The

Werewolf

Belief among

the Slavic

Peoples

Ichiro Ito

This article presents a comparative-historical analysis of the

werewolf belief among the Slavic peoples. It concludes by advancing the following hypothesis: that among the Slays there existed a
ritual transformation into wolves by the young warriors society and
that from the 10th century, after this ritual had disappeared, it was
recalled via folkloric and ethnographic motifs, viz: (1) the werewolf
belief connected with the cult of magician and spread chiefly among
the Western and Eastern Slays; (2) the folkloric motif of the
"Shepherd of Wolves" occurred mainly among the Southern Slays;
and (3) disguising as wolves by groups of young people during the
Winter Ritual, which was a characteristic chiefly of the Southern
Slays.

1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

1.

, ,
,
,4
5 , ,,

, , ,
* 3
767

64
,
,

1951;

1974]

[EISLER

2.

(45

1)
,

,
,

19 Da1'
volkodlak,

volkolak, volkolaka(

),vovkulaka(,

2)

,
,

,
,

[.'1880:238]
Maksimov,20
1)

Smolensk(

,BooaK,BypaK,

),Novgorod,

, V/
,

vlkodlak,
wilkolak,
Wj'elkoraz,
= , volkodlak.
2)

[oboroten'](

768

Vologda,


Vjatka

),Rjazan, Kaluga

),Penza(

),

Vjatka

Kaluga
,

[MAKslMov

1930 Z

1903:105-108]

[ 1981:168-169]
,

,
,
n

,
[SEJN
S(

BayKaKa

l
967:546]

1855

1903:253]

19 ,

5
tremula)

[MOSZYIVSKI

BayKaK,

acHxa,

( ) ,

Populus

[SEJN

Bogdanowicz

l
903:253]

[BOGDANOWICZ

l895:145;BRUCKNER

1980:56]o
( 1870

Nikiforovskij

, Vitebsk

,
(znatok),

,
,

( pa6Hxa,
3

Sorbusaucuparia)

,
[SEJN
Grodno

1903:253-254]

769

 64
,
,
Siemienski

1845

1903:256]
L.

[ 1980:163-167]
3)[AFANAs'Ev
,
wilkolak

[SRJN

,
l869:556]

,15

[BRUCKNER
,

18 ,wilkolek

l927:622]4)

,wilkolak

[KRZYZANOWSKI

1963:439-440]

,
[ 1980:167-168,172-173],
[

1980]

, Czestochowa
,

(Mikokaj

[MOSZYIVSKI

l
967:544]

) ,
Y

(4

16 ,
Mazowsze
(Jan=

) (624)5)

2,

[IVIOSZYNSKI

,
1967:546]

3)

4)

MikoR(1505-1569),

Waclaw

Potocki(1621696)

IBRUCKNER
1980:284]
5)
770

16 MikoR

,

Jedn(paniej poksalwilkwoborze owce,
Wojt
powiada:wilkolek,

niechmowi ktocochce;

Slyszma ogon bywilka

jako chlopgodzi_

[BRUCKNER

l980:284]

wjelkoraz,

vlkodlak

,
[NEDo

l
966:138;Machek

,
(

,
BbnHp[vgpir])

6) ,

Kuc(

l970:84]

[PANTIC
,

1971:695]

saMnHp[vampir],

,
,

eoprH)

Dorde,

[MOSZYIVSKI

l967:544]

[AFANAS'Ev

, ,

l
869:531;KRAUSS,1908:139;MOSZYIVSKI

1967:544]o
Karadi6
(BoKHh)
528]
6)

(ByKoaK)

(CnacoB

Rax)

[AFANAs'Ev

,
Pukin,

l869:

,ByKOaK

(ilecxx 32118jlHblXCmBHH,1834)
, ByKoaKBypaaK
, ,
BoKoK
BypAaaK,
(
1830 1884 A.K.
Tolstoj

[vurdalak]

)
771

64
[vukodlak

40 ,

[AFANAs'Ev

l
869:559-560]

,1262
,

KHHra

Nomocanon

KoPqMa CaBa

G~sh
roHEE
() .s, w~
r 4yso
ns`
,. .rh. AOVHO%
1
cN{.

