Cu 1: nh ngha m hnh, m hnh ho v m phng h thng in ?

Tr li:
1.1/ M hnh l m t vt l, ton hc hoc lun l ca mt h thng thc, mt thc th, mt hin
tng hay mt qu trnh.
+ Mt m hnh tt ph thuc kh nng tr gip con ngi bit h thng nhiu hay t.
+ C th xy dng m hnh t trn xung di, t di ln trn, t trong ra ngoi, t ngoi vo
trong.
1.2/ M hnh ho l phng php c tnh cht tiu chun, chnh xc hay cu trc to ra v hiu
lc ho m hnh.
1.3/ M phng l s vn ng ca m hnh nh cc hot ng theo khng gian v thi gian bn
trong h thng thc m m hnh ny i din.
M phng l s lp li v pht trin ca m hnh. Mt ngi xy dng m hnh l m phng
n, nghin cu qu trnh m phng, sa i m hnh v tip tc m phng n khi thu c mt
mc hiu bit y t m hnh.

Cu 2:Trnh by li ch ca vic m phng?

Tr li:
2.1/ D on tin trnh v kt qu mt vi cng vic.
2.2/ Hiu ti sao cc s kin quan st c xy ra.
2.3/ Nhn nh phm vi ca vn trc khi thc thi.
2.4/ kho st nh hng ca cc tc ng thay i.
2.5/ nh gi cc tng v nhn ra mc ch cha t c.
2.6/ t dc cc hiu bit su sc v kch thch suy ngh sang to.
2.7/ Chng minh tnh ng n v kh nng thc thi ca d n.

Cu 3: nh ngha MHH v cc loi MHH?

Tr li:
3.1/ M hnh ho l phng php c tnh cht tiu chun, chnh xc hay cu trc to ra v hiu
lc ho m hnh.
- Cc loi MHH:

3.2/ M hnh ha hon ton v tng ng hon ton

M hnh c xy dng phi m bo s tng ng v mi phngdin, mi tnh cht ca ng
uyn mutrong nhng dng tn ti c bntrong khng gian v thi gian.

3.3/M hnh ha khng hon ton

Ch tp trung vo din tin ca cc qu trnh chnh c trng cho hintng tng ng ch mt ph
n ( theo khng gian hay theo thi gian ) :
3.4/ M hnh ha gn ng
M hnh ha gn ng c th hon ton hay khng hon ton.

Cu 4: nh ngha m hnh vt l,th no l MHH hon ton v MHH khng hon ton ?
Trong thc t thng s dng MHH loi no?
Tr li:
4.1/ nh ngha:
M hnh vt l l m hnh m cc qu trnh din ra m hnh ny c s tng ng vt l vi
cc qu trnh din ra nguyn mu.
m hnh vt l, qu trnh nghin cu din ra c th quan st, o t d
dng. Trong khi ,
nguyn mu th vic thc hin cc tc v ny gp nhiu kh khn.
4.2/ M hnh hon ton: m hnh c xy dng phi m bo s tng ng v mi Phng din,
mi tnh cht ca nguyn mu. Ni cch khc qu trnh c trng cho hin tng nghin cu bin
i mt cch tng ng theo khng gian v thi gian.
4.3/ M hnh khng hon ton: ch tp trung vo din tin ca cc qu trnh chnh c trng cho
hin tng nghin cu tc l ch tng ng mt phn (theo khng gian hay thi gian).
4.4/ Thc t thng s dng m hnh gn ng v n c th b qua mt vi yu t c nh hng
khng ln n qu trnh nghin cu. Chnh v vy m hnh ny c p dng nhiu hn v st vi
thc t, tit kim thi gian v kinh t hn.
(Phng php m hnh ha gn ng : M hnh ha gn ng c th hon ton hay
khng hon ton.)

Cu 5: Nu cc quy tc xc nh MHH v MP?

Tr li:
Quy tc1: Vn c th gii quyt bng cch s dng phn tch bng cm tnh
thng thng (common sense analysis).
Quy tc 2: Vn c th gii quyt bng php phn tch (s dng dng kn).
Quy tc 3: Tht s d dng hn thay i hay thc hin cc cuc th nghim trc tip
trn h thng thc.
Quy tc 4: Chi ph cho m phng tri hn chi ph c th tit kim.
Quy tc 5: Khng c cc ngun ti nguyn (resources) thch hp cho d n.
Quy tc 6: Khng c thi gian to ra cc kt qu m hnh hu ch.
Quy tc 7: Khng c d liu khng c d kin nh gi.
Quy tc 8: M hnh khng th thc hin hoc hp thc ha c.

Quy tc 9: Cc mong i ca d n c th khng t c.

Quy tc 10: Nu hnh vi ca h thng l qu phc tp, hoc khng th no xc nh
mt cch r rng.

