M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Cu 1: nh ngha m hnh, m hnh ho v m phng h thng in ?

M hnh l m t vt l, ton hc hoc lun l ca mt h thng
thc, mt thc th, mt hin tng hay mt qu trnh.

Mt m hnh tt ph thuc kh nng tr gip con ngi bit h

thng nhiu hay t. C th xy dng m hnh t trn xung di, t di ln
trn, t trong ra ngoi, t ngoi vo trong.

M hnh ho l phng php c tnh cht tiu chun, chnh xc hay

cu trc to ra v hiu lc ho m hnh.
M phng l s vn ng ca m hnh nh cc hot ng theo
khng gian v thi gian bn trong h thng thc m m hnh ny i
din.M phng l s lp li v pht trin ca m hnh.

Mt ngi xy dng m hnh l m phng n, nghin cu qu

trnh m phng, sa i m hnh v tip tc m phng n khi thu c
mt mc hiu bit y t m hnh.

Cu 2:Trnh by li ch ca vic m phng?

D on tin trnh v kt qu mt vi cng vic.

Hiu ti sao cc s kin quan st c xy ra.

Nhn nh phm vi ca vn trc khi thc thi.

Kho st nh hng ca cc tc ng thay i.

nh gi cc tng v nhn ra mc ch cha t c.

t dc cc hiu bit su sc v kch thch suy ngh sang to.

Chng minh tnh ng n v kh nng thc thi ca d n.

Cu 3: nh ngha MHH v cc loi MHH?

M hnh ho l phng php c tnh cht tiu chun, chnh xc hay

cu trc to ra v hiu lc ho m hnh.
Cc loi MHH:
M hnh ha hon ton v tng ng hon ton
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

M hnh c xy dng phi m bo s tng ng v m

i phng din, mi tnh cht ca nguyn mu
trong nhng dng tn ti c bn trong khng gian v thi
gian.

M hnh ha khng hon ton

Ch tp trung vo din tin ca cc qu trnh chnh c trng
cho
hintng tng ng ch mt phn ( khng gian hay theo thi
gian )

M hnh ha gn ng
M hnh ha gn ng c th hon ton hay khng hon ton.

Cu 4: nh ngha m hnh vt l,th no l MHH hon ton v MHH

khng hon ton ? Trong thc t thng s dng MHH loi no?
4.1/ nh ngha:
s

M hnh vt l l m hnh m cc qu trnh din ra m hnh ny c

tng ng vt l vi cc qu trnh din ra nguyn mu.

m hnh vt l, qu trnh nghin cu din ra c th quan st, o

t d dng. Trong khi , nguyn mu th vic thc hin cc tc v ny
gp nhiu kh khn.
4.2/M hnh hon ton: m hnh c xy dng phi m bo s tng
ng v mi Phng din, mi tnh cht ca nguyn mu. Ni cch khc
qu trnh c trng cho hin tng nghin cu bin i mt cch tng
ng theo khng gian v thi gian.
4.3/M hnh khng hon ton: ch tp trung vo din tin ca cc qu trnh
chnh c trng cho hin tng nghin cu tc l ch tng ng mt
phn (theo khng gian hay thi gian).
4.4/Thc t thng s dng m hnh gn ng v n c th b qua mt vi
yu t c nh hng khng ln n qu trnh nghin cu. Chnh v vy m
hnh ny c p dng nhiu hn v st vi thc t, tit kim thi gian v
kinh t hn.

(Phng php m hnh ha gn ng :

M hnh ha gn ng c th hon ton hay
khng hon ton.)
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

Cu 5: Nu cc quy tc xc nh MHH v MP?

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Quy tc1: Vn c th gii quyt bng cch s dng phn tch bng
cm tnh thng thng (common sense analysis).
Quy tc 2: Vn c th gii quyt bng php phn tch (s dng dng kn).

Quy tc 3: Tht s d dng hn thay i hay thc hin cc cuc th nghi

m trc tip trn h thng thc.
Quy tc 4: Chi ph cho m phng tri hn chi ph c th tit kim.

Quy tc 5: Khng c cc ngun ti nguyn (resources) thch hp cho d n.

Quy tc 6: Khng c thi gian to ra cc kt qu m hnh hu ch.
Quy tc 7: Khng c d liu khng c d kin nh gi.

Quy tc 8: M hnh khng th thc hin hoc hp thc ha c.

Quy tc 9: Cc mong i ca d n c th khng t c.

