Turkish Siege of Vienna (1529), the Siege of Esztergom (1543), the Long War (1591-1606), the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Great Turkish War (1683-1699), the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Economics Drinking water Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people, In Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany, almost 30 percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, ‘Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube. A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna, Austria during an unusually cold winter (February 2006), A frozen Danube usually ‘occurs just once or twice in a lifetime. hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube ve72016 Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.!!81 Navigation and transport In the 19th century, the Danube was an important waterway but was, as The Times of London put it, "annually swept by ice that will lift a large atislava does not usually suffer major floods, but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot."U191 ‘Today, as "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centres of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube — Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanta. ‘The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110 * 11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concems, Combat between Russian and Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854, during the Crimean War (1853-1856) Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabéikovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania, These locks have larger dimensions. Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres (530 mi. ‘The Danube connects with the Rhine-Main—Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube-Black Sea Canal at Cemavoda. Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canals, links sections downstream, In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube, a type of flat- bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river. Zillen are still used today for fishing, ferrying, and other transport of ‘goods and people in this area, Fishing The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important, industry. Fishing from a Zille on the Danube in Lower Austria, 1982 ‘The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube-Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many.!”°) Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon, a total of six species (beluga, Russian sturgeon, bastard sturgeon, sterlet, starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon), but these are hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube 1318razors Danube - Wikipedia, be fae encyclopedia all threatened and have largely-or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon-disappeared from the river.) The huchen, one of the largest species of salmon, is endemic to the Danube basin, but has been. introduced elsewhere by humans.!2! Tourism Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau-Auen in Austria, Gemene in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopaéki rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria, Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while Wachau Valley near Spitz, Austria the traffic-free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats, The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also due to its fascinating landmarks and sights important for the regional tourism industry. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele, In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million. arrivals per year.!72) The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites of sightseeing cruises offered in the city. they can be viewed from a number The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination. Danube Bike Trail The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany.!4] The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea, It is divided into four sections: 1, Donaueschingen—Passau (559 km) Passau—Vienna (340 km) ‘Vienna—Budapest (306 km) |. Budapest-Black Sea (1670 km) BEN Sultans Trail The Sultans ‘Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia. From there the Sultans Trail leaves the The Danube Bike Trail running along, Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows. the Schldigener Schlinge 1, Vienna-Budapest (323 km) 2. Budapest-Smederevo (595 km) Donausteig hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube sane.reo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia In 2010 the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was — opened. It is 450 kilometres (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities. An impressive landscape and beautiful viewpoints, which are along the river, are the highlights of the Donausteig.4] The Route of Emperors and Kings The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest, calling in Passau, Linz and ‘The Danube Bike Trail leading Vienna, The international consortium ARGE Die Donau-Strage der through the city Linz Kaiser und Kénige, comprising ten tourism organisations, shipping companies, and cities, strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region.(21 In medieval Regensburg, with its maintained old town, stone bridge and cathedral, the Route of Emperors and Kings begins. It continues to Engelhartszell, with the only Trappist monastery in Austria, Further highlight-stops along the Danube include the “Schldgener Schlinge”, the city of Linz, which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness, the Melk Abbey, the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna, Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends, you pass Bratislava and Budapest, the latter which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since ancient Roman times, famous emperors and their retinue travelled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation. While travelling on the mainland was quite exhausting, most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube. So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events, which characterize the Danube up until today. Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Krewzen The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick T of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Diimstein Castle, which is situated above the Danube. The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family. Once crowned in Frankfurt, the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Many famous castles, palaces, residences and state-run convents where built by the Habsburger along the river. Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the “Donaubarock”” Today, people can not only travel by boat on the Danube, but also by train, by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the “Donausteig” and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg, Wachau and Vienna_!51 Important national parks = Naturpark Obere Donau (Germany) = Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt (Germany) — map (http://danubemap.ew/donauauwald) = Nature protection area Donauleiten (Germany) «= Nationalpark Donau Auen (Austria) — map (http://danubemap.cu/ donauauen) = Chrénend krajinnd oblast’ Dunajské luhy (Slovakia) — map (http:// danubemap.eu/dunajskeluhy) = Danube-Ipoly National Park (Hungary) — map (http://danubemap. eu/dunaipoly) = Danube-Drava National Park (Hungary) — map (http://danubema —__ Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature p.eu/dunadrava) Reserve in Serbia. = Naturalpark Kopatki Rit (Croatia) — map (http:/danubemap.ewko hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube 1518reo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia packirit) Gomje Podunavlje Nature Reserve (Serbia) — map (http://danube map.eu/podunavlje) Fruska Gora National Park (Serbia) Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve (Serbia) Great War Island Nature Reserve (Serbia) Derdap National park (Serbia) Tron Gates Natural Park (Romania) Persina Nature Park (Bulgaria) — map (http://danubemap.ew/persin a) Kalimok-Brushlen Protected Site (Bulgaria) — map (http://danube __ Golubae Fortress in Berdap National map.cu/kalimok) park, Serbia Srebama Nature Reserve (Bulgaria) — map (http://danubemap.ew/s rebarna) Macin Mountains Natural Park (Romania) Small Island of Braila Natural Park (Romania) Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania) — map (http://danubemap.eu/delta) Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine Cultural significance The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss, An der schénen, blauen Donau (On the Beautiful Blue Danube). This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby. The Waves of the Danube (Romanian: Valurile Dundrii) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Iosif Ivanovici (1845-1902). Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube. It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival, at Linz, In 2008, the Finnish indie rock band Wiidakko released a song The 1900 plan to link the Danube and called Tonava (Danube in Finnish) on their second album Asiat the Adriatic Sea by C. Wagenfihrer. joita et voi koskaan saavuttaa 2" It would be a realisation of the The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National erroncous notion of the Danube Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country’s natural having a bifurcation.!25 beauty, In Lithuanian folklore songs appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojélis) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman. The German tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century. One of Claudio Magris's masterpieces is called Danube (ISBN 1-86046-823-3). The book, published in 1986, is a large cultural-historical essay, in which Magris travels the Danube from the very first sources to the delta, tracing the rich European ethnic and cultural heritage, literary and ideological past and present along the way. Jules Verne's The Danube Pilot (1908) ("Le Pilote du Danube") depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river. Algernon Blackwood's The Willows, about a boat excursion on the river, is considered one of the greatest stories in the literature of the supernatural. The river is the subject of the film The Ister (2004) (official site here [1] (http://www.theister.com/)). Parts of the German road movie Im Juli take place along the Danube. In Nicolas Roeg's 1980 film Bad Timing, the border crossing over the Danube between Bratislava and Vienna is a recurring site in which the romance between Milena (Teresa Russell), Alex (Art Garfunkel) and Milena’s husband Stefan (Denholm Elliot) is played out. In the Star Trek universe, the Danube-class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet, most notably in the Deep Space Nine seties. The river is mentioned a great number of times throughout the Earth's Children Saga by Jean M. Auel, especially in the book The Plains of Passage, when the main characters Ayla and Jondalar travel west hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube 161872016 Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia along this river, which they call the Great Mother River, due to its big size. = Miklés Jancsé's film the Blue Danube Waltz (1992) = The Hungarian sweet speciality, Duna kavies ("Danube pebbles") is named after the river. = A Hungarian folk ensemble, the Danube Folk Ensemble (Duna Mavészegyiittes) is named after the river. The group is made up of 30 dancers and musicians. During their performances they show the Hungarian folk music, dance and costumes. = There are Hasidic (Chabad Nigunnim) songs called "dunai", dating from around 1800. They are often lullabys and are named after the river Dunay. Farmers around the river used to come to it and sing spiritual songs to thank their god for the great beauty which they saw every day. See also = 2006 European floods 16th-century Danube landscape near = Between the Woods and the Water, a travel book telling of a Regensburg, by Albrecht Altdorfer - Danubian journey in 1934 = The Ister, 2004 film = List of crossings of the Danube = Steamboats on the Danube a member of the Danube school. References 1, Mallory, J.P. and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000. p. 106. AGaes B. 1, Ocersinexnit assix # oamK7op (Ossetian language and folklore). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. P. 236 (http:/i.ironau.ru/pd fiosjazfolk1949.pdf) 2. Katigié, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Patis: Mouton, 1976: 144. 3. Dyer, Robert (1974), "Matoas, the Thraco-Phrygian name for the Danube, and the IE root *mady", Glotta (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH 8 Co. KG)) $2 (1/2): 91 4, Sael Kos, Marjeta (2009), "Reka kot bo?anstvo — Sava v anki" [River as a Deity — The Sava in Antiquity. In Barachini, Jozef. Ukrocena lepotica: Sava in njene zgodbe [The Tamed Beauty: The Sava and Its Stories] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Sevnica: Javni zavod za kulturo, Sport, turizem in mladinske dejavnosti. pp. 42-50. ISBN 978-961-92735-0-0, 5. Tonaw in Sebastian Franck, Weltbuch (1542), 81 (https://books.google.ch/books ?id=dk9QLBxWmxcC&dq-tonach&p g-PT167Hv=onepagedeq~tonachsef=false). Donaw e.g. in Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thur, Pison (1572), 186 (http s://books. google.ch/books?id-PWhWAAAAcAAT&pg-PR I86Hv-onepages.q&ef-false); spelling Donau from the 17th century. 6. Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, 407 (https:!/books. google.ch/books ?id-Ne 1 2irFmr6gC&pg=PAA07). 7. "Countries of the Danube River Basin’, International Commission for the protection of the Danube River, Retrieved 2010-11-13, 8. http://www-unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/blanks/assessment/black pdf 9. Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanme, Lausarme, Switzerland, 24 July 1923, retrieved 6 December 2014 10, Adakale Island in the Danube (http:/alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php) 11. Rijedni gusari u Srbiji pljatkaju hrvatske brodove (http:/\vww.jutarnji.hr/rijecni-gusari-v-srbiji-pljackaju-hrvatske-bro dove--zadinja-zrtva-brod--quot-sloga-quot--sisackog--quot-dunavskog-lloyda-quot-/980402/) (Serbian) 12, "Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part Of River Danube”. Un.ua. Retrieved 2012-06-11. 13, Romanian Pirats Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently (http://ga7eta.ualarticles/np/_ukrajinski-korabli-vse-chastish -stayut-zhertvami-rumunskih-pirativ/419063) (Ukrainian) 14, Pirates om the lower Danube (http://www-rivercruiseinfo.com/content/pirates-lower-danube) at rivercruiseinfo.com 15, Reports Of ‘Pirates Of The Danube’ Get The Old Heave-Ho (http:/Avww.rferl.orgicontent/romania_danube_river_pirat es_ukraine/24474067,html) at Radio Free Europe 16. "Daily hydrological report”. State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia, Retrieved 2010-09-09, 11, Dacia Preistorica (http://www-pelasgians.org)), Nicolae Densusianu (1913). hpasenwikipediarorgwikiDaube vereo Danube. Wikipedia, te free encyclopedia 18, 19. 20. 21 2. 2. 24. 25. 26. 21 "The Danube". International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchement Area. Retrieved 2012-07-28. "The Danube," The Times, February 13, 1883, page 12 (http://www. thetimes.co.ukitto/viewArticle.arcarticleld=ARC HIVE-The_Times-1883-02-13-12-001 &pageld=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1883-02-13-12) Hales, J. (2013). Upper Danube (http://www feow.orgiecoregions/details/417). Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, Retrieved 25 February 2013. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hlucho hucho" (http://www fishbase,org/summary/SpeciesSummary.p hhp?genusname=Hucho&especiesname-hucho) in FishBase. February 2013 version. "Press release of the "ARGE Donau Osterreich"" (PDP) (in German). Retrieved 2014-04-01 "Die ADFC-Radreiseanalyse 2013 ~ Zablen, Daten und Fakten” (in German). Rettieved 12 March 2014 "Donausteig”. Retrieved 1 April 2014. "The Route of Emperors and Kings". Retrieved 29 March 2014. Zmue, Irena (2010). "Sustained Interest". In Zupanek, Bernarda. Emona: Myth and Reality (PDF). Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana; City Museum of Ljubljana. p. 63. ISBN 978-961-6509-20-6. https:/Avwww.youtube.com/watch?v=20ES9xinZTM External links Wikimedia Commons has org/browse/relation/89652) at OpenStreetMap Wikimedia Commons fas Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute (http://pdf.wri.org/watersheds_2000/watershe ds_europe_p2_38.pdf) Danube Panorama Project (http://danubepanorama.net/en/) cai o Jlymae (http://danube.at.ua/) (Russian) Danube and the sport of rowing (http://www. werow.com/en/guide/donau) Danube image pool on Flickr (https://secure.flickr.com/groups/danube_river/pool/) Danube Tourist Commission (http://www.danube-river.org/) (German) danubemap.cu - The Tourist Map of the Danube (http://danubemap.ew/park/en) International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (hutp://www.iepdrorg/) Bridges of Budapest over the Danube (http://www-bridgesofbudapest.com/) Description of the Danube estuary in June 1877, The Times of London (http://www.thetimes.co.ukitto/vie wArticle.arc?articleld=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1877-06-14-12-001 &pageld=ARCHIVE-The_Times-187 7-06-14-12) & Geographic data related to Danube (http://www. openstreetmap, Retrieved from “https://en. wikipedia.org/w/index. php title—Danube&oldid~729226857" Categories: Danube | Danube basin | International rivers of Europe | Geography of Central Europe Geography of Eastem Europe | Geography of Southeastem Europe | Rivers of Austria | Rivers of Bavaria Rivers of Bulgaria | Rivers and streams of Croatia | Rivers of Hungary | Rivers of Moldova Rivers of Romania | Rivers of Serbia | Rivers of Slovakia | Rivers of Ukraine Rivers of Baden-Wirttemberg | Batka | Banat | Geography of Bacs-Kiskun County Geography of Vojvodina | Syrmia | Border rivers | Bulgaria-Romania border | Croatia—Serbia border Hungary-Slovakia border | Romania—Ukraine border | Romania—Serbia border Federal waterways in Germany This page was last modified on 10 July 2016, at 20:06. 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