IP Based Network

Concepts
&
Overview

Faculty of Network Planning

ALTTC, Ghaziabad.

1
 Introduction
Standalone computers.
Computers in a network.
Different applications/services
between computers: e-mail, File
Transfer, Remote Login, Web
Surfing, Network Management,
chatting, playing games etc.

2
 Introduction
To achieve interworking between
computers & other devices like
servers, routers etc the computer is
made to work in a hierarchical
manner ie it is to work as a layered
model. Each layer doing certain
functionalities & offering services to
its upper layer.

3
 Introduction
International Standard Organisation (ISO)
devised a 7 layered model called Open System
Interconnection (OSI model)
APPLICATION APPLICATION
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
SESSION SESSION
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
NETWORK NETWORK
DATA LINK DATA LINK
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

B
A

4
 Introduction
Each computer has this OSI model
embedded in it.
Whenever any computer wants to
communicate with any other computer
or entity it will adopt a set of rules
agreeable to all the computers &
entities in the network. This set of rules
is called Protocol. Each layer
communicates with its peer layer using
a protocol before actual data transfer
takes place.
5
 Introduction
So we require a stack of protocol
called Protocol Suite to effect
communication between computers in
a network.
Different protocol suites are
available like:
(a) AppleTalk (d) TCP/IP
(b) OSI (e) DECnet
(c) IPX/SPX (f) XNS
6
 IP Protocols
Internet or IP technology over the years
has emerged as the most prominent data
communication technology.
TCP/IP protocol has become de-facto data
comm standard throughout the world.
It can carry even voice/video also over IP
protocol and in turn has started
challenging the complete monopoly of
TDM technology in voice communication.

7
 TCP/IP and OSI
OSI is made of seven layers.
TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers.

APPLICATION
PRESENTATION APPLICATION

SESSION
OSI Model TRANSPORT
TCP/IP Model
TRANSPORT
NETWORK NETWORK
DATA LINK DATA LINK

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

8
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
FTP TFTP
A SMTP NFS
TELNET SNMP
HTTP DNS

T TCP UDP

N ICMP IGMP IP ARP RARP

D Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, HDLC, FR, PPP, ATM

Protocols defined by the underlying networks

P
9
 Data Encapsulation
Application Data

TPT Layer TCP Header Data

TCP Segment
UDP Header Data

UDP Message

NW Layer IP Header TCP-UDP Data

IP Datagram

Data Link Frame Head IP Header TCP-UDP Data Trailer

Frame

10
 TCP Header
Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DESTINATION PORT
SOURCE PORT

SEQUENCE NUMBER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER

HELEN UAPRS F WINDOW SIZE

RCSSY I
GKH T NN
URGENT POINTER
CHECKSUM

OPTIONS AND PADDING

11
 UDP Header

Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT
MESSAGE LENGTH CHECKSUM

12
 IP Header
Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VER HLEN TOS TOTAL LENGTH
IDENTIFICATION D M FRAGMENT OFFSET
FF
PROTOCOL HEADER CHECKSUM
TIME TO LIVE

SOURCE ADDRESS OF HOST

DESTINATION ADDRESS OF HOST

PADDING
OPTIONS

13
 Internet Control Message
Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol is a
mechanism used by hosts and routers to
send notification of datagram problems
back to the sender.
Sends error messages only to the source
and not to intermediate routers.
Sole function is to report problems, not to
correct them.
ICMP (Ping- Packet Internet Gropher) uses
echo/reply to test whether a destination is
reachable and responding.

14
Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol is used to
translate 32 bits IP addresses to 48 bits
Ethernet addresses.
A host’s physical address is determined
by broadcasting its IP address to all
machines.
The machine with matching IP address, in
broadcast message, sends its hardware
address to the machine originating
broadcast.

15
 ARP Operation

Give me MAC address of 129.1.1.4 Here is my MAC address

129.1.1.1 129.1.1.4

ARP Request Request That’s

Response Ignored Ignored Me
Accepted
129.1.1.2 129.1.1.3

16
Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
is used to get the 32 bits Source IP
address, knowing the 48 bits
Hardware address.
It is reverse of ARP, hence named
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
A diskless workstation broadcasts
RARP-Request to find its IP Address at
the time of boot up.

17
 RARP Operation
Give me my IP address RARP Response

Diskless
work
station RARP
Server
08-00-39-00-2F-AB
223.1.2.1 223.1.2.3
08-00-39-00-2F-C3 223.1.2.2 08-00-10-99-AC-54
08-00-5A-21-A7-22

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 IPv4 Address

32 Bits
Network Host

8 8 8 8
Bits Bits Bits Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

19
NAT (Network Address Translation)

•Private addressing
•Public IP Addressing
•Address translation

20
 IPv4 Address Classes

Class-A: N H H H

Class-B: N N H H

Class-C: N N N H

Class-D: For Multicast

Class-E: For Research

Present day Internet does not use Class full addressing, Instead
Classless addressing is used.

21
 IPV6

IP version 4 has got 32 bit IP addressing scheme.

With the explosive growth of Internet there is a
severe shortage of IP addresses as every host on
internet should have an IP address.
To overcome the shortage of IPV4 IP addresses
IPV6 has been designed which has 128 bit IP
addressing scheme.
To implement IPV6 in the network all IPV4
network elements are to be replaced with IPV6
devices as they are directly not compatible.