Cu 6: Trnh by cc bc thc hin MHH v MP? Bc no l quan trng nht?

Tr li:
CC BC THC HIN M HNH M PHNG
Bc 1: Xc nh r c im ca vn .
Bc 2: Hiu r h thng.
Bc 3: Xc nh r mc ch v mc tiu ca d n.
BC 4 : Phi hc c nhng khi nim c bn.
BC 5 :oan chc rng m phng l cng c ng n.
BC 6: C c s ng h ca ngi iu hnh.
BC 7: Nghin cu v cng c phn mm m phng.
BC 8: Xc nh thng s no l cn thit v c gi tr.
BC 9: Khai trin cc gi nh v vn .
BC 10 : Xc nh u ra cn thit gii quyt vn nh.
BC 11: Vic m phng s c iu khin t bn ngoi hay l bn trong.
BC 12 : Bt u tin trnh.
Trong tt c cc bc trn bc 1: xc nh r c im vn l quan trng nht v n l
tin quyt nh cc bc cn li.

Cu 7: Bng cch no c s ng h ca ngi iu hnh trong vic xy dng d n?

Cu 8:Nu cc tiu ch v phng php la chn phn mm MP?
Tr li:
Tiu ch 1: Cc cnh bo.
+ Bit c nhng c im no thch hp cho m phng ca bn.
+ ng phn x trn c s c hay khng.
+ Bn c th khng cn n mt vi t im.
Tiu ch 2: Xem xt ng vo.
+ Kh nng ch im v nhp chut.
+ Thit k vi s tr gip my tnh
+ Nhp d liu t mt file.
+ Qui tc vit mnh .
+ Chy kim tra chng trnh iu khin.
+ Giao tip vi ngn ng khc.
+ Kh nng phn tch d liu ng vo.
Tiu ch 3: Xem xt cc qu trnh.

+ Xy dng cu trc mng.

+ iu khin tc thi.
+ To cc bin ngu nhin.
+ Khi ng li.
+ Khi to bin c lp.
+ Bin ton cc.
+ Lp trnh.
+ C th chy trn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau.
Tiu ch 4: Xem xt ng ra.
+ Bo co chun ho.
+ Bo co theo yu cu.
+ Kh nng ho thng mi.
+ Thu thp cc d liu theo yu cu.
+ o lng hiu qu theo yu cu.
+ Xut d liu tnh ton ra tp tin.
Tiu ch 5: Xem xt mi trng.
+ D dng s dng.
+ D nghin cu.
+ C ti liu hng dn tt.
+ Kh nng hot hnh.
Tiu ch 6: Xem xt nh cung cp.
+ Tnh bn vng ca cng ty
+ Danh ting cng ty.
+ Thnh tch t c qua tng nng nghin cu v pht trin.
+ C h tr ti liu hng dn, k thut.
Tiu ch 7: Gi c cnh tranh.
Cu 9 : Lit k cc phng php hp thc ha MH c xy dng (pp lm
MH c gi tr) ?
Cu 10 : Th no l vic MP c thc hin t bn ngoi v thc hin t
bn trong ?
Cu 11 : Nu tng lai ca MHH v MP ?

Tr li:
TNG LAI CA M PHNG
Cc k thut nh m phng trong thi gian thc v thc t o ( VR virtual Reality) sth
ng tr hon ton cc lnh vc hng u nh l gii tr v khoa hc vo th k ti.Vi gi cng
y cng gim v cu hnh ngy cng mnh, my tnh c nhn c th p ng cc yu cu chovic
xy dng cc m hnh thc t v cho chng lung lay
thy iu g s xy ra v nghincu nhiu v thc t bng cch lm m hnh v n.
Cu 12 :nh ngha MH vt l ? Nu cc bc xy dng MH vt l ?

Tr li:
12..1/ nh ngha:
-

M hnh vt l l m hnh m cc qu trnh din ra m hnh ny c s tng ng vt l v

i cc qu trnh din ra nguyn mu.

m hnh vt l, qu trnh nghin cu din ra c th quan st, o t d dng. Trong khi ,

nguyn mu th vic thc hin cc tc v ny gp nhiu kh khn.
12.2/ Cc bc xy dng MH vt l?
+ Bc 1: Xc nh mc ch s dng (nguyn cu) v yu cu ca m hnh.
+ Bc 2: Xc nh mc m phng ca m hnh (y , khng y , theo thi gian
hay khng gian).
+ Bc 3: Xc nh cc phng trnh trng thi m t cc qu trnh vt l ca h
( thng cc phng trnh vi tch phn).
+ Bc 4: La chn phng php xc nh ch tiu tng ng.
+ Bc 5: Xc nh ch tiu tng ng .
+ Bc 6: Bin i cc ch tiu tng ng cho ph hp vi mc ch m phng bng
cch thc hin cc t hp cc ch tiu tng ng.
+ Bc 7: Xc nh cc thng s c ch n khi nim thc hin trong thc t.

