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Integration by Parts -- from

Wolfram MathWorld
Created, developed, and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research

Integration by parts is a technique for performing indefinite

integration

or definite integration

differential of a product of functions

by expanding the
and expressing the

original integral in terms of a known integral

. A single

integration by parts starts with

(1)
and integrates both sides,
(2)

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Rearranging gives
(3)
For example, consider the integral
and let
(4)
(5)
so integration by parts gives
where is a constant of integration.
The procedure does not always succeed, since some choices of
may lead to more complicated integrals than the original. For
example, consider again the integral

and let
(8)

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giving
which is more difficult than the original (Apostol 1967,
pp. 218-219).
Integration by parts may also fail because it leads back to the
original integral. For example, consider
and let
(11)
then
(12)
which is same integral as the original (Apostol 1967, p. 219).
The analogous procedure works for definite integration by parts, so
(13)

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where
.
Integration by parts can also be applied times to

:
(14)

Therefore,
(15)
But
(16)
(17)
so

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(18)

Now consider this in the slightly different form

. Integrate by parts a first time
(19)
so
(20)
Now integrate by parts a second time,

(21)

so

(22)

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Repeating a third time,

(23)

Therefore, after
applications,

(24)

If

(e.g., for an th degree polynomial), the last term is 0, so

the sum terminates after terms and

(25)

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