G6CHH
b;tce-. [sYRKU
1897:
L
( )vibkodlakv

vlbkodlak7, [ ]

16 Mencetic

mne mi se kako zec gdi na njih vape tak
jako no na mjesec, kad ga ie vukodlak

[JAGIO 1981: 91]

,
vukodlak

19 solnce jedeno
,

[JAKOBSON

SZEFTEL

1966:350]

vrkolag

[DROBNJAKOVIC

vrkolag

Timok

vukodlak

and

1960:253],

7
1452

je .

(vetica)
,

{1Ji
,

1960: 253]

(vukodlak)

[valkolak]

7) , ,
11
772


[GEoRGIEv,

.
,
Z J and ILQEV

, volkodlak

, (volcja dlaka)
SZEFTEL

[JAKoBsoN

and

1966:344]

,
(*dlaka)

*vblko-dlakb

Ivanov, Toporov

lacis)

l
977a:153-154;IvANov

*tlak-,

l927:622;VAsMER

, (

lokys,

l968:216],

[IvANov

(*1)

[BRUCKNER

l964:338-339;SANsKIJ

tlok,

l971:206]

and ToPoRov

*dlak

=
1980b:242-243]

* ( )

8

19 ,

19
,

,
,
,

16

13

16 ,

8)

Briickner,

[BRUCKNER

*dlaka

1927:622]
,

6XoXg[vrikholakhas],

SS[vurkholakhas]
[ABBo1903:217-222,
173:605]

,
vurvolak

[LAMBERTZ

vircolac,

,
vircolac
,

,

vircolac

, ,
,
,
[SVEBNIKOVA
l
979:214]

??3

 64

(+)

(+)

1 (*vblkodlakb)

1
,

[ 1981]

,Zemaiciai

Auk

vilktakis, vilktakys,vilktakas, vilkotakis,vilkatas,viltakas

taiciai

, vilkolakis, vilkolakas, vilkalakis,vilkalokas,vilkalotas,

vilkalatas

vilk-

, , tck6ti r tck-(tak-)
, Iokys

Ivanov,

*Vblkodlakb

Toporov

vilktakis,
,

(burtininkas,

,
wilkolak
raganius),

,
,

,
,

[IvANov
774

and ToPoRov

.1980a:236;BALYs and BIEzAIs

l973:449]


,vilkacis

vilk-lacis(=

) , ,
, ,
1555 01aus

MagnusHistoria

septentrionalibus18,45-46

,
546;STROM
,

a,riCl
BIEZAIS

[TURVILLE-PETRE

l975:61]

l975:61]9,

Turville-Petre

,Balys,Biezais
ilriCl
BIEZAIS

17 ,

[BALMS
Richard

1967:

[BALYS
,.] 10)

[MoszYsKI

l975:124;TURVILLE-PETRE

degentibus

ariCl
BIEZAIS

James(1572-1638)

1973:..]

l
973:

17

, , [JAKoBsoN andSZEFTEL 1966:

352Jo

19 ,
, ,
,

,16 17

,( )
,
= ,
,

r .
"
9)

y y& `

[TuRvlLLE-PETREl975:61],

(kolgda
,
10)

(5
vilkamenesis

koljada)

[IvANov1975:407]

??5

 64

S S S S . S
y , . (-105)
0D0US 1938: 3061
[ ] , 1
,
, ,
, (IV-!05)L

1967:204]
(NeupoEj

,
[NIEDERLE

l953:31;BRUCKNER

I981:270]11)

Arumaa

I980:285;

RYBAKov

1981:77-78J

[CIMBUTAS

Gimbutas

1963:97-101]