Quy tc 10: Nu hnh vi ca h thng l qu phc tp, hoc khng th n

o xc nh mt cch r rng.

Cu 6: Trnh by cc bc thc hin MHH v MP? Bc no l quan

trng nht?
CC BC THC HIN M HNH M PHNG
Bc 1: Xc nh r c im ca vn .
Bc 2: Hiu r h thng.

Bc 3: Xc nh r mc ch v mc tiu ca d n.
Bc 4 : Phi hc c nhng khi nim c bn.

Bc 5 :oan chc rng m phng l cng c ng n.

Bc 6: C c s ng h ca ngi iu hnh.

Bc 7: Nghin cu v cng c phn mm m phng.

Bc 8: Xc nh thng s no l cn thit v c gi tr.

Bc 9: Khai trin cc gi nh v vn .

Bc 10 : Xc nh u ra cn thit gii quyt vn nh.

Bc 11: Vic m phng s c iu khin t bn ngoi hay l bn trong.

Bc 12 : Bt u tin trnh.

Trong tt c cc bc trn bc 1: xc nh r c im vn l quan

trng nht v n l tin quyt nh cc bc cn li.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Cu 7: Bng cch no c s ng h ca ngi iu hnh trong vic xy

dng d n?

y l m bc ging nh mt iu hin nhin, nhng n li thng thc

y d n tin v pha trc. Ngi lm m hnh - m phng phi chim c s
ng h r rng t ngi iu hnh t khi bt u d n. Hoc l buc ngi iu
hnh phi min cng chp nhn kt qu, nu cc kt qu khng c s dng th
d n m phng c xem l tht bi.

Thnh phn ch yu ca bc ny l s gio dc. ngi iu hnh trong

hu ht cc cng ty th c rt t hoc l khng c kinh nghim g v m hnh m
phng. Nhiu nh qun l c nhng mong i rt ho huyn v tin trnh, thng
l s lin quan gia thi gian n nh cho d n v phm vi hoc nhng kh nng
ca m hnh. iu u tin c c s ng h ca ngi iu hnh l ngi lm
m hnh - m phng phi gip h hiu c tin trnh v nhng g c th mong
ch t d n.
Bt u bng nhng bui hp ngn xem li mc mc tiu ca d n, b
tr thi gian, phm vi ca m hnh, cc cau hi s tr li v phng php thc hin
c s dng. Cung cp nhng thng tin c s v tin trnh. Tho lun nhng ci
m m hnh c th lm v khng th lm. Mt th thut hu ch l xem xt nhng
im ni bt ca d n tng t mt cng ty khc - u l im cn phi hc,
iu ny chim bao nhiu lu, l nhng iu m bt k mt nh qun l no
cng quan tm.
Nhng bui hp ngn c t chc thng xuyn s gip cho ngi iu
hnh c cung cp thng tin u n v tin trnh. i vi nhng nh qun l
vng mt trong cc bui hp th a cho h nhng bn tm tt v cc tiu ch
yu. Khi m hnh c hon thnh v c kim tra, bao gm vic iu khin
trong tin trnh th c th c nhiu s pht hin v quyt nh. Nu c mt trong
tt c cc bui hp , h s c s hiu bit su sc v tin trnh, hiu v chia s
nh ngi ng s v kt qu nhn c.

Tranh th s ng h ca ngi iu hnh l mt i hi lin tc n

khng xy ra mt ln ( tc l thi im u ca tin trnh ). Theo l thuyt m
hnh m phng c xy dng tr li cc cu hi kh - nhng cu hi m trong
ngi iu hnh c nhng li ch ln lao. Nh qun l i hi cng nhiu th h
s nh gi tin trnh cng cao v hc d n cng nhiu

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Cu 8:Nu cc tiu ch v phng php la chn phn mm MP?

Tiu ch 1: Cc cnh bo.