Cu 13: Trnh by cc nh l v tng ng: nh l 1,2 v 3?

Tr li:
Cc nh l v tng ng:
13.1/ nh l 1:
Cc hin tng tng ng vi nhau v mt ny hay mt khc (Vt l, ton, iu
khin) khi chng c chung cc t hp thng s gi l ch tiu tng ng.
+ C n-1 ch tiu tng ng.
+ C n dng ch tiu tng ng.
+ C th nhn hoc chia cc ch tiu tng ng ra cc ch tiu tng ng ph hp bi ton.
+ Bt k ch tiu tng ng no l hm ca ch tiu tng ng .
13.2 / nh l 2:
Bt k phng trnh trng thi ca qu trnh vt l, m t trong h n v xc nh, u
c th biu din bng quan h gia cc ch tiu tng ng.
Mt h phng trnh m t gm m thng s, trong c k thng s c lp th c m-k1 ch tiu tng ng c lp.
13.3/nh l 3:
i vi cc hin tng tng ng cn phi c cc ch tiu tng ng ging nhau
mt cch tng ng v cc iu kin n tr phi tng ng.
Cc ch tiu tng ng cha cc thng s ca qu trnh v h thng m trong bi ton
c th c th coi l c lp.
iu kin n tr l mt nhm thng s, gi tr ca chng l quan h hm, nu ln hin
tng c th t tp hin tng c dng cho trc.

Cu 14: Trnh by phng php tch phn tng t xy dng MH?

Tr li:
+ Phng trnh m t qu trnh vt l c trnh by di dng:
n

1 2 3 ..... n j 0
j 1

+ j= f(P1,P2,P3,..,Pn) l hm n tr ca cc thng s qu trnh, h thng v o hm ca

chng.
+ S ch tiu tng ng nhn c l n-1
+ S dng ch tiu tng ng bng s lng thnh phn ca phng trnh:
Fy= n
+ Nu tn ti hm a tr th ngoi cc ch tiu tng ng xc nh bng cch nu trn, cn phi
thm vo a ch tiu cc i s ca hm a tr. Trong trng hp ny, s ch tiu tng ng k cn
xc nh l:
k = (n -1) + a

Cu 15: Trnh by phng php tch phn th nguyn xy dng MH?

Tr li:
Phng php tch phn th nguyn:
+ Nu ra m thng s P1, P2, P3, , Pm c trng ca qu trnh nghin cu.
+ Thnh lp ma trn th nguyn m thng s.
+ Xc nh s k thng s c lp.
- Thng s c lp k tho iu kin: k q vi q l s n v c bn trong h o lng.
- k l hng ma trn th nguyn Dq c kch thc (q x m).
- k l hng ma trn th nguyn Dq sao cho tn ti t nht mt n thc con khc 0.
- Trnh by hin tng nghin cu di dng biu thc c dng:

f (1,1,1,...,

k 1
01

k 1
k 1
02

.P

k 1
0k

......P

,......,

m
m
02

P .P ......P0km
m
01

+ Thnh lp biu thc m t (m-k) ch tiu di mi dng th hin.

Cu 16: nh ngha m hnh ton? Nu cc bc xy dng MH ton?

Tr li:
16.1/ nh ngha:
M hnh ton l phn mm m phng c tho chng bng ngn ng lp trnh m phng s
kt ni cc phn t, quan h vi tch phn gia thng s ca cc phn t, cc ch v thng
qua cc tin ch giao din gia ngi v my thc thi cc yu cu.
16.2/Cc bc xy dng MH ton:
Vic xy dng m hnh ton thng bao gm cc bc sau:
-

Xc nh mc ch v yu cu ca m hnh.
Xy dng m hnh ton cc phn t ca h thng.
Xy dng s cu trc ca h thng cn kho st qua vic kt ni cc phn t.
Xy dng tp thng s ch .
Vit h phng trnh vi tch phn mo t trng thi ca h thng.
Xy dng v la chn phng php gii.
Xy dng lu thut ton.
Chn ngn ng tho chng trnh thch hp.
Xy dng giao din ngi-my to tin ch cho chng trnh.

Th nghim chng trnh.

Lp ti liu hng dn v tr gip s dng chng trnh.
ng gi chng trnh.

Cu 17: Nu cc tiu ch la chn MH MP?