Vasmer,

Kiparsky,

,
,

,
,

3.
2

,13

,Bylina),11

, [Volx
11) Rybakov,

, Milograd

,
[ 1981:

776


Vseslavievi

,7

,10

[]-

, ;

]-

[J and

1.1966: 364]

[ ]





[

][

12

1980:201-202]12)

(druzina)

15

f-

,
:

;
,

[3$

SZEFTEL 1966: 364-365]

,

,

,
[ 1980:202]

, ,
, ,
12)

KiraDanilov

Jakobson

[J
andS

Jakobson
[]
Jakobson

1780

1966:363-368],
1980:199-210]

777

 64

, :
,
-

[
] .
,
,

-
-

.
,

[J and SZEFTEL 1966: 365]

,


[ ]

1

[ 1980:203]

,Jakobson,

Polock11

( ) ,
()
[JAKoBsoN

and SZEFTEL

t [volxv]

1966:302-303]

11
,

Jakobson

1044

,11

...,

,
,

.
(

i;
[DMiTREV! I

,
,

1978: 168]

) ,

,
778

[JAKoBsoN

and SZEFTEL

346]13 (koUa)
(vukodlak)

[ScHNEEwEIs

l966:341-

l961:8]

Polock

(12 )

(CoBo onKy HropeB)

'.

1966: 184)14)

16)

17)

,

13)

[,Jnxo sorrandSZEFT1966:345],

( )

[
1974:18]
14) ,Jakobson

1967:30;

[,JAKOBSON1966:164-191]

15)
(instrumental)

16) ( ,Xopc)
,

1967],

[IVANOVandTOPOROV1965:17-18]Br
,

, r

cknerPisani,

, ,

[PlsANI1965:74;BRUCKNER
198fl:162]
17)15)

instrumental,

779

 64
,

,



(berserkir),

(mairya-)

,
,

lfhednar

,
[HOFLER

1934]

[DUMF.zlL
1975:123;

l
970: 41-143;STR6M

and BIEzAls

1980:69]

,
vahrka
[WIKANDER

1938;WIDENGREN

1956:23]

,Dum
[DUMIL

l970],

zil

,
,
,
,

CremonaLuitpard(920-972)
Simeon(927
BenjaminBajanus
MENGEs

l979:80],10

[JAKoBsoN

1966:279;

, ,

780


, ,
,

,
,

11

Przyluski
[PRZYLUSKI

1940]

Przyluski,

, ,

4.

,
,
[REITER

l
973:205-206

(ErOP10P=

)18)

(423

.
[DAL'1862:1057]

1126)

, , [DAL'1862:981]

, [SADovNIKov

41-43 ,

l
884;ooRITs

1955:

,
,

, ,
, [AFANAs'Ev
,
18)

l
865:710]

, ,

, , , , , K)

r6 `09[Georgios]
, Dorde

[VAsMER1967:8;1973:533

781

 64
, ,
( )
(Sava)

(Mrata

[AFANAs'Ev

),

l
865:711;

1980:182-185]

[AFANAs'Ev

l865:710,1869:

763]
,
( ),

(rlolicyH)

(
) [ 1981:16],

[AFANAs'Ev

1865:711]

,
(=

[TOKAREV

1957:47]

Smolensk
[MoszY

ts 1967:573],

[GIMBUTAS
1971:163]
,
Klinger,
,

[GANcKAJA,

sKAJA and TOKAREV

Czstochowa
ZYNSKI

l973:206;KLINGER

l931:75-78]

GRAcIAN-

[Mos-

196%:544]

(Mratinci)
,

(Savica)

(5

[PETRovI6
,

1970c;

1980:183]

, [PETROVIC

1970 ]
,
,
,
?82

(vucji pastir),

[AFANASEV

869:529-530]
, ,
(5

( ,

,
,
(puhaJrikutsikad)