+ Bit c nhng c im no thch hp cho m phng ca bn.
+ ng phn x trn c s c hay khng.
+ Bn c th khng cn n mt vi t im.
Tiu ch 2: Xem xt ng vo.
+ Kh nng ch im v nhp chut.
+ Thit k vi s tr gip my tnh
+ Nhp d liu t mt file.
+ Qui tc vit mnh .
+ Chy kim tra chng trnh iu khin.
+ Giao tip vi ngn ng khc.
+ Kh nng phn tch d liu ng vo.
Tiu ch 3: Xem xt cc qu trnh.
+ Xy dng cu trc mng.
+ iu khin tc thi.
+ To cc bin ngu nhin.
+ Khi ng li.
+ Khi to bin c lp.
+ Lp trnh.
+ C th chy trn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau.
Tiu ch 4: Xem xt ng ra.
+ Bo co chun ho.
+ Bo co theo yu cu.
+ Kh nng ho thng mi.
+ Thu thp cc d liu theo yu cu.
+ o lng hiu qu theo yu cu.
+ Xut d liu tnh ton ra tp tin.
Tiu ch 5: Xem xt mi trng.
+ D dng s dng.
+ D nghin cu.
+ C ti liu hng dn tt.
+ Kh nng hot hnh.
Tiu ch 6: Xem xt nh cung cp.
+ Tnh bn vng ca cng ty
+ Danh ting cng ty.
+ Thnh tch t c qua tng nng nghin cu v pht trin.
+ C h tr ti liu hng dn, k thut.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Tiu ch 7: Gi c cnh tranh.

Cu 9 : Lit k cc phng php hp thc ha MH c xy dng (pp lm

MH c gi tr) ?
Kim tra suy bin(Degeneracy test)

S kim tra u tin ny bit hnh vi m hnh c suy bin tng ng

vi cc ng vo v cng ln hay khng. iu g s xy ra nu tc vo
tr nn tht s cao? p ng ca m hnh s nh th no? Hin tng b
nghn(bottlenecks) c th c ci thin nhng ni mong mun hay
khng?

Kim tra hp thc ho b mt( Face validity test)

Kim tra ny p dng kh nng phn on thng thng phn tch

cc ng ra m hnh i vi trng hp c bn. Cc ng ra c hp l hay
khng?. C th gii thch hnh vi ca m hnh da trn kinh nghim vi
cc h thng tng t hay khng.

Kim tra phn tch nhy

i vi cc trng hp kim tra lp li vi cc gi tr ng vo khc nhau,

cc ng ra thay i theo hng d kin hay khng?. Tt c chng c cng
cch din bin hay khng?.

Cu 10 : Th no l vic MP c thc hin t bn ngoi v thc hin t

bn trong ?
-

i vi ngi s dng ln u, m phng s dng iu khin bn trong c

th l thiu thn trng. y c qu nhiu vic phi quyt nh v do
h c th s mc sai lm. Nu c mt nh t vn hng dn th h s ch
cho bn nn s dng k thut no thch hp cho vic m phng ban u.
Mt cng ty th h c th hc nh vo s tng tc v thm dn. Mt
kh nng khc l nh t vn lm vic vi cng ty cho ln u tin p dng
k thut m phng. S khc bit ca iu ny chnh l bc nhy ban
u. Nh t vn gip cho h thng tin trin sau chuyn giao s
kim sot cho mt nhm ngi thuc cng ty.

i vi ngi khng thng xuyn s dng, th cn phi c thi gian cho

vic n li. Chng hn, nu m phng c s dng mi nm mt ln
trong 3 thng, cn 9 thng khng s dng th nh phn tch (nu cng l
mt ngi) phi xem li phn mm (hoc l cc phn mm khc) mi
nm. Thm vo , cng mt phn mm c th c s thay i v hm
chc nng ca cc phin bn sau. Cn cn nhc trng hp m c
mt gii hn ngn i vi vic hon thnh cng vic m phng.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng
-

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Thi gian b vo vic n li s tr vo thi gian dnh cho hot ng m

phng. Nh t vn c th chng minh mt cch chc chn gi tr ca mnh
trong trng hp ny.

i vi nhng ngi thng xuyn s dng m phng th c th thnh lp

mt nhm ngi trong cng ty. Hiu qu lm vic ca nhm ny c th
c nng cao vi s gip ca nh t vn nu c yu cu qu cao hoc
l khi c nhng hn ch no .

Cu 11 : Nu tng lai ca MHH v MP ?

Cc k thut nh m phng trong thi gian thc v thc t

o ( VR virtual Reality) sthng tr hon ton cc lnh vc hng u n
h l gii tr v khoa hc vo th k ti.Vi gi cngy cng gim v
cu hnh ngy cng mnh, my tnh c nhn c th p ng cc yu c
u chovic xy dng cc m hnh thc t v cho chng lung lay
thy iu g s xy ra v nghin
cu nhiu v thc t bng cch lm m hnh v n.