22
Segment - A segment is any portion of a
network that is separated, by a switch, bridge or
router, from other parts of the network.
Network Interface Card (NIC) - Every
computer (and most other devices) is connected
to a network through a NIC. This is usually an
Ethernet card (normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is
plugged into a slot on the computer's
motherboard.
Media Access Control (MAC) address - This
is the physical address of any device -- such as
the NIC -- on the network. MAC address is made
up of two equal parts (6 bytes long). The first 3
bytes identify the company that made the NIC
and the second 3 bytes are the serial number of
the NIC itself. 23
 HUB vs SWITCH

A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all

the nodes connected to a hub share the bandwidth
among themselves, while a device connected to a
switch port has the full bandwidth all to itself.
For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a
hub on a 10-Mbps network, then each node may only
get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub
want to communicate as well. But with a switch, each
node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.

24
 LAN Switch
Most switches operate at the Data layer (Layer 2)
but some incorporate features of a router and
operate at the Network layer (Layer 3) as well.
Router: When a router receives a packet, it looks at
the Layer 3 source and destination addresses to
determine the path the packet should take.
Standard Switch: This relies on the MAC addresses
to determine the source and destination of a packet,
which is Layer 2 (Data) networking.
Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 switch: L3 switches have
optimized hardware to pass data as fast as Layer 2
switches, yet they make decisions on how to
transmit traffic at Layer 3, just like a router.
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 Router
Router is a layer 3 device which can look into the
destination IP address of an IP packet and with
the help of its routing table it can forward the
packet to appropriate direction.
Routers have many interfaces to connect LANs
and WANs.
Routers can build their routing table
automatically with the help of various routing
protocols.
Routers share their information with their
neighboring routers to build routing tables.

26
 Routers
Internet can be considered as
thousands of routers connected with
each other in criss-cross manner.
Routers can be deployed by a
carrier in the core to create the
backbone and the customers routers
get connected to the backbone.
Customer’s routers act as gateway
for their network.

27
 Static - Dynamic Routing

Static/Non Adaptive
Choice of route is computed in
advance, off line, and downloaded to
the router when network is booted.
Dynamic/Adaptive
Routing decisions change to reflect the
changes in topology and/or traffic.

28
 Static Routing

Routes to destinations are set up

manually.
Network reachability is not dependent
on the existence and state of the
network.
Route may be up or down but static
routes will remain in the routing tables
and traffic would still be sent towards
the route.
Not suitable for large networks.
29
 Default Routing

When a router receives a packet and its

table does not contain the network
number indicated in the packet, it is
forwarded to default router.
The default router, too, may have a
default route.
If there is no route or default route at any
stage, the router will send a control
message (through ICMP) to the
originating station.

30
 Dynamic Routing
Routes are learnt via an internal or
external routing protocols.
Network reachability is dependent on
the existence and state of the network.
If a router is down, its entry will be
deleted from the routing table and
traffic to that will not be forwarded.
Used to enable routers to build their
own routing tables and make
appropriate decisions.

31
 Routing Protocol
It is a language a router speaks with
other routers to share information
about the reachability and status of
the network.
Provides mechanisms for sharing
routing information.
Allows the routers to communicate
with other routers to update and
maintain routing tables.

32
 Routing Protocol
Routing Protocol messages do not
carry end user traffic from network
to network.
Routing Protocol uses the routed
protocol ( e.g. IP)to pass information
between routers.
RIP & OSPF are routing protocols.

33
 Radius Server
 RAS Support for RADIUS authentication and RADIUS Accounting

 Irrespective of mode of access (such as Dial-up Internet access,outsourced remote access

,managed VPNs, Broadband etc),it will manage the Authentication of all users/customers- both
locally and via proxy RADIUS- and deliver the appropriate level of service to each customer.

 RADIUS will support interfacing with LDAP based authentication, billing and Provisioning
systems.

 It will include advanced proxy RADIUS support.It will be able to act as a proxy target server,
and can forward proxy requests to other RADIUS servers.

 It will load balance authentication requests between several SQL or LDAP databases, to
eliminate the risk of a single point failure, and increase performance on busy networks.

 The RADIUS will generate CDRs for the Billing system and the CDRs will contain the following
information
 The calling IP address allotted by the RADIUS
 Start Time and Date
 End Time and Date
 Volume of data transmitted and port type.

34
 LDAP (Directory Server)
Light weight Directory Access Protocol

 The Directory Server shall support unlimited number of read

only consumers for authentication queries.

 The Directory Server shall support Class of Service and Role

based mechanism.

 The Directory Server shall support Storage of Digital

Certificates.

 The LDAP and RADIUS will be able to handle a customer

base of 8 Lakhs assuming a concurrency rate of 40% .

 The authentication will not take more than 1 sec under the full
load.
35
Remote Access Server (RAS)
RAS is a device which allows a customer to
access internet through his telephone line by
dialing an access code.
RAS is an interface between PSTN and
Internet.
Before allowing the access RAS authenticates
the dial up user with the help of RADIUS
sever.
RAS is having circuit switched interface with
PSTN and packet switched interface with
Internet.

36
 Remote Access Server (RAS)

Internet Node

RAS
PSTN E1s or PRI

Router
Modem Internet

LAN Switch

37
Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS is a mechanism which translates
host name to IP address in Internet
All the network elements in Internet
understand only IP address. To reach
a site host name is to be converted to
IP address.
DNS servers in the Internet search IP
address of these host names.

38
 Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS Server What is the IP Address of
www.Yahoo.com
What is the IP Address of
www.Yahoo.com
DNS Server

Internet www.yahoo.com , IP address

is 210.212.90.15
User traffic

www.yahoo.com , IP address
is 210.212.90.15
yahoo.com

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