F5

DOUBLE WALL LJNTEL

DESIGN DATA
Subject
It is required to check two 45 X 195 mm joists of Strength class C24 timber that act together to
form a domestic lintel with a clear span of 1 800 mm. The lintel is supported on two 38 x 89 mm
cripple studs at each end, giving an effective span of 1 800 + (2 x 38) = 1 876 mm. It supports
a pitched roof of 8.0 m span, an external wall panel, and the edge of the first floor which spans
4.0 m.
This design example illustratesthe use of $ factors, and provides a coqarison between
the two methodsgiven in EC5 for calculating the design loads.
I

Service class
Service class 2
Timber strength class and properties

BS EN 338

l%e required propemesfor Strength class C24 may be obtained porn BS jEN338, or from
,
Table 1 in the Introductionto the Design Examples.

Shear strength
Bending strength
Compression strength perpendicular to grain
Mean modulus of elasticity parallel to grain
Average density

fv,k
fm,k

=
=
=
=
=

?_
P_

2.5
24.0
5.3
11 000
420

N/mn?
N/n&
N/mm2
N/mm2
kg/m3

Section dimensions and properties

=

9omm

195 mm

Span

1 876 mm

Area

17 550 mm2

Section modulus

WY

90 x 1952
6

570 400 mm3

I,

90 x 1953
12

Breadth

Depth

2 x 45

90 x 195

Second moment of area

Self-weight

55 610 000 mm4

9.81 p_A
lo9
9.81 x 420 x 17 550 =
lo9

bTRADA1994.F

0.072 kN/m

i
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F5

DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

Actions
Permanent actions
0.83 kN/m2 on play

0.68 kN!m2 on slope =

Weight of roof covering, finishes, etc.

Ceiling weight

0.25 kN/m2

Wall panel weight

0.31 kN/m2

Weight of floor decking, ground floor ceiling, etc.

0.35 kN/m2

First floor partition allowance

0.35 kN/m2

Snow load on roof (short-term)

0.53 kN/m2 on plan

Imposed ceiling load (long-term)

0.25 kN/m2

Imposed floor load (medium-term)

1.50 kN/m*

Variable actions

Load durations are given in Table 3.1.6, and in TRADA3 Guidance Document GD2
Table 6.

Characteristic loads
Permanent duration
Roof and first floor ceiling

(0.83 + 0.25) x !$

4.320 kN/m

Wall panel

0.31 x 2.4

0.744 kN/m

First floor and ground floor ceiling

(0.35 + 0.35) x qE

1A00 kN/m

0.072 kNlm

6.536 kN/m

Self weight of lintels

CGk
Long-term duration

First floor

Qk.1

0.25 x y

1.000 kN/m

ceiling
Medium-term duration

First floor

Qk.2

1.5oxqE

3.000 kN/m

Short-term duration

Roof

Qk.3

0.53 x y?!

2.120 kN/m

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DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

F5

Partial safety factors

Pamal safetyfactors for actions and materials are given in Tables 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2 of
EC5, and in Table I of the NAD. They may also be obtained from T&1$6 and 8 of the
Introductionto the Design Examples.
I

Permanent actions

^/G =

1.35

Variable actions

TQ =

1.5

Material factor for timber

YM =

1.3

Table 2.3.3.1

Table 2.3.3.2
I

ULtiTE

LIMIT STATE - Strength

DESIGN LOAD

In principle, the strength should be checked for each of the possible load cases, i.e.
permanent loads
permanent + long-tenn loads
permanent + long-term + medium-termlo&
permanent + long-teint + medium-term+ short-tenn loads
In practice, it is possible to ident@ one or two critical load cases.
The @ect of the design loadfor each load case (e.g. shear stress, bending stress, etc.) is
compared withthe corresponding design strength. The design strength is calculated as
x, - -&od%
Yu

Clause 2.2.3.2

Values of kw for solid timber in Service class 2 may be obtainedfrom EC5 Table 3.1.7,
or fromTable 9 in the Introductionto the Design Bamples. They are:
kMm
kw[ng
kmod.mutlw
kmDdshon

=
=
=
=

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

The value of kti that corresponds to the shortest load duration in eaah load case is
used.
Clause 3.1.7. (2)
Therefore the critical load case can be determined by dividing the total design load for
each load case by the corresponding value of k,,,,,+

Full design procedure

Design load Fd

aTRADA19!94.F

i Clause 2.3.2.2P(2)
COG%I- YQQU -I- CYQ,1Jb,iQk.i

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DOUBLEWALLLINTEL

Combination factors for the representative values of variable actions are given in Table 2
of the NAD and in Table 7 of the Introduction to the Design Examples.
0.5
0.5
0.7