Cu 12 :nh ngha MH vt l ? Nu cc bc xy dng MH vt l ?

nh ngha:
- M hnh vt l l m hnh m cc qu trnh din ra m hnh ny c s
tng ng vt l vicc qu trnh din ra nguyn mu.
- m hnh vt l, qu trnh nghin cu din ra c th quan st, o t d
dngTrong khi , nguyn mu th vic thc hin cc tc v ny gp
nhiu kh khn.
Cc bc xy dng MH vt l :
- Bc 1: Xc nh mc ch s dng (nguyn cu) v yu cu ca m
hnh.
- Bc 2: Xc nh mc m phng ca m hnh (y , khng y ,
theo thi gian hay khng gian).
- Bc 3: Xc nh cc phng trnh trng thi m t cc qu trnh vt l
ca h ( thng cc phng trnh vi tch phn).
- Bc 4: La chn phng php xc nh ch tiu tng ng.
- Bc 5: Xc nh ch tiu tng ng .
- Bc 6: Bin i cc ch tiu tng ng cho ph hp vi mc ch
m phng bng cch thc hin cc t hp cc ch tiu tng ng.
- Bc 7: Xc nh cc thng s c ch n khi nim thc hin trong
thc t.

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Cu 13: Trnh by cc nh l v tng ng: nh l 1,2 v 3?

Cc nh l v tng ng:
nh l 1:
Cc hin tng tng ng vi nhau v mt ny hay mt khc (Vt l,
ton, iu khin) khi chng c chung cc t hp thng s gi l ch tiu
tng ng.
- C n-1 ch tiu tng ng.
- C n dng ch tiu tng ng.
- C th nhn hoc chia cc ch tiu tng ng ra cc ch tiu tng ng
ph hp bi ton.
- Bt k ch tiu tng ng no l hm ca ch tiu tng ng .
nh l 2:
-

Bt k phng trnh trng thi ca qu trnh vt l, m t trong h n v

xc nh, u c th biu din bng quan h gia cc ch tiu tng ng.
Mt h phng trnh m t gm m thng s, trong c k thng s c
lp th c m-k-1 ch tiu tng ng c lp.

nh l 3:
-

i vi cc hin tng tng ng cn phi c cc ch tiu tng ng

ging nhau mt cch tng ng v cc iu kin n tr phi tng ng.
Cc ch tiu tng ng cha cc thng s ca qu trnh v h thng m
trong bi ton c th c th coi l c lp.
iu kin n tr l mt nhm thng s, gi tr ca chng l quan h hm,
nu ln hin tng c th t tp hin tng c dng cho trc .

Cu 14: Trnh by phng php tch phn tng t xy dng MH?

Phng trnh m t qu trnh vt l c trnh by di dng:

1 2 3 ..... n j 0
n

j 1

+ j= f(P1,P2,P3,..,Pn) l hm n tr ca cc thng s qu trnh, h thng v

o hm ca chng.
+ S ch tiu tng ng nhn c l n-1

+ S dng ch tiu tng ng bng s lng thnh phn ca phng

trnh:
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

Fy= n

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

+ Nu tn ti hm a tr th ngoi cc ch tiu tng ng xc nh bng

cch nu trn, cn phi thm vo a ch tiu cc i s ca hm a tr.
Trong trng hp ny, s ch tiu tng ng k cn xc nh l:
k = (n -1) + a

Cu 15:Trnh by phng php tch phn th nguyn xy dng MH?

Phng php tch phn th nguyn:
+ Nu ra m thng s P1, P2, P3, , Pm c trng ca qu trnh nghin cu.
+ Thnh lp ma trn th nguyn m thng s.
+ Xc nh s k thng s c lp.
- Thng s c lp k tho iu kin: k q vi q l s n v c bn
trong h o lng.
- k l hng ma trn th nguyn Dq c kch thc (q x m).
- k l hng ma trn th nguyn Dq sao cho tn ti t nht mt n
thc con khc 0.
- Trnh by hin tng nghin cu di dng biu thc c dng:

f (1,1,1,...,

P01

k 1

Pk 1
P
,......, m mm
0
k 1
.P02 ......P0 k
P01 .P02 ......P0km
k 1

+ Thnh lp biu thc m t (m-k) ch tiu di mi dng th hin.