[AFANAs'Ev

1869:763;LlooRITs

1955:t1.1]19)
,

, 1

,
,

,
,

) 423

1126

20) ,

, ,
,
,

,
,
,

,
19)

(Petru)
297;SVE
20)

,
NIKOVA1979:209]

(,Jurij)

Jarilo

[SALMANOVIC1973:

[lvw ovand

1974:184;

1977a:127-130]
783

64

lL

/ }
11/26

12/6

1/14

4/23

, ,
2
,3

,4

,(1)

,(2)

,(3)

,
,

/ /

+)

(+)
F

3
784

(+)
F

,
,
2,3

,
,
, ,
,

5.

,
,

,1111
Bolevac

(
2

),

21)

, ,

,

,
[DROBNJAKOVIC
100;PETRovl6

(kriveljan)
1960:223;

1973:235;KoLEvA

1981:

1970a]

Zepa

, , [KASUBA
19%3:253]
21)119

14 ,119

17 ,Boka

[PETROVICl970a],
(1111)

(Arhandzeo)

(118)

126

[KoLEvA1981:100]
785

 64
,
(114)

Kosovo,

,
,

StariVlah, Boljevac

15 ,

[PETROVIb

SCHNEEWEIS

l970b,1970d;

1961:124-125]

,117

20 ,

11, 2
( ) ,
,

22)

()

, ,

( )
,

[MoszYNsKI

1967:572;

VA

,
,
,

JAKOVIC

1977:255]

, Zadar

, car(j [DRoBN1960:190;SCHNEEWEIS

l
961:127]

,
22)111

23)

[KAsuBA
Kotar

[ ,

1970c]

(vucar)

Jadar

1980:99]

20 ,1111

(16)

,2

13 17
1

[MOSZYIVSKIl967:572;KOLEVAl980:99]
23)
`

[kalikantsaros]

o09[likokantsaros]

118
S[1ykhanthrpos]
1903:73;DROBNJAKOVIC.1960:190;IvwNOV
1958:33-37]

786

)
[::
1973:32i-322;rvANov1975:407;MEGAs'


[KULI$IC

1970a:83;

1980:187]

,Mazowsze

(126)

Raba

Nordrabska

Ziemia

GRACIANSKAJA

and ToKAREv

,
[GaNCxAJa,

'

1973:206;KLINGER

1931:75-78]o
,

Na gwiptego Mikolaja rozbestwia sip wilkOw zgraja.

[PEticA

1980: 173]

,koljada, koleda, kolda(<*kolda)

,

MazowszePomorze

(kolda)

cKAJA, GRAclANsKAJA
,

MRej

Slsk

Kielce,

and ToKAREv

1973:227]

[GAN-

17 W.Potocki,16
[MOSZYNSKI

Rzesz6wKrak6w

Krak6w

1967:573]

Wilku, wilku, chod i do grochu, jak nie przyjdziei,

to nie przyjchodi al do siego roku! [GANCKAJA,GRACIANSKAJA
and TOKAREV
,,

1973

: 210]

Rzesz6w

,
,

,
,

,
wilk r ,
[GANcKAJA,

GRACIANSKAJA

and ToKAREv
787

64
1973:210-211]24}0
,

12 (vlci

music)

l975:407]

[MILLER

l876:144-146;IVANOV

,
(423

1126)

,
[AFANAS'EV
Dal'

(MecRuec.noB)

16

1865:711]

,129

,
1862:1002-1003],

[DAL',

(koljada)

[PRopp
,
(KyecHHK)

l963:ll6]

[PRoPP

,,

I963:118;

1977b:34]25),

Grodno
(kaljada,

HHK[kaljadnik]

[MoszYNsKI

1967:572]26)

15 P.Einhorn
24)

[
25)

Smolensk
1970:76Jo
26)

1980:193]
,

(BOxB)

[SOROKOLETOV

vIIOTblH3$epb[ljutyjzver']