& for imposed ceiling loads =

=
&for
imposed fzoor lo&
=
& for imposed roof loads

F-,,,,

Permanent load case

Lung-term load case

FUV

Fw

Medium-term load case

Short-term load case

F&.+m

yJG,

1.35 x 6.536

Y&G,

8.824 + 1.5 x 1.000

y&G,

8.824 + 1.5 (3.000 + (0.5 x 1.000))

YGW

14.07 + 1.5(0.7 x 2.120)

10.32 kN/m

14.07 kN/i

YQ(QU+ +o,,QqJ

+ YQ(QL-.Z
+

8.824
0.6

10.32
0.7

14.07
0.8

16.30
0.9

8.824 kN/I)I

YQQ~,

F
kZ

+0,1Qw
+ tio,3Qu)
=

16.30 kN/m

14.71 kN/m

14.74 kN/m

17.59 kN/m

18.11 kN/m

Therefore the short-term load case is critical for strength.

=

Fd

16.30 kN/m or N/mm (short-term)

Clause 2.3.3.1

Alternative simplified design procedure

&)

Design load F,, is the greater of

YGcGk

and y&G,

3
4 0

1.5

Qw

+ 1.35 CQki

ycombe, Bucks.

AqA

1994.

F a)

DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

F5

Long-term load case

Fd =

8.824 + 1.5 x 1.000

10.32 kN/m

Y&Gk + 1.5 Qk.2

8.824 + 1.5 x 3.000

13.32 kN/m

YJGk + 1.35CQk,i

8.824 + 1.35 (1.000 + 3.000)

14.22 kN/m

14.22 kN/m

13.32 kNlm

I=

17.09 kN/m

17.09 kN/m

r&Gk + 1.5 Qk.,

Medium-term load case

Fd =
or
Fd =

F d,me&nm
Short-term load case
Fd =

6Gk

+ 1.5 Qk.2

as

TJGk

+ 1.35CQk,i

8.824 + 1.35 (1 + 3 + 2.120)

medium-term

or
Fd =

F dshm

F dnaliron
kmod.nrcd*m

8.824
0.6

14.71 kN/m

10.32
0.7

14.74 kN/m

14.22
0.8

17.09
0.9

17.78 kN/m

18.99 kN/m

Therefore the short-term load case is critical for strength.

Fd

17.09 kN/m or N/mm (short-term)

It is evident that the simplifiedprocedure is no simpler in practice than the full design
procedure. Moreover, in this example it produces signi@antiy higher medium-tetmand
short-term design loads, as well as a different critical load case. In the rest of this
section, therefore, the resultsfrom the full design procedure will be used,
It is assumed that the floor joists will restrain the compression edge of the lintel against
lateral displacement. In these circumstances, k,inct= 1.O.
Clause 5.2.2(5)
Since the bearing factor, kf.91b.
increases the effective bearing strength, it is unnecessary
to use it unless the unfactored bearing strengthproves to be inadequate.

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F5

DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

The simplified procedure is a little simpler than the full design procedure, but it generally
produces rather higher design loads, as in this example. In the rest of this section the
results from the full design procedure will be used.
It is assumed that the floor joists will restrain the compression edge of the lintel against
lateral displacement. In these circumstances, k, = 1.0.
Clause 5.2.2(5)
Since the bearing factor, kw, increases the effective bearing strength, it is unnecessary
to use it unless the unfactored bearing strength proves to be inadequate.

SHORT-TERMLOAD

CASE

Design values of effects of actions

v,

Shear force

Bending moment

Md

F,L
2

16.30 x 1 876
2

F,L*
_
8

16.30 x 1 8762
8

15 290 N

7 171 000 Nm

Modification factor for short-term load case in Service class 1

k&

0.9

Shear strength
Design shear stress

Design shear strength

Td

fV+,

1.5 v,
A
_kmd fv,k
YM

=
=

1.5 x 15 290
17 550

1.31 N/rnn#

0.9 x 2.5
1.3

1.73 N/mm2

Sh&u
st&gth

satisfactory

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p TRAqA

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F(a)

F5

DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

Bendingstrength
Design bending stress

%&Y

WY
Design bending

f&d

1;