Cu 16: nh ngha m hnh ton? Nu cc bc xy dng MH ton?

nh ngha:

M hnh ton l phn mm m phng c tho chng bng ngn

ng lp trnh m phng s kt ni cc phn t, quan h vi tch p
hn gia thng s ca cc phn t, cc ch v thngqua cc tin
ch giao din gia ngi v my thc thi cc yu cu.

Cc bc xy dng MH ton:

Vic xy dng m hnh ton thng bao gm cc bc sau:

-

Xc nh mc ch v yu cu ca m hnh.
Xy dng m hnh ton cc phn t ca h thng.
Xy dng s cu trc ca h thng cn kho st
qua vic kt ni cc phn t.
Xy dng tp thng s ch .
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Vit h phng trnh vi tch phn mo t trng thi

ca h thng.
Xy dng v la chn phng php gii.
Xy dng lu thut ton.
Chn ngn ng tho chng trnh thch hp.
Xy dng giao din ngi-my to tin ch cho
chng trnh.
Th nghim chng trnh.
Lp ti liu hng dn v tr gip s dng chng
trnh.

Cu 17: Nu cc tiu ch la chn MH MP?

Cn xem xt cc tiu ch sau khi la chn 1 m hnh:

Tnh thc tin:

Nng lc : M hnh cn phi hin i kh nng m phng c cc

tnh hung tc ng khc nhau c bn trong ln bn ngoi d n (v d
nh cng, li sut thay i) v ti u ha quyt nh. Mt m hnh c
ti u ha s cho ra c nhng so snh quan trng, cn nhc n nhng
ri ro v cc rng buc chnh v t s la chn c mt d n hay
mt nhm cc d n tt nht.
Tnh linh ng
D s dng
Chi ph

Tin hc ho d dng

C 2 loi m hnh la chn d n c bn,

M hnh nh lng : s dng cc u vo dng s

M hnh phi nh lng: khng s dng cc u vo dng s.

Chng ta cn lu 3 vn :

Chnh con ngi ch khng phi l m hnh l nhn t ra quyt nh.

Chnh cc nh qun l ch khng phi l m hnh phi chu trch nhim
cho quyt nh ca mnh.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Tt c cc m hnh, tuy phc tp nhng ch phn nh mt phn ca thc

t m m hnh mun phn nh. V vy, m hnh ch c th mang li
mt quyt nh ti u trong cc gii hn v rng buc ring ca m hnh.
M hnh nh lng cng c th da trn cc tiu ch nh gi khch
quan hoc ch quan. Mt khc cc thuc tnh ca mt d n cng c th
c th hin bng cc con s v cc tiu ch ch quan th khng nht
thit l km tin cy hn cc tiu ch khch quan.

Cu 18: Trnh by cc phng php gii tch mch tuyn tnh ch xc

lp v so snh cc phng php ny?
CC PHNG PHP GII MCH TUYN TNH CH XC LP
1. Phng php nh thc.

2. Phng php ma trn nghch o3. Phng php kh Gauss.

4. Phng Php Gauss-Jordan.
5. Phng php phn tch LU.
6. So snh cc phng php.

Hiu qu cc phng php c nh gi qua s lng php tnh nhn chi

a phi thc hin khidng phng php . Phng php no c s php t
nh cng t cng tt.

Phng php dng nh thc v ma trn nghch o ch thch hp vi h

c 2 hoc 3 phngtrnh tc l i vi mch ch c 2 hoc 3 nt
c lp. Tuy nhin, dng phng php ma trn
nghch o th s php tnh t hn nhiu so vi phng php dng nh th
c.

Cu 19: Trnh by cc phng php gii tch mch phi tuyn ch xc

lp v so snh cc phng php ny?
Mch phi tuyn l mch trong c cha cc phn t m khi gi tr tn
s cao th c tnh phi tuyn. i vi dng ny ta phi a v dng:
x=F(x) hoc f(x) = x - F(x)
F(x) v f(x) biu din cc hm ton hc ca bin x v c cc o h
m.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Cc phng php gii mch phi tuyn ch xc lp:

+ Thut ton th t 1 (thut ton im c nh):
Vi hm x = F(x), thut ton ny xc nh bi chui lp sau:
Nhp gi tr ban u x0
Tm:
x1= F(x0)
x2= F(x1)
xj+1= F(xj)
xN+1= F(xN)
Dng li nu: |xN+1 xN| < e.xN v xS = xN+1
+ Thut ton th t 2 (thut ton Newton - Rapson):
Xt phng trnh tng qut: f(x) = x F(x) = 0
Thut ton Newton Rapson c m t nh sau:
Nhp x0
x1 = x0 x2 = x1 xj+1 = xj -

(
(
(
(

xN+1 = xN -

)
(

Dng li nu: |xN+1 xN| < e.xN v xS = xN+1

+ Thut ton th t 3:
- Thut ton Richmond.
Gi s f(x) lin tc v tn ti f(x) v f (x) thut ton lp nh sau:
2 ( ) ( )
=

2 ( ( ) ( )
- Thut ton Traub.
Phng php lp ca thut ton Traub nh sau:
( )
=

( )

=
( )
2
( )

So snh cc phng php:

i vi cc phng php lp trnh by trn hiu qu ca phng

php c nh gi qua shi t ca phng php , c th l qua iu ki
n hi t v tc hi t. iu kin hi t l bi
ton c tm c nghim hay khng. Tc hi t c trng bng s ln l
p.
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M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Phng php th t 1 n gin nht v phi tnh t php tnh tuy

nhin s bc lp nhiudn n tc hi t chm, do vy c c p d
ng i vi cc hm c s bin i nh.

Phng php th t 2 c s php tnh nhiu hn v phc tp h

n phng php th t 1nhng c s bc lp t hn tc l tc hi t
cao hn nn nhanh tm c nghim cabi ton hn. Do vy phng
php ny c dng nhiu v thch hp vi cc hm m

Trong 3 phng php th phng php th t 3 c tc hi t nhanh nh

t
nhng qu trnh
tnh ton lu v phc tp nn ch p dng i vi cc hm n gin nh di
ode ...

Cu 21: Trnh by m hnh ton ca ng dy,my bin p,t b dc,t

b ngang?
M hnh ton cc phn t th ng trong h thng in:
+ M hnh ng dy:

M hnh ng dy hnh : i vi ng dy in p 110kV v

ln hn c chiu di 250 300km thng khng xt n s phn b
u cc thng s, ng thi c th s dng thng s tp trung l in tr
tc dng, cm khng, in dn tc dng v dung dn ca ng dy khi
phn tch ch xc lp ca ng dy.

M hnh ng dy thng s tp trung

tng mc chnh xc ca m hnh c th s dng nhiu m

hnh phn on ng dy ni tip nhau, s lng phn on c xc
nh ph thuc vo phm vi dao ng ca tng s.
13

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

M hnh ng dy vi nhiu phn on

M hnh ng dy thng s ri: m hnh ny ch cn thit khi

tnh ch xc lp ca ng dy siu cao p (Ud330kV) c chiu di
ln hn 250 300km.

M hnh ng dy thng s ri vi n phn on

+ M hnh My bin p:
My bin p 2 cun dy:

M hnh my bin p tuyn tnh hai cun dy

+ My bin p 3 cun dy:

+ My bin p t ngu:

14

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

M hnh my bin p 3 cun dy v t ngu

Cu 23: Cc nt trong h thng in c chia thnh 3 loi sau:

Nt cn bng : ch c mt nt cn bng trong h thong. y l nt c

ly lm chun , ti gi tr in p v gc pha bit. Nt ny s b tr
s khc bit gia cng sut pht ca cc nt khc v cng sut ti cng vi
tn tht cng sut quan trng.
Nt ph ti : cc nt ny cc gi tr P v Q c xc nh. Bin
in p v gc pha th cha bit. Cc nt ny gi l nt P-Q.
Nt ngun cn c gi l nt iu chnh in p, cc nt ny cc gi tr
P, gc pha xc nh, gi tr gc pha ca p v Q cn tm.

Cu 24: Trnh by m hnh ti

Ty theo tnh cht ca mng in v mc ch ca vic tnh ton ch

,m hnh ph ti in cth ccc dngnhsau:
Ph ti c cho bng cng sut khng i v gi tr
=
=

M hnh ph ti nykh chnh xc i vi cc h thng in c cc thit

b iu chnh in p(my bin p v my bin p t ngu iu chnh in
p di ti, my bin p iu chnh ng dy, b t b iu khin, my
15

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

b ng b,.). Thc t cho ph ti bng cng sut khng i l gi thit

rng in p ti tt c cc nt bng vi in p nh mc ca mng in.
Ph ti c m hnh ho bng tng tr hay tng dn khng i
=
+
=
=

M hnh nay tng ng vivic cho ph ti bng cc dng c tnh bc

hai:
=
=

M hnh ti theo phng php ny thng c s dng khi tnh cc qu

trnh qua in c.
Tuy nhin, m hnh ny khng m bo chnh xc cao ca cc kt qu
nhn c, bi v trong thc t chnh tng tr v tng dn ca cc ph ti
l hm s ca tn s v in p t vo.

Ph tic m hnhhobngccng ctnh tnh

Trong ch xc lp, cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca ti l hm
theo in p v tn s ti nt ni kt ti vo s tnh ton. Cc quan h
Pt(U, ), Qt(U, ) gi l c tnh tnh ca ti. Dng cc quan h ny c
xc nh bng thnh phn ca ti.
Ti hn hp trong s tnh ton ch lm vic ca HT thng c
m t bng a thc bc hai theo U v tuyn tnh theo .
=

y: l lch tn s tng i; , , , , ,
h s c tnh tnh ca ti.
Do quan h ( )gn nh tuyn tnh nn
0.
Cc h s

chn nh sau:
16

ln lt l cac

M Hnh Ha M Phng
+

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

= 0,9,

= 1,2i vi ti c c tnh tng qut;

+
= 0,6,
= 1,5 i vi ti cng nghip hay ti cc i
vo bui sng v cc tiu vo bui ti;
+
= 1,2,
nghip ln;
+

= 0,7 i vi ti khng phi l ph ti cng

= 1,5,

= 0,4 i vi ti chiu sng v tiu dng.

i vi ch ti cc i hay ch gn vi n, ng vi cos
th:
= 15,3

= 9,55
0,7.

= 0,85

vi

>

vi

= 1,4

= 14,35

= 9,55
0,7.

= 1,4

tnh
=

i vi ti cng sut ln hn 10 20 MW, c thnh phn hn hp th c

( ) c dng:
+

+ 1+

+ 1+

(4.40)

Trong trng hp ny, ch cc i hay ch ln cn cc i th:

0,7.

= 4,2;

= 9,5;

17

= 5,3;

= 1,5

M Hnh Ha M Phng

= 3,6;

= 8,9;

= 5,3;

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

= 1,5

Lu rng cho = 0 s dn n php ton chia khng. Nu

(4.40) c a thng vo chng trnh tnh th nn gn cho mt gi
tr.

Cu 25:PhngphapGauss-Seidel

Phng php ny c hiu l phng php thay th lin tip. minh

ho, xem xt cch gii phng trnh phi tuyn sau:
f(x)=0

Phng trnh ny c vit li di dng sau:

x=g(x)

Nu ( ) l gi tr c gn ban u ca bin x, phng trnh c vit li

di dng sau:
( )
(

( )

= (

( )

Qu trnh gii kt thc khi s chnh lch gia

gi tr sai s yu cu:
(

y l sai s yu cu.

( )

( )

nh hn

Cu 26: Phng php Newton-Raphson

Phng php thng dng nht c s dng gii bi ton phng trnh i
s phi tuyn l phng php Newton-Raphon. Phng php ca Newton l mt
qu trnh xp x nghim trn c s gi tr khi to ban u cha bit v s dng
trin khai chui Taylor m rng. Xt bi ton mt nghim sau:
f(x)=c

Nu ( ) l xp x ban u ca qu trnh gii ton, v

qu trnh gii th:
18

( )

l sai s t

M Hnh Ha M Phng

( )

( )

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

)=

Khai trin Taylor pha tri ca chng trnh trn theo

(

( )

( )

)+

Gi s rng sai s
kt qu nh sau:

Vi:
Thay

( )

( )

+=

l rt nh, khng xt n thnh phn c cao hn,

( )

( )

( )

( )

= ( )(

vi gi tr gn c lng s cho kt qu trong qu trnh xp x th hai:

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

Lin tc s dng qu trnh ca gii thut Newton-Graphson:

( )

= ( )(
=

( )

( )

Phng trnh trn c th sp xp li nh sau:

Vi

( )

( )

( )

1
)+
2!

( )

( )

( )

19

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

M Hnh Ha M Phng

PGS.TS Quyn Huy nh

Mi quan h trong (4.28) ch ra rng phng trnh phi tuyn f(x)-c=0 c sp x

bng ng tip tuyn vi ng cong im ( ) . V vy, phng trnh c
hnh thnh t s thay i nh ca bin. Giao c ng tip tuyn vi trc ( ) .

20