, ARAbKO[djad'ko]
,[ITKO[ditko] AFANAS'EV,1865:
742;STANKIEWICZI958:ll7]
, (bil'sij)
(malyj)
godfather)
( )

788

[ZENIN1929:104]

kum(

uj,

[STANKIEWICZ1958;120j

vuj


, (gainat
vilkus)

[VOL'TER

1890:100]

(vilkamenesis)

[lvANov

423

1975:407]

[AFANAs'Ev

1865:71227)

, ,
,

,
,

,
,

(+)

C+)

{+)

(+)

4
27)

(Andreiu)

(Zivalupii)

11sb
,

( [KuBA1973:236])
116
(Petru)
,
, ,

24)[MARIAN1898:220-227;PANFILE1914:136;SALMANOVIC
1973:284,297]0
[MARAN1898:
220-227;SnLMANOVIC1973:297-298]0
789

 64

, ,
, , ,
( ,
),
,
,
,
,

6.

,
,

[KULI$IC

l970b]

(ici
vvolci)

[ 1980:191],

,
,

[SOROKOLETOV
40]

1970:

Propp

,
[PROPP

1963:lll],

, ,

790

,napy60ubxa

,Aisoubxa

rpoMaAa[divoc'ka

rpoMaAa[paruboc'ka

hromada]

hromada]

(OTaMaH)

(OTaMaHKa)

[VOLKOV

1891:173-175;ZELENIN

1927:34]0

7.

10
,
(
,
,
,
,

,
28
10
,

, ,
10
28)

B6por,
Bpar,
= spar,
vrah wr6g)
*vorg7,

[SANsKIJ1968:165;AFANAs'Ev1869:740],
[CrERSTEIN1974]
Vasmer

warg

(Bop[vor]),

,
[VASMER1964:338]

x vrag,

warg

, (BOIKvolk])

(BoP)(BOCK)

791

~i

fffi.*4/tgJ174

64--

(
,6 ),
,
,
,
,
,
, , (1),
(
), (3)
,

[ELIADE
1974:71],

1972;

, ,


,3

, ,

,

ABBOTT, C. F.
1903 Macedonian Folklore.

Cambridge

University

Press.

',. (, .)
1865 .
1869 .

. I , . .
. III , . .

BALYS,
J. and BIEZAIS,H.
1973 Baltische Mythologie. In Haussig, H. (hrsg.) GUtterand Mythen im alten Europa. Stuttgart, Ernst Klett Verlag, pp. 373-454.

1977a

1(4>:122-137

1977b

9:26-39

2:1-8

'31

BOGDANOWICZ,
A.
1895 Przeiytki pierwotnegoSwiatopogleidu
na Biatej Rusi.
792

Grodno,


BRUCKNER, A.

1927 Sownik etymologiczny

jzyka polskiego. Krakw, Krakowska Spka Wydawnicza.
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Otto Harrassowitz.

(aaab, B.)
1862
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,

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. I. . -,
.. .
DMITRIEV, L. A. and LicHAdEv,
D. S. (,
. ., , . .)
1978

. 1-
11. ,

.
DROBNJAKOVI, B. (-i, .)
1960 j

J,
. ,

V.
Durant,, G.
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DAL',

V.

r'^,

,G
1980

EISLER,R.
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1972 The Dacians and Wolves. W. R. TRASK,trans., Zalmoxis The Vanishing God. The
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,M
1974

GANCKAJA, 0. A., GRACIANSKAJA,N. N. and TOKAREV, S. A. (,

. ., ,
. ., , . .)
1973
.
In

.

.
, ((), . 204-234.
, V., ,
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,

.,)

1971
.

, .I. ,

GERSTEIN,M. R.
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M.
1963 The Balts. London, Thames and Hadson.
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., , .)

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1975

1965

IS.K/&*14tteh3fRnt-

4 "6-

(()).
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, (()).
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, . 1 ,
( ),
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