000 =
400 i
24

57 NIP&

16.62 N/mm2

Yt.4
uw&y

<

B-ding
St--%@

fm.dy

satisfacto~
strength

Design compression stress perpendicular to grain

u~,90,d

Bearing area

15 290 ,
2 x 38 x $9

2.26 N/mm

0.9 x 5.3
1.3

3.67 N/mm2

Design compression strength perpendicular to grain

fSW

kmdfc,sQ,k

YM

Section
adequate in
bending, shear
and bearing
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE - Deflection
Deflections are calculated using the mean modulus of elasticity and Ae mean shear
modulus, except in the case of single solid timber members.
EC5 and NAD; Clause 4.1(3)
It is necessary to calculate separately the deflections due to permanent, long-term,
medium-tetm and short-term actions, as the kdc/factors for time-related deformation
(creep) d@er for each load duration.
Instantaneous (initial) deJzecti0n.s due to individual actions are calculated using the
unfactored characteristic values of the loads. The resulting deflections are combined
using the expression
CC,

Q,.,

+ &,iQ,.i

whereQ,,, is the action which produces the greatest instantaneous deflecrion.

Values for the combination factor # are given in Table 2 of the NAD and in Table 7 of
the Introduction to the Design Examples.
$t,, for imposed ceiling loaa!s =
$,,2 for imposed floor loads
=
$f,Jfor imposed roof loads
=

0.4
0.4
0.2

b TRADA

1994. F(cQ

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Bucks. HP14 4ND.UK

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DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

Deflection formulae

4nrr

uJi.

instantaneousdejlemon
utit (1 + k& = final deflection

u,

precamber (zero in this case)

deection due to permanent load
dejlection due to variable load
uj + u2 - uo

F SW

CC, + CQ, = sentice load

uo
u1

=
=

u2

Clause 4.1(4)

Clause 4.3. I (1)

Values of kMfor solid timber in Service class 2 may be obtainedj?om EC5 Table 4. I or
from Table 10 in the Introductionto the Design Examples. They are:

kmem

kww
=
kd&mcdiUm =
kd&Sho~
=

0.80
0.50
0.25
0.00

Using Formula (1) from the Bending Formulae in the Introduction to the Design Examples, the
instantaneous deflection due to a u.d.1.

Fxrvdl 1 8762
11 Ooox 55610000

5 x 1 876* 19s
384
+- 5

1=

0.3074 FIcT,&mm

Calculation of dehctions
FW
Load

38of44

NhUl

0.3021,:,

mm

Permanent

CG, = 6.536

2.01

0.8

Long-term

Qk.1 = l.ooo

0.31

0.5

0.47

Medium-term

Qke2 =

3.000

0.92

0.25

1.15

Short-term

Qk.3 = 2.120

0.65

0.00

0.65

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OT

1994. F

F5

DOUBLE WALL LINTEL

The recommended defection limitsare:

~z.imt

u2fin
uNtfin

Clause 4.3.1(2)
Clause 4.3. I (3)
Cibuse 4.3.1(3)

L/300
L/200
L/200

Where there is no precamber, it is unnecessaryto check uzJr.since urns,,iSralwaysgreater.

Using expression (4.1 a)

is the greatest of:

U2,imt

u2.1.inst

tJ*,22,2.imt

~*.32.3.imt

0.31 + 0.4 x 0.92 + 0.2

and

u2.2.imt

0.92 + 0.4 x 0.31 + 0.2

and

u2.3,imt

0.65

~*,*2.*,imt

1c/l,l2.*.inst

0.4

0.81mm

x 0.65

1.17 mm

1.14,mm

1.17;mm

6.25!mm

~1.32.3,imt

0.31

x 0.65

1C/1.22.2.imt

0.4

0.92

U2,imt

*2,imt,mpx

<

u2.imt

L/300

1876/300

required

as

U2,imt.max

Instantaneous

deflection
satisfactory
is the greatest of:

h,en

Ul,fin

U2.l.fln

3.62

0.47

0.4 x

and

qfin

u2.2.fl

~l.lU2,l.fin

3.62 +

and

u1,fln +

U2.3.fln

3.62

0.65

Therefore

!J4,2U2,2,flm

1.15 + 0.4

k.3U2.3.fi

1.15 + 0.2
+

0.4 x 0.47

4.68 mm

x 0.65 =

$09 mm

1.15 =

4.92 mm

9.09 mm

9.38 mm

k3U2.3.fl

x 0.47 + 0.2

thJU2.uin

x 0.65 =

!h.2U2,2.fi

+ 0.4

kt,fin
UIKt.fin,mu
Unct.fin <

L/200

1876/200

Final

U,t.fin.mpxa required

net

deflection
satisfactory

I
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