Cu 18: Trnh by cc phng php gii tch mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp v so
snh cc phng php ny?
Tr li:
CC PHNG PHP GII MCH TUYN TNH CH XC LP
1. Phng php nh thc.
2. Phng php ma trn nghch o3. Phng php kh Gauss.
4. Phng Php Gauss-Jordan.
5. Phng php phn tch LU.
6. So snh cc phng php.
Hiu qu cc phng php c nh gi qua s lng php tnh nhn chia phi thc hin khi
dng phng php . Phng php no c s php tnh cng t cng tt.
Phng php dng nh thc v ma trn nghch o ch thch hp vi h c 2 hoc 3 phng
trnh tc l i vi mch ch c 2 hoc 3 nt c lp. Tuy nhin, dng phng php ma trn
nghch o th s php tnh t hn nhiu so vi phng php dng nh thc.

Cu 19: Trnh by cc phng php gii tch mch phi tuyn ch xc lp v so

snh cc phng php ny?
Tr li:
Mch phi tuyn l mch trong c cha cc phn t m khi gi tr tn s cao th c tnh
phi tuyn. i vi dng ny ta phi a v dng:
x=F(x) hoc f(x) = x - F(x)
F(x) v f(x) biu din cc hm ton hc ca bin x v c cc o hm.

19.1/ Cc phng php gii mch phi tuyn ch xc lp:

+ Thut ton th t 1 (thut ton im c nh):
Vi hm x = F(x), thut ton ny xc nh bi chui lp sau:
Nhp gi tr ban u x0
Tm:
x1= F(x0)
x2= F(x1)
xj+1= F(xj)
xN+1= F(xN)
Dng li nu: |xN+1 xN| < e.xN v xS = xN+1
+ Thut ton th t 2 (thut ton Newton - Rapson):
Xt phng trnh tng qut: f(x) = x F(x) = 0

Thut ton Newton Rapson c m t nh sau:

Nhp x0
x
f ( 0)
x1 = x 0 f (x )

'

x
f ( 1)
x2 = x 1 f (x )

'

x
f ( j)
xj+1 = xj f (x )

'

x
f ' ( N )
xN+1 = xN f (x )

Dng li nu: |xN+1 xN| < e.xN v xS = xN+1

+ Thut ton th t 3:
- Thut ton Richmond.
Gi s f(x) lin tc v tn ti f(x) v f (x) thut ton lp nh sau:

x
x jf ( j) f ' ' ( x j)
2 f ' 2
2 f ( x j )f ' (x j )
x j+1 =x j

- Thut ton Traub.

Phng php lp ca thut ton Traub nh sau:
z j=x j

f (x j)
f ' (x j )

x
z
f ( j)
2 f ( z j ) f ( j)
z jx j
x j+1=z j

19.2. So snh cc phng php:

i vi cc phng php lp trnh by trn hiu qu ca phng php c nh gi qua s

hi t ca phng php , c th l qua iu kin hi t v tc hi t. iu kin hi t l bi
ton c tm c nghim hay khng. Tc hi t c trng bng s ln lp.
Phng php th t 1 n gin nht v phi tnh t php tnh tuy nhin s bc lp nhiu
dn n tc hi t chm, do vy c c p dng i vi cc hm c s bin i nh.
Phng php th t 2 c s php tnh nhiu hn v phc tp hn phng php th t 1
nhng c s bc lp t hn tc l tc hi t cao hn nn nhanh tm c nghim cabi ton
hn. Do vy phng php ny c dng nhiu v thch hp vi cc hm m
Trong 3 phng php th phng php th t 3 c tc hi t nhanh nht nhng qu trnh
tnh ton lu v phc tp nn ch p dng i vi cc hm n gin nh diode ...

Cu 20: Trnh by cc phng php gii tch mch phi tuyn ch qu ?

Cu 21: Trnh by m hnh ton ca ng dy,my bin p,t b dc,t b
ngang?
Tr li:

M hnh ton cc phn t th ng trong h thng in:

+ M hnh ng dy:
M hnh ng dy hnh : i vi ng dy in p 110kV v ln hn c chiu di
km thng khng xt n s phn b u cc thng s, ng thi c th s
dng thng s tp trung l in tr tc dng, cm khng, in dn tc dng v dung dn ca
ng dy khi phn tch ch xc lp ca ng dy.
l 250300

M hnh ng dy thng s tp trung

tng mc chnh xc ca m hnh c th s dng nhiu m hnh phn on
ng dy ni tip nhau, s lng phn on c xc nh ph thuc vo phm vi dao
ng ca tng s.

M hnh ng dy vi nhiu phn on

M hnh ng dy thng s ri: m hnh ny ch cn thit khi tnh ch xc lp ca
ng dy siu cao p (Ud 330kV) c chiu di ln hn 250 300km.

M hnh ng dy thng s ri vi n phn on

+ M hnh My bin p:
My bin p 2 cun dy:

M hnh my bin p tuyn tnh hai cun dy

+ My bin p 3 cun dy:
+ My bin p t ngu:

M hnh my bin p 3 cun dy v t ngu

t b dc,t b